Статті в журналах: "Medieval urban planning"

1

Stojsavljevic, Rastislav, Branislav Djurdjev, and Bojan Djercan. "Serbian medieval urban settlements." Geographica Pannonica 15, no. 3 (2011): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/geopan1103090s.

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Slater, T. R. "The urban hierarchy in medieval Staffordshire." Journal of Historical Geography 11, no. 2 (April 1985): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-7488(85)80058-x.

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Graham, B. J. "Urban genesis in early medieval Ireland." Journal of Historical Geography 13, no. 1 (January 1987): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-7488(87)80003-8.

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LILLEY, KEITH D. "Urban planning after the Black Death: townscape transformation in later medieval England (1350–1530)." Urban History 42, no. 1 (September 4, 2014): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926814000492.

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ABSTRACT:This article offers a reconsideration of planning and development in English towns and cities after the Black Death (1348). Conventional historical accounts have stressed the occurrence of urban ‘decay’ in the later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Here, instead, a case is made that after 1350 urban planning continued to influence towns and cities in England through the transformation of their townscapes. Using the conceptual approaches of urban morphologists in particular, the article demonstrates that not only did the foundation of new towns and creation of new suburbs characterize the period 1350–1530, but so too did the redevelopment of existing urban landscapes through civic improvements and public works. These reveal evidence for the particular ‘agents of change’ involved in the planning and development process, such as surveyors, officials, patrons and architects, and also the role played by maps and drawn surveys. In this reappraisal, England's urban experiences can be seen to have been closely connected with those instances of urban planning after the Black Death occurring elsewhere in contemporary continental Europe.

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Tengku Zawawi, Tengku Nurul Saadah, Amal Hayati Ishak, and Mohd Dani Muhamad. "The Roles of Muhtasib in Islamic Medieval Urban Management." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI5 (September 1, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi5.2947.

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The medieval Islamic cities were described to be systematically managed by the institution of hisba, henceforward, inspiring modern Muslims to revive the Islamic paradigm of urban management. Nevertheless, not much is being discussed on the role of muhtasib as an urban regulator. Furthermore, it has been wrongly understood only as a market inspector. Thus, employing the content analysis approach, this article examines the roles of muhtasib in urban management, based on selected manuals of muhtasib, written during the medieval times. Interestingly, the findings indicate a series of Islamic principles on urban management that match modern urban management, albeit the difference of time. Keywords: Hisba; Urban Management; Medieval Islam; Islamic Civilization eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI5.2947

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Slater, T. R. "Medieval and renaissance urban morphogenesis in eastern Poland." Journal of Historical Geography 15, no. 3 (July 1989): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-7488(89)80114-8.

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7

Wild, Moritz. "Der Wettbewerb für den Wiederaufbau Am Steintor in Goch am Niederrhein." Architectura 47, no. 1-2 (July 24, 2019): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2017-0009.

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AbstractIn the reconstruction of German cities after the Second World War, public administrations attempted to find solutions for essential urban situations through targeted competitions. In the city of Goch on the Lower Rhine the area around the medieval Steintor (Stone Gate) had to be adapted to modern traffic requirements. In the course of the urban planning the private interests of the residents who were willing to build up clashed with the planned construction as a concern of the common good, which was represented by the district government of Düsseldorf. The solution was to be found through an urban design competition among selected experts, from whose proposals the City Planning Office drew up an alignment plan. The exemplary recapitulation of this urban planning process illustrates aspects of the history of planning, monument preservation and reconstruction competitions

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Jervis, Ben. "Assemblage urbanism. Becoming urban in late medieval Southampton." Archaeological Dialogues 25, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020381800017x.

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AbstractIt is proposed that assemblage theory offers the possibility of exploring archaeological evidence in innovative ways, in order to write alternative narratives of urban development. By combining historical and archaeological scholarship with work in contemporary urban geography, it is proposed that the concept of urban decline in the later Middle Ages is problematic and a more fruitful alternative approach would be to focus on the transformation of urban assemblages. These ideas are explored by drawing upon archaeological evidence from Southampton, UK.

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Immonen, Visa, and Janne Harjula. "Something Distinct, or Business as Usual? Interpreting the Plan of the Late Medieval Bridgettine Monastery in Naantali, Finland." Religions 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12060432.

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This article analyses modern interpretations of the medieval plan of the Bridgettine Monastery of Naantali, Finland. Instead of seeing the distinct spatial organisation as deviation from the Bridgettine norm, we consider it as an expression of a medieval process, by which monastic principles were re-conceptualised in order to be realised in material form. This perspective builds on the shift in thinking that has taken place in the study of medieval urban planning. Instead of being ‘organic’, meaning disorganised, medieval urban development has come to be considered as intentional, guided by general principles, although not in a manner that is always obvious to the modern mind. We concur that models such as St Bridget’s visions and the plan of Vadstena Abbey are important tools for reconstructing medieval monastic plans. Meanwhile, we propose that such models can also add latent and counterproductive baggage to this field of study by encouraging modern expectations of regularity within monastic architecture. If the designs of monasteries do not follow such models perfectly, discrepancies are often erroneously misconceived as indications of the builders’ insufficient skills and knowledge.

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DICKSON, DAVID. "What happened to modern Irish urban history?" Urban History 46, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000184.

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ABSTRACT:A remarkable cluster of Irish town histories appeared in the early nineteenth century, coming after several generations of unprecedented urban growth. But that growth stalled and most Irish towns entered a long period of stagnation. Meanwhile, academic interest in the urban past became dormant. Urbanization in Ireland resumed in the twentieth century, but the study of urban history was late to develop and slow to move beyond the documentation of built heritage. However, public interest in medieval origins, official interest in urban heritage and the vision of a handful of medieval historians and historical geographers have helped transform the prospects for Irish urban history.

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11

DIMMOCK, SPENCER. "Reassessing the towns of southern Wales in the later middle ages." Urban History 32, no. 1 (May 2005): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926805002683.

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On the basis of an emerging reassessment of the medieval urban experience in southern Wales, this article seeks to challenge the predominant view of Wales as being overwhelmingly rural before the nineteenth century. The study of Welsh towns has been limited by the survival of sources that in other regions have generated a renewed interest in the study of medieval urban society. Employing unusual sources that are available, generalizations are made here from the findings of case studies of two towns, Haverfordwest and Chepstow, in order to contribute to a regional synthesis of the urban experience in southern Wales. From this regional synthesis it will be possible to compare urban society in late medieval southern Wales with other regions in Britain and Europe in order to determine its particular characteristics, and with implications for later developments.

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12

Hagen, Joshua. "City and Cosmos: The Medieval World in Urban Form." Journal of Historical Geography 36, no. 2 (April 2010): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2010.02.014.

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Lilley, Keith, Chris Lloyd, Steven Trick, and Conor Graham. "Mapping and analysing medieval built form using GPS and GIS." Urban Morphology 9, no. 1 (August 27, 2004): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51347/jum.v9i1.3914.

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Drawing upon recent research experiences of using a Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), this paper sets out how spatial technologies can be used in the study of medieval built form. The paper focuses particularly on the use of differential GPS and ArcGIS in mapping and analysing the plan of Winchelsea, an English medieval 'new town' established in the 1280s. The approach used to conduct this research is outlined here, with comments on the practicalities of using GPS and GIS in historical urban morphology. Although the research on which this paper is based is at a preliminary stage, the paper offers a working method for those interested in using spatial technologies to build upon existing methods of morphological study, namely town-plan analysis and metrological analysis. Some preliminary research findings relating to the planning of medieval Winchelsea are also presented.

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14

Haas, Tigran. "Traditional European Squares in Contemporary Urbanism: Dubrovnik's Medieval Squares." Open House International 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2009-b0007.

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Buildings alone do not matter, it is only the ensemble of streets, squares, and buildings and the way they fit together that comprises the true principles of good urbanism and place making. One of the main rules of good urban design is the quality of the public space. This paper analyzes the importance of creating & maintaining a true public square in contemporary urban condition, as one of the built environments' pillars for sustaining social and cultural identity. Criticism has been posed towards the (neo) romanticizing the importance of European squares (as some critics would call it “Postcard Squares”) in everyday life and contemporary town planning. Movements such as New Urbanism, which promote good urban design have not put squares that high on their urban design agendas. Also the usage of the historic European city's public realm model - the square - as the important ingredient for all urban places has not been forthcoming. To investigate this phenomena, and facilitate the discourse, The Square of the St. Blaise Church (Luza Square) and the Gunduliceva Poljana Square in the Old City of Dubrovnik, are analyzed and reflected upon through various data collection, theory reflections and urban design evaluation methods, such as Garham's Sense of Place Typology-Taxonomy. If cities have livable and vibrant social spaces, do residents tend to have a stronger sense of community and sense of place? If such places are lacking, does the opposite happen?. This paper seeks out to answer these questions. Finally the paper also looks at how the phenomenon of creating good social spaces through creating ‘third places’ is achieved and confirmed in the squares of Dubrovnik.

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Flanigan, Theresa. "The Ponte Vecchio and the Art of Urban Planning in Late Medieval Florence." Gesta 47, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20648957.

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Harkes, Rachael C. "Sociological approaches and the urban history of medieval England: research trends and new perspectives (2017–2022)." Urban History 49, no. 3 (July 5, 2022): 648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926822000293.

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In 2011, when Jelle Haemers looked back on a decade's worth of Ph.D. theses on urban centres in the medieval Low Countries, he identified three main trends in scholarship: the emphasis on individuals, rather than institutions; the increasing use of new methodologies, such as social network analysis (SNA) and prosopography; and the deployment of inter-disciplinary perspectives. Haemers’ intuition proved prescient; recent doctoral contributions to the historiography of medieval English towns and cities tend, generally, to fall along similar lines. In many ways, this is natural, and a testament to the enduring legacy and successes of earlier works. But, as the following discussion will elaborate, important and divergent steps have also been made, pushing our perceptions of pre-modern urban societies in new directions. Medieval urban history remains a vibrant area for study, with Ph.D. students forming an important section of its vanguard.

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Giannakopoulos, Dimitris, Zografia Karekou, Elli Menegaki, Elisavet Tsilimantou, Charalabos Ioannidis, Eleni Maistrou, Antonios Giannikouris, and Antonia Moropoulou. "Reuse of Historic Buildings in the Medieval City of Rhodes to Comply with the Needs of Sustainable Urban Development." Land 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081214.

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This paper illustrates a study for the reuse of selected historic buildings in the Medieval City of Rhodes in Greece. This study contributes to the understanding and interpretation of the chronological sequence of major intervention programs for the preservation of the Medieval City. The main idea of the project is the spatial distribution of compatible and various uses to reveal the unique character of the Medieval City. Spatial planning is proposed within the preserved urban zones in order to optimize and harmonize the selected uses according to the needs of sustainable urban development. Criteria to assess the compatible uses that ensure the features and architectural characteristics of the preselected historic buildings, located within the city fabric, were established and validated. The developed methodology that is presented herein and is an indispensable part of a pilot project may be applicable to other cases concerning historic cities. Finally, this paper aims to present a pilot program which promotes the reuse of historic buildings as a part of an integrated preservation plan. Inter-disciplinarity has set the basis for effective policies to guide and control the proposed pilot program, with ultimate objective to ensure sustainable preservation of the Medieval City of Rhodes.

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Cömert, Nevter Zafer, and Sebnem Önal Hoskara. "A Typo-Morphological Study: The Cmc Industrial Mass Housing District, Lefke, Northern Cyprus." Open House International 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2013-b0003.

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With the increasing number of universities in the country, research on urban form and architecture—with a focus on historic settlements—has accelerated in Cyprus in the last fifteen years. Lefke, a small traditional medieval town located on north-west Cyprus, warrants a detailed urban morphological study, as its traditional urban pattern has been shaped by a medieval character. Within its overall organic urban pattern, there are well-scaled narrow streets, a number of public buildings and irregularly shaped public spaces at the intersection of streets and/or in front of public buildings. Lefke's morphological characteristics, which have developed throughout many years, have been significantly impacted by British influences, as the Cyprus Mines Corporation (CMC), established in 1916, turned Lefke into an industrial town. The CMC district, which is the first industrial mass housing district in Cyprus, has uniquely impacted Lefke's urban patterns and still defines the morphological characteristics of the town today. Accordingly, this paper first explores urban morphology based on two pioneering morphological studies: Gianfranco Cannigia's theories of typo-morphological understanding, and the evolutionary insights of M.R.G. Conzen. The ultimate goal is to set up a typo-morphological basis for the CMC industrial mass housing district, which will drive future interventions, design and planning policies towards its conservation and sustainability.

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Camacho Pina, Ángel. "Arquitectura singular y espacio público : in lexiones en la plaza medieval italiana = Unique architecture and public space : Inflections in the Italian medieval square." Cuaderno de Notas, no. 22 (July 29, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2021.4743.

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ResumenLa plaza medieval italiana, cuyo apogeo tiene lugar entre los siglos XIII y XIV e inmediatamente antes de la revolución que va a suponer el quattrocento, constituye uno de los espacios más interesantes de la historia del urbanismo y la arquitectura. Las características que estos conjuntos tienen en común, y las relaciones entre la arquitectura que los conforma y el propio espacio generado por ésta, se analizan aquí a partir de conceptos formales, simbólicos o puramente prácticos. El objetivo es poner de relieve la compleja relación entre la arquitectura singular y representativa presente en las plazas y el propio espacio urbano, señalando patrones, criterios y mecanismos comunes que ayuden a comprender su riqueza espacial y formal.AbstractThe Italian medieval square, whose heyday takes place between the 13th and 14th centuries and immediately before the revolution that will bring about the quattrocento, is one of the most interesting spaces in history of architecture and urban planning. The characteristics that these ensembles have in common, and the relationships between the architecture that makes them up and the space generated by it, are analyzed here through formal, symbolic or purely practical concepts. The objective is to highlight the complex relationship between the singular and representative architecture present in the squares and the urban space itself, pointing out common patterns, criteria and mechanisms that help to understand their spatial and formal richness.

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Astill, G. G. "Archaeology and the smaller medieval town." Urban History 12 (May 1985): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800007483.

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The small medieval town has recently captured the attention of historians, geographers and archaeologists. Documentary work is, for example, not only disentangling the fluctuating history of local markets, but also demonstrating that, despite their small size, seignorial boroughs of the later thirteenth century had a diverse occupational structure that entitles them to be regarded as genuinely urban. Indeed, Hilton has recently argued that as much as half the urban population lived in these small towns. This research has also emphasized the economic vitality of the smaller towns in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and has raised the possibility that they were prospering at the expense of the provincial capitals, a trend to be seen in the context of the movement of industry from the towns to the countryside.

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FERRAGUD, CARMEL, and JUAN VICENTE GARCÍA MARSILLA. "The great fire of medieval Valencia (1447)." Urban History 43, no. 4 (August 7, 2015): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000619.

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ABSTRACT:In March 1447, a great fire broke out in Valencia, caused by a former member of the municipal government. This fire destroyed many houses and craft workshops around the Market Square, the economic centre of the city. The municipal government had to compensate the citizens, who had lost everything, and restore everyday life in the area. A versatile Italian watchmaker living in Valencia was chosen to supervise the rehabilitation of the area. Under his direction, the debris was removed. Then after a conscious campaign of urban planning aimed at eliminating any traces of the old Islamic city, the streets were reconstructed according to the norms of the western city.

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Belamarić, Josip. "Kuća u Splitskom statutu – građenje, održavanje, rušenje." Ars Adriatica, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.517.

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t can be said that the town statute of Split and the stipulations concerning the everyday life in this medieval town are not characterized by the aim to create an ideal city and, in this, they are far from the long-range urban planning contained in the statute of Dubrovnik. The fact that less than five per cent of the stipulations in the statute of Split relate to urban planning ought to be understood as indicatingthat the town, set in Diocletian’s Palace and determined by its structures, had already been defined to a large extent and that it functioned well and fulfilled the needs of its inhabitants. Thirty chapters of the statute deal with different aspects of the development of medieval Split and its everyday maintenance. This article focuses on the relationship between the local government and private property, that is, with the cases of private spaces being transformed into public spaces and the ‘ritualistic erasures’, that is, the demolition of houses whose owners committed treason and broke the law. This phenomenon of demolition as setting example was not limited to medieval Split but was recorded in other Dalmatian communes (in Omiš and Dubrovnik as late as the eighteenth century) and this discussion of it is based on the examination of a wider set of primary sources.

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Belamarić, Josip. "Kuća u Splitskom statutu – građenje, održavanje, rušenje." Ars Adriatica, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.928.

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It can be said that the town statute of Split and the stipulations concerning the everyday life in this medieval town are not characterized by the aim to create an ideal city and, in this, they are far from the long-range urban planning contained in the statute of Dubrovnik. The fact that less than five per cent of the stipulations in the statute of Split relate to urban planning ought to be understood as indicating that the town, set in Diocletian’s Palace and determined by its structures, had already been defined to a large extent and that it functioned well and fulfilled the needs of its inhabitants. Thirty chapters of the statute deal with different aspects of the development of medieval Split and its everyday maintenance. This article focuses on the relationship between the local government and private property, that is, with the cases of private spaces being transformed into public spaces and the ‘ritualistic erasures’, that is, the demolition of houses whose owners committed treason and broke the law. This phenomenon of demolition as setting example was not limited to medieval Split but was recorded in other Dalmatian communes (in Omiš and Dubrovnik as late as the eighteenth century) and this discussion of it is based on the examination of a wider set of primary sources.

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24

Lilley, Keith D. "Cities of God? Medieval urban forms and their Christian symbolism." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29, no. 3 (September 2004): 296–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00229.x.

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Hodges, Richard. "A ‘god-guarded’ city? The ‘new’ medieval town of Butrint." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 39, no. 2 (2015): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307013100015342.

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This essay describes the archaeology of the revival in the later tenth- to eleventh-century of the town of Butrint, ancient Buthrotum in south-west Albania. Based on the extensive excavations by the Butrint Foundation, all the elements (fortifications, town-planning, roads, property boundaries, dwellings, churches, wells) of a new urban centre are considered, as is its economy and its wider historical context in the southern Adriatic Sea.

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Valdivieso, Isabel Del Val. "Urban growth and royal interventionism in late medieval Castile." Urban History 24, no. 2 (August 1997): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800016357.

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ABSTRACTThroughout the late Middle Ages, Castilian towns underwent a process of rapid economic and political growth which the monarchy sought to control. Accordingly, the monarchy reoriented its policies towards the towns. It attempted to impose the figure of the ‘corregidor’, the representative and defender of royal interests; it intervened wherever possible in the appointment of local government offices; it played its part in urban conflicts, alternately supporting opposing factions in an effort to take advantage of the situation and secure its own interests; and finally, the state established regulations governing economic activity. The process of royal intervention culminated under the Catholic monarchs (1474–1504) with what can be considered as a royal triumph.

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LIDDY, CHRISTIAN, PAUL ELLIOTT, and LOUISE MISKELL. "Review of periodical articles." Urban History 38, no. 1 (April 5, 2011): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926811000095.

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This year's publications address seven broad themes: urban growth and migration; the social structure of late medieval towns; women and gender; political communication and the circulation of news; the church in the city; urban decline; and writing about the city.

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Kuśnierz-Krupa, Dominika, Justyna Kobylarczyk, Małgorzata Lisińska-Kuśnierz, Michał Krupa, and Kazimierz Kuśnierz. "Typology of medieval urban layouts in historic Lesser Poland and their protection." Planning Perspectives 36, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2021.1927158.

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Shehata, Ahmed Mohamed. "Current Trends in Urban Heritage Conservation: Medieval Historic Arab City Centers." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020607.

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Traditional conservation efforts did not improve the conditions in most historic urban centers of Arab cities. The internationally adopted shift in historic urban conservation grants better urban vitality and sustainability for these areas. This study investigates the existing trends and forthcoming changes in urban conservation and their implication on historical centers. Urban Heritage Conservation UHC trends were reviewed, conservation parameters were defined, and quality aspects of successful historic urban conservation were identified, and an assessment framework was developed to evaluate the resulting conserved urban heritage. Two case studies of Arab cities, Jeddah and Aman, were analyzed. The findings highlight the most common urban issues such as reusing historic buildings, traffic congestion, and lack of funds. The impact of urban management on historic areas’ quality was revealed. Moreover, the paper ends with recommendations for conservation authorities. These include engaging residents in the conservation efforts, adopting more innovative traffic solutions to ease congestions, turning the historic area into a pedestrian-friendly space, attracting visitors through arranging cultural events, creating new job opportunities through heritage, and improving the image of the areas through urban regulations. The paper’s findings would contribute to the knowledge related to Urban Heritage Conservation (UHC), and its recommendations would help practitioners and decision-makers.

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Thakur, Renu. "Urban hierarchies, typologies and classification in early medieval India: c. 750–1200." Urban History 21, no. 1 (April 1994): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800010701.

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Architectural treatises and inscriptional evidence from buildings, artefacts and monuments are used to identify the different terms ascribed to urban settlements in medieval India. These sources reveal the diversity of terms used to describe towns and cities, and accordingly the diversity of functions associated with them. The linguistic variations employed indicate how urban functions changed over time, and convey contemporary perceptions of an urban hierarchy based on a functional classification or typology of towns.

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Zimna-Kawecka, Karolina, Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, and Michał Krupa. "Heritage of (non-)existing cities – on the Polish examples of medieval Świecie and Renaissance Krasiczyn." Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 9, no. 3 (2021): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2021.9.3.4.

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This article analyses the urban heritage protection and spatial development policies of two model historical urban centres in Poland, whose spatial layout has been erased: medieval Świecie nad Wisłą (the Pomeranian region) and Renaissance Krasiczyn (the Subcarpathian region). Their urban layouts had a significant compositional factor (a town and castle complex in axial plan). The second element important in terms of landscape protection and spatial planning is their history: at the end of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century they had to be relocated. The analysis covers the spatial form during the period of their founding, the reasons for transformation, their present-day state of preservation, and the current spatial conservation and development policy. General conservation conclusions have also been formulated.

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KOLESNIKOV, S. A., and E. E. KOZLOVA. "THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING OBJECT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MASS PERFORMANCES." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.4.

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The article presents the evolution of architectural and urban planning object in the context of the spatial organization of the mass performances. By the architectural and urban object we mean a certain environment or building intended for mass events. The first types of mass performances appeared in ancient Greece. Various forms of mass celebrations existed in ancient Rome, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, etc. Each type of mass performances had its own certain architectural structure or entertaining area. For example, a gladiatorial combats in ancient Rome were held in the Coliseum, and the medieval carnivals generally took place in town squares and streets.

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33

Liddy, Christian D. "Family, lineage and dynasty in the late medieval city: re-thinking the English evidence." Urban History 47, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 648–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926819000671.

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AbstractEver since the publication in 1948 of Sylvia Thrupp's seminal book, The Merchant Class of Medieval London, successive generations of historians of English cities have advanced two central claims about the distinctiveness of the English urban landscape. First, ‘urban dynasties’ in late medieval England very rarely survived beyond two or three generations. Secondly, their weakness was a ‘peculiarly English’ phenomenon and a fundamental difference between English and continental towns. The article explores the historiographical significance of this thesis, the strength of which rests upon its explanatory role within a much wider narrative of English exceptionalism. It argues that the thesis has implications for the study of cities in continental Europe and, finally, it suggests that the English evidence might reveal a much more interesting picture of elite reproduction, when we think more critically and comparatively about how urban elites conceptualized ‘lineage’.

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34

HAEMERS, JELLE, and WOUTER RYCKBOSCH. "A targeted public: public services in fifteenth-century Ghent and Bruges." Urban History 37, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000295.

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ABSTRACT:Though the phrase ‘public services’ is a nineteenth-century invention, which was supported by a developed rhetoric of political economy, this article shows that the concept, practice and supply of such services could also be found in the medieval city. It specifically analyses three areas of urban service provision: jurisprudence and legal security, infrastructure and finally health care and poor relief. Although the available sources tend to stress the involvement of municipal authorities in providing public services, it turns out that in fact the furnishing of services was highly multi-layered. In all three areas studied, a wide range of public and private institutions offered services to specific groups within late medieval urban society. In contrast to what the notion of ‘public services’ lets us presume, however, public services in the medieval city were not available to all inhabitants. Instead, the provision of services was usually quite restrictive, and targeted particular groups in society.

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35

HAEMERS, JELLE. "Urban history of the medieval Low Countries: research trends and new perspectives (2000–10)." Urban History 38, no. 2 (June 22, 2011): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926811000447.

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The historiography of medieval cities in the Low Countries has long been influenced by the legacy of Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) and his pupils. The Belgian historian and his followers used new (positivist) methods to study history, such as critical source analysis and teaching in seminars, which had a great impact on contemporary scholars in Belgium and elsewhere. Furthermore, Pirenne's selection of original research topics drastically changed the study of medieval history on the Continent. Influenced by research trends in France and Germany, Pirenne did ground-breaking new research, for instance, in the field of urban history. His publications on the origins of towns, on the ‘early democracies’ in the Low Countries, and on the socio-economic background of urban growth and decline inspired many colleagues and his students. His research on particular topics in the field of urban history has, until the present day, been a fruitful starting point for many Ph.D. students. Three of these topics constitute the subject of this review article: first, the origins of towns; secondly, the social history of urban politics and thirdly, the economy and finances of cities. This review of recent Ph.D. theses on the urban history of the Low Countries will demonstrate the importance of Pirenne's legacy, paying close attention to the valuable refinements that have been made to his findings in the last decade. Moreover, the actual research trends and the fresh perspectives of young scholars on the Low Countries’ history can be of great use for scholars of the history of cities in other regions in late medieval Europe.

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36

Antoni, Remesar. "La búsqueda del centro. Primera parte." on the w terfront Public Art Urban Design Civic Participation Urban Regeneration 63, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 3–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/waterfront2021.63.8.01.

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Este artículo, primera parte de una serie, repasa la idea de ‘centro’ de la ciudad mediante un análisis de algunas propuestas utópicas, incluidas las de Howard para la ciudad jardín y finaliza en el análisis de la policentralidad de la ciudad medieval. Tras un repaso de la evolcución de las ciudades circulares y poligonales realizado a partir de un análisis de fuentes secundarias, iconografía artísica, cartografía de los primeros tiempos de la imprenta e imágenes de Google Earth, entra en la discusión acerca de la ‘ciudad ideal’estudiando dicho concepto en la escolástica medieval, especialmente en la obra de Eiximenis, así como la relación de este ideal con la materialización de las ciudades [1] medievales de repoblamiento, valorando la relación entre los trazados y la emergencia del centro urbano y [2] el estudio, con distintas intensidades, de ciudades medievales importantes: Siena, Bolonia, Florencia, Venecia, Bruselas, Cracovia, Nápoles y Barcelona. En el caso de estas dos últimas ciudades el artículo focaliza en la importancia del espacio portuario y de ribera, como gran espacio público de la ciudad.

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37

Kubicka, Anna Maria, and Maria Legut-Pintal. "Methodological issues of metrological analysis of planned medieval towns and villages." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.881.

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<p class="Abstract">In this paper, we illustrate problems related to the application of two methods used for the reconstruction of the parcellation of medieval towns: modular analysis and the cosine quantogram. We propose the usage of the cosine quantogram, which is rarely used to study urban layout, for the identification of units of measurement in regular medieval towns. Based on two examples from the region of Silesia, Poland, Namyslów and Dzierzoniów, we discuss the usefulness of both methods in the reconstruction of the original measuring system and town layout. For the first time, we have applied these two methods to the study of the layout of a regular village. Despite the limitations, such as the level of precision in the construction of a medieval town’s layout at the time of its foundation, later changes to the division of plots and the known inaccuracy of modern maps, it seems that combining both methods allows the determination of the module used for the planning of the original urban layout. The application of the cosine quantogram can be useful for improving the results of modular analysis. Nevertheless, the results of both methods should be verified against archaeological results and historical research.</p>

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38

Spindler, E. D. "Youth and Old Age in Late Medieval London." London Journal 36, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174963211x12924714058607.

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39

Bunce, David. "Relocatable Homes: Medieval Tenure in the 21st Century?" Urban Policy and Research 28, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2010.496714.

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40

Jørgensen, Dolly. "Local government responses to urban river pollution in late medieval England." Water History 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2010): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-010-0016-1.

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41

Keene, Derek. "Issues of water in medieval London to c. 1300." Urban History 28, no. 2 (August 2001): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801002012.

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Water was essential to the commerce, sustenance and cleansing of medieval London and its inhabitants. The paper reviews technologies of supply, access and control, and the uses and risks associated with water during the city's formative period. It surveys the pleasures of water around the city, the paradoxes they involved, and the public supply as an expression of a growing civic culture. It emphasizes the interaction between natural environment, technology and institutions as a fruitful theme for medieval urban history.

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42

Harvey, Edward. "Pavage Grants and Urban Street Paving in Medieval England, 1249–1462." Journal of Transport History 31, no. 2 (December 2010): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.31.2.3.

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43

Schofield, John. "The Friaries of Medieval London: From Foundation to Dissolution." London Journal 43, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03058034.2018.1424790.

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44

Keene, Derek. "Tall Buildings in Medieval London: Precipitation, Aspiration and Thrills." London Journal 33, no. 3 (November 2008): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174963208x347682.

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45

Colson, Justin. "Alien Communities and Alien Fraternities in Later Medieval London." London Journal 35, no. 2 (July 2010): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174963210x12729493038298.

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46

Oldland, John. "Making and Marketing Woollen Cloth in Late-Medieval London." London Journal 36, no. 2 (July 2011): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174963211x13034705699144.

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47

HAEMERS, JELLE, KARIN SENNEFELT, and LOUISE MISKELL. "Review of periodical articles." Urban History 40, no. 2 (February 22, 2013): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000047.

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Financial and economic crises are recurrent in history. A special issue of Histoire Urbaine (33, 1 (2012)), entitled ‘Villes européennes et crises financières (XIVe-XVIe siècles)’, shows that in the medieval and early modern period cities played a crucial role in the development of such crises, just as they do today. Several case-studies on France, Spain and the Low Countries demonstrate that cities are and were financial and commercial centres which were governed by a small group of merchants, bankers and powerful families. And, as David Sassu-Normand notes in his introduction, medieval and early modern municipal authorities were even more adept than their twenty-first century counterparts in disposing of political power in order to tackle economic and financial difficulties. The close relationship between money and power in those cities made it easier for elite factions to abuse public revenues, because they could autonomously decide about urban spending and its fiscal consequences. Yet, he argues, the tied relationship between urban governors and the city's economy and finances could also have positive effects. Markets and budgets were not autonomous entities, because they were embedded in urban societies and manipulated by those who govern them. As a result, urban governors disposed of the political means to deal with financial crises, or at least to remedy some of their consequences. The case of late medieval Brabant, studied by Claire Billen and David Kusman in the same issue, shows that not only urban oligarchs but also less powerful citizens could intervene in the financial politics of a town (‘Les villes du Brabant face à la crise des finances du duché de Jean II. La crise d'une société entière?’, 63–80). In the duchy of Brabant, in around 1300, the ducal and urban finances were under considerable pressure due to warfare, manipulation of the mint and an economic downturn. In the principal cities of the duchy (Brussels, Antwerp and Louvain), discrete groups of citizens, such as craftsmen and self-made merchants, forcefully protested against the monetary and fiscal measures taken by the urban authorities. Their protests were not initially successful. By the 1360s, however, urban society had changed in Brabant. Both Billen and Kusman argue that the ideas that inspired the urban protests of the 1300s led to new, more successful revolts in the 1360s and afterwards. As a result, craftsmen gained rights of political participation in the cities mentioned. Using their newly gained political power, the rebels proposed constructive solutions to resolve the ongoing financial crisis in the cities of the duchy. The measures taken reflected the existence of a belief that the urban government should be fiscally sound and stable, and that it should not live beyond its means. Fiscal reforms led to more stable urban finances, though new challenges in the fifteenth century would upset the balance again. In short, the Brabantine case shows, once again, that politics and finance are closely knit together in the medieval city, but also, and more surprisingly, that social protest against headstrong governors ultimately led to far-reaching political and fiscal reforms. Therefore, this stimulating issue of Histoire Urbaine demonstrates that financial crises can have an unpredictable outcome.

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48

Skoryk, Larisa. "INTERACTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND PLANNING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN STRUCTURE." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 28 (December 15, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.28.2019.68-75.

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The article analyzes the main features of the interaction of functional filling and planning urban planning techniques in the central parts of major historical cities in the course of their development. Such an analysis is essential to the choice of optimal reconstructive solutions, with the necessary preservation of the historical and aesthetic value of the urban heritage. Similarly to the influence of the functional purpose of the building on the whole complex of planning and composite solutions, the primary definition of the semantic meaning of urban formation is directly influenced by the drawing and its plan, the logic of the interaction of the main urban planning categories from antiquity to our time. Thus, the main functional designation of medieval European cities as trading, defense and military ports has developed characteristic forms of their plans, optimal for the proper functioning of urban entities. Subsequently, after the destruction of irrelevant fortifications and in the process of territorial growth of cities significantly increases the range and volume of city functions and takes advantage of an open flexible scheme of microstructures in the developed system of the center outside the central core, which should maintain a high rank of historical and cultural emphasis of the city. In order to avoid the phenomena of functional degradation of separate spaces of the center or excessive dynamism of functions capable of distorting the value of historical and architectural substance, it is necessary to estimate the optimal capacity of the city center, that is, the quantitative and qualitative optimum of functions, which can perceive the historical environment without reducing its cultural and aesthetic values due to the harmonious interaction of functional and planning categories. This harmony can be achieved not only by adapting the contents and form of the city center to new needs, but also by adjusting these needs to the optimal possibilities of the historical environment, which may partially offset the comfort of the home by its special advantages.

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SCHILLING, HEINZ. "Calvinist and Catholic cities – urban architecture and ritual in confessional Europe." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000286.

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Urban history, at least in Germany, has mainly concentrated on the Medieval and Reformation cities on the one hand and Industrial and Contemporary cities on the other. However, recent debates among Early Modernists have produced the view that ‘confessionalization’, that is the formation of three or four modern church systems based on specific confessions of faith, was one of the most influential factors in producing the fundamental changes that occurred between 1550 and 1650 in Europe. This had a huge effect on the cities of Europe and their inhabitants. This paper compares Catholic and Protestant cities in Europe around 1600 with regard to their specific architecture and their religious and civic rituals. Rites and other religious functions or institutions have always been an important part of urban life. Lewis Mumford refers to religious funeral rites in his magisterial analysis of urban life in a universal perspective: ‘The city of the dead antedates the city of the living. In one sense, indeed the city of the dead is the forerunner, almost the core, of every living city.’ In Europe, the relationship between the Church and the towns or cities was especially close and, in a sense, fundamental because of the medieval history of the European towns and the structure and profile of pre-modern European societies in general. We start with a brief overview of these preconditions for urban life during Europe's confessional period, and then go on to take a closer look at the confessional city itself.

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COOMANS, JANNA. "The king of dirt: public health and sanitation in late medieval Ghent." Urban History 46, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681800024x.

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ABSTRACT:Taking the office of theconinc der ribaudenin Ghent as a case-study, this article reconstructs the enforcement of urban sanitation and preventative health practices during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Theconincmanaged a wide range of issues perceived as potentially polluting, damaging or threatening to health. Banning waste and chasing pigs as well as prostitutes off the streets, the office implemented a governmental vision on communal well-being. Health interests, as part of a broader pursuit of the common good, therefore played an important yet hitherto largely overlooked role in medieval urban governance.

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