Статті в журналах: "Medicine Statistic"

1

Chen, Dechang, Zhenqiu Liu, Xiaobin Ma, and Dong Hua. "Selecting Genes by Test Statistics." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2005, no. 2 (2005): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb.2005.132.

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Gene selection is an important issue in analyzing multiclass microarray data. Among many proposed selection methods, the traditional ANOVA F test statistic has been employed to identify informative genes for both class prediction (classification) and discovery problems. However, the F test statistic assumes an equal variance. This assumption may not be realistic for gene expression data. This paper explores other alternative test statistics which can handle heterogeneity of the variances. We study five such test statistics, which include Brown-Forsythe test statistic and Welch test statistic. Their performance is evaluated and compared with that of F statistic over different classification methods applied to publicly available microarray datasets.

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2

Carpenter, C. R. "Kappa statistic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 1 (July 5, 2005): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1041742.

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3

Juurlink, D. N. "Kappa statistic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 1 (July 5, 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1041744.

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4

Allan, G. M. "Kappa statistic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 1 (July 5, 2005): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1050010.

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5

McGinn, T. "Kappa statistic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 173, no. 1 (July 5, 2005): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1050048.

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6

Curran-Everett, Douglas. "Explorations in statistics: hypothesis tests and P values." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 2 (June 2009): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.90218.2008.

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Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This second installment of Explorations in Statistics delves into test statistics and P values, two concepts fundamental to the test of a scientific null hypothesis. The essence of a test statistic is that it compares what we observe in the experiment to what we expect to see if the null hypothesis is true. The P value associated with the magnitude of that test statistic answers this question: if the null hypothesis is true, what proportion of possible values of the test statistic are at least as extreme as the one I got? Although statisticians continue to stress the limitations of hypothesis tests, there are two realities we must acknowledge: hypothesis tests are ingrained within science, and the simple test of a null hypothesis can be useful. As a result, it behooves us to explore the notions of hypothesis tests, test statistics, and P values.

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Fletcher, J. "Choosing a statistic." BMJ 339, jul08 2 (July 8, 2009): b2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2702.

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Phillips, G. "A worrying statistic." BMJ 312, no. 7046 (June 22, 1996): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7046.1586.

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9

Berry, C. C. "The kappa statistic." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 268, no. 18 (November 11, 1992): 2513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.268.18.2513.

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Holmes, A. P., R. C. Blair, J. D. G. Watson, and I. Ford. "Nonparametric Analysis of Statistic Images from Functional Mapping Experiments." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 1 (January 1996): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199601000-00002.

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The analysis of functional mapping experiments in positron emission tomography involves the formation of images displaying the values of a suitable statistic, summarising the evidence in the data for a particular effect at each voxel. These statistic images must then be scrutinised to locate regions showing statistically significant effects. The methods most commonly used are parametric, assuming a particular form of probability distribution for the voxel values in the statistic image. Scientific hypotheses, formulated in terms of parameters describing these distributions, are then tested on the basis of the assumptions. Images of statistics are usually considered as lattice representations of continuous random fields. These are more amenable to statistical analysis. There are various shortcomings associated with these methods of analysis. The many assumptions and approximations involved may not be true. The low numbers of subjects and scans, in typical experiments, lead to noisy statistic images with low degrees of freedom, which are not well approximated by continuous random fields. Thus, the methods are only approximately valid at best and are most suspect in single-subject studies. In contrast to the existing methods, we present a nonparametric approach to significance testing for statistic images from activation studies. Formal assumptions are replaced by a computationally expensive approach. In a simple rest-activation study, if there is really no activation effect, the labelling of the scans as “active” or “rest” is artificial, and a statistic image formed with some other labelling is as likely as the observed one. Thus, considering all possible relabellings, a p value can be computed for any suitable statistic describing the statistic image. Consideration of the maximal statistic leads to a simple nonparametric single-threshold test. This randomisation test relies only on minimal assumptions about the design of the experiment, is (almost) exact, with Type I error (almost) exactly that specified, and hence is always valid. The absence of distributional assumptions permits the consideration of a wide range of test statistics, for instance, “pseudo” t statistic images formed with smoothed variance images. The approach presented extends easily to other paradigms, permitting nonparametric analysis of most functional mapping experiments. When the assumptions of the parametric methods are true, these new nonparametric methods, at worst, provide for their validation. When the assumptions of the parametric methods are dubious, the nonparametric methods provide the only analysis that can be guaranteed valid and exact.

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Ateş, Can, Özlem Kaymaz, H. Emre Kale, and Mustafa Agah Tekindal. "Comparison of Test Statistics of Nonnormal and Unbalanced Samples for Multivariate Analysis of Variance in terms of Type-I Error Rates." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2173638.

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In this study, we investigate how Wilks’ lambda, Pillai’s trace, Hotelling’s trace, and Roy’s largest root test statistics can be affected when the normal and homogeneous variance assumptions of the MANOVA method are violated. In other words, in these cases, the robustness of the tests is examined. For this purpose, a simulation study is conducted in different scenarios. In different variable numbers and different sample sizes, considering the group variances are homogeneous σ12=σ22=⋯=σg2 and heterogeneous (increasing) σ12<σ22<⋯<σg2, random numbers are generated from Gamma(4-4-4; 0.5), Gamma(4-9-36; 0.5), Student’s t(2), and Normal(0; 1) distributions. Furthermore, the number of observations in the groups being balanced and unbalanced is also taken into account. After 10000 repetitions, type-I error values are calculated for each test for α = 0.05. In the Gamma distribution, Pillai’s trace test statistic gives more robust results in the case of homogeneous and heterogeneous variances for 2 variables, and in the case of 3 variables, Roy’s largest root test statistic gives more robust results in balanced samples and Pillai’s trace test statistic in unbalanced samples. In Student’s t distribution, Pillai’s trace test statistic gives more robust results in the case of homogeneous variance and Wilks’ lambda test statistic in the case of heterogeneous variance. In the normal distribution, in the case of homogeneous variance for 2 variables, Roy’s largest root test statistic gives relatively more robust results and Wilks’ lambda test statistic for 3 variables. Also in the case of heterogeneous variance for 2 and 3 variables, Roy’s largest root test statistic gives robust results in the normal distribution. The test statistics used with MANOVA are affected by the violation of homogeneity of covariance matrices and normality assumptions particularly from unbalanced number of observations.

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12

Molina, Julian. "Scrutinising statistics, questioning BME unemployment: the uses of labour market statistics in Parliamentary Select Committee evidence sessions." Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/174426418x15337549905868.

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This article describes how statistics are scrutinised as evidence. It focuses on the uses of a labour market statistic during House of Commons select committee evidence sessions. The statistic in question was ‘55.5% of economically active black men, aged 16‐24, are unemployed’. The article describes how this individual piece of evidence was scrutinised through ‘ordinary’ interactional practices. By drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, the article describes how questions and answers about this piece of evidence were organised by politicians, policymakers and witnesses. These members accounted for this statistic by expressing horror, questioning and interrupting witnesses, giving analyses of educational attainment, critiquing the validity of the statistic, citing factors such as ‘unconscious bias’, professing they were working hard, and sanctioning witnesses’ answers. The article shows how statistical evidence is both a tool and an object of scrutiny, a basic component for policy deliberation, and how it is interactionally organised through ‘ordinary’ practices.

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13

Hashizume, Makoto. "Perspective for Future Medicine: Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy-Based Medicine with Artificial Intelligence." Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9160478.

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Multidisciplinary computational anatomy (MCA) is a new frontier of science that provides a mathematical analysis basis for the comprehensive and useful understanding of “dynamic living human anatomy.” It defines a new mathematical modeling method for the early detection and highly intelligent diagnosis and treatment of incurable or intractable diseases. The MCA is a method of scientific research on innovative areas based on the medical images that are integrated with the information related to: (1) the spatial axis, extending from a cell size to an organ size; (2) the time series axis, extending from an embryo to post mortem body; (3) the functional axis on physiology or metabolism which is reflected in a variety of medical image modalities; and (4) the pathological axis, extending from a healthy physical condition to a diseased condition. It aims to integrate multiple prediction models such as multiscale prediction model, temporal prediction model, anatomy function prediction model, and anatomy-pathology prediction model. Artificial intelligence has been introduced to accelerate the calculation of statistic mathematical analysis. The future perspective is expected to promote the development of human resources as well as a new MCA-based scientific interdisciplinary field composed of mathematical statistics, information sciences, computing data science, robotics, and biomedical engineering and clinical applications. The MCA-based medicine might be one of the solutions to overcome the difficulties in the current medicine.

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Hashizume, Makoto. "Perspective for Future Medicine: Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy-Based Medicine with Artificial Intelligence." Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9160478.

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Multidisciplinary computational anatomy (MCA) is a new frontier of science that provides a mathematical analysis basis for the comprehensive and useful understanding of “dynamic living human anatomy.” It defines a new mathematical modeling method for the early detection and highly intelligent diagnosis and treatment of incurable or intractable diseases. The MCA is a method of scientific research on innovative areas based on the medical images that are integrated with the information related to: (1) the spatial axis, extending from a cell size to an organ size; (2) the time series axis, extending from an embryo to post mortem body; (3) the functional axis on physiology or metabolism which is reflected in a variety of medical image modalities; and (4) the pathological axis, extending from a healthy physical condition to a diseased condition. It aims to integrate multiple prediction models such as multiscale prediction model, temporal prediction model, anatomy function prediction model, and anatomy-pathology prediction model. Artificial intelligence has been introduced to accelerate the calculation of statistic mathematical analysis. The future perspective is expected to promote the development of human resources as well as a new MCA-based scientific interdisciplinary field composed of mathematical statistics, information sciences, computing data science, robotics, and biomedical engineering and clinical applications. The MCA-based medicine might be one of the solutions to overcome the difficulties in the current medicine.

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15

Choi, Jai Won, Balgobin Nandram, and Boseung Choi. "Combining Correlated P-values From Primary Data Analyses." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 11, no. 6 (October 20, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v11n6p12.

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Research results on the same subject, extracted from scientific papers or clinical trials, are combined to determine a consensus. We are primarily concerned with combining p-values from experiments that may be correlated. We have two methods, a non-Bayesian method and a Bayesian method. We use a model to combine these results and assume the combined results follow a certain distribution, for example, chi-square or normal. The distribution requires independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables. When the data are correlated or non-iid, we cannot assume such distribution. In order to do so, the combined results from the model need to be adjusted, and the adjustment is done “indirectly” through two test statistics. Specifically, one test statistic (TS** ) is obtained for the non-iid data and the other is the test statistic (TS) is obtained for iid data. We use the ratio between the two test statistics to adjust the model test statistic (TS**) for its non-iid violation. The adjusted TS** is named as “effective test statistics” (ETS), which is then used for statistical inferences with the assumed distribution. As it is difficult to estimate the correlation, to provide a more coherent method for combining p-values, we also introduce a novel Bayesian method for both iid data and non-iid data. The examples are used to illustrate the non-Bayesian method and additional examples are given to illustrate the Bayesian method.

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Lim, Justin Wei-Jia. "More than a statistic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 192, no. 14 (April 5, 2020): E378—E379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191349.

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17

Sirat, Muhiddin, Emi Maimunah, Utami Syifana Widyastuti, Ratna Ermawati, Muhammad Mirandy Pratama Sirat, and Deris Desmawan. "Analysis of Demand and Estimation of Market Structure of Beef Trading Business in Bandar Lampung City." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 9, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v9i2.p152-169.

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Aims of this study were 1) to determine the effect of beef price, other goods prices, and consumer tastes on the amount of beef demand and 2) to determine the market structure of the beef trade industry in Bandar Lampung City. The analytical method used was multiple linear regression with variables : the beef price of, other goods price, and consumer tastes. The variable price of beef has a t-statistic value (2.222) The variable price of other goods has a t-statistic value (2.379)> t-table (1.664) and the consumer taste variable has a t-statistic value (9,565) > t-table (1.664). The three variables have a t-statistic value > t-table (1.664) and the results of F-statistics (33.884) > F-table (2.49), so the results of this study indicate that together the variable price of beef, the price of other goods and consumer tastes have a positive and significant effect on beef demand in Bandar Lampung City and based on the results of the Relative Mean Deviation Intercept on beef trade in the market of Bandar Lampung City by 44.23%, with the rule of decision 42.54%, The market structure of the beef trading business in the Bandar Lampung City market is classified as a Monopolistic Competition Market

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18

Cullen, Matthew, Sean Sequeira, Wiemi Douoguih, Andrew Lincoln, Steven Svoboda, and Heath Gould. "Poster 111: Poor Inter-observer Reliability of TT-TG Measurement Among Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Surgeons Regardless of Measurement Technique." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00672.

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Objectives: Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) is an important radiologic parameter in the diagnosis and treatment of patellar instability. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the literature regarding the most appropriate measurement protocol for assessing TT-TG distance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-observer reliability of TT-TG distance measurement in healthy knees performed by fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons. Methods: A convenience sample of 29 magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRIs) of the knee was assembled after screening to ensure there was no ligamentous rupture, meniscal pathology, cartilage injury, subchondral edema, or abnormal masses in the bone or muscle. An a priori power analysis determined that this number of MRIs would provide greater than 90% power to detect a statistically significant difference in intraclass correlation of 0.95 (a < 0.05). Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons read the MRIs and recorded the TT-TG distance using their method of choice. After a minimum of 5 months, the MRIs were read again, this time using a standardized evidence-based method to measure the TT-TG distance. Kappa statistics were calculated to evaluate inter- and intra-observer reliability. Results: Among the initial TT-TG distance measurements, kappa was equal to -0.006 (P = 0.690) when assessing inter-observer reliability. Introduction of the standardized measurement protocol was associated with no significant change in inter-observer reliability (kappa = 0.124, P = 0.070). The individual TT slice that was selected for TT-TG distance measurement demonstrated a kappa statistic of 0.192 (P < 0.001) for the surgeons’ method of choice and a kappa statistic of 0.037 (P = 0.455) for the standardized method. Similarly, TG slice selection using the surgeons’ method of choice yielded a kappa statistic of -0.005 (P = 0.949) and a kappa statistic of -0.102 (P = 0.140) for the standardized method. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate poor inter-observer reliability of TT-TG distance measurement in healthy knees that was not improved with the application of a standardized evidence-based measurement protocol. TT and TG slices selected by surgeons varied widely. Future research should focus on comparing TT-TG distance measurements across a wider variety of knees (ranging from healthy to those with patellar instability), as this may improve the inter-observer reliability of TT-TG measurement. [Table: see text]

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19

Wang, Chunpai, Daniel B. Neill, and Feng Chen. "Calibrated Nonparametric Scan Statistics for Anomalous Pattern Detection in Graphs." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 4 (June 28, 2022): 4201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i4.20339.

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We propose a new approach, the calibrated nonparametric scan statistic (CNSS), for more accurate detection of anomalous patterns in large-scale, real-world graphs. Scan statistics identify connected subgraphs that are interesting or unexpected through maximization of a likelihood ratio statistic; in particular, nonparametric scan statistics (NPSSs) identify subgraphs with a higher than expected proportion of individually significant nodes. However, we show that recently proposed NPSS methods are miscalibrated, failing to account for the maximization of the statistic over the multiplicity of subgraphs. This results in both reduced detection power for subtle signals, and low precision of the detected subgraph even for stronger signals. Thus we develop a new statistical approach to recalibrate NPSSs, correctly adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing and taking the underlying graph structure into account. While the recalibration, based on randomization testing, is computationally expensive, we propose both an efficient (approximate) algorithm and new, closed-form lower bounds (on the expected maximum proportion of significant nodes for subgraphs of a given size, under the null hypothesis of no anomalous patterns). These advances, along with the integration of recent core-tree decomposition methods, enable CNSS to scale to large real-world graphs, with substantial improvement in the accuracy of detected subgraphs. Extensive experiments on both semi-synthetic and real-world datasets are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, in comparison with state-of-the-art counterparts.

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20

Yarnykh, E. A., and M. D. Simonova. "Agro-Ecology in the Context of Sustainable Development: Upgrading Index System of Sustainable Development Goals." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 6 (December 6, 2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2022-6-24-33.

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The article studies agro-ecological activity, which combines goals of agricultural production with maximum regard to environment protection and rational nature use. The relative system of statistic indices gives an opportunity to trace the process and key results of this integrated work within the frames of sustainable development. Methodology of shaping statistic indices provided in the article is based on international classifications used in the field of environment protection. They include international classification worked out by the Eurostat in collaboration with the UN European Commission and OESR and by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN (FAO) in the field of nature protection, nature preservation and using land resources. The authors in view of complex analytical and informational approach put forward indices connected with registration and statistical description of the role of agriculture and rural territories in bio-diversity preservation, greenhouse gas emissions caused by agricultural production and rural territories functioning, ecological services and raw material utilization for bio-fuel output. The research findings include the development of the index system, which could improve the quality of statistic control over standing and progress of agro-ecology carried out by national statistic services of CIS memberstates. The obtained agro-ecological indices are harmonized with basic principles of developing environmental statistics in the context of sustainable development.

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Velichko, A. V., and Z. A. Dundarov. "THE FEATURES OF DIAGNOSTICS AND CHOICE OF RATIONAL TACTICS OF TREATMENT PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 1 (March 28, 2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2008-5-1-6.

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As the object of an investigation were the patients of Gomel`s Regional Clinical Hospital. There were 137 patients with various forms of acute cholecystitis (AC) who had a course of treatment in Gomel`s Regional Clinical Hospital for the period from 2006 up to 2007. There were 21 (15,3%) men, 115 (83,9%) women. An average age of patients was 51,5 ± 4,5 years old. All receipted patients in various terms were given cholecystitis of various types after standard set of diagnostic procedures. The patients were divided into three groups. In the first group there were sick patients diseased acute cholecystitis and some were operated urgently (n = 72), in the second group there were the patients receipted for systematic operative treatment of chronic cholecystitis and some were revealed various forms of acute cholecystitis (n = 35) on the base of the intraoperational data and pathology-histological conclusion, in the third group (a control group) there were the patients with chronic calculated cholecystitis. The statistic worked up figures were made by the methods of not parametric statistic with using a data statistic analysis burst «STATISTICA 6,0».

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22

Forrow, Lachlan. "Summary statistic and treatment decisions." American Journal of Medicine 94, no. 3 (March 1993): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(93)90071-v.

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23

PERIEANU, Viorel Ştefan, Mădălina PERIEANU, Mădălina MALIŢA, Mihai BURLIBAŞA, Radu COSTEA, Camelia IONESCU, Consuela GHIUŢĂ, Ileana IONESCU, and Liliana BURLIBAŞA. "Clinico-statistical study regarding prevention of infections in dental offices by impressions decontamination." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2016.1.12.

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Objective. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and universal application of decontamination methods of impressions in dental practices. Material and method. The study involved 131 persons (dentists and dental students at Faculty of Dental Medicine). All the participants completed a questionnaire regarding the knowledge of transmission risk and rates of infections agents through dental impressions and the importance of different methods of decontamination. Results. Most of the subjects (93.89%) are aware of classical safe standard to achieve infection control in dental office. The youngest ones are well instructed in dental school. Most of the participants concluded that ere is a risk of transmission of infectious agents through different devices (impressions, prosthetic components) are sent out of the practice. Still only 35.11% of the respondents use a decontamination process of impressions. Among these (46 subjects), only 25 of them follow a well-conducted decontamination protocol. Many of the subjects consider that the infections risk of dental devices is minor and the decontamination procedure only makes the technological process more difficult. Conclusions. Dental practitioners consider that there is a minor risk of person-to-person transmission of infectious through dental devices. Doctors and technicians as well do not use a multi-step process of decontamination, because it makes the workflow more difficult.

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Purwanti, Setyorini Indah, Sutikno, and Purhadi. "Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing of geographically and temporally weighted bivariate generalized Poisson regression." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012043.

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Abstract Poisson regression is used to model the data with the response variable in the form of count data. This modeling must meet the equidispersion assumption. That is, the average value is the same as the variance. However, this assumption is often violated. Violation of the equidispersion assumption in Poisson regression modeling will result in invalid conclusions. These violations are an overdispersion and an underdispersion of the response variable. Generalized Poisson Regression (GPR) is an alternative if there is a violation of the equidispersion assumption. If there are two correlated response variables, modeling will use the Bivariate Generalized Poisson Regression (BGPR). However, in the panel data with the observation unit in the form of an area, BGPR is not quite right because there is spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the data. Geographically and Temporally Weighted Bivariate Generalized Poisson Regression (GTWBGPR) is a method for modeling spatial and temporal heterogeneity data. GTWBGPR is a development of GWBGPR. In GTWBGPR, besides accommodating spatial effects, it also accommodates temporal effects. This research will discuss the parameter estimation and test statistics for the GTWBGPR model. Parameter estimation uses Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), but the result is not closed-form, so it is solved by numerical iteration. The numerical iteration used is Newton-Raphson. The test statistic for simultaneous testing uses the Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test (MLRT). With large samples, then this test statistic has a chi-square distribution approximation. So the test statistic for the partial test uses the Z test statistic.

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25

Indarti, Titik Rahayu, Satibi Satibi, and Endang Yuniarti. "Pengendalian Persediaan Obat dengan Minimum-Maximum Stock Level di Instalasi Farmasi RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.45295.

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Inappropriate inventory control of medicines in hospital can lead to shortage or over stock, which is a problem faced by Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Minimum-Maximum Stock Level (MMSL) method on efficiency and effectivity of medicine inventory at Hospital Pharmacy Dr. Sardjito. A quasi experimental nonequivalent without control group design was applied, and purposive sampling was taken from retrospective data in January-June 2018 and the application of methods prospectively i.e. August-December 2018. Thirty-five types of medicines which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were obtained, i.e. high cost, high volume, clinicaly important, and supply focus. These types of medicines were included in category A of ABC Pareto Analysis. The effect of minimum-maximum stock level method on inventory value, stock out value, and Inventory Turn Over Ratio (ITOR) was analysed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test statistic. The effect of minimum-maximum stock level method on stock out incident was analysed using Mc Nemar Test statistic. This study found that minimum-maximum stock level method to impact the positively their efficiency of drug control marked by decreased of inventory value and ITOR ideal value. The effectiveness of drug control marked by decreased incidence of stock out in Hospital Pharmacy Departement Dr. Sardjito.

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Bland, J. M., and D. G. Altman. "Statistic Notes: Regression towards the mean." BMJ 308, no. 6942 (June 4, 1994): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6942.1499.

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27

Adubisi, O. D., and C. E. Adubisi. "Statistical Modeling using A New Hybrid Form of The Inverted Exponential Distribution with Different Estimation Methods." InPrime: Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2022): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/inprime.v4i2.26830.

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This paper introduces a new four-parameter distribution called the exponentiated Gompertz generated inverted exponential (EGGIE) distribution. Explicit expressions of the structural properties such as the ordinary and incomplete moments, probability weighted moments, quantile function, Lorenz and Bonferroni curves, entropies, and order statistics are derived. The empirical findings indicate that the maximum likelihood procedure dominates the other estimators in the simulation study while the Cramer-Von Mises procedure dominates in the two real datasets applications. We demonstrate the superiority of the EGGIE distribution over the Gompertz Lomax, odd Fréchet Inverse exponential, generalized inverse exponential, generalized inverse exponential, exponential inverse exponential, and Gompertz Weibull distribution using the maximum likelihood procedure utilizing two real datasets applications. The findings show that the EGGIE distribution yields the best goodness of fit to the two datasets.Keywords: exponentiated Gompertz generated family; inverse exponential distribution; Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic; Anderson-Darling; maximum product spacing. AbstrakPaper ini memperkenalkan distribusi 4-parameter baru yang disebut dengan distribusi exponentiated Gompertz generated inverted exponential (EGGIE). Ekspresi eksplisit sifat struktural dari distribusi ini diturunkan, seperti momen biasa dan momen tak lengkap, momen probabilitas terboboti, fungsi kuartil, kurva Lorenz dan Bonferroni, entropi, dan statistik urutan. Temuan empiris menunjukan bahwa prosedur maksimum likelihood mendominasi estimator lainnya pada studi simulasi, sementara prosedur Cramer-Von Mises mendominasi pada aplikasi dua dataset nyata. Peneliti menunjukkan keunggulan dari distribusi EGGIE dibandingkan distribusi Gompertz Lomax, odd Frechet Inverse exponential, generalized inverse exponential, exponential inverse exponential, dan Gompertz Weibull menggunakan metode maksimum likelihood yang diaplikasikan pada dua dataset nyata. Hasil menunjukan bahwa distribusi EGGIE menghasilkan kecocokan model yang baik pada kedua dataset.Kata Kunci: keluarga bangkitan exponentiated Gompertz; distribusi inverse exponential; Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic; Anderson-Darling; maximum product spacing. 2020MSC: 62E10

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Fiori, Simone. "Neural Systems with Numerically Matched Input-Output Statistic: Isotonic Bivariate Statistical Modeling." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2007 (2007): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/71859.

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Bivariate statistical modeling from incomplete data is a useful statistical tool that allows to discover the model underlying two data sets when the data in the two sets do not correspond in size nor in ordering. Such situation may occur when the sizes of the two data sets do not match (i.e., there are holes in the data) or when the data sets have been acquired independently. Also, statistical modeling is useful when the amount of available data is enough to show relevant statistical features of the phenomenon underlying the data. We propose to tackle the problem of statistical modeling via a neural (nonlinear) system that is able to match its input-output statistic to the statistic of the available data sets. A key point of the new implementation proposed here is that it is based on look-up-table (LUT) neural systems, which guarantee a computationally advantageous way of implementing neural systems. A number of numerical experiments, performed on both synthetic and real-world data sets, illustrate the features of the proposed modeling procedure.

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Black, Lisa. "From Needlestick Statistic to Nurse Advocate." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 106, no. 3 (March 2006): 64G—64I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200603000-00039.

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30

Worthington, Karen. "Make Sure Youʼre an OSHA Statistic". American Journal of Nursing 102, № 2 (лютий 2002): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200202000-00032.

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Cojocari, Svetlana. "Implicări genetice în hipertensiunea arterială şi dereglările metabolice la copiii supraponderali/obezi." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 63, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2014.4.21.

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Hipertensiunea arterială esenţială constituie o patologie multifactorială în realizarea căreia factorii genetici şi de mediu joacă un rol important. Se estimează că 30-60% din variaţia tensiunii arteriale între indivizi este atribuită factorului genetic. Studierea acestuia este argumentată în special la copii, deoarece, cu vârsta, poate fi modificat sub influenţa factorilor de mediu. Obiective. Estimarea frecvenţei variantelor polimorfe ale genelor candidate din SRA (ECA, AGTR1) şi NOS3 la copiii hipertensivi supraponderali/obezi. Aprecierea relaţiilor posibile dintre portajul genotipurilor genelor studiate şi riscul de apariţie a hipertensiunii arteriale, excesului de greutate şi dereglărilor metabolice. Interacţiunea factorilor genetici cu cei modificabili în instalarea acestor patologii. Material şi metode. Cercetarea a inclus 120 copii supraponderali/obezi n = 62 (51,67%) hipertensivi, n = 58 (48,33%) normotensivi, vârsta 10-18 ani. Polimorfismul genelor candidate s-a identificat prin metoda de analiză a lungimii fragmentelor amplificate şi a fragmentelor polimorfe de restricţie. Produsele de restricţie s-au separat în gel de agaroză de 2% şi s-au colorat cu etidiu bromid. Protocolul studiului a fost aprobat de către Comisia de Etică Medicală şi s-a obţinut consimţământul informat scris pentru participarea în studiu. Rezultate. Copiii cu genotipurile ECA DD şi AGTR1 CC s-au remarcat, semnificativ statistic, prin valori mai mari ale IMC, CA şi TAS. La purtătorii genotipurilor GG şi AG al NOS3A/G, de asemenea, s-au înregistrat valori mai înalte, semnificativ statistice, ale TAS faţă de purtătorii genotipului AA. Totodată, copiii cu genotipul ECA DD s-au deosebit, semnificativ statistic, printr-un nivel seric mai înalt al trigliceridelor (1,90 ± 0,122 mmol/l), insulinei (27,27 ± 2,557 μU/ml) şi diminuat al HDL-C (1,24 ± 0,048 mmol/l). Veridicitate statistică s-a constatat, de asemenea, între vârsta mică de gestaţie şi genotipul DD al ECA şi între vârsta mare de gestaţie şi genotipul ID al ECA. Purtătorii genotipului DD al genei ECA şi purtătorii CC al genei AGTR 1, cu veridicitate statistică, s-au dovedit de a fi mai frecvent fumători pasivi, consumatori ai produselor mai sărate şi mai grase. Concluzie. Identificarea copiilor supraponderali/obezi purtători ai genotipurilor ECA DD, AGTR CC şi NOS GG ar putea facilita detectarea precoce a copiilor cu risc sporit de realizare a hipertensiunii arteriale, dereglărilor metabolice pentru iniţierea precoce a măsurilor de profilaxie şi tratament.

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McGinn, T. "Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 3. Measures of observer variability (kappa statistic)." Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 11 (November 23, 2004): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1031981.

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Guo, Pei. "A weighted k-nearest neighbor process monitoring method based on statistical volume pattern analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2428, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2428/1/012018.

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Abstract Process monitoring technology has developed rapidly in response to the increasing demand for safer and more reliable systems in modern process operations. Online process monitoring plays an important role not only in ensuring process safety through the timely detection of process faults but also in improving process productivity and product quality. One of the outstanding features of modern manufacturing facilities, which are large in scale and highly complex, is that the processes contain numerous variables operating under closed-loop control. Fully exploiting and utilizing the valuable information in these variables will benefit early and accurate fault detection and diagnosis of processes, minimizing downtime, increasing plant operational safety, and reducing manufacturing costs. The development of process monitoring technology is of great importance to ensure the operational safety, reliability, and economy of complex industrial processes. With the continuous development of industrial processes, the collection and use of process data are gradually increasing, and data-driven multivariate statistical process monitoring methods have developed significantly. A weighted k-nearest neighbor process monitoring method based on SPA is proposed for the problem of multimodal properties of process statistics. When the covariance difference between different modes is large, the multimodal characteristics of the original variable space are retained in the statistic feature space. By introducing weights and assigning weights to the distances between statistic samples, the proposed method can regulate the distances between statistic samples in modes with larger covariance and those with smaller covariance to the same scale, overcoming the limitations of the SPA-based process monitoring method in multimodal fault detection.

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Lugo-Armenta, Jesus Guadalupe, Luis Roberto Pino-Fan, and Blanca Rosa Ruiz Hernandez. "Chi-square Reference Meanings: a Historical-epistemological Overview." Revemop 3 (June 21, 2021): e202108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33532/revemop.e202108.

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The present article shows a historical-epistemological study on the Chi-square statistic. In which theoretical-methodological notions from the Onto-Semiotic Approach (OSA) of mathematical cognition and instruction were used to identify four problems that have been key to the evolution of the Chi-square statistic: the Goodness-of-fit-test, the test of independence, the test of homogeneity and distribution. Furthermore, various meanings of the Chi-square statistic were recognized in the mathematical-statistical practices that are used to solve each of those problems. These meanings could help to establish epistemic criteria that allow, on the one hand, to propose progressive levels of inferential reasoning for the statistic (from informal to formal); and on the other hand, to design tasks oriented to promote the understanding of the diverse meanings of the Chi-square.

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Jewargi, Kiran. "Public Cloud to Cloud Repatriation Trend." Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i01.001.

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Cloud repatriation is the process of moving a workload or application from a public cloud to an on-premises or private cloud. The statistics of cloud repatriation, its possible effects, and the justifications for company adoption are all included in the paper. According to recent estimates, in 2021, over 80% of US businesses will pull some workloads from the public cloud. The statistic of the Public Cloud to Cloud Repatriation Trend initially seems to indicate a significant return to on-premises systems.

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36

Venema, Henk W. "Signals, noise and the join-count statistic." Medical Physics 20, no. 5 (September 1993): 1561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597120.

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Drogobytskiy, Ivan N. "MODELING ECONOMICAL SYSTEMS: MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTIC METHODS." SOFT MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTING 11, no. 60 (2022): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/2618-9976.2022.11.010.

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Appearing of the present article is provided with very short passport of the scientific specialty 5.2.2 "Mathematical, statistical and instrumental methods of economics". It was published in the end of the previous year as a part of new nomenclature of the scientific specialties. Now it regulates the process of establishing scientific degrees. The aim of this document is to define the content and structure of this branch in economical science during all the period of its development from the middle of the previous century. It also defines the perspective of scientific researches of the adepts in this area. All the modeling, methodological, program and instrumental arsenal of the researched scientific are divided in two big aggregates. These are "Economicmathematical methods" and "Models and methods in decisionmaking". Further, these aggregates are divided in five contextual groups, each one of them includes 5–9 positions. As a result of the article, we define 34 methods accepted by the scientific society and being used in practice independently. We expect this classification to be useful for those who forms the dissertational councils provided with specialty 5.2.2, especially in defining their profiles.

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Karki, Murari. "Drawing Inferences on The Basis of Level of Statistical Tools Used in Data Analysis." Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v2i2.42602.

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Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, organisation, tabulation, manipulation, analysis and interpretation of observed results (Winters R, Winters A, Amedee RG. Statistics: A brief overview. Ochsner J. 2010;10:213-6.).Using all the statistical procedure, we draw some inferences about population parameter from the study sample. Before drawing inferences about population parameters, we use different levels of statistical tools. This article is meant to provide some information to reader about various statistical methods that are useful for the process of making inferences about parameters. This article is focused on the various levels of statistical tools, difference between descriptive and inferential statistics and various test statistic to make conclusion about population parameters.

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COTTINGTON, ERIC M., CHARLES M. SHUFFLEBARGER, and RICARD TOWNSEND. "The Power of the Z Statistic." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 29, no. 11 (November 1989): 1500–1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198911000-00009.

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40

Nichols, Thomas R., Paola M. Wisner, Gary Cripe, and Lakshmi Gulabchand. "Putting the Kappa Statistic to Use." Quality Assurance Journal 13, no. 3-4 (July 2010): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qaj.481.

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41

Nathaya, Azzahra Dynaeira, Nurdin Hidayat, and Sholatia Dalimunthe. "The Effect of Emotional Intelligence with Work-Life Balance and Burnout on Job Satisfaction." Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship 6, no. 1 (October 11, 2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jobbe.006.1.04.

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This study aims to find the effect of Emotional Intelligence with Work-Life Balance and Burnout on Job Satisfaction. The method used is a quantitative method. The sampling technique used purposive sampling which refers to Isaac and Michael's table so that a population of 248 respondents was obtained. The object of research in this study is a teacher at a State Vocational School in DKI Jakarta. Data were collected through a questionnaire using a modified 4-point Likert scale. The results showed that emotional intelligence had a positive effect on job satisfaction, with a t-statistic value > 1.96, which was 8.795. Work-life balance has a positive effect on job satisfaction, with a t-statistic value > 1.96, which is 3,533. Burnout has a negative effect on job satisfaction, with a t-statistical value > 1.96, which is 4.610. Emotional intelligence has a positive effect on work-life balance, with a t-statistic value > 1.96, which is 7.263. Emotional intelligence has a negative effect on Burnout, with a t-statistic value <1.96 which is 7358. Work-life balance mediates the effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction, with a t-statistic value > 1.96, which is 4,021. Burnout mediates the effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction, with a t-statistic value > 1.96, which is 2.859. There is an influence of 54.7% between the dependent variable, namely emotional intelligence (X), work-life balance (Z1) and Burnout (Z2) on the dependent variable in the form of Job Satisfaction (Y).

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Satoh, Michihiro, Hirohito Metoki, Kei Asayama, Masahiro Kikuya, Takahisa Murakami, Yukako Tatsumi, Azusa Hara, et al. "Prediction Models for the 5- and 10-Year Incidence of Home Morning Hypertension: The Ohasama Study." American Journal of Hypertension 35, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpab177.

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Abstract Background We aimed to develop risk prediction models for new-onset home morning hypertension. Methods We followed up 978 participants without home hypertension in the general population of Ohasama, Japan (men: 30.1%, age: 53.3 years). The participants were divided into derivation (n = 489) and validation (n = 489) cohorts by their residential area. The C-statistics and calibration plots were assessed after the 5- or 10-year follow-up. Results In the derivation cohort, sex, age, body mass index, smoking, office systolic blood pressure (SBP), and home SBP at baseline were selected as significant risk factors for new-onset home hypertension (≥135/85 mm Hg or the initiation of antihypertensive treatment) using the Cox model. In the validation cohort, Harrell’s C-statistic for the 5-/10-year home hypertension was 0.7637 (0.7195–0.8100)/0.7308 (0.6932–0.7677), when we used the full model, which included the significant risk factors in the derivation cohort. The calibration test revealed good concordance between the observed and predicted 5-/10-year home hypertension probabilities (P ≥ 0.19); the regression slope of the observed probability on the predicted probability was 1.10/1.02, and the intercept was −0.04/0.06, respectively. A model without home SBP was also developed; for the 10-year home hypertension risk, the calibration test revealed a good concordance (P = 0.19) but Harrell’s C-statistic was 0.6689 (0.6266–0.7067). Conclusions The full model revealed good ability to predict the 5- and 10-year home morning hypertension risk. Although the model without home SBP is acceptable, the low C-statistic implies that home BP should be measured to predict home morning hypertension precisely.

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Kennedy, David J., and Byron Schneider. "Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistic: A Commentary." Pain Medicine 21, no. 10 (September 11, 2020): 2052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa287.

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Irwandi, Bayu, Yenita Roza, and Maimunah Maimunah. "Analisis Kemampuan Literasi Statistis Peserta Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum (AKM)." Jurnal Gantang 6, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/jg.v6i2.3961.

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Kemampuan literasi statistis merupakan salah satu aspek penting yang perlu dimiliki oleh peserta AKM. Pembelajaran statistika menjadi Salah satu usaha yang dapat dilakukan guru dalam membangun kemampuan literasi statistis siswa. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan literasi statistis peserta AKM, serta mengetahui gambaran kesulitan yang dialami oleh peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan konsep statistika. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Subjek penelitian adalah sebanyak 45 siswa peserta AKM di SMK Abdurrab Pekanbaru tahun 2021. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrument tes kemampuan literasi statistis dengan cakupan materi tes yaitu materi statistika. Penelitian ini menghasilkan perolehan persentase kemampuan literasi statistis peserta didik yang masih rendah disetiap indikatornya. Kemampuan peserta didik pada indikator menginterpretasikan data memiliki persentase terbesar, yaitu 57,78%. Dan pada indikator menyajikan data memperoleh persentase paling rendah, yaitu 35,56 %. Sebagian peserta didik masih belum dapat memahami konsep statistika dengan baik sehingga tidak mampu menyajikan data dan memberikan kesimpulan statistic dengan tepat.

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45

Horning, Sandra J., Malik E. Juweid, Heiko Schöder, Gregory Wiseman, Alex McMillan, Lode J. Swinnen, Ranjana Advani, Randy Gascoyne, and Andrew Quon. "Interim positron emission tomography scans in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an independent expert nuclear medicine evaluation of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group E3404 study." Blood 115, no. 4 (January 28, 2010): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-08-234351.

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AbstractPositive interim positron emission tomography (PET) scans are thought to be associated with inferior outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In the E3404 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma study, PET scans at baseline and after 3 cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone were centrally reviewed by a single reader. To determine the reproducibility of interim PET interpretation, an expert panel of 3 external nuclear medicine physicians visually scored baseline and interim PET scans independently and were blinded to clinical information. The binary Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study criteria were based on modifications of the Harmonization Criteria; the London criteria were also applied. Of 38 interim scans, agreement was complete in 68% and 71% by ECOG and London criteria, respectively. The range of PET+ interim scans was 16% to 34% (P = not significant) by reviewer. Moderate consistency of reviews was observed: κ statistic = 0.445 using ECOG criteria, and κ statistic = 0.502 using London criteria. These data, showing only moderate reproducibility among nuclear medicine experts, indicate the need to standardize PET interpretation in research and practice. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00274924.

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Rofi’ah, Siti, and Laily Masruroh. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Tiktok Terhadap Keterampilan Mengajar Mahasiswa PGMI UNHASY." DIKDAS MATAPPA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31100/dikdas.v5i1.1626.

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Online learning during The Covid-19 Pandemic requires lectures creativity to use learning media that are appropriate to the situation and condition. The purpose of this study is to optimize online learning by using social media tiktok and to describe the effect of using tiktok learning media on students' learning skill. The population in this study was all 4th student of the PGMI UNHASY at Jombang. Data collection is done by providing a questionnaire at google form. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics and inferential statistic analysis. The result showed that the average use of social media tiktok was 27,97 and the percentage 40% in a good enough category. And the result of teaching skills with an average 46,27 And percentage 37% in the low category. The results of inferential statistic analysis obtained Rcount 0,58>Rtable 0,58 at a significance level of 0,05%, thus H0 is rejected and H1 accepted. The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant effect between the use of social media tiktok with the teaching skill of students of PGMI UNHAS study Program at Jombang.

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Ирина Ивановна, Короленко, and Чебоньян Татьяна Гайковна. "DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS." NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-2-81-86.

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The article is about domestic violence and it`s place in administrative and criminal proceedings. It contains Russian and international statistics on the matter, information about law and other initiatives, opinions of lawyers. The article consists of international statistic from organisations such as Common Grace, World Health Organisation and United Nations and Russian medias. The article also states what kind of changes could be made in domestic violence area, law wise and socially. In addition, the article discusses the conclusion of absence of «Domestic violence law» and all sides of that issue.

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48

W Ghopa, Wan Aizon, Zainuddin Sajuri, Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor, Azhari Shamsudeen, Shahrum Abdullah, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Mohd Esa Baruji, and Mohd Atif Sholehuddin. "Statistics of Occupational Accidents Involving Heavy Machinery in Malaysia." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(3)-35.

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Heavy machinery accidents are among the leading causes of serious and fatal accidents in various sector such as construction works, earthworks, manufacturing, and plantations. Management and operation of heavy machinery are very important to ensure safety in the workplace and prevent accidents. This study aims to clarify the statistic of accidents involving heavy machinery in Malaysia. Heavy machinery accident data from 2014 to 2019 was obtained from official sources such as DOSH, SOCSO, NIOSH, and CIDB through a desktop study. A questionnaire was also conducted towards related personnel to ensure thorough information is obtained. The factory and manufacturing industries showed the highest percentage of fatal accident cases of 22.2% among all. The same trend has also been shown by Singapore and Australia. This was followed by the plantation sector of 20.6%. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of heavy machinery involved in fatal accident cases was tractor (23.8%), followed by forklift (22.2%) and tower cranes (9.1%). From the statistic, it was found that the main cause of accidents was due to negligence and incompetency of employees. Therefore, there is an immediate call for improving the skills and competency of all personnel involved in the operation of the machinery. Ensuring the safety and preventing an accident of heavy machinery is not relying solely on the operators but also the responsibility of all parties involved in the operation.

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49

Curran-Everett, Douglas. "Explorations in statistics: the bootstrap." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 4 (December 2009): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00062.2009.

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Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This fourth installment of Explorations in Statistics explores the bootstrap. The bootstrap gives us an empirical approach to estimate the theoretical variability among possible values of a sample statistic such as the sample mean. The appeal of the bootstrap is that we can use it to make an inference about some experimental result when the statistical theory is uncertain or even unknown. We can also use the bootstrap to assess how well the statistical theory holds: that is, whether an inference we make from a hypothesis test or confidence interval is justified.

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Curran-Everett, Douglas. "Explorations in statistics: permutation methods." Advances in Physiology Education 36, no. 3 (September 2012): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00072.2012.

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Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This eighth installment of Explorations in Statistics explores permutation methods, empiric procedures we can use to assess an experimental result–to test a null hypothesis–when we are reluctant to trust statistical theory alone. Permutation methods operate on the observations–the data–we get from an experiment. A permutation procedure answers this question: out of all the possible ways we can rearrange the observations we got, in what proportion of those arrangements is the sample statistic we care about at least as extreme as the one we got? The answer to that question is the P value.

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