Статті в журналах: "Medical SLAM"

1

Mazzarelli, Anthony J. "Annals Story Slam - Humanism in Medical Education." Annals of Internal Medicine 166, no. 7 (April 4, 2017): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w17-0038.

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2

Kahmen, O., N. Haase, and T. Luhmann. "ORIENTATION OF POINT CLOUDS FOR COMPLEX SURFACES IN MEDICAL SURGERY USING TRINOCULAR VISUAL ODOMETRY AND STEREO ORB-SLAM2." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-35-2020.

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Abstract. In photogrammetry, computer vision and robotics, visual odometry (VO) and SLAM algorithms are well-known methods to estimate camera poses from image sequences. When dealing with unknown scenes there is often no reference data available and also the scene needs to be reconstructed for further analysis. In this contribution a trinocular visual odometry approach is implemented and compared to stereo VO and ORB-SLAM2 in an experimental setup imitating the scene of a knee replacement surgery. Two datasets are analysed. While a test-field provides excellent conditions for feature detection algorithms with its artificial texture assembled, extracted images show the knee joint itself solely in order to use only the homogenous, but in real application stable, region of the knee joint. The camera trajectories of VO and ORB-SLAM2 are transformed to corresponding coordinate systems and are subsequently evaluated. The tracking algorithms show poor quality when only the inappropriate surface of the knee is used but perform well when the artificial texture of the test-field is used. The third camera does not lead to a significant advantage in this setup using our implementation. Possible reasons, e.g. less overlap, are discussed in this contribution. Nevertheless, the quality of the oriented point clouds, obtained by trinocular dense matching, is less than 1mm for most of the analysed data. The experiment will be used to focus on further developments, e.g. dealing with specular reflections, and for evaluation purposes using different SLAM/ VO algorithms.

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3

MARTINI, NI PUTU DEVIRA AYU, BAMBANG SUMANTRI, and BIMA SENA BAYU DEWANTARA. "Simultaneous Localization and Mapping pada Smart Automated Guided Vehicle menggunakan Iterative Closest Point berbasis K-Means Clustering." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v10i4.742.

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ABSTRAKAutomated Guided Vehicle (AGV) merupakan salah satu jenis mobile robot yang digunakan untuk mengangkut barang menuju tempat tujuan. AGV mampu bekerja pada lingkungan yang dinamis tanpa menggunakan garis pemandu. Namun sebelumnya harus mempunyai informasi yang cukup terhadap lingkungan kerjanya. Teknik ini dikenal dengan Simulataneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) yang digunakan robot untuk menggambar peta sekaligus mengetahui posisi robot di dalam peta. Pada penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan yaitu SLAM berbasis Iterative Closest Point (ICP) dengan algoritma K-Means yang menggunakan kumpulan titik dari sensor laser range finder (LRF) untuk membangun peta lingkungan. Pemetaan SLAM menggunakan algoritma K-Means memiliki error hasil scan jarak 77,69% lebih kecil dan waktu eksekusi 0,18% lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan KD-Tree. Peta yang dihasilkan dengan algoritma KMeans pada ICP-SLAM memberikan hasil yang lebih baik & mendekati keadaan ruangan sebenarnya dibandingkan menggunakan algoritma KD-Tree.Kata kunci: ICP-SLAM, K-Means, Laser Range Finder. ABSTRACTAutomated Guided Vehicle (AGV) is a type of mobile robot that is used to transport goods to destination. AGV is able to work in a dynamic environment without guidelines. However, it must have sufficient information about its working environment beforehand. This technique is known as Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) which is used by a robot to be able to draw a map as well as to determine its position on the map. In this research, the method used is SLAM based on Iterative Closest Point (ICP) with the K-Means algorithm that uses a collection of points from the Laser Range Finder (LRF) sensor to build an environmental map. SLAM using the K-Means algorithm has 77,69% smaller distance error and 0,18% faster execution time than KD-Tree. The map generated by the K-Means algorithm on an ICP-SLAM gives better results & closer to the actual state than using the KD-Tree. Keywords: ICP-SLAM, K-Means, Laser Range Finder.

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4

O’Connell, Amalfitano, and Aldhamen. "SLAM Family Receptor Signaling in Viral Infections: HIV and Beyond." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040184.

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The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors are expressed on the majority of immune cells. These receptors often serve as self-ligands, and play important roles in cellular communication and adhesion, thus modulating immune responses. SLAM family receptor signaling is differentially regulated in various immune cell types, with responses generally being determined by the presence or absence of two SLAM family adaptor proteins—Ewing’s sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP). In addition to serving as direct regulators of the immune system, certain SLAM family members have also been identified as direct targets for specific microbes and viruses. Here, we will discuss the known roles for these receptors in the setting of viral infection, with special emphasis placed on HIV infection. Because HIV causes such complex dysregulation of the immune system, studies of the roles for SLAM family receptors in this context are particularly exciting.

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5

Hasimja Saraqini, Delvina. "Annals On Being a Doctor Story Slam - Medical School in Kosovo." Annals of Internal Medicine 164, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): SS10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/v15-0021.

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6

Wu, Haibin, Jianbo Zhao, Kaiyang Xu, Yan Zhang, Ruotong Xu, Aili Wang, and Yuji Iwahori. "Semantic SLAM Based on Deep Learning in Endocavity Environment." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030614.

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Traditional endoscopic treatment methods restrict the surgeon’s field of view. New approaches to laparoscopic visualization have emerged due to the advent of robot-assisted surgical techniques. Lumen simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology can use the image sequence taken by the endoscope to estimate the pose of the endoscope and reconstruct the lumen scene in minimally invasive surgery. This technology gives the surgeon better visual perception and is the basis for the development of surgical navigation systems as well as medical augmented reality. However, the movement of surgical instruments in the internal cavity can interfere with the SLAM algorithm, and the feature points extracted from the surgical instruments may cause errors. Therefore, we propose a modified endocavity SLAM method combined with deep learning semantic segmentation that introduces a convolution neural network based on U-Net architecture with a symmetric encoder–decoder structure in the visual odometry with the goals of solving the binary segmentation problem between surgical instruments and the lumen background and distinguishing dynamic feature points. Its segmentation performance is improved by using pretrained encoders on the network model to obtain more accurate pixel-level instrument segmentation. In this setting, the semantic segmentation is used to reject the feature points on the surgical instruments and reduce the impact caused by dynamic surgical instruments. This can provide more stable and accurate mapping results compared to ordinary SLAM systems.

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7

Nierman, Eliot. "Annals Story Slam - What Does One Remember After a Long Medical Career?" Annals of Internal Medicine 166, no. 5 (March 7, 2017): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w17-0033.

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8

Shapiro, Dan, Lynne Tomasa, and Nancy Alexander Koff. "Patients as Teachers, Medical Students as Filmmakers: The Video Slam, A Pilot Study." Academic Medicine 84, no. 9 (September 2009): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e3181b18896.

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9

Lemke, Cornelius, Michael Schwerdtfeger, Ilona Pöhlmann, Günther Sammler, and Werner Linss. "A Variant of A Slam Freezing Device for Electron Microscopy." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 69, no. 1 (January 1994): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299409106259.

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10

Carvalho, Henrique, Alberto Vale, Rúben Marques, Rodrigo Ventura, Yoeri Brouwer, and Bruno Gonçalves. "Remote inspection with multi-copters, radiological sensors and SLAM techniques." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007014.

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Activated material can be found in different scenarios, such as in nuclear reactor facilities or medical facilities (e.g. in positron emission tomography commonly known as PET scanning). In addition, there are unexpected scenarios resulting from possible accidents, or where dangerous material is hidden for terrorism attacks using nuclear weapons. Thus, a technological solution is important to cope with fast and reliable remote inspection. The multi-copter is a common type of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that provides the ability to perform a first radiological inspection in the described scenarios. The paper proposes a solution with a multi-copter equipped with on-board sensors to perform a 3D reconstruction and a radiological mapping of the scenario. A depth camera and a Geiger-Müler counter are the used sensors. The inspection is performed in two steps: i) a 3D reconstruction of the environment and ii) radiation activity inference to localise and quantify sources of radiation. Experimental results were achieved with real 3D data and simulated radiation activity. Experimental tests with real sources of radiation are planned in the next iteration of the work.

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11

Deng, Liwei, Zhen Liu, Tao Zhang, and Zhe Yan. "Study of visual SLAM methods in minimally invasive surgery." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 3 (2022): 4388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023203.

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<abstract> <p>In recent years, minimally invasive surgery has developed rapidly in the clinical practice of surgery and has gradually become one of the critical surgical techniques. Compared with traditional surgery, the advantages of minimally invasive surgery include small incisions and less pain during the operation, and the patients recover faster after surgery. With the expansion of minimally invasive surgery in several medical fields, traditional minimally invasive techniques have bottlenecks in clinical practice, such as the inability of the endoscope to determine the depth information of the lesion area from the two-dimensional images obtained, the difficulty in locating the endoscopic position information and the inability to get a complete view of the overall situation in the cavity. This paper uses a visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) approach to achieve endoscope localization and reconstruction of the surgical region in a minimally invasive surgical environment. Firstly, the K-Means algorithm combined with the Super point algorithm is used to extract the feature information of the image in the lumen environment. Compared with Super points, the logarithm of successful matching points increased by 32.69%, the proportion of effective points increased by 25.28%, the error matching rate decreased by 0.64%, and the extraction time decreased by 1.98%. Then the iterative closest point method is used to estimate the position and attitude information of the endoscope. Finally, the disparity map is obtained by the stereo matching method, and the point cloud image of the surgical area is finally recovered.</p> </abstract>

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12

White, S. L., D. A. Laska, P. S. Foxworthy, J. L. Gimple, and D. M. Hoover. "Cell culture supports for slam-frozen and molecular distillation dried procedures." Microscopy Research and Technique 26, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260215.

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13

Guerlais, Marylène, Célia Bichon, Benoît Schreck, Marie Grall-Bronnec, Pascale Jolliet, and Caroline Victorri-Vigneau. "Slam et substances psychoactives : un recueil spécifique de données dans les Pays de la Loire." Therapies 73, no. 6 (December 2018): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.therap.2018.09.029.

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14

Adetoye, Mercy. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0009.

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15

Bott, Quinn. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0010.

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16

Kaleka, Kultaj. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0011.

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17

Kim, Andrew Ikhyun. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0012.

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18

Kim, Candice. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0013.

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19

Reid, Carmen. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0014.

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20

Wheelock, Alyse. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0015.

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21

Wu, James. "Annals Story Slam - Voices of Medical Students and Residents: What Can Be Done to Build Trust." Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): SS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/w20-0016.

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22

Sherman, Kenneth E., Janet W. Andersen, Adeel A. Butt, Triin Umbleja, Beverly Alston, Margaret J. Koziel, Marion G. Peters, Mark Sulkowski, Zachary D. Goodman, and Raymond T. Chung. "Sustained Long-Term Antiviral Maintenance Therapy in HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients (SLAM-C)." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 55, no. 5 (December 2010): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3181f6d916.

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23

Torresani, A., S. Rigon, E. M. Farella, F. Menna, and F. Remondino. "UNVEILING LARGE-SCALE HISTORICAL CONTENTS WITH V-SLAM AND MARKERLESS MOBILE AR SOLUTIONS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-761-2021.

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Abstract. Augmented Reality (AR) is already transforming many fields, from medical applications to industry, entertainment and heritage. In its most common form, AR expands reality with virtual 3D elements, providing users with an enhanced and enriched experience of the surroundings. Until now, most of the research work focused on techniques based on markers or on GNSS/INS positioning. These approaches require either the preparation of the scene or a strong satellite signal to work properly. In this paper, we investigate the use of visual-based methods, i.e., methods that exploit distinctive features of the scene estimated with Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM) algorithms, to determine and track the user position and attitude. The detected features, which encode the visual appearance of the scene, can be saved and later used to track the user in successive AR sessions. Existing AR frameworks like Google ARCore, Apple ARKit and Unity AR Foundation recently introduced visual-based localization in their frameworks, but they target mainly small scenarios. We propose a new Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) methodology that exploits OPEN-V-SLAM to extend the application range of Unity AR Foundation and better handle large-scale environments. The proposed methodology is successfully tested in both controlled and real-case large heritage scenarios. Results are available also in this video: https://youtu.be/Q7VybmiWIuI.

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24

Kadra-Scalzo, Giouliana, Deborah Ahn, Alex Bird, Matthew Broadbent, Chin-Kuo Chang, Megan Pritchard, Hitesh Shetty, David Taylor, Richard Hayes, and Robert Stewart. "Mental healthcare utilisation by patients before and after receiving paliperidone palmitate treatment: mirror image analyses." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e051567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051567.

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ObjectivesTo compare mental healthcare use and healthcare professional (HCP) contacts for patients before and after initiation of paliperidone palmitate.SettingThe South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM) Biomedical Research Centre Clinical Record Interactive Search.ParticipantsWe identified all adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision: F20.x), who had received paliperidone palmitate prescription for at least 365 days and had at least 1 year of recorded treatment from SLAM, prior to the first recorded receipt of paliperidone palmitate.Primary and secondary outcome measuresInpatient and community mental healthcare service use, such as inpatient bed days, number of active days in the service, face-to-face and telephone HCP use in the 12 months before and after paliperidone palmitate initiation.ResultsWe identified 664 patients initiated on paliperidone palmitate. Following initiation, inpatient bed days were lower, although patients remained active on the service case load longer for both mirror approach 1 (mean difference of inpatient bed days −10.48 (95% CI −15.75 to −5.22); days active 40.67 (95% CI 33.39 to 47.95)) and mirror approach 2 (mean difference of inpatient bed days −23.96 (95% CI −30.01 to −17.92); mean difference of days active 40.69 (95% CI 33.39 to 47.94)). The postinitiation period was further characterised by fewer face-to-face and telephone contacts with medical and social work HCPs, and an increased contact with clinical psychologists.ConclusionsOur findings indicate a change in the profile of HCP use, consistent with a transition from treatment to possible rehabilitation.

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25

Chang, Chin-Kuo, Simon Harrison, William Lee, David Taylor, and Robert Stewart. "Ascertaining instances of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a secondary mental healthcare electronic medical records database: the SLAM BRC Case Register." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 2, no. 2 (February 16, 2012): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125312438215.

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26

Rendon-Marin, Santiago, Carolina Quintero-Gil, Diego Guerra, Carlos Muskus, and Julian Ruiz-Saenz. "Canine Morbillivirus from Colombian Lineage Exhibits In Silico and In Vitro Potential to Infect Human Cells." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091199.

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Canine morbillivirus (CDV) is a viral agent that infects domestic dogs and a vast array of wildlife species. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus, which is shared with the Measles virus (MeV). Both viruses employ orthologous cellular receptors, SLAM in mononuclear cells and Nectin-4 in epithelial cells, to enter the cells. Although CDV and MeV hemagglutinin (H) have similar functions in viral pathogenesis and cell tropism, the potential interaction of CDV-H protein with human cellular receptors is still uncertain. Considering that CDV is classified as a multi-host pathogen, the potential risk of CDV transmission to humans has not been fully discarded. In this study, we aimed to evaluate both in silico and in vitro, whether there is a cross-species transmission potential from CDV to humans. To accomplish this, the CDV-H protein belonging to the Colombian lineage was modelled. After model validations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out between Colombian CDV-H protein and canine and human cellular receptors to determine different aspects of the protein–protein interactions. Moreover, cell lines expressing orthologous cellular receptors, with both reference and wild-type CDV strains, were conducted to determine the CDV cross-species transmission potential from an in vitro model. This in silico and in vitro approach suggests the possibility that CDV interacts with ortholog human SLAM (hSLAM) and human Nectin-4 receptors to infect human cell lines, which could imply a potential cross-species transmission of CDV from dogs to humans.

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27

Wu, Haibin, Ruotong Xu, Kaiyang Xu, Jianbo Zhao, Yan Zhang, Aili Wang, and Yuji Iwahori. "3D Texture Reconstruction of Abdominal Cavity Based on Monocular Vision SLAM for Minimally Invasive Surgery." Symmetry 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020185.

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The depth information of abdominal tissue surface and the position of laparoscope are very important for accurate surgical navigation in computer-aided surgery. It is difficult to determine the lesion location by empirically matching the laparoscopic visual field with the preoperative image, which is easy to cause intraoperative errors. Aiming at the complex abdominal environment, this paper constructs an improved monocular simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system model, which can more accurately and truly reflect the abdominal cavity structure and spatial relationship. Firstly, in order to enhance the contrast between blood vessels and background, the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) algorithm is introduced to preprocess abdominal images. Secondly, combined with AKAZE algorithm, the Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF(ORB) algorithm is improved to extract the features of abdominal image, which improves the accuracy of extracted symmetry feature points pair and uses the RANSAC algorithm to quickly eliminate the majority of mis-matched pairs. The medical bag-of-words model is used to replace the traditional bag-of-words model to facilitate the comparison of similarity between abdominal images, which has stronger similarity calculation ability and reduces the matching time between the current abdominal image frame and the historical abdominal image frame. Finally, Poisson surface reconstruction is used to transform the point cloud into a triangular mesh surface, and the abdominal cavity texture image is superimposed on the 3D surface described by the mesh to generate the abdominal cavity inner wall texture. The surface of the abdominal cavity 3D model is smooth and has a strong sense of reality. The experimental results show that the improved SLAM system increases the registration accuracy of feature points and the densification, and the visual effect of dense point cloud reconstruction is more realistic for Hamlyn dataset. The 3D reconstruction technology creates a realistic model to identify the blood vessels, nerves and other tissues in the patient’s focal area, enabling three-dimensional visualization of the focal area, facilitating the surgeon’s observation and diagnosis, and digital simulation of the surgical operation to optimize the surgical plan.

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Shelbourne, J. D., Peter Ingram, Victor L. Roggli, and Ann LeFurgey. "Biomedical Applications: Pitfalls in the Practice." Microscopy Today 2, no. 7 (October 1994): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066657.

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At present most medical microprobe analysis is conducted on insoluble particulates such as asbestos fibers in lung tissue. Cryotechniques are not necessary for this type of specimen. Insoluble particulates can be processed conventionally Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that conventional processing is unacceptable for specimens in which electrolyte distributions in tissues are sought. It is necessary to flash-freeze in order to preserve the integrity of electrolyte distributions at the subcellular and cellular level. Ideally, biopsies should be flash-frozen in the operating room rather than being frozen several minutes later in a histology laboratory. Electrolytes will move during such a long delay. While flammable cryogens such as propane obviously cannot be used in an operating room, liquid nitrogen-cooled slam-freezing devices or guns may be permitted, and are the best way to achieve an artifact-free, accurate tissue sample which truly reflects the in vivo state. Unfortunately, the importance of cryofixation is often not understood.

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29

Kapil, Sanjay, Robin W. Allison, Larry Johnston, Brandy L. Murray, Steven Holland, Jim Meinkoth, and Bill Johnson. "Canine Distemper Virus Strains Circulating among North American Dogs." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 4 (February 6, 2008): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00005-08.

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ABSTRACT Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that causes multisystemic disease in dogs. We received seven samples from dogs with CD from the United States during 2007. CDV isolates from these samples formed large, multinucleated syncytia in a Vero cell line expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). Based on the hemagglutinin gene sequences, the CDV isolates from three states (California, Missouri, and Oklahoma) formed two CDV genetic groups: group I (major; six of seven isolates) consisted of CDV isolates closely related to the European wildlife lineage of CDV, and group II (minor; one of seven isolates) was genetically related to the Arctic-like lineage of CDV. However, both CDV groups were genetically different from the current vaccine strains that belong to the American-1 lineage of the old (1930 to 1950) CDV isolates.

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30

Shelburne, J. D., Peter Ingram, Victor L. Roggli, and Ann LeFurgey. "Biomedical applications: Pitfalls in the practice." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169626.

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At present most medical microprobe analysis is conducted on insoluble particulates such as asbestos fibers in lung tissue. Cryotechniques are not necessary for this type of specimen. Insoluble particulates can be processed conventionally. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that conventional processing is unacceptable for specimens in which electrolyte distributions in tissues are sought. It is necessary to flash-freeze in order to preserve the integrity of electrolyte distributions at the subcellular and cellular level. Ideally, biopsies should be flash-frozen in the operating room rather than being frozen several minutes later in a histology laboratory. Electrolytes will move during such a long delay. While flammable cryogens such as propane obviously cannot be used in an operating room, liquid nitrogen-cooled slam-freezing devices or guns may be permitted, and are the best way to achieve an artifact-free, accurate tissue sample which truly reflects the in vivo state. Unfortunately, the importance of cryofixation is often not understood. Investigators bring tissue samples fixed in glutaraldehyde to a microprobe laboratory with a request for microprobe analysis for electrolytes.

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31

Roopa, D., and S. Bose. "A Rapid Dual Feature Tracking Method for Medical Equipments Assembly and Disassembly in Markerless Augmented Reality." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2022.3944.

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Markerless Augmented Reality (MAR) is a superior technology that is currently used by the medical device assembler with aid in design, assembly, disassembly and maintenance operations. The medical assembler assembles the medical equipment based on the doctors requirement, they also maintains quality and sanitation of the equipment. The major research challenges in MAR are as follows: establish automatic registration parts, find and track the orientation of parts, and lack of depth and visual features. This work proposes a rapid dual feature tracking method i.e., combination of Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and Matched Pairs Selection (MAPSEL). The main idea of this work is to attain high tracking accuracy using the combined method. To get a good depth image map, a Graph-Based Joint Bilateral with Sharpening Filter (GRB-JBF with SF) is proposed since depth images are noisy due to the dynamic change of environmental factors that affects tracking accuracy. Then, the best feature points are obtained for matching using Oriented Fast and Rotated Brief (ORB) as a feature detector, Fast Retina Key point with Histogram of Gradients (FREAK-HoG) as a feature descriptor, and Feature Matching using Rajsk’s distance. Finally, the virtual object is rendered based on 3D affine and projection transformation. This work computes the performance in terms of tracking accuracy, tracking time, and rotation error for different distances using MATLAB R2017b. From the observed results, it is perceived that the proposed method attained the least position error value about 0.1 cm to 0.3 cm. Also, rotation error is observed as minimal between 2.40 (Deg) to 3.10 and its average scale is observed as 2.7140. Further, the proposed combination consumes less time against frames compared with other combinations and obtained a higher tracking accuracy of about 95.14% for 180 tracked points. The witnessed outcomes from the proposed scheme display superior performance compared with existing methods.

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de Bruijn, Mirjam. "Croquemort: A Biographical Journey in the Context of Chad." Bridging Humanities 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425099-00101001.

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This project captures the story of Didier Lalaye a.k.a. Croquemort, slam artist and medical doctor from Chad, between 2013 and 2016. Following his path during this period involves exploring many itineraries that crossed the same scenario, going far beyond what both the researcher and the subject of the research had initially expected. Using an innovative format, the story of this anthropological journey is presented here in an attempt not to hide but rather to highlight the unpredictability that marked the whole process. Reasoning in accord with the concept of vital conjunctures (Johnson-Hanks 2002), the project focuses on the itinerary of a single person that quickly becomes a way to disclose a moreAcomplex story. Broader themes such as Chadian politics, new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and the aspirations of the youth in Africa enter into the scenario, imposing a reflection on the relations between society and voices on the ground. The fluidity of the research, the unexpected encounters, the embracing of the unexpected: the field becomes a complex scenario that is constantly transformed into text, pictures, photographs, and other virtual spaces, while an anthropological research project becomes a story of friendship and co-creation. http://croquemort.bridginghumanities.nl/

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Chessa, Elisabetta, Matteo Piga, Alberto Floris, Hervé Devilliers, Alberto Cauli, and Laurent Arnaud. "Use of Physician Global Assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of its psychometric properties." Rheumatology 59, no. 12 (August 13, 2020): 3622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa383.

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Abstract Objective The Physician Global Assessment (PGA) is a visual analogue score that reflects the clinician’s judgement of overall SLE disease activity. The aim of this systematic literature review is to describe and analyse the psychometric properties of the PGA. Methods This systematic literature review was conducted by two independent reviewers in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. All articles published through 1 July 2019 in PubMed were screened, with no limitation on year of publication, language or patients’ age. Psychometric properties data were analysed according to the OMERACT Filter methodology version 2.1. Results The literature search identified 91 studies. Face validity was reported in all the articles retrieved in which the PGA was used alone or as part of composite indices (Systemic Responder Index, Safety of Estrogen in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment Flare Index, Lupus Low Disease Activity State, Definitions of Remission in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus criteria). Content validity was reported in 89 studies. Construct validity was demonstrated by a good correlation (r ≥ 0.50) between the PGA with the SLEDAI (12 studies), SLAM (4 studies), LAI, BILAG and ECLAM (2 studies each). Criterion validity was assessed exploring the PGA correlation with quality of life measurements, biomarker levels and treatment changes in 28 studies, while no study has evaluated correlation with damage. A good responsiveness for PGA was shown in eight studies. A high variability in scales was found, causing a wide range of reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.67–0.98). Conclusion PGA is a valid, responsive and feasible instrument, though its reliability was impacted by the scale adopted, suggesting the major need for standardization of its scoring.

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Dogan, Belgin, Shiying Zhang, Sarah E. Kalla, Esra I. Dogan, Cindy Guo, Chelston R. Ang, and Kenneth W. Simpson. "Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Associated with Granulomatous Colitis of Boxer Dogs." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090540.

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Invasive Escherichia coli is causally associated with granulomatous colitis (GC) of Boxer dogs and French Bulldogs. The virulence determinants of GC E. coli are unclear. E. coli isolated from 16 GC (36 strains) and 17 healthy control (HC: 33 strains) dogs were diverse in phylogeny, genotype, and serotype and lacked diarrheagenic genes. Genes encoding type II (gsp), IV (traC), and VI (hcp) secretion systems, long polar fimbriae (lpfA154/141), and iron acquisition (fyuA, chuA) were frequent in GC and HC. E. coli from 14/15 GC and 10/11 HC invaded Caco-2 better than non-pathogenic E. coli strain DH5α, with invasion correlated with motility and presence of chuA and colV. E. coli from all GC and 10/11 HC survived better than DH5α in J774 macrophages, with adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) in 60% GC and 73% HC. AIEC replicated in monocyte derived macrophages from a GC Boxer with CD48/SLAM risk haplotype but not the HC. Fluroquinolone resistant E. coli were less motile and invasive than fluoroquinolone sensitive (p < 0.05), and only 1/8 resistant strains met criteria for AIEC. In conclusion GC E. coli are diverse, resemble extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), including AIEC, and can replicate in GC-susceptible macrophages. They are likely resident pathosymbionts that can opportunistically persist within macrophages of a GC-susceptible dog.

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Shamseldin, Mohamed A., Eissa Khaled, Abdelrahman Youssef, Diaaeldin Mohamed, Shady Ahmed, Abdallah Hesham, Amira Elkodama, and Mohamed Badran. "A New Design Identification and Control Based on GA Optimization for an Autonomous Wheelchair." Robotics 11, no. 5 (September 21, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11050101.

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The daily lifestyle of an average human has changed drastically. Robotics and AI systems are applied to many fields, including the medical field. An autonomous wheelchair that improves the degree of independence that a wheelchair user has can be a very useful contribution to society. This paper presents the design and implementation of an autonomous wheelchair that uses LIDAR to navigate and perform SLAM. It uses the ROS framework and allows the user to choose a goal position through a touchscreen or using deep learning-based voice recognition. It also presents a practical implementation of system identification and optimization of PID control gains, which are applied to the autonomous wheelchair robot. Input/output data were collected using Arduino, consisting of linear and angular speeds and wheel PWM signal commands, and several black-box models were developed to simulate the actual wheelchair setup. The best-identified model was the NLARX model, which had the highest square error (0.1259) among the other candidate models. In addition, using MATLAB, Optimal PID gains were obtained from the genetic algorithm. Performance on real hardware was evaluated and compared to the identified model response. The two responses were identical, except for some of the noise due to the encoder measurement errors and wheelchair vibration.

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Mohamed, Dalia F., Reem A. Habeeb, Sherin M. Hosny, and Shafika E. Ebrahim. "Incidence and Risk of Infection in Egyptian Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders 7 (January 2014): CMAMD.S15346. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmamd.s15346.

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Background Infection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is common and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Objective To study the risk and occurrence of infection in Egyptian SLE patients and to determine its characteristics. Methods A total of 200 SLE patients were followed up for 1 year at monthly intervals, undergoing clinical and laboratory evaluation. Disease activity was assessed by SLE disease activity measurement (SLAM) score. Infections were diagnosed on basis of clinical findings, medical opinion, positive blood and urine cultures, Gram stain results, and specific serological assays as measurement of CMV and EBV antibodies. Results A total of 55% of patients developed infection, 45% had one infection, and the rest had multiple infection episodes. Total number of infections was 233 infections/year, 47.2% were major and 52.8% were minor infections. Urinary tract was the most commonly involved site with bacterial infection being the commonest isolated organism (46.4%), and E. coli the commonest isolated bacteria (14.2%). There were 51 episodes caused by systemic viral infection (CMV in 25, EBV in 22, HCV in 3, and 1 in HBV). Conclusion There is a high rate of infection among SLE patients. Disease activity, leukopenia, high CRP level, positive anti-dsDNA, consumed C3, and cyclophosphamide therapy are independent risk factors for infection in SLE.

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Nikolova, Viktoriya L., Keerati Pattanaseri, Diego Hidalgo-Mazzei, David Taylor, and Allan H. Young. "Is lithium monitoring NICE? Lithium monitoring in a UK secondary care setting." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 4 (March 19, 2018): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118760663.

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Background: Lithium is widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Owing to its narrow therapeutic index and side-effect profile, regular monitoring of serum levels, renal and thyroid function has been recommended by all major guidelines on lithium use. Objectives: We investigated whether lithium monitoring during maintenance phase treatment in clinical practice meets the latest recommendation by the National Institute for Health and Clinical excellence (i.e. lithium levels between 0.6 and 1.0 mmol/L and lithium level, thyroid and renal function tests every 6 months) in one of the largest mental health organizations in Europe, the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust. Methods: Retrospective data were extracted from SLaM’s Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) system. Adult patients with a psychiatric disorder who were on lithium at any point during the period January 2012–January 2016 and had at least one lithium level test result in the system were included in the analyses. Results: A total of 2639 lithium level tests results were retrieved for 412 patients. Overall, the serum level was within the recommended range in 50.7% of all tests, below the range in 42.4% and above in 6.9%. Lithium level, renal and thyroid function tests were performed at the recommended frequency of 6 months (or less) in 76.2%, 72.7% and 60.2% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that there is a gap between the NICE 2014 recommendation and lithium monitoring practice in secondary care, with a high number of lithium level results below the therapeutic minimum. Reminder strategies for secondary care practitioners, shared care agreements or a central registry for lithium users could improve monitoring performance.

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Young, A. "Cognitive Impairment in Bipolar: Neurodevelopmental or Neuroprogressive?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.092.

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BackgroundBipolar Disorders (BD) are common and complex diseases. Recent findings have provided evidence that impairments in cognition are evident in the various sub-groups of Bipolar Disorder and persist after resolution of acute episodes.MethodAn opinion paper based on a narrative review of the field.ResultsQuantifiable cognitive deficits are clearly found in Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 Disorders. These persist after recovery from acute episodes. The aetiopathogenesis of these phenomena is likely to be multifactorial. It seems clear that these cognitive impairments are not in general neurodevelopmental and for most are related to repeated episodes of illness [1]. However, the issues of subgroups with differential profiles of impairment and the trajectory of cognitive change remain to be fully established. The effects of putative treatments (e.g., pharmacological, neurostimulation, cognitive remediation) are at an early stage of evaluation.ConclusionsFuture efforts should focus on further integrating the current and emerging research findings into a coherent model, which generates testable hypotheses and allows treatment effects to be tested.Disclosure of interestEmployed by King's College London Honorary Consultant SLaM (NHS UK)Paid lectures and advisory boards for all major pharmaceutical companies with drugs used in affective and related disordersNo share holdings in pharmaceutical companiesLead Investigator for Embolden Study (AZ), BCI Neuroplasticity study and Aripiprazole Mania StudyInvestigator initiated studies from AZ, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, WyethGrant funding (past and present): NIMH (USA) CIHR (Canada) NARSAD (USA) Stanley Medical Research Institute (USA) MRC (UK) Wellcome Trust (UK) Royal College of Physicians (Edin) BMA (UK) UBC-VGH Foundation (Canada) WEDC (Canada) CCS Depression Research Fund (Canada) MSFHR (Canada) NIHR (UK).

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Magrangeas, T., A. Kolliakou, J. Sanyal, R. Patel, and R. Stewart. "Investigating the influence of thought interference and somatic passivity on outcomes in patients with psychosis." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S806—S807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2132.

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IntroductionOf the many studies describing psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, few have investigated their direct influence on prognosis.ObjectivesWe aimed to apply natural language-processing (NLP) algorithms in routine healthcare records to identify reported somatic passivity and thought interference symptoms (thought broadcasting, insertion and withdrawal), and determine associations with prognosis by an analysis of routine outcomes.MethodsFour algorithms were thus developed on de-identified mental healthcare data from a large south London provider and were applied to ascertain recorded symptoms over the three months following first presentation to that service in a cohort of patients with a primary schizophreniform disorder (ICD-10 F20-F29) diagnosis. The primary binary dependent variable for logistic regression analyses was any negative outcome (Mental Health Act section, >2 antipsychotics prescribed, >22 days spent in crisis care) over the subsequent 2 years, adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, neighbourhood deprivation, diagnostic group, and recorded paranoia, persecutory delusions or auditory hallucinations.ResultsIn 9,323 patients, final models indicated significant associations of this composite outcome with baseline somatic passivity (prevalence 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio 1.61, 95% CI 1.37-1.88), thought insertion (10.7%; 1.24, 1.15-1.55) and thought withdrawal (4.9%; 1.36, 1.10-1.69), but not independently with thought broadcast (10.3%; 1.05, 0.91-1.22).ConclusionsSymptoms traditionally central to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, but under-represented in current diagnostic frameworks, were thus identified as important predictors of short- to medium-term prognosis.DisclosureNo conflict of interest - past support from Janssen; GSK; Takeda; Induction Healthcare; Holmusk; the NIHR; SLaM NHS Trust; the MRC; KCL; the NIHR ARC; KCH NHS Trust; the Academy of Medical Sciences; The Wellcome Trust; BHF; Arthritis Research UK; the Roya

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Hartwell, Matthew J., Sandra M. Fong, and Alexis C. Colvin. "Withdrawals and Retirements in Professional Tennis Players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116680335.

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Background: Injuries and illnesses for professional tennis athletes disrupt training, competition, and progression in the sport and represent a major reason for athlete withdrawal or retirement from a tournament. Few descriptive epidemiological studies have focused on these trends in elite tennis athletes. Purpose: To examine the causes of professional tennis player withdrawal or retirement from United States Tennis Association (USTA) Pro Circuit tournaments during 2013. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Tournament records from the 2013 USTA Pro Circuit season were retrospectively reviewed for incidences of injury and illness that resulted in athlete withdrawal from the tournament. Data were reported as incidence rates per 1000 match exposures and rate ratios. Results: There were 70 medical conditions over the course of 27 competitions (20,988 match exposures), for an overall incidence rate of 3.34 per 1000 match exposures. Women were more likely to injure themselves on clay courts compared with hard courts (rate ratio, 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-19.85) and in the first half of the season compared with the second half (rate ratio, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.13-21.17). Men had a higher injury rate than women (rate ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.17-3.63), and muscle-/tendon-related injuries were 6 times more likely than all other injuries (95% CI, 2.81-14.69). Conclusion: Women were more likely to experience an injury when playing on clay court surfaces, and they also experienced more injuries during the first half of the season. Injury rates for men often peaked during the months that players could qualify for Grand Slam competitions. There was a predominance of injuries in men compared with women.

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Ayre, Karyn, Andre Bittar, Rina Dutta, Somain Verma, and Joyce Kam. "Identifying perinatal self-harm in electronic healthcare records using natural language processing." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.74.

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Aims1.To generate a Natural Language Processing (NLP) application that can identify mentions of perinatal self-harm among electronic healthcare records (EHRs)2.To use this application to estimate the prevalence of perinatal self-harm within a data-linkage cohort of women accessing secondary mental healthcare during the perinatal period.MethodData source: the Clinical Record Interactive Search system. This is a database of de-identified EHRs of secondary mental healthcare service-users at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM). CRIS has pre-existing ethical approval via the Oxfordshire Research Ethics Committee C (ref 18/SC/0372) and this project was approved by the CRIS Oversight Committee (16-069). After developing a list of synonyms for self-harm and piloting coding rules, a gold standard dataset of EHRs was manually coded using Extensible Human Oracle Suite of Tools (eHOST) software. An NLP application to detect perinatal self-harm was then developed using several layers of linguistic processing based on the spaCy NLP library for Python. Evaluation of mention-level performance was done according to the attributes of mentions the application was designed to identify (span, status, temporality and polarity), by comparing application performance against the gold standard dataset. Performance was described as precision, recall, F-score and Cohen's kappa. Most service-users had more than one EHR in their period of perinatal service use. Performance was therefore also measured at “service-user level” with additional performance metrics of likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities. Linkage with the Hospital Episode Statistics datacase allowed creation of a cohort of women who accessed SLaM during the perinatal period. By deploying the application on the EHRs of the women in the cohort, we were able to estimate the prevalence of perinatal self-harm.ResultMention-level performance: micro-averaged F-score, precision and recall for span, polarity and temporality all >0.8. Kappa for status 0.68, temporality 0.62, polarity 0.91. Service-user level performance: F-score, precision, recall all 0.69, overall F-score 0.81, positive likelihood ratio 9.4 (4.8–19), post-test probability 68.9% (95%CI 53–82).Cohort prevalence of self-harm in pregnancy was 15.3% (95% CI 14.3–16.3); self-harm in the postnatal year was 19.7% (95% CI 18.6–20.8). Only a very small proportion of women self-harmed in both pregnancy and the postnatal year (3.9%, 95% CI 3.3–4.4).ConclusionNLP can be used to identify perinatal self-harm within EHRs. The hardest attribute to classify was temporality. This is in line with the wider literature indicating temporality as a notoriously difficult problem in NLP. As a result, the application probably over-estimates prevalence, to a degree. However, overall performance, given the difficulty of the task, is good.Bearing in mind the limitations, our findings suggest that self-harm is likely to be relatively common in women accessing secondary mental healthcare during the perinatal period.Funding: KA is funded by a National Institute for Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship (NIHR-DRF-2016-09-042). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. RD is funded by a Clinician Scientist Fellowship (research project e-HOST-IT) from the Health Foundation in partnership with the Academy of Medical Sciences which also party funds AB. AB's work was also part supported by Health Data Research UK, an initiative funded by UK Research and Innovation, Department of Health and Social Care (England) and the devolved administrations, and leading medical research charities, as well as the Maudsley Charity.Acknowledgements: Professor Louise M Howard, who originally suggested using NLP to identify perinatal self-harm in EHRs. Professor Howard is the primary supervisor of KA's Fellowship.

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Irvine, Jenny, Xiaofei Fiona Huang, and Yasamine Farahani-Englefield. "Psychosis Early Intervention in Southwark – Gold Standard Prescribing vs Reality." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S158—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.448.

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AimsThe RCPsych Standards for Early Intervention in Psychosis Services documents Gold Standard treatment, including: every service-user with psychosis is offered antipsychotic medication; if their illness does not respond to therapeutic dose of 2 different antipsychotics, they are offered clozapine. The Southwark Team for Early Psychosis (‘STEP’) in the South London and Maudsley Trust (SLaM) treats adults in their first 3 years of psychosis diagnoses. We aimed to compare prescribing practice in STEP to RCPsych Standards.MethodsSTEP's caseload of 296 individuals was reviewed on 7th June 2021. Those excluded: inpatients/under Home Treatment Team; not yet assessed. Final number of outpatients assessed = 269. Data gathered: 1) Taking an AP? If taking an AP, the name and dose of AP. If not taking, trial discontinuation with medical advice or unsupervised refusal? 2) Remission status 3) Total number of AP trials. Uncertainties in categorisation were reviewed by the 2 other contributors.ResultsIn 269 outpatients on 7/6/21, 186(69%) were taking an antipsychotic (167:19 oral:depot), with a further 62(23%) recommended but declining. 21(8%) were not recommended, following change in diagnosis or resolution of psychotic symptoms.7 service-users had down-titrated off AP with medical collaboration. All but 1 remained in remission. 35/47(74%) who discontinued AP independently had relapsed.172 patients were reliably taking antipsychotic medication as prescribed. 56(32.5%) had ongoing psychotic symptoms (ranging from non-preoccupying residual delusions to distressing delusions/hallucinations). 4 symptomatic service-users were prescribed lower than BNF minimum effective doses.Of those symptomatic and on hypothetically therapeutic doses (n = 52; median% of BNF Maximum Dose 50%; mean 54%), 26 were on their 1st AP, 26 on or beyond their 2nd AP. 8 service-users had ever trialled clozapine.ConclusionEven in an experienced EI team for a highly psychiatrically morbid population, there remain gaps between best practice and actual prescribing.Close to 1/3 of patients taking their prescription weren't in remission, almost all of whom had room to increase doses or trial an alternative medication. Clozapine is under-utilised in the treatment resistant group. For those who stopped AP, supervised tapering is a reasonable treatment option.The next steps will be run as a quality improvement project addressing MDT and service-user barriers to assertive medication management: –Trial methods to improve adherence (depot prescribing, psychoeducation, peer support)–Encourage efficient up-titration and frequent MDT review of AP efficacy (empowering service-users self-management, care-coordinator opportunistic mental state assessments to trigger dose increase, medical review frequency)–Identify and refer service-users suitable for clozapine

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Wyke, Clementine, Charlotte Wilson Jones, and James Chivers. "‘What is psychiatry?’ – an exploration of the effect of a psychiatry summer school on school students’ attitudes towards psychiatry, through the medium of word clouds." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.451.

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AimsTo explore if attending a psychiatry summer school would change the understanding of school students as to what the word ‘Psychiatry’ represents.BackgroundThe Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) and the local mental health trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) ran a free five-day summer school for 16-year-old school students, who had just completed their GCSE exams, from state and private secondary schools within South-East London.MethodWe asked all 26 student attendees to anonymously write down as many single words relating to ‘Psychiatry’ as they could think of. They were given approximately 5 minutes to complete this and they were asked to do this at the beginning of the first day and at the end of the final day of the summer school. These words were then transcribed with the number of times each word was submitted being documented. This information was then formatted into a word cloud, with the size of the word varying according to how many times it had been submitted.ResultAt the start of the summer school, the students submitted a total of 208 words which included a total of 94 distinct words. Of these, the 2 most common were brain (n = 15) and mental (n = 10). At the end of the summer school, the students submitted a total of 199 words which included a total of 100 distinct words. The 2 most common were psychosis (n = 12) and forensic (n = 8). Of the words submitted pre-summer school, there were 8 distinct words that described positive attributes of psychiatry – such as ‘helping’. This increased to 17 distinct positive words post-summer school.ConclusionWe note from our outcomes that the number of words submitted by the students pre and post the summer school were similar but the words submitted most frequently differed. The most common words submitted post the summer school were more consistent with medical terminology than those submitted pre the summer school, which suggests that their knowledge of this had increased. The increase in the number of distinct positive words submitted at the end of the summer school implies that the students had a more positive view of psychiatry following the summer school.

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Ellison, E. Christopher. "Effective Medical Leadership." Annals of Surgery 254, no. 3 (September 2011): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e31822adedb.

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Ramsey-Goldman, Rosalind, and David A. Isenberg. "Systemic lupus erythematosus measures: British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG), European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement (ECLAM), Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Measure (SLEDAI), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology-Damage Index (SLICC/ACR-DI; SDI)." Arthritis & Rheumatism 49, S5 (October 15, 2003): S225—S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.11402.

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Barbour, Virginia. "UK parliamentary report slams medical Research Council." Lancet 361, no. 9363 (March 2003): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12910-8.

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Evers, Christine, and Patrick A. Naylor. "Acoustic SLAM." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 26, no. 9 (September 2018): 1484–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2018.2828321.

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Iserson, Kenneth V., and Patrick M. Chiasson. "The ethics of applying new medical technologies." Seminars in Laparoscopic Surgery 9, no. 4 (December 2002): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/slas.2002.36465.

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Weissmann, Gerald. "A Slap of the Tail: Reading Medical Humanities." Hospital Practice 23, no. 6 (June 15, 1988): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1988.11703486.

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Nehra, Deepika. "Medical Management of the Surgical Patient." Annals of Surgery 260, no. 6 (December 2014): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000000739.

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