Статті в журналах: "Mediated touch"

1

Haans, Antal, and Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn. "The Virtual Midas Touch: Helping Behavior After a Mediated Social Touch." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 2, no. 3 (July 2009): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2009.20.

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Maravall, Miguel, and Mathew E. Diamond. "Algorithms of whisker-mediated touch perception." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 25 (April 2014): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.014.

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Haans, Antal, Renske de Bruijn, and Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn. "A Virtual Midas Touch? Touch, Compliance, and Confederate Bias in Mediated Communication." Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 38, no. 3 (April 18, 2014): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919-014-0184-2.

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McCray, Tara N., Quinton Smith, and Kelly R. Stevens. "Can’t touch this: Stromal-mediated ductal proliferation." Cell Stem Cell 28, no. 11 (November 2021): 1885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.006.

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Shigetoh, Hayato, Michihiro Osumi, and Shu Morioka. "Experimental Pain Is Alleviated by Manual Traction Itself Rather than Subjective Bias in the Knee: A Signal Detection Analysis." Pain Medicine 20, no. 7 (January 12, 2019): 1347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pny290.

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Abstract Background Manual traction is used for pain relief, but it is not clear whether the pain relief effect of manual traction is due to sensitivity or to subjective bias. The differences between manual traction and touch have also been unclear. Objectives We used signal detection theory to investigate whether manual traction and touch were effective for pain relief, and we compared the pain relief effect between manual traction and touch. Design Repeated measures and single blinding. Methods Twenty healthy adult volunteers performed an intensity judgment task immediately before and after each intervention. The intervention was either manual traction or touch for 10 minutes. We measured the intensity judgment task’s signal detection measures of hit rates, false alarm rates, sensitivity (d'), and response bias (C) in an Aδ fiber–mediated pain condition and C fiber–mediated pain condition. Results Manual traction did not provide a significant level of change, but its effect sizes differed. In our comparison of the effect sizes, manual traction tended to reduce the hit rate and altered the sensitivity value rather than the response bias in Aδ fiber–mediated pain. There was no significant difference in the amount of change in the hit rate between touch and manual traction regarding Aδ fiber–mediated pain and C fiber–mediated pain. Conclusions In terms of effect sizes, manual traction was effective for the pain relief of the first pain by producing a change in pain sensitivity rather than by subjective bias. Manual traction reduced the first pain, whereas touch reduced the first pain and second pain.

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Papathanassoglou, Elizabeth D. E., and Meropi D. A. Mpouzika. "Interpersonal Touch." Biological Research For Nursing 14, no. 4 (July 6, 2012): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800412451312.

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Introduction:Nurses use several forms of touch in patient encounters. Interpersonal touch elicits specific physiological and psychological responses, including neuroendocrine effects and reduction of stress. Critical illness is a state of excessive physiological and psychological stress.Aims:To critically review evidence on the effect of touch on physiological outcomes in critically ill individuals. Results of intervention studies in adult critical care settings were reviewed along with supportive evidence from studies in other populations.Methods:Critical literature review based on studies published in MEDLINE, PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, and Cochrane databases.Results:Eleven studies were reviewed. Significant effects of interpersonal touch included lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, improved sleep, and decreased pain. Almost no results were replicated owing to discrepancies among studies. Although the effect of touch on cardiovascular autonomic status appears considerable, several confounders must be considered. In noncritically ill populations, replicable findings included increased urinary dopamine and serotonin, natural killer cytotoxic activity, and salivary chromogranin. Effects on plasma cortisol and immune cells were variable. Effects appear to vary according to amount of pressure, body site, duration, and timing: Moderate pressure touch may elicit a parasympathetic response in contrast to light touch, which may elicit a sympathetic response. Moreover, touch effects may be mediated by the density of autonomic innervation received by the body areas involved and repetition of sessions.Conclusion:The physiological pathway mediating the effects of touch is unclear. Although no concrete conclusions can be drawn, research evidence suggests that touch interventions may benefit critically ill individuals.

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Martínez Reyes, Fernando, and Chris Greenhalgh. "The User's Touch." International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 1, no. 4 (October 2009): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/japuc.2009100102.

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The home of the future will be able to offer comfortable, safe and supportive home spaces. Smart systems and artefacts will know users’ routines and anticipate their needs. While the vision of the home of the future is promissory, it is the user who supports UbiComp systems, but certain technical and social challenges must be addressed before the smart home can become a reality. Unexpected human behavior makes it difficult to identify and predict domestic activity. Thus, if a system is not reliable or trusted enough to take actions on behalf of users, context-aware designs must allow for user participation to support the systems’ performance. In this article, the authors use their experience designing a context-aware system to illustrate how the users’ “touch”, that is, their active involvement, is still a requirement for today’s UbiComp designs. The configurable system described supports parents awareness of their children’s activity. Responses from a user study indicate that parents engaged positively with this kind of mediated, rather than proactive, computing-based support.

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8

Napolitano, Valentina. "On the Touch-Event." Social Analysis 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2020.640405.

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This article addresses the ‘touch-event’ as a mediated affective encounter that pivots around a tension between intimacy and distance, seduction and sovereignty, investment and withdrawal. Through a rereading of the Pauline event of conversion to Christianity, it argues that an analysis of the evolving significance of touch-events for Catholic liturgy and a religious congregation shows the theopolitical as always already constituted within an economy of enfleshed virtues. Focusing on contemporary examples of touch-events from the life of Francis, the first pope from the Americas, as well as from fieldwork among a group of female Latin American Catholic migrants in Rome, I argue for a closer examination of touch-events in order to grasp some of their theopolitical, radical, emancipatory, and, in some contexts, subjugating effects.

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Teh, James K. S., and Adrian D. Cheok. "Computer Mediated Remote Touch Communication for Humans and Animals." Recent Patents on Computer Science 1, no. 1 (January 9, 2010): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874479610801010026.

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Teh, James, and Adrian Cheok. "Computer Mediated Remote Touch Communication for Humans and Animals." Recent Patents on Computer Sciencee 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275910801010026.

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11

Chang, Weipang, and Jianguo G. Gu. "Role of microtubules in Piezo2 mechanotransduction of mouse Merkel cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00502.2020.

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Piezo2 channels are expressed in Merkel cells to mediate mechanotransduction leading to the sense of touch. Here we determined the role of microtubules in regulating Piezo2-mediated mechanotransduction in Merkel cells. Piezo2-mediated currents in Merkel cells are potentiated by microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel but reduced by microtubule destabilizer vincristine. Mechanically evoked afferent impulses are also enhanced by microtubule stabilizers and suppressed by microtubule destabilizers. Microtubules may play an essential role in Piezo2 mechanotransduction in Merkel cells.

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12

Gairhe, Salina, Natalie N. Bauer, Sarah A. Gebb, and Ivan F. McMurtry. "Serotonin passes through myoendothelial gap junctions to promote pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): L767—L777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00183.2012.

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Myoendothelial gap junctional signaling mediates pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC)-induced activation of latent TGF-β and differentiation of cocultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), but the nature of the signal passing from PAECs to PASMCs through the gap junctions is unknown. Because PAECs but not PASMCs synthesize serotonin, and serotonin can pass through gap junctions, we hypothesized that the monoamine is the intercellular signal. We aimed to determine whether PAEC-derived serotonin mediates PAEC-induced myoendothelial gap junction-dependent activation of TGF-β signaling and differentiation of PASMCs. Rat PAECs and PASMCs were monocultured or cocultured with (touch) or without (no-touch) direct cell-cell contact. In all cases, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) transcripts were expressed predominantly in PAECs. Serotonin was detected by immunostaining in both PAECs and PASMCs in PAEC/PASMC touch coculture but was not found in PASMCs in either PAEC/PASMC no-touch coculture or in PASMC/PASMC touch coculture. Furthermore, inhibition of gap junctions but not of the serotonin transporter in PAEC/PASMC touch coculture prevented serotonin transfer from PAECs to PASMCs. Inhibition of serotonin synthesis pharmacologically or by small interfering RNAs to Tph1 in PAECs inhibited the PAEC-induced activation of TGF-β signaling and differentiation of PASMCs. We concluded that serotonin synthesized by PAECs is transferred through myoendothelial gap junctions into PASMCs, where it activates TGF-β signaling and induces a more differentiated phenotype. This finding suggests a novel role of gap junction-mediated intercellular serotonin signaling in regulation of PASMC phenotype.

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Cataldo, Antonio, Nobuhiro Hagura, Yousef Hyder, and Patrick Haggard. "Touch inhibits touch: sanshool-induced paradoxical tingling reveals perceptual interaction between somatosensory submodalities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1943 (January 27, 2021): 20202914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2914.

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Human perception of touch is mediated by inputs from multiple channels. Classical theories postulate independent contributions of each channel to each tactile feature, with little or no interaction between channels. In contrast to this view, we show that inputs from two sub-modalities of mechanical input channels interact to determine tactile perception. The flutter-range vibration channel was activated anomalously using hydroxy-α-sanshool , a bioactive compound of Szechuan pepper, which chemically induces vibration-like tingling sensations. We tested whether this tingling sensation on the lips was modulated by sustained mechanical pressure. Across four experiments, we show that sustained touch inhibits sanshool tingling sensations in a location-specific, pressure-level and time-dependent manner. Additional experiments ruled out the mediation of this interaction by nociceptive or affective (C-tactile) channels. These results reveal novel inhibitory influence from steady pressure onto flutter-range tactile perceptual channels, consistent with early-stage interactions between mechanoreceptor inputs within the somatosensory pathway.

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Erk, Stefanie M., Alexander Toet, and Jan B. F. Van Erp. "Effects of mediated social touch on affective experiences and trust." PeerJ 3 (October 6, 2015): e1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1297.

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This study investigated whether communication via mediated hand pressure during a remotely shared experience (watching an amusing video) can (1) enhance recovery from sadness, (2) enhance the affective quality of the experience, and (3) increase trust towards the communication partner. Thereto participants first watched a sad movie clip to elicit sadness, followed by a funny one to stimulate recovery from sadness. While watching the funny clip they signaled a hypothetical fellow participant every time they felt amused. In the experimental condition the participants responded by pressing a hand-held two-way mediated touch device (a Frebble), which also provided haptic feedback via simulated hand squeezes. In the control condition they responded by pressing a button and they received abstract visual feedback. Objective (heart rate, galvanic skin conductance, number and duration of joystick or Frebble presses) and subjective (questionnaires) data were collected to assess the emotional reactions of the participants. The subjective measurements confirmed that the sad movie successfully induced sadness while the funny movie indeed evoked more positive feelings. Although their ranking agreed with the subjective measurements, the physiological measurements confirmed this conclusion only for the funny movie. The results show that recovery from movie induced sadness, the affective experience of the amusing movie, and trust towards the communication partner did not differ between both experimental conditions. Hence, feedback via mediated hand touching did not enhance either of these factors compared to visual feedback. Further analysis of the data showed that participants scoring low onExtraversion(i.e., persons that are more introvert) or low onTouch Receptivity(i.e., persons who do not like to be touched by others) felt better understood by their communication partner when receiving mediated touch feedback instead of visual feedback, while the opposite was found for participants scoring high on these factors. The implications of these results for further research are discussed, and some suggestions for follow-up experiments are presented.

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Michel, Niklas, Pratibha Narayanan, Orr Shomroni, and Manuela Schmidt. "Maturational Changes in Mouse Cutaneous Touch and Piezo2-Mediated Mechanotransduction." Cell Reports 32, no. 3 (July 2020): 107912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107912.

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Miller, Gordon L. "The Intervening Touch of Mentality." Process Studies 50, no. 2 (2021): 155–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/process202150210.

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Prey-catching behavior (PCB) in frogs and toads has been the focus of intense neuroethological research from the mid-twentieth century to the present and epitomizes some major themes in science and philosophy during this period. It reflects the movement from simple reflexology to more complex views of instinctive behavior, but it also displays a neural reductionism that denies subjectivity and individual agency The present article engages contemporary PCB research but provides a philosophically more promising picture of it based on Whitehead's nonreductionist "philosophy of organism," which proposes that the flow of events from stimulus to response in organisms of all kinds is mediated by "the intervening touch of mentality " This approach resolves some basic mind-body and mind-nature issues that have long bedeviled modern philosophy and presents an image of a postmodern frog for a constructively postmodern science.

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Ebisch, Sjoerd J. H., Francesca Ferri, Gian Luca Romani, and Vittorio Gallese. "Reach Out and Touch Someone: Anticipatory Sensorimotor Processes of Active Interpersonal Touch." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 9 (September 2014): 2171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00610.

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Anticipating the sensorimotor consequences of an action for both self and other is fundamental for action coordination when individuals socially interact. Somatosensation constitutes an elementary component of social cognition and sensorimotor prediction, but its functions in active social behavior remain unclear. We hypothesized that the somatosensory system contributes to social haptic behavior as evidenced by specific anticipatory activation patterns when touching an animate target (human hand) compared with an inanimate target (fake hand). fMRI scanning was performed during a paradigm that allowed us to isolate the anticipatory representations of active interpersonal touch while controlling for nonsocial sensorimotor processes and possible confounds because of interpersonal relationships or socioemotional valence. Active interpersonal touch was studied both as skin-to-skin contact and as object-mediated touch. The results showed weaker deactivation in primary somatosensory cortex and medial pFC and stronger activation in cerebellum for the animate target, compared with the inanimate target, when intending to touch it with one's own hand. Differently, in anticipation of touching the human hand with an object, anterior inferior parietal lobule and lateral occipital-temporal cortex showed stronger activity. When actually touching a human hand with one's own hand, activation was stronger in medial pFC but weaker in primary somatosensory cortex. The findings provide new insight on the contribution of simulation and sensory prediction mechanisms to active social behavior. They also suggest that literally getting in touch with someone and touching someone by using an object might be approached by an agent as functionally distinct conditions.

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Chehab, E. Wassim, Chen Yao, Zachary Henderson, Se Kim, and Janet Braam. "Arabidopsis Touch-Induced Morphogenesis Is Jasmonate Mediated and Protects against Pests." Current Biology 22, no. 8 (April 2012): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.061.

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Haans, Antal, and Wijnand IJsselsteijn. "Mediated social touch: a review of current research and future directions." Virtual Reality 9, no. 2-3 (December 10, 2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-005-0014-2.

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Wei, Qianhui, Jun Hu, and Min Li. "Active and Passive Mediated Social Touch with Vibrotactile Stimuli in Mobile Communication." Information 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020063.

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Tactile technology in mobile devices makes mediated social touch (MST) a possibility. MST with vibrotactile stimuli can be applied in future online social communication applications. There may be different gestures to trigger vibrotactile stimuli for senders and receivers. In this study, we compared senders with gestures and receivers without gestures to identify the differences in perceiving MST with vibrotactile stimuli. We conducted a user study to explore differences in the likelihood to be understood as a social touch with vibrotactile stimuli between senders and receivers. The results showed that for most MST, when participants acted as senders and receivers, there were no differences in understanding MST with vibrotactile stimuli when actively perceiving with gestures or passively perceiving without gestures. Researchers or designers could apply the same vibrotactile stimuli for senders’ and the receivers’ phones in future designs.

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Björnsdotter, M., I. Morrison, and H. Olausson. "Feeling good: on the role of C fiber mediated touch in interoception." Experimental Brain Research 207, no. 3-4 (October 21, 2010): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2408-y.

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Wiarda, Timothy. "Divine Passibility in Light of Two Pictures of Intercession." Scottish Journal of Theology 66, no. 2 (April 10, 2013): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930613000082.

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AbstractThe New Testament's two pictures of divine intercession, that of the risen Christ interceding at the right hand of God (Rom 8:34; Heb 7:25) and that of the Holy Spirit interceding from within believers’ hearts (Rom 8:26–7), offer additional perspective on the difficult issue of how God comes in touch with human suffering. Romans 8:26–7 connects the Spirit's intercession with the experience of human suffering, and through its reference to groaning implies that the Spirit communicates something of the believer's felt experience of weakness to God. Hebrews links Christ's high priestly work, including his intercessory activity, with his experience of struggle, thereby implying that he brings the needs of weak and pressured believers to God with an empathy born of direct experience of suffering. These scriptural pictures open a fruitful path for theological reflection, suggesting that God comes to know human suffering not simply by unmediated divine knowledge, or even by the bare fact of the divine Son's incarnation, but also in a mediated fashion, through complementary actions of Christ and the Spirit best described as acts of intercession.Applying a model of thought which emphasises the intercessory activities of Christ and the Spirit to the problem of divine passibility has a number of advantages. First, it coheres well with New Testament patterns for describing the roles of Father, Son and Holy Spirit: Christ's intercession is rooted in his incarnation and distinctive redemptive mission, while the Spirit's intercession emerges from his redemptive indwelling. Second, its picture of God knowing human suffering through the mediated process of intercession suggests that God maintains his freedom and holiness even as he gets in touch with human suffering. Third, the intercession model may shed additional light on how the sufferings of the incarnate Son touch or otherwise relate to the Father. Fourth, the Bible's pictures of divine intercession suggest that God is brought in touch with two dimensions of human suffering: the objective reality of human affliction (mediated through Christ's intercession) and the subjective experiences of afflicted people (mediated through the Spirit's intercession). Finally, these scriptural pictures of intercession orient our thoughts about the question of passibility in a pastoral direction.

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Marshall, Andrew G., and Francis P. McGlone. "Affective Touch: The Enigmatic Spinal Pathway of the C-Tactile Afferent." Neuroscience Insights 15 (January 2020): 263310552092507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520925072.

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C-tactile afferents are hypothesized to form a distinct peripheral channel that encodes the affective nature of touch. Prevailing views indicate they project, as with other unmyelinated afferents, in lamina I-spinothalamic pathways that relay homeostatically relevant information from the body toward cortical regions involved in interoceptive processing. However, in a recent study, we found that spinothalamic ablation in humans, while profoundly impairing the canonical spinothalamic modalities of pain, temperature, and itch, had no effect on benchmark psychophysical affective touch metrics. These novel findings appear to indicate that perceptual judgments about the affective nature of touch pleasantness do not depend on the integrity of the lamina I-spinothalamic tract. In this commentary, we further discuss the implications of these unexpected findings. Intuitively, they suggest that signaling of emotionally relevant C-tactile mediated touch occurs in an alternative ascending pathway. However, we also argue that the deficits seen following interruption of a putative C-tactile lamina I-spinothalamic relay might be barely perceptible—a feature that would underline the importance of the C-tactile afferent in neurodevelopment.

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Naganawa, Yuriko, and Hiromi Hirata. "Developmental transition of touch response from slow muscle-mediated coilings to fast muscle-mediated burst swimming in zebrafish." Developmental Biology 355, no. 2 (July 2011): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.027.

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Foo, Esther W., Lucy E. Dunne, and Brad Holschuh. "User Expectations and Mental Models for Communicating Emotions through Compressive & Warm Affective Garment Actuation." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448097.

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Wearable haptic garments for communicating emotions have great potential in various applications, including supporting social interactions, improving immersive experiences in entertainment, or simply as a research tool. Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are an emerging and interesting actuation scheme for affective haptic garments since they provide coupled warmth and compressive sensations in a single actuation---potentially acting as a proxy for human touch. However, SMAs are underutilized in current research and there are many unknowns regarding their design/use. The goal of this work is to map the design space for SMA-based garment-mediated emotional communication through warm, compressive actuation (termed 'warm touch'). Two online surveys were deployed to gather user expectations in using varying 'warm touch' parameters (body location, intensity, pattern) to communicate 7 distinct emotions. Further, we also investigated mental models used by participants during the haptic strategy selection process. The findings show 5 major categories of mental models, including representation of body sensations, replication of typical social touch strategies, metaphorical representation of emotions, symbolic representation of physical actions, and mimicry of objects or tasks; the frequency of use of each of these mental frameworks in relation to the selected 'warm touch' parameters in the communication of emotions are presented. These gathered insights can inform more intuitive and consistent haptic garment design approaches for emotional communication.

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Machemer, H. "Mechanoelectrical transduction mediated through cilia in protists." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100142578.

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Unicellular organisms respond to a variety of stimuli, such as light, touch, or chemical action. A Paramecium cell, which meets an obstacle, reverses the swimming direction and eventually resumes forward locomotion in a new direction. It has been a plausible assumption that the cilia are receptors as well as effectors. This view gains support by analogy: ciliary structures exist in various metazoan tissue specialized for stimulus sensation. A previous elegant hypothesis assumed that a ciliary mechanoreceptor employs the ciliary motile machine in reverse in that bending of the axoneme can generate a chemical signal. Recent electrophysiological studies in ciliates have contributed to a re-assessment of the role of cilia in mechanotransduction. This lecture summarizes some experimental evidence as to how the sensory function is organized in a ciliated cell.

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Yanez, Aladino M., Mark Wallace, Rodney Ho, Danny Shen, and Tony L. Yaksh. "Touch-evoked Agitation Produced by Spinally Administered Phospholipid Emulsion and Liposomes in Rats." Anesthesiology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199505000-00014.

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Background Phospholipid-based liposomes can alter the kinetics of spinally administered agents. We have observed that spinal delivery of these preparations results in an unexpected touch-evoked agitation, a state in which light touch evokes vocalization by the rat. In the current study we characterized this agitated state induced by various liposome preparations. Methods Rats prepared with lumbar intrathecal catheters received a variety of phospholipids delivered spinally as emulsions or as liposomes. Before and after injection, the animal's hot-plate latency (52.5 degrees C surface), spontaneous mobility, and spontaneous and evoked pain behavior were assessed. Results Spinal delivery of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine of egg yolk (L-EPC) and the phospholipase hydrolysis product (lyso-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine [lyso-L-EPC]) produced dose-dependent touch-evoked agitation; the order of potency and rapidity of onset was lyso-L-EPC > L-EPC, with no difference in activity whether administered as an emulsion or as a liposome preparation. Examination of the activity of a series of pure phospholipids revealed the ordering of touch-evoked agitation potency (where PC = phosphatidylcholine) to be L-monopalmitoyl-PC (lyso product of L-dipalmitoyl-PC) > L-dipalmitoyl-PC > L-distearoyl-PC, L-dioleoyl-PC > L-dilauroyl-PC > L-dimyristoyl-PC; D-dipalmitoyl-PC = 0. The effect of unsaturation on touch-evoked agitation cannot be predicted because dioleoyl-PC and dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol produced touch-evoked agitation but dipalmitoleoyl-PC did not. Substitution of glycerol for choline as the head group had no influence on touch-evoked agitation. Spinal treatment with an inhibitor of phospholipase (mepacrine) or a cyclooxygenase (ketorolac) blocked the touch-evoked agitation of L-EPC but not that of lyso-L-EPC. Conclusions These results emphasize that certain L-isomeric phospholipids with their gel-transition temperatures near body temperature can produce prominent touch-evoked agitation after spinal delivery, an effect likely mediated by a phospholipase hydrolysis product. This touch-evoked agitation, which is consistent with neurotoxicity reported in the early literature on lysophospholipids, suggests that the choice of lipids for the formulation of liposomes intended for spinal drug delivery should be carefully considered.

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Storch, Ursula, Michael Mederos y. Schnitzler, and Thomas Gudermann. "G protein-mediated stretch reception." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 6 (March 15, 2012): H1241—H1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00818.2011.

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Mechanosensation and -transduction are important for physiological processes like the senses of touch, hearing, and balance. The mechanisms underlying the translation of mechanical stimuli into biochemical information by activating various signaling pathways play a fundamental role in physiology and pathophysiology but are only poorly understood. Recently, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are essential for the conversion of light, olfactory and gustatory stimuli, as well as of primary messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters into cellular signals and which play distinct roles in inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation, have emerged as potential mechanosensors. The first candidate for a mechanosensitive GPCR was the angiotensin-II type-1 (AT1) receptor. Agonist-independent mechanical receptor activation of AT1 receptors induces an active receptor conformation that appears to differ from agonist-induced receptor conformations and entails the activation of G proteins. Mechanically induced AT1 receptor activation plays an important role for myogenic vasoconstriction and for the initiation of cardiac hypertrophy. A growing body of evidence suggests that other GPCRs are involved in mechanosensation as well. These findings highlight physiologically relevant, ligand-independent functions of GPCRs and add yet another facet to the polymodal activation spectrum of this ubiquitous protein family.

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Gulbudak, Hayriye, and Joshua S. Weitz. "A touch of sleep: biophysical model of contact-mediated dormancy of archaea by viruses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1839 (September 28, 2016): 20161037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1037.

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The canonical view of the interactions between viruses and their microbial hosts presumes that changes in host and virus fate requires the initiation of infection of a host by a virus. Infection may lead to the death of the host cell and release of viruses, to the elimination of the viral genome through cellular defence mechanisms or the integration of the viral genome with the host as a chromosomal or extrachromosomal element. Here, we revisit this canonical view, inspired by recent experimental findings in which the majority of target host cells can be induced into a dormant state when exposed to either active or deactivated viruses, even when viruses are present at low relative titre. We propose that both the qualitative phenomena and the quantitative timescales of dormancy induction are consistent with the hypothesis that cellular physiology can be altered by contact on the surface of host cells rather than strictly by infection . In order to test this hypothesis, we develop and study a biophysical model of contact-mediated dynamics involving virus particles and target cells. We show how virus particles can catalyse cellular transformations among many cells, even if they ultimately infect only one (or none). We also find that population-scale dormancy is robust to variation in the representation of model dynamics, including cell growth, death and recovery.

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Mejia, Kenya, and Svetlana Yarosh. "A Nine-Item Questionnaire for Measuring the Social Disfordance of Mediated Social Touch Technologies." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (December 6, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3134712.

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Hadi, Rhonda, and Ana Valenzuela. "Good Vibrations: Consumer Responses to Technology-Mediated Haptic Feedback." Journal of Consumer Research 47, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz039.

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Abstract Individuals often experience incidental device-delivered haptic feedback (e.g., vibrational alerts accompanying messages on mobile phones and wearables), yet almost no research has examined the psychological and behavioral implications of technology-mediated touch on consumers. Drawing from theories in social psychology and computer science, we explore how device-delivered haptic feedback may have the capability to augment consumer responses to certain consumer-directed communications. Across four studies, we find that haptic alerts accompanying messages can improve consumer performance on related tasks and demonstrate that this effect is driven by an increased sense of social presence in what can otherwise feel like an impersonal technological exchange. These findings provide applied value for mobile marketers and gadget designers, and carry important implications for consumer compliance in health and fitness domains.

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Vincs, Kim, and John McCormick. "Touching Space: Using Motion Capture and Stereo Projection to Create a “Virtual Haptics” of Dance." Leonardo 43, no. 4 (August 2010): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00009.

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This paper describes the work of a group of artists in Australia who used real-time motion capture and 3D stereo projection to create a large-scale performance environment in which dancers seemed to “touch” the volume. This project re-versions Suzanne Langer's 1950s philosophy of dance as “virtual force” to realize the idea of a “virtual haptics” of dance that extends the dancer's physical agency literally across and through the surrounding spatial volume. The project presents a vision of interactive dance performance that “touches” space by visualizing kinematics as intentionality and agency. In doing so, we suggest the possibility of new kinds of human-computer interfaces that emphasize touch as embodied, nuanced agency that is mediated by the subtle qualities of whole-body movement, in addition to more goal-oriented, task-based gestures such as pointing or clicking.

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Farrar, William T., Guy C. van Orden, and Victoria Hamouz. "When SOFA primes TOUCH: Interdependence of spelling, sound, and meaning in “semantically mediated” phonological priming." Memory & Cognition 29, no. 3 (April 2001): 530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196404.

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Ramamurthy, Deepa L., and Leah A. Krubitzer. "Neural Coding of Whisker-Mediated Touch in Primary Somatosensory Cortex Is Altered Following Early Blindness." Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 27 (May 28, 2018): 6172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0066-18.2018.

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Demery, Zoe P., Jackie Chappell, and Graham R. Martin. "Vision, touch and object manipulation in Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (April 27, 2011): 3687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0374.

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Parrots are exceptional among birds for their high levels of exploratory behaviour and manipulatory abilities. It has been argued that foraging method is the prime determinant of a bird's visual field configuration. However, here we argue that the topography of visual fields in parrots is related to their playful dexterity, unique anatomy and particularly the tactile information that is gained through their bill tip organ during object manipulation. We measured the visual fields of Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus using the ophthalmoscopic reflex technique and also report some preliminary observations on the bill tip organ in this species. We found that the visual fields of Senegal parrots are unlike those described hitherto in any other bird species, with both a relatively broad frontal binocular field and a near comprehensive field of view around the head. The behavioural implications are discussed and we consider how extractive foraging and object exploration, mediated in part by tactile cues from the bill, has led to the absence of visual coverage of the region below the bill in favour of more comprehensive visual coverage above the head.

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Sonza, Anelise, Luciana Sayuri Sanada, Luiza Raulino de Oliveira, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo, Milton Antonio Zaro та Matilde Achaval. "Whole-body vibration mediates mechanical hypersensitivity through Aβ-fiber and C-fiber thermal sensation in a chronic pain model". Experimental Biology and Medicine 246, № 10 (16 лютого 2021): 1210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370221991147.

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Whole-body vibration (WBV), which is widely used as a type of exercise, involves the use of vibratory stimuli and it is used for rehabilitation and sports performance programmes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of WBV treatment in a chronic pain model after 10 WBV sessions. An animal model (chronic pain) was applied in 60 male Wistar rats (±180 g, 12 weeks old) and the animals were treated with low intensity exercise (treadmill), WBV (vibrating platform), and a combined treatment involving both. The controls on the platform were set to a frequency of 42 Hz with 2 mm peak-to-peak displacement, g ≈ 7, in a spiral mode. Before and after the vibration exposure, sensitivity was determined. Aβ-fibers-mediated mechanical sensitivity thresholds (touch-pressure) were measured using a pressure meter. C-fibers-mediated thermal perception thresholds (hot pain) were measured with a hot plate. After each session, WBV influenced the discharge of skin touch-pressure receptors, reducing mechanical sensitivity in the WBV groups ( P < 0.05). Comparing the conditions “before vs. after”, thermal perception thresholds (hot pain) started to decrease significantly after the third WBV session ( P < 0.05). WBV decreases mechanical hyperalgesia after all sessions and thermal sensitivity after the third session with the use of WBV.

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Heed, Tobias, Johanna Möller, and Brigitte Röder. "Movement Induces the Use of External Spatial Coordinates for Tactile Localization in Congenitally Blind Humans." Multisensory Research 28, no. 1-2 (2015): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002485.

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To localize touch, the brain integrates spatial information coded in anatomically based and external spatial reference frames. Sighted humans, by default, use both reference frames in tactile localization. In contrast, congenitally blind individuals have been reported to rely exclusively on anatomical coordinates, suggesting a crucial role of the visual system for tactile spatial processing. We tested whether the use of external spatial information in touch can, alternatively, be induced by a movement context. Sighted and congenitally blind humans performed a tactile temporal order judgment task that indexes the use of external coordinates for tactile localization, while they executed bimanual arm movements with uncrossed and crossed start and end postures. In the sighted, start posture and planned end posture of the arm movement modulated tactile localization for stimuli presented before and during movement, indicating automatic, external recoding of touch. Contrary to previous findings, tactile localization of congenitally blind participants, too, was affected by external coordinates, though only for stimuli presented before movement start. Furthermore, only the movement’s start posture, but not the planned end posture affected blind individuals’ tactile performance. Thus, integration of external coordinates in touch is established without vision, though more selectively than when vision has developed normally, and possibly restricted to movement contexts. The lack of modulation by the planned posture in congenitally blind participants suggests that external coordinates in this group are not mediated by motor efference copy. Instead the task-related frequent posture changes, that is, movement consequences rather than planning, appear to have induced their use of external coordinates.

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Comer, Christopher, and Yoshichika Baba. "Active touch in orthopteroid insects: behaviours, multisensory substrates and evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1581 (November 12, 2011): 3006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0149.

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Orthopteroid insects (cockroaches, crickets, locusts and related species) allow examination of active sensory processing in a comparative framework. Some orthopteroids possess long, mobile antennae endowed with many chemo- and mechanoreceptors. When the antennae are touched, an animal's response depends upon the identity of the stimulus. For example, contact with a predator may lead to escape, but contact with a conspecific may usually not. Active touch of an approaching object influences the likelihood that a discrimination of identity will be made. Using cockroaches, we have identified specific descending mechanosensory interneurons that trigger antennal-mediated escape. Crucial sensory input to these cells comes from chordotonal organs within the antennal base. However, information from other receptors on the base or the long antennal flagellum allows active touch to modulate escape probability based on stimulus identity. This is conveyed, at least to some extent, by textural information. Guidance of the antennae in active exploration depends on visual information. Some of the visual interneurons and the motor neurons necessary for visuomotor control have been identified. Comparisons across Orthoptera suggest an evolutionary model where subtle changes in the architecture of interneurons, and of sensorimotor control loops, may explain differing levels of vision–touch interaction in the active guidance of behaviour.

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Lay, Mark, and Xinzhong Dong. "Neural Mechanisms of Itch." Annual Review of Neuroscience 43, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-083019-024537.

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Itch is a unique sensation that helps organisms scratch away external threats; scratching itself induces an immune response that can contribute to more itchiness. Itch is induced chemically in the peripheral nervous system via a wide array of receptors. Given the superficial localization of itch neuron terminals, cells that dwell close to the skin contribute significantly to itch. Certain mechanical stimuli mediated by recently discovered circuits also contribute to the itch sensation. Ultimately, in the spinal cord, and likely in the brain, circuits that mediate touch, pain, and itch engage in cross modulation. Much of itch perception is still a mystery, but we present in this review the known ligands and receptors associated with itch. We also describe experiments and findings from investigations into the spinal and supraspinal circuitry responsible for the sensation of itch.

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Di Battista, Andrew, Christos Nicolaides, and Orestis Georgiou. "Modelling disease transmission from touchscreen user interfaces." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 7 (July 2021): 210625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210625.

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The extensive use of touchscreens for all manner of human–computer interactions has made them plausible instruments of touch-mediated disease transmission. To that end, we employ stochastic simulations to model human–fomite interaction with a distinct focus on touchscreen interfaces. The timings and frequency of interactions from within a closed population of infectious and susceptible individuals was modelled using a queuing network. A pseudo-reproductive number R was used to compare outcomes under various parameter conditions. We then apply the simulation to a specific real-world scenario; namely that of airport self-check-in and baggage drop. A counterintuitive result was that R decreased with increased touch rates required for touchscreen interaction. Additionally, as one of few parameters to be controlled, the rate of cleaning/disinfecting screens plays an essential role in mitigating R , though alternative technological strategies could prove more effective. The simulation model developed provides a foundation for future advances in more sophisticated fomite disease-transmission modelling.

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Kim, Jung, Hyun Kim, Boon K. Tay, Manivannan Muniyandi, Mandayam A. Srinivasan, Joel Jordan, Jesper Mortensen, Manuel Oliveira, and Mel Slater. "Transatlantic Touch: A Study of Haptic Collaboration over Long Distance." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 13, no. 3 (June 2004): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1054746041422370.

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The extent to which the addition of haptic communication between human users in a shared virtual environment (SVE) contributes to the shared experience of the users has not received much attention in the literature. In this paper we describe a demonstration of and an experimental study on haptic interaction between two users over a network of significant physical distance and a number of network hops. A number of techniques to mitigate instability of the haptic interactions induced by network latency are presented. An experiment to evaluate the use of haptics in a collaborative situation mediated by a networked virtual environment is examined. The experimental subjects were to cooperate in lifting a virtual box together under one of four conditions in a between-groups design. Questionnaires were used to report the ease with which they could perform the task and the subjective levels of presence and copresence experienced. This extends earlier work by the authors to consider the possibility of haptic collaboration under real network conditions with a number of improvements. Using the technology described in this paper, transatlantic touch was successfully demonstrated between the Touch Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA and Virtual Environments and Computer Graphics (VECG) lab at University College London (UCL), UK in 2002. It was also presented at the Internet II demonstration meeting in 2002 between University of Southern California and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Sambo, Chiara F., and Bettina Forster. "Sustained Spatial Attention in Touch: Modality-Specific and Multimodal Mechanisms." Scientific World JOURNAL 11 (2011): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2011.34.

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Sustained attention to a body location results in enhanced processing of tactile stimuli presented at that location compared to another unattended location. In this paper, we review studies investigating the neural correlates of sustained spatial attention in touch. These studies consistently show that activity within modality-specific somatosensory areas (SI and SII) is modulated by sustained tactile-spatial attention. Recent evidence suggests that these somatosensory areas may be recruited as part of a larger cortical network,also including higher-level multimodal regions involved in spatial selection across modalities. We discuss, in turn, the following multimodal effects in sustained tactile-spatial attention tasks. First, cross-modal attentional links between touch and vision, reflected in enhanced processing of task-irrelevant visual stimuli at tactuallyattended locations, are mediated by common (multimodal) representations of external space. Second, vision of the body modulates activity underlying sustained tactile-spatial attention, facilitating attentional modulation of tactile processing in between-hand (when hands are sufficiently far apart) and impairing attentional modulation in within-hand selection tasks. Finally, body posture influences mechanisms of sustained tactile-spatial attention, relying, at least partly, on remapping of tactile stimuli in external, visuallydefined, spatial coordinates. Taken together, the findings reviewed in this paper indicate that sustained spatial attention in touch is subserved by both modality-specific and multimodal mechanisms. The interplay between these mechanisms allows flexible and efficient spatial selection within and across sensory modalities.

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Lee, Yun Jung, Sujin Yang, and Zachary Johnson. "Need for touch and two-way communication in e-commerce." Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2017): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrim-04-2016-0035.

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Purpose The inability to touch products online is the top reason consumers list for preferring to shop in traditional brick and mortar versus e-commerce stores (Havas Worldwide, 2013). Need for touch (NFT) comprises autotelic and instrumental motives, which, respectively, relate to enjoyment and utility. This study aimed to examine how consumers’ NFT motives affect loyalty intentions toward e-commerce websites, both directly and as mediated by consumers’ level of technology acceptance (ease of use, enjoyment and perceived usefulness [PU]). The moderating effect of synchronous versus asynchronous two-way communication with sellers on the relationships among consumers’ NFT, acceptance of technology and loyalty intention was also examined. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted among consumers who had shopped from popular e-commerce websites chosen by this study within the 12 months prior to data collection. Findings Both types of NFT motives affected loyalty and technology acceptance. Specifically, autotelic NFT positively impacted perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived enjoyment (PE), whereas instrumental NFT negatively impacted PEOU, PE and loyalty intentions. Among the technology acceptance variables, PU had the strongest effect on loyalty intention. Tests of moderation revealed that high-quality, text-based synchronous communication (i.e. live chatting) with sellers can compensate for both autotelic and instrumental NFT. Originality/value This research shows how the inherent inability of e-commerce to meet consumers’ NFT stymies consumers’ e-commerce acceptance and affects their loyalty toward online retailers and examines strategies that e-commerce sites can use to compensate for this need.

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Laksana, Novianto Yudha, and Ahda Fadhilah. "Computer-mediated communication and interpersonal communication in social media Twitter among adolescents." Journal of Social Studies (JSS) 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jss.v17i1.39015.

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Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) becomes a new form of communication. Interpersonal communication has now moved into cyberspace thanks to CMC's role. CMC's implementation in touch is when two or more communion can only exchange information through computer media or the latest communication technology. CMC is categorized as synchronous if the connection delivers in a discussion room or chat room. In comparison, asynchronous CMC occurs when the communication process coincides. Twitter is one of the social media often used as a place of interaction on the internet. Based on Twitter data, 83% of Indonesian millennial users consider Twitter a reliable source for product information. This study aims to gain communication technology's meaning in giving birth to interpersonal relationships between Twitter users among adolescents. The research method uses online literature and observation studies. The results revealed that interactions on social media Twitter among adolescents could form intimate relationships among communication participants.

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Christenson, J., and S. Grillner. "Primary afferents evoke excitatory amino acid receptor-mediated EPSPs that are modulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors in lamprey." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 2141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.6.2141.

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1. The primary afferent neurons (dorsal cells) are of two types in lamprey, which are fast (touch) and slowly adapting (pressure), respectively. Intracellular stimulation of such sensory neurons evokes mono- and polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in spinobulbar neurons (giant interneurons) and in unidentified interneurons. Paired intracellular recordings between identified sensory cells and spinobulbar neurons made it possible to study the synaptic transmission in detail. It is shown that both touch and pressure primary afferents utilize excitatory amino acid (EAA) transmission and, furthermore, that these effects are subject to a presynaptic GABAB receptor modulation. 2. The monosynaptic mixed electrical and chemical EPSPs in giant interneurons had a mean peak amplitude of 3.2 +/- 1.3 (SD) mV, a time to peak of 4.7 +/- 1.2 ms, and a duration at one-half peak amplitude of 9.4 +/- 3.2 ms. Corresponding results were obtained with dorsal root or dorsal column stimulation. Seventy percent of the fast-adapting dorsal cells of the "touch" type evoked monosynaptic mixed EPSPs in giant interneurons, whereas only 3% of the slowly adapting "pressure" dorsal cells did. 3. The chemical part of the monosynaptic EPSPs evoked in giant interneurons was, in all cases tested, blocked by application of EAA antagonists, like the nonselective antagonist kynurenic acid (KYAC; 2 mM). The selective kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 5 microM) had a similar effect, whereas the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-aminophosphono-5-valeric acid (AP-5; 200-400 microM) did not change the EPSP, even in the absence of magnesium ions. 4. The monosynaptic excitatory synaptic transmission was modulated by application of the selective GABAB receptor agonist L-baclofen (5-10 mM local droplet application or 100-1,000 microM bath applied) or by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 100-1,000 microM), also when GABAA receptor-evoked effects were blocked by bicuculline (10 microM). L-baclofen or GABA in combination with bicuculline did not evoke any effects in the postsynaptic neuron on membrane potential, input resistance, or spike threshold. Therefore the effects of the GABAB receptor activation most likely occurs at the presynaptic afferent level. 5. In conclusion, the monosynaptic excitation from skin mechanoreceptors evoked in spinobulbar neurons is mediated by EAA receptors of the kainate/AMPA type. GABAB receptor activation causes a depression of this EPSP, most likely because of a presynaptic action. GABA interneurons are known to form close appositions on sensory axons in the lamprey.

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Bendas, Johanna, Janniko R. Georgiadis, Gerhard Ritschel, Håkan Olausson, Kerstin Weidner, and Ilona Croy. "C-Tactile Mediated Erotic Touch Perception Relates to Sexual Desire and Performance in a Gender-Specific Way." Journal of Sexual Medicine 14, no. 5 (May 2017): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.02.016.

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Hubert, Madlen, Elin Larsson, and Richard Lundmark. "Keeping in touch with the membrane; protein- and lipid-mediated confinement of caveolae to the cell surface." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190386.

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Caveolae are small Ω-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that play important roles in mechanosensing, lipid homeostasis and signaling. Their typical morphology is characterized by a membrane funnel connecting a spherical bulb to the membrane. Membrane funnels (commonly known as necks and pores) are frequently observed as transient states during fusion and fission of membrane vesicles in cells. However, caveolae display atypical dynamics where the membrane funnel can be stabilized over an extended period of time, resulting in cell surface constrained caveolae. In addition, caveolae are also known to undergo flattening as well as short-range cycles of fission and fusion with the membrane, requiring that the membrane funnel closes or opens up, respectively. This mini-review considers the transition between these different states and highlights the role of the protein and lipid components that have been identified to control the balance between surface association and release of caveolae.

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Marquardt, Kristin, Rahul Sigdel, and Jonathan L. Brigman. "Touch-screen visual reversal learning is mediated by value encoding and signal propagation in the orbitofrontal cortex." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 139 (March 2017): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.01.006.

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Jones, Allison M., David A. Low, and Christopher S. Hayes. "Can't you hear me knocking: contact-dependent competition and cooperation in bacteria." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2017): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20160019.

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Microorganisms are in constant competition for growth niches and environmental resources. In Gram-negative bacteria, contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems link the fate of one cell with its immediate neighbor through touch-dependent, receptor-mediated toxin delivery. Though discovered for their ability to confer a competitive growth advantage, CDI systems also play significant roles in intersibling cooperation, promoting both auto-aggregation and biofilm formation. In this review, we detail the mechanisms of CDI toxin delivery and consider how toxin exchange between isogenic sibling cells could regulate gene expression.

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Watanabe, Miho, Jinwei Zhang, M. Shahid Mansuri, Jingjing Duan, Jason K. Karimy, Eric Delpire, Seth L. Alper, Richard P. Lifton, Atsuo Fukuda, and Kristopher T. Kahle. "Developmentally regulated KCC2 phosphorylation is essential for dynamic GABA-mediated inhibition and survival." Science Signaling 12, no. 603 (October 15, 2019): eaaw9315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aaw9315.

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Despite its importance for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition and involvement in neurodevelopmental disease, the regulatory mechanisms of the K+/Cl− cotransporter KCC2 (encoded by SLC12A5) during maturation of the central nervous system (CNS) are not entirely understood. Here, we applied quantitative phosphoproteomics to systematically map sites of KCC2 phosphorylation during CNS development in the mouse. KCC2 phosphorylation at Thr906 and Thr1007, which inhibits KCC2 activity, underwent dephosphorylation in parallel with the GABA excitatory-inhibitory sequence in vivo. Knockin mice expressing the homozygous phosphomimetic KCC2 mutations T906E/T1007E (Kcc2E/E), which prevented the normal developmentally regulated dephosphorylation of these sites, exhibited early postnatal death from respiratory arrest and a marked absence of cervical spinal neuron respiratory discharges. Kcc2E/E mice also displayed disrupted lumbar spinal neuron locomotor rhythmogenesis and touch-evoked status epilepticus associated with markedly impaired KCC2-dependent Cl− extrusion. These data identify a previously unknown phosphorylation-dependent KCC2 regulatory mechanism during CNS development that is essential for dynamic GABA-mediated inhibition and survival.

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