Готові списки джерел за темами / Median-Of-Mean

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Median-Of-Mean"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 1 червня 2024

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Зміст

  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
  6. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Griffin, Lewis D. "Mean, median and mode filtering of images." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 456, no. 2004 (December 8, 2000): 2995–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2000.0650.

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2

Hoseana, Jonathan, and Franco Vivaldi. "Geometrical properties of the mean-median map." Journal of Computational Dynamics 7, no. 1 (2020): 83–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/jcd.2020004.

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3

Bakker, Arthur, and Koeno P. E. Gravemeijer. "An Historical Phenomenology of Mean and Median." Educational Studies in Mathematics 62, no. 2 (June 2006): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-006-7099-8.

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4

Kaur, Amanpreet, and Ravneet Kaur Sidhu. "Edge Preservation of Enhanced Fuzzy Median Mean Filter Using Decision Based Median Filter." International Journal on Soft Computing 7, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijsc.2016.7102.

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5

Teng, Guangqiang, Yanpeng Li, Boping Tian, and Jie Li. "Sharper Concentration Inequalities for Median-of-Mean Processes." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2023): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173730.

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The Median-of-Mean (MoM) estimation is an efficient statistical method for handling data with contamination. In this paper, we propose a variance-dependent MoM estimation method using the tail probability of a binomial distribution. The bound of this method is better than the classical Hoeffding method under mild conditions. This method is then used to study the concentration of variance-dependent MoM empirical processes and sub-Gaussian intrinsic moment norm. Finally, we give the bound of the variance-dependent MoM estimator with distribution-free contaminated data.
6

Yusuf, Ajibola Yahya, Ahmed Audu, and Mojeed Abiodun Yunusa. "POWER MEDIAN-BASED ESTIMATORS OF FINITE POPULATION MEAN." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0802-2291.

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In this paper, median based mean estimators for estimating finite population mean are proposed. The proposed estimators were obtained by transforming estimators in literature utilizing mean of auxiliary variable into median based estimators with the aim of obtaining estimators with higher efficiency. The mean square error of the proposed estimators was obtained up to the first order of approximation using Taylor series approach and the optimum values of the unknown of the estimators were obtained by means of partial derivative of the mean square error and equating to zero. A Numerical study was carried out to support the fact that the proposed estimators are more efficient as compared to the existing ones, as the proposed estimators have the least mean squared error at optimum values of the unknown constants and have higher percentage relative efficiency (PRE). This implies that the proposed estimators are more efficient than the traditional ones considered in the study.
7

Sarkar, Jyotirmoy, and Mamunur Rashid. "Visualizing Mean, Median, Mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation of a Set of Numbers." American Statistician 70, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1165734.

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8

Smith, Woollcott, and Milton Parnes. "Mean Streets: The Median of a Size-Biased Sample and the Population Mean." American Statistician 48, no. 2 (May 1994): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2684257.

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9

Smith, Woollcott, and Milton Parnes. "Mean Streets: The Median of a Size-Biased Sample and the Population Mean." American Statistician 48, no. 2 (May 1994): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1994.10476034.

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10

Basu, S., and A. DasGupta. "The Mean, Median, and Mode of Unimodal Distributions:A Characterization." Theory of Probability & Its Applications 41, no. 2 (January 1997): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0040585x97975447.

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Статті в журналах

Дисертації з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Mathieu, Timothée. "M-estimation and Median of Means applied to statistical learning Robust classification via MOM minimization MONK – outlier-robust mean embedding estimation by median-of-means Excess risk bounds in robust empirical risk minimization." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASM002.

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Le principal objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier des méthodes d'apprentissage statistique robuste. Traditionnellement, en statistique nous utilisons des modèles ou des hypothèses simplificatrices qui nous permettent de représenter le monde réel tout en sachant l'analyser convenablement. Cependant, certaines déviations des hypothèses peuvent fortement perturber l'analyse statistique d'une base de données. Par statistiques robuste, nous entendons ici des méthodes pouvant gérer d'une part des données dites anormales (erreur de capteur, erreur humaine) mais aussi des données de nature très variables. Nous appliquons ce genre de technique à l'apprentissage statistique, donnant ainsi des assurances théoriques d'efficacité des méthodes proposées ainsi que des illustrations sur des données simulées et réelles
The main objective of this thesis is to study methods for robust statistical learning. Traditionally, in statistics we use models or simplifying assumptions that allow us to represent the real world. However, some deviations from the hypotheses can strongly disrupt the statistical analysis of a database. By robust statistics, we mean methods that can handle on the one hand so-called abnormal data (sensor error, human error) but also data of a highly variable nature. We apply robust techniques to statistical learning, giving theoretical efficiency results of the proposed methods as well as illustrations on simulated and real data
2

Kwon, Yongung. "EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY AND REST INTERVALS ON PERFORMANCE, NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION, POSTURAL CONTROL, AND BIOMECHANICS DURING THE STAR EXCURSION BALANCE TEST." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4054.

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Introduction: It has been proposed that inadequate rest intervals may contribute to decreased performance of activities. However, previous research has not investigated the effect of rest interval on performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. Objective: To determine whether rest interval affects performance of the SEBT associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and whether neuromuscular function, postural control or biomechanics can be associated factors which may help discriminate between healthy individuals and those with CAI during the SEBT. Design: 2-group counterbalanced study. Participants: Participants included 24 individuals with a history of at least one ankle sprain in the past year and at least 2 episodes of giving way in the past 6 month prior to study enrollment, and 24 individuals with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime. Methods: Subjects completed 3 trials in each of the 3 reach directions (anteromedial, medial, posteromedial) in random order. A total of three visits were required in order to complete the 3 rest intervals (10, 20, 40 seconds). Normalized maximum reach distance, electromyographic (EMG) activation of tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and medial gastrocnemius muscles, multiplanar motion of the lower extremity, coupling angles (CA) of lower extremity segments and maximum lateral center of pressure velocity were calculated and compared between groups in each direction for each rest interval. Results: Rest interval did not influence differences of reach distance, EMG ankle muscle activation, kinematics and center of pressure velocity between healthy individuals and those with CAI during the SEBT. However, the rest interval of 20 seconds demonstrated differences in CAs of tibial internal rotation/dorsiflexion (TIR/DF) and tibial internal rotation/eversion (TIR/EV) between healthy individuals and those with CAI during the SEBT. Overall, reach distance, mean amplitude of EMG ankle muscles, kinematics and joint CAs were different between healthy individuals and those with CAI during the SEBT regardless of rest interval. Discussion: Based on these results, differences exist in neuromuscular functions and biomechanics between healthy individuals and those with CAI when performing the SEBT. A rest interval time of 20 seconds between trials during the SEBT is an appropriate time to discriminate joint CAs of TIR/DF and TIR/EV between healthy individuals and those with CAI during the SEBT. These findings have implications for treatment and possible prevention of CAI.
3

Smékal, Ondřej. "Příjmová nerovnost mužů a žen v ČR s přihlédnutím k vybraným zemím EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205067.

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Master thesis judge situation of wages of men and women in Czech republic and compare this situation with different results in chosen countries of European union. This situation is influenced by many factors which are described in thesis. My thesis is divided into two parts theoretical and practical. In theoretical part there are inequality of opportunities at labor market, reasons of inequality and differences between wages. In practical part there are statistical data which are connected with results of theoretical part. The conclusion contains recommendations how to decrease the differences of wages.
4

Depersin, Jules. "Statistical and Computational Complexities of Robust and High-Dimensional Estimation Problems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAG009.

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La théorie de l'apprentissage statistique vise à fournir une meilleure compréhension des propriétés statistiques des algorithmes d'apprentissage. Ces propriétés sont souvent dérivées en supposant que les données sous-jacentes sont recueillies par échantillonnage de variables aléatoires gaussiennes (ou subgaussiennes) indépendantes et identiquement distribuées. Ces propriétés peuvent donc être radicalement affectées par la présence d'erreurs grossières (également appelées "valeurs aberrantes") dans les données, et par des données à queue lourde. Nous sommes intéressés par les procédures qui ont de bonnes propriétés même lorsqu'une partie des données est corrompue et à forte queue, procédures que nous appelons extit{robusts}, que nous obtenons souvent dans cette thèse en utilisant l'heuristique Median-Of-Mean.Nous sommes particulièrement intéressés par les procédures qui sont robustes dans des configurations à haute dimension, et nous étudions (i) comment la dimensionnalité affecte les propriétés statistiques des procédures robustes, et (ii) comment la dimensionnalité affecte la complexité computationnelle des algorithmes associés. Dans l'étude des propriétés statistiques (i), nous trouvons que pour une large gamme de problèmes, la complexité statistique des problèmes et sa "robustesse" peuvent être en un sens "découplées", conduisant à des limites où le terme dépendant de la dimension est ajouté au terme dépendant de la corruption, plutôt que multiplié par celui-ci. Nous proposons des moyens de mesurer les complexités statistiques de certains problèmes dans ce cadre corrompu, en utilisant par exemple la dimension VC. Nous fournissons également des limites inférieures pour certains de ces problèmes.Dans l'étude de la complexité computationnelle de l'algorithme associé (ii), nous montrons que dans deux cas particuliers, à savoir l'estimation robuste de la moyenne par rapport à la norme euclidienne et la régression robuste, on peut relaxer les problèmes d'optimisation associés qui deviennent exponentiellement difficiles avec la dimension pour obtenir un algorithme traitable qui se comporte de manière polynomiale dans la dimension
Statistical learning theory aims at providing a better understanding of the statistical properties of learning algorithms. These properties are often derived assuming the underlying data are gathered by sampling independent and identically distributed gaussian (or subgaussian) random variables. These properties can thus be drastically affected by the presence of gross errors (also called "outliers") in the data, and by data being heavy-tailed. We are interested in procedures that have good properties even when part of the data is corrupted and heavy-tailed, procedures that we call extit{robusts}, that we often get in this thesis by using the Median-Of-Mean heuristic.We are especially interested in procedures that are robust in high-dimensional set-ups, and we study (i) how dimensionality affects the statistical properties of robust procedures, and (ii) how dimensionality affects the computational complexity of the associated algorithms. In the study of the statistical properties (i), we find that for a large range of problems, the statistical complexity of the problems and its "robustness" can be in a sense "decoupled", leading to bounds where the dimension-dependent term is added to the term that depends on the corruption, rather than multiplied by it. We propose ways of measuring the statistical complexities of some problems in that corrupted framework, using for instance VC-dimension. We also provide lower bounds for some of those problems.In the study of computational complexity of the associated algorithm (ii), we show that in two special cases, namely robust mean-estimation with respect to the euclidean norm and robust regression, one can relax the associated optimization problems that becomes exponentially hard with the dimension to get tractable algorithm that behaves polynomially in the dimension
5

Cao, Jennifer Yue. "The performance and robustness of confidence intervals for the median of a symmetric distribution constructed assuming sampling from a Cauchy distribution." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14897.

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Master of Science
Department of Statistics
Paul Nelson
Trimmed means are robust estimators of location for distributions having heavy tails. Theory and simulation indicate that little efficiency is lost under normality when using appropriately trimmed means and that their use with data from distributions with heavy tails can result in improved performance. This report uses the principle of equivariance applied to trimmed means sampled from a Cauchy distribution to form a discrepancy function of the data and parameters whose distribution is free of the unknown median and scale parameter. Quantiles of this discrepancy function are estimated via asymptotic normality and simulation and used to construct confidence intervals for the median of a Cauchy distribution. A nonparametric approach based on the distribution of order statistics is also used to construct confidence intervals. The performance of these intervals in terms of coverage rate and average length is investigated via simulation when the data are actually sampled from a Cauchy distribution and when sampling is from normal and logistic distributions. The intervals based on simulation estimation of the quantiles of the discrepancy function are shown to perform well across a range of sample sizes and trimming proportions when the data are actually sampled from a Cauchy distribution and to be relatively robust when sampling is from the normal and logistic distributions.
6

Kristjánsson, Liljar Már. "Lower Limb Muscle Fatigue Analysis of RaceRunning Athletes with Cerebral Palsy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232695.

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Background: Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) are prone to sedentary life with limited recreational- and physical activity. RaceRunning (RR) is a sport for individuals with disabilities such as motor impairment that allow them to move independently and enjoy physical activity. The aim of the study was to investigate muscle fatigue of RR athletes with different classiffcation of CP during six minuteRaceRunning test (6MRRT). The Cerebral Palsy International Sports and RecreationAssociation has the goal to make RR a Paralympic sport. For a sport to be included in the Paralympics a classiffcation system has to be made. Information about muscle function during RR could give vital physical information about athletes with CP and contribute to the development of such classiffcation system. Method: Median frequency of the power spectrum from surface electromyography(sEMG) of four muscles (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, gastrocnemius lateralis) was computed along with amplitude changes (root mean square) in order to assess muscle fatigue. Results: Indications of muscle fatigue were observed from one out of five athletes for athlete's less affected side. Further sEMG studies with more subjects have to be conducted on CP RR athletes to give more conclusive results of muscle fatigue.
7

Maharaju, Rajkumar. "Devolopment of Mean and Median Based Adaptive Search Algorithm for Motion Estimation in SNR Scalable Video Coding." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7725/1/2015_MT_Development_Rajkumar_Maharaju.pdf.

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Now a day’s quality of video in encoding is challenging in many video applications like video conferences, live streaming and video surveillance. The development of technology has resulted in invention of various devices, different network conditions and many more. This has made video coding challenging day by day. An answer to the need of all can be scalable video coding, where a single bit stream contains more than one layer known as base and enhancement layers respectively. There are various types of scalability as spatial, SNR, temporal scalability. Among these three types of scalability, SNR scalability deals with the quality of the frames i.e. base layers includes least quality frames and enhancement layer gets frames with better quality. Motion estimation is the most important aspect of video coding. Usually the adjacent frames of a video are very much similar to each other. Hence to increase the coding efficiency to remove redundancy as well as to reduce computational complexity,motion should be estimatedand compensated.Hence, in the scalable video coding, videos have been encoded in SNR scalability mode and then the motion estimation has been carried out by two proposed methods.The approach depends on eliminating the unnecessary blocks, which have not undergone motion, by taking the specific threshold value for every search region. It is desirable to reduce the time of computation to increase the efficiency but keeping in view that not at the cost of much quality. In second method, the search method has been optimized using ‘particle swarm optimization’ (PSO) technique, which is a method of computation aims at optimizing a problem with the help of popular candidate solutions.In block matching based on PSO, a swarm of particles will fly in random directions in search window of reference frame, which can be indexed by the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the center pixel of the candidate block. These algorithm mainly used to reducing the computational time by checking some random position points in the search window for finding out the best match.PSO algorithm estimate the motion with very low complexity in the context of video estimation. Both the methods have been analyzed and performance have been compared with various video sequences.The proposed technique out performs to the existing techniques in terms of computational complexity and video quality

Книги з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Linde, Barbara M. Climates of the World: Identifying and Comparing Mean, Median, and Mode. Rosen Publishing Group, 2004.

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2

Linde, Barbara M. Climates of the World: Identifying and Comparing Mean, Median, and Mode (Powermath). PowerKids Press, 2005.

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3

Linde, Barbara M. Climates of the World: Identifying and Comparing Mean, Median, and Mode (Powermath). PowerKids Press, 2005.

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4

Linde, Barbara M. Climates of the World: Identifying and Comparing Mean, Median, and Mode (Powermath). PowerKids Press, 2005.

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5

Alexander, Peter D. G., and Malachy O. Columb. Presentation and handling of data, descriptive and inferential statistics. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0028.

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The need for any doctor to comprehend, assimilate, analyse, and form an opinion on data cannot be overestimated. This chapter examines the presentation and handling of such data and its subsequent statistical analysis. It covers the organization and description of data, measures of central tendency such as mean, median, and mode, measures of dispersion (standard deviation), and the problems of missing data. Theoretical distributions, such as the Gaussian distribution, are examined and the possibility of data transformation discussed. Inferential statistics are used as a means of comparing groups, and the rationale and use of parametric and non-parametric tests and confidence intervals is outlined. The analysis of categorical variables using the chi-squared test and assessing the value of diagnostic tests using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and a likelihood ratio are discussed. Measures of association are covered, namely linear regression, as is time-to-event analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method. Finally, the chapter discusses the statistical analysis used when comparing clinical measurements—the Bland and Altman method. Illustrative examples, relevant to the practice of anaesthesia, are used throughout and it is hoped that this will provide the reader with an outline of the methodologies employed and encourage further reading where necessary.
6

Wirba, Ebenezer Lemven, Fiennasah Annif' Akem, and Francis Menjo Baye. Scrutinizing the sticky floor/glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market in Cameroon: An unconditional quantile regression analysis. 13th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/947-1.

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Cameroon’s informal labour market largely harbours female workers, engaged mainly in low-productivity and low-paying jobs. We investigate the sticky floor and glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market as a whole and across its segments. We use the 2010 Cameroon labour market survey, employing the recentred influence function and blending the Oaxaca-Ransom and Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods. The resulting framework enables us to account for selectivity bias at the mean, resolve the index number problem of the standard decomposition, and examine earnings differentials across the unconditional earnings distribution. We find compelling evidence of a sticky floor phenomenon in the informal labour market manifested essentially among wage earners. Returns to experience mitigate the gender earnings gap at the mean, and 10th and 50th percentiles of the unconditional earnings distribution. Female workers have an unambiguous human-capital-based advantage over their male counterparts at the mean, lower tail, and median of the distribution.
7

Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Descriptive statistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0003.

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Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this chapter focus more on the topics of data displays and transformations, rather than the mean, median, and standard deviation, which are covered easily in a textbook and on homework assignments. Specific topics include: distributions and handedness scores; extrapolation of time series and world record times for the mile run; linear combinations and economic indexes; scatter plots and exam scores; and logarithmic transformations and metabolic rates.
8

Petchey, Owen L., Andrew P. Beckerman, Natalie Cooper, and Dylan Z. Childs. Insights from Data with R. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849810.001.0001.

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Knowledge of how to get useful information from data is essential in the life and environmental sciences. This book provides learners with knowledge, experience, and confidence about how to efficiently and reliably discover useful information from data. The content is developed from first- and second-year undergraduate-level courses taught by the authors. It charts the journey from question, to raw data, to clean and tidy data, to visualizations that provide insights. This journey is presented as a repeatable workflow fit for use with many types of question, study, and data. Readers discover how to use R and RStudio, and learn key concepts for drawing appropriate conclusions from patterns in data. The book focuses on providing learners with a solid foundation of skills for working with data, and for getting useful information from data summaries and visualizations. It focuses on the strength of patterns (i.e. effect sizes) and their meaning (e.g. correlation or causation). It purposefully stays away from statistical tests and p-values. Concepts covered include distribution, sample, population, mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, correlation, interactions, and non-independence. The journey from data to insight is illustrated by one workflow demonstration in the book, and three online. Each involves data collected in a real study. Readers can follow along by downloading the data, and learning from the descriptions of each step in the journey from the raw data to visualizations that show the answers to the questions posed in the original studies.
9

Auerbach, Charles, and Wendy Zeitlin. SSD for R. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582756.001.0001.

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Single-subject research designs have been used to build evidence to the effective treatment of problems across various disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, allied health fields, juvenile justice, and special education. This book serves as a guide for those desiring to conduct single-subject data analysis. The aim of this text is to introduce readers to the various functions available in SSD for R, a new, free, and innovative software package written in R, the robust open-source statistical programming language written by the book’s authors. SSD for R has the most comprehensive functionality specifically designed for the analysis of single-subject research data currently available. SSD for R has numerous graphing and charting functions to conduct robust visual analysis. Besides the ability to create simple line graphs, features are available to add mean, median, and standard deviation lines across phases to help better visualize change over time. Graphs can be annotated with text. SSD for R contains a wide variety of functions to conduct statistical analyses traditionally conducted with single-subject data. These include numerous descriptive statistics and effect size functions and tests of statistical significance, such as t tests, chi-squares, and the conservative dual criteria. Finally, SSD for R has the capability of analyzing group-level data. Readers are led step by step through the analytical process based on the characteristics of their data. Numerous examples and illustrations are provided to help readers understand the wide range of functions available in SSD for R and their application to data analysis and interpretation.

Частини книг з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Jiang, Xiaoyi, and Horst Bunke. "Weighed Mean Generalized Median of Strings." In Pattern Recognition and String Matching, 295–314. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0231-5_12.

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2

Bonamente, Massimiliano. "Mean, Median, and Average Values of Variables." In Statistics and Analysis of Scientific Data, 107–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6572-4_6.

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3

Landtblom, Karin Kihlblom. "Prospective Teachers’ Conceptions of the Concepts Mean, Median and Mode." In Students' and Teachers' Values, Attitudes, Feelings and Beliefs in Mathematics Classrooms, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70244-5_5.

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Ferguson, Daniel, and François G. Meyer. "On the Number of Edges of the Fréchet Mean and Median Graphs." In Network Science, 26–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97240-0_3.

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Hellwig, Marcus. "Approximation to the Location Parameters Modal, Mean, Median; Introduction of the Sine Derivative." In Equibalancedistribution (Eqbl) in the analysis of earthquake data, 67–70. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29859-3_7.

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Bird, John. "Revision Test 13: Presentation of statistical data, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and probability." In Basic Engineering Mathematics, 369. 7th ed. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315561776-51.

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Bird, John. "Revision Test 10 Presentation of statistical data, mean, median, mode, standard deviation and probability." In Engineering Mathematics, 409. 8th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315561851-58.

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Kreinovich, Vladik, Hung T. Nguyen, and Rujira Ouncharoen. "From Mean and Median Income to the Most Adequate Way of Taking Inequality into Account." In Econometrics of Risk, 63–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13449-9_5.

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Thongpanja, Sirinee, Angkoon Phinyomark, Chusak Limsakul, and Pomchai Phukpattaranont. "Application of Mean and Median Frequency Methods for Identification of Human Joint Angles Using EMG Signal." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 689–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46578-3_81.

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Srikanth, Rangu, Koppisetti Lakshmi Sowmya, Sika Anjana, Gajarajula Vamshi, and Annem Ram Mohan Reddy. "Improved Image Enhancement of Natural Images with Median Mean-Based Sub-Image Clipped Histogram Equalization." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 873–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5301-8_61.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Jain, Brijnesh, and Klaus Obermayer. "Consistent Estimator of Median and Mean Graph." In 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2010.258.

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Gusi-Amigo, Adria, Pau Ciosas, and Luc Vandendorpe. "Mean square error performance of sample mean and sample median estimators." In 2016 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2016.7551739.

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Jacobbe, Tim. "Elementary school teachers’ understanding of the mean and median." In Joint ICMI/IASE Study: Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.08311.

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This paper presents results from a case study that explored elementary school teachers’ understanding of essential topics in statistics. Teachers’ understanding of the mean and median is presented in light of the suggestions by the GAISE document at Level A. It is important to consider where inservice teachers’ understanding currently lies as we explore issues related to improving the sophistication of teaching and learning statistics in elementary schools.
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Wang, Demin, Joseph Ronsin, and Veronique Haese-Coat. "Compared performances of morphological, median type, and running mean filters." In Applications in Optical Science and Engineering, edited by Petros Maragos. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.131456.

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Mokti, Mohammad Nordin, and Rosalina Abdul Salam. "Hybrid of Mean-shift and median-cut algorithm for fish segmentation." In 2008 International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iced.2008.4786645.

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Deshpande, Suyog D., Meng H. Er, Ronda Venkateswarlu, and Philip Chan. "Max-mean and max-median filters for detection of small targets." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Oliver E. Drummond. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.364049.

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Sharma, Shachi, and Pranay Yadav. "Removal of fixed valued impulse noise by improved Trimmed Mean Median filter." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2014.7238368.

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Cahyadi, B. N., Wan Khairunizam, M. Nor Muhammad, I. Zunaidi, S. H. Majid, M. N. Rudzuan, S. A. Bakar, Z. M. Razlan, and W. A. Mustafa. "Analysis of EMG based Arm Movement Sequence using Mean and Median Frequency." In 2018 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eecsi.2018.8752777.

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Donghui Li. "On asymptotic properties for the median point of Cauchy Mean-value Theorem." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6002502.

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Koyuncu, Nursel. "Improved ratio estimation of population mean under median and neoteric ranked set sampling." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4992297.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Median-Of-Mean":

1

Garciga, Christian L., Randal J. Verbrugge, and Saeed Zaman. The Effect of Component Disaggregation on Measures of the Median and Trimmed-Mean CPI. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202402.

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For decades, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (FRBC) has produced median and trimmed-mean consumer price index (CPI) measures. These have proven useful in various contexts, such as forecasting and understanding post-COVID inflation dynamics. Revisions to the FRBC methodology have historically involved increasing the level of disaggregation in the CPI components, which has improved accuracy. Thus, it may seem logical that further disaggregation would continue to enhance its accuracy. However, we theoretically demonstrate that this may not necessarily be the case. We then explore the empirical impact of further disaggregation along two dimensions: shelter and non-shelter components. We find that significantly increasing the disaggregation in the shelter indexes, when combined with only a slight increase in non-shelter disaggregation, improves the ability of the median and trimmed-mean CPI to track the medium-term trend in CPI inflation and marginally increases predictive power over future movements in CPI inflation. Finally, we examine the practical implications of our preferred degree of disaggregation. Our preferred measure of the median CPI suggests that trend inflation was lower pre-pandemic, while both our preferred median and trimmed-mean measures suggest a faster acceleration in trend inflation in 2021. We also find that higher disaggregation marginally weakens the Phillips curve relationship between median CPI inflation and the unemployment gap, though it remains statistically significant.
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Anderson, Andrew, and Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-006.

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This report presents a statistical analysis of the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. The 3.7-million-record RSL database is compared with four independent studies of inorganic soil constituents of naturally occurring soils in Illinois. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this study: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications. The RSL database at a 95% confidence level is compared with current and proposed thresholds for defining naturally occurring soil concentrations for the selected analytes. The revised thresholds proposed by Cahill in 2017 are predominantly larger than the current standards found in the Tiered Approach to Corrective Action Objectives rules and are in better agreement with observed distributions of soil concentrations for both naturally occurring and RSL soils. A notable exception is antimony (Sb), for which Cahill proposed a reduced threshold similar in magnitude to the median for many Illinois Department of Transportation districts.
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Anderson, Andrew, and Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois: Appendices. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-007.

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This report presents detailed histograms of data from the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). RSL data are provided for state and IDOT region, IDOT district, and county spatial subsets to examine the spatial variability and its relationship to thresholds defining natural background concentrations. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way (ROW) subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this report: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications.
4

Kim, Joseph, and Patricia McCarthy. Evaluation of Sustainability Determinants to Develop a Sustainability Rating System for California Infrastructure Construction Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2142.

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This study evaluates the important sustainability determinants that affect factors’ success in meeting their sustainability goals when conducting infrastructure construction projects in California. The study implemented the online survey method to evaluate the sustainability characteristics that infrastructure industry professionals currently are aware of under the current situation in California. A data set of 25 validated survey responses is used for statistical data analysis using analysis of variables, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and two sample t-tests. The analysis results showed that the median response values for the six major sustainability categories do not show any significant difference. The results also showed that no statistically significant difference in the mean response values can be found from the six major sustainability categories considered. Based on the pairwise comparison results, only the other category showed a difference with water- and energy-related categories. However, mean ranks among the factors under each category are useful in prioritizing the importance of the factors considered, which will be useful for the successful implementation of sustainability in infrastructure construction projects in California. These results are meaningful for legislators and transportation agencies because they provide insights about the sustainability criteria relevant to infrastructure construction projects for better informed decisions about how to meet the projects’ sustainability goals.
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Peterson, Brian, J. Beeco, Sharolyn Anderson, and Damon Joyce. Exploring spatial patterns of overflights at Mount Rushmore National Memorial. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293663.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the spatial patterns of overflights at Mount Rushmore National Memorial (Mount Rushmore). Overflights were analyzed from August 15th, 2020 to May 15th, 2021 using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and radar data from L3Harris. The first phase of analysis focused on all overflights and found a high concentration of overflights fly above Mount Rushmore. The second phase of analysis focused on low-level overflights that fly below 9,000ft mean sea level (MSL), which showed that many low-level overflights fly in a ring-shaped pattern around Mount Rushmore. The third phase of analysis removed all overflights known to not be air tours. Point density analysis was conducted using waypoints segmented into 500ft above ground level (AGL) altitude intervals, which showed that the density of overflights varied by altitude interval and the 1,000-1,500ft AGL range had the highest density of overflights around and above Mount Rushmore. This altitude interval also had the highest number of waypoints. It was also determined that the aircraft owners who fly the most helicopter routes fly at mean and median altitudes less than 1,600ft AGL. This information can be used for planning and management purposes and this study serves as a resource for future research that intends to use more advanced analytics.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...
7

Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.
8

Rine, Kristin, Roger Christopherson, and Jason Ransom. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293127.

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Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...
9

Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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The space between: Analysis of gender and ethnicity pay gaps in UK-based organisations active in global health. Global Health 50/50, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/zhpp4836.

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Inequalities in opportunities, power and privilege are evident in our working lives. Historical structures shape opportunities in the career pipelines of different groups of people, including access to education, recruitment and promotion, occupational segregation and the so-called ‘motherhood penalty’. Often these dynamics result in certain groups, particularly men and traditionally privileged ethnic groups, occupying higher status and better paid positions, than other groups – resulting in what are called ‘pay gaps’. Increasing transparency on pay gaps helps to ensure that employers are being fair in providing equitable (fair) opportunities and reducing inequalities across the workforce it also holds them accountable for closing the gap. In the UK, reporting the gender pay gap has been mandatory since 2017 for organisations with more than 250 employees. The law has driven an unprecedented level of transparency on the gender pay gap in the UK and provided valuable information to employers and employees on inequality inside their organisations. To date, however, reporting the ethnicity pay gap remains voluntary. Global Health 50/50 (GH5050) tracks and publicises the policies and practices of nearly 200 organisations active in global health for their commitments to gender equality. This Report takes a deep dive into the reporting of gender and ethnicity pay gap data of 43 organisations in the GH5050 sample which have a presence in the UK. This Report focuses specifically on UK-based organisations given the general lack of pay gap reporting worldwide. The Report finds that, between 2017 and 2022, some progress was made in closing the gap – from 12.7% to 10.9% for median pay gap, and from 14.3% to 10.8% for mean pay gap. A quarter of organisations, however, saw an increase in their gender pay gap by a median 3.6 percentage points. In the absence of mandatory reporting, we found that only 13 organisations voluntarily reported their ethnicity pay gaps in 2022, mostly reporting binary gaps between white and ethnic minority employees. While binary reporting in isolation is generally not recommended, it may be needed to protect salary information of ethnic minority employees when numbers of employees are small. Among this (limited) data, we found a median gap of 3.7% and a mean gap of 6.9% favouring white employees. This Report finds that there has been some positive change since mandatory gender pay gap reporting was introduced in 2017. Yet slow and uneven progress indicates a clear need for continued advocacy to ensure pay gap transparency and to close the gender pay gap. This advocacy should include the expansion of mandatory pay gap reporting to include ethnicity; and for very large organisations, an intersectional approach to the data (combining gender and ethnicity, for example) will provide even more nuance and understanding of where action is needed. Even in the absence of legislative requirements, employers in global health, which are often working to advance social justice and gender equality, should act as models for career equality including by publicly reporting pay gap data. This data can inform target-setting and the development of policies to reduce the gap, such as including multiple women in shortlists for recruitment and promotion, and transparency in pay negotiations. Closing the unjust space between women’s and men’s pay is an urgent priority and would ensure that women are equally and fairly paid for their contributions to organisations and to society. Increasing transparency of the pay gaps will rely on more countries passing legislation, as a critical component of comprehensive frameworks for diversity, inclusion and equality in the workplace.

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