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1
Salander, Pär. "Qualities in the short life : psychological studies relevant to patient and spouse in malignant glioma." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Onkologi, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis deals with psychological issues concerning patients with malignant gliomas, and their spouses. There is no known medical cure, and the patients have a limited survival expectancy. Therefore studies evaluating new treatment modes, an overall supportive atmosphere, and attempts to avoid imposing unnessesary strain are necessary. Thirty consecutive patients with astrocytomas, grade III-IV, were included in a clinical trial with estramustine phosphate in addition to conventional treatment with surgery and radiotherapy. Both the patients and their spouses participated in the present study which aimed at a deeper understanding of the psychological processes relevant to their situation. By means of repeated thematically structured interviews, patients and spouses were followed separately during the entire course of the disease process. In addition to these interviews, all patients were assessed with a mini-mental examination, and five-month survivors were tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Questionnaires on reaction to the diagnosis and assessing psychosocial well-being were also administered to the patients. The interviews were analysed with grounded theory methodology and the findings were juxtaposed to concepts in psychoanalysis and coping theory. The main finding was that the patients, despite or owing to their severe medical situations, showed a marked capacity to create protection and hope. By means of biased perception they created an 'illusion' that palliated their strain. This finding is related to object-relational psychoanalysis with obvious implications for the crucial discussion on telling bad news. Another finding was that the spouses displayed different crisis trajectories depending on the overall status of their partners. Different senses of the relationship were related to different modes of coping. Especially spouses to patients with personality changes were put under severe strain and ought to be acknowledged by medical staff. Patients with no obvious deficits five months after termination of primary treatment nevertheless evidenced, at neuropsychological testing, a pronounced deficiancy in long-term memory, but no clear impairment in global intellectual capacities. Estramustine phosphate was found to have a negative impact on sexuality and might be one causative agent behind the decline in long-term memory, but these adversive effects did not seem to affect psychosocial well-being. The selective reminding technique proved to be sensitive in detecting deficits and is recommended in future clinical trials affecting the CNS.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996, härtill 5 uppsatser.
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2
Fairweather, Angela. "The moderating role of meaning and defense mechanisms in the association between child sexual abuse and romantic relationship dysfunction." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002495.
Повний текст джерела
3
Bassols, Ana Margareth Siqueira. "Estresse, ansiedade, depressão, mecanismos de defesa e coping dos estudantes no início e no término do curso de medicina na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A presente tese aborda o tema da saúde mental do Estudante de Medicina da UFRGS, em dois momentos chave, a entrada no curso (1º ano) e a saída (6º ano), usando metodologia transversal. Um dos seus objetivos foi comparar os níveis e prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão na entrada e saída do curso médico. No primeiro estudo, um total de 232 alunos (110 do primeiro ano, 122 do sexto ano) completou o questionário, com taxa de resposta de 73,8% no primeiro e de 62,6%, no sexto ano. Na amostra, 50,4% dos entrevistados eram do sexo masculino (56,4% do primeiro ano e 45,1% dos alunos do sexto ano). Sintomas de ansiedade foram relatados por 30,8% dos alunos do primeiro ano e de 9,4% dos alunos do sexto ano (p < 0,001). Estudantes do sexo feminino foram mais afetadas pela ansiedade do que os estudantes do sexo masculino. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação aos sintomas depressivos, com escores médios de 8,02 ± 6,14 e 6,62 ± 5,23 pontos na escala BDI em respondentes do primeiro e sexto ano, respectivamente. Nenhum dos sujeitos da amostra exibiu um nível grave de sintomas depressivos. O modelo final de regressão demonstrou associação entre sintomas depressivos e tabagismo (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1,30-7,51) e entre os sintomas depressivos e insatisfação com o curso (RR 4.32, 95% CI 2,34-7,97). Evidenciou-se a presença de maior ansiedade no início do curso, o que sugere a necessidade de serem desenvolvidas estratégias de cuidado nesse momento critico, de forma a auxiliá-los a lidar com a ansiedade. O achado de maior prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade nas mulheres da amostra deve ser levado em conta em futuras abordagens e intervenções preventivas neste grupo. O segundo artigo, avaliando estresse e coping, demonstrou alta prevalência de sintomas de estresse, que foram significativamente maiores nos alunos do primeiro ano do que no grupo do sexto ano (49,1% x 33,6%; p = 0,018). No modelo multivariado as seguintes variáveis foram significativamente associadas com o stress na amostra: ano do curso (1º ano > 6º ano), renda familiar (renda mais baixa > renda mais alta), a satisfação com o curso (insatisfeito > satisfeito) e o uso de fuga-esquiva como estratégia de coping (associação positiva). Assim como ocorre em relação a sintomas de ansiedade, é necessário auxiliar os alunos que estão iniciando o curso médico a contarem com ajuda psicológica para lidar com situações de estresse associadas a este período de forma mais madura do que a encontrada. Por fim, o terceiro artigo, visando avaliar a associação entre níveis de ansiedade e intensidade de uso de mecanismos de defesa nos alunos, relata que as analises multivariadas mostraram que mecanismos de defesa neuróticos e imaturos estavam associados à presença de ansiedade (p < 0,001). Os dados encontrados no estudo apontam que alunos do curso médico que apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade utilizaram significativamente mais mecanismos de defesa neuróticos e imaturos do que os que não tinham esses sintomas. A autora da presente tese não considera a possibilidade de que a educação médica ocorra sem estresse, pois alguma pressão pode incentivar a produtividade e o aprendizado. Entretanto, seu excesso pode prejudicá-lo. Os programas de graduação médica devem ser examinados de forma crítica para avaliar possibilidades de garantir que o estresse se mantenha num nível manejável. Assim, planos de prevenção, atenção e estratégias de apoio psicológico a este grupo devem ser desenvolvidos em nosso meio, com o objetivo de educar e profissionalizar jovens que escolheram dedicar suas vidas a uma área tão desafiante.The present thesis broaches the subject of mental health of the Medical Student of the UFRGS, at two key moments, at the beginning of the course (1st year) and when finishing (6th year), using cross-sectional methodology. One of its aims was to compare the prevalence levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms when entering and leaving the medical course. In the first study, a total of 232 pupils (110 of the first year and 122 of the sixth year) filled in a questionnaire, with a response rate of 73.8% in the first year and 62.6% in the sixth. In the sample, 50.4% of those interviewed belonged to the male gender (56.4% in the first year and 45.1% of the sixth year students). Anxiety symptoms were reported by 30.8% of first year students and 9.4% of sixth graders (p < 0.001). Female students were more affected by anxiety than male students. There was no significant difference between groups regarding depressive symptoms, with mean scores of 8.02 ± 6.14 and 6.62 ± 5.23 points in the BDI scale in participants of the first and sixth years respectively. None of the subjects in the sample showed serious levels of depressive symptoms. The final regression model demonstrated an association between depressive symptoms and smoking (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.30 - 7.51) and between depressive symptoms and dissatisfaction with the course RR 4.32, 95% CI 2.34 - 7.97). The presence of increased anxiety at the beginning of the course was evident, which suggests the need to develop care strategies for that critical moment, to help them deal with anxiety. The finding of a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms in the female population of the sample must be taken into account in future approaches as well as preventive interventions in this group. The second article, assessing stress and coping, demonstrated a high prevalence of stress symptoms, that were significantly higher in the first year students than in those of the sixth year group (49.1% x 33.6%; p = 0.018). In the multivariate model, the following variables were significantly associated with stress in the sample: year of the course (1st year > 6th year), family income (lower income > higher income), level of satisfaction with the course (unsatisfied > satisfied) and the use of avoidance/escape as a coping strategy (positive association). As it happens in relation to anxiety symptoms, it is necessary to aid students who are beginning the medical course, to be able to count with psychological help to deal with stressful situations, associated with this period, in a more mature way than what was found. Finally, in a third article, aiming to assess the association between levels of anxiety and the intensity of use of defense mechanisms in students, the multivariate analysis showed that neurotic and immature defense mechanisms were associated with the presence of anxiety (p < 0.001). The data found in this study indicate that medical students who showed symptoms of anxiety used more neurotic or immature defense mechanisms that those students who did not present these symptoms. The data found in the study indicate the beginning of the medical course as critical for the expression of anxiety symptoms, as compared to the ending point of the course. Defense mechanisms against anxiety still show themselves as immature at this time. The author of the present thesis does not consider the possibility that medical education might take place without stress, since some pressure can encourage productivity and learning. However, too much can detract from them. Undergraduate medical programs should be examined critically to assess possibilities to ensure that stress is maintained at a manageable level. Prevention programs, attention care and psychological support strategies for this group should be developed among us, aiming to educate and professionalize young people who have chosen to devote their lives to such a challenging area of learning.
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Sokolovsky, Aline Roche. "Avaliação dos mecanismos de defesa na entrevista lúdica diagnóstica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/183137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar como que psicólogos de Orientação Psicanalítica realizam a avaliação dos Mecanismos de Defesas de crianças durante a Entrevista Lúdica Diagnóstica. Foram conduzidos dois momentos de entrevistas, sendo que o primeiro caracterizou-se por uma entrevista semiestruturada sobre a técnica de Entrevista Lúdica Diagnóstica e sobre os mecanismos de defesas com 19 psicólogas. No segundo momento, foi realizada a apresentação de um vídeo – caso clínico – de uma sessão de Entrevista Lúdica Diagnóstica para duas psicólogas, que deveriam identificar momentos de uso de mecanismos de defesa. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi analisado de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (2011). Os resultados indicaram que as participantes, possuem em média 27,15 anos de formadas, sendo que 100% possuíam curso de especialização em Psicologia, 78,94% mestrado, 21% doutorado e 42,10% possuíam Formação Psicanalítica. Os autores/teóricos que embasam a atuação dessas profissionais mais citados foram: Melanie Klein, Donald W. Winnicott, Arminda Aberastury, Sigmund Freud, Antonino Ferro e Wilfred Bion. A análise de conteúdo das falas das entrevistadas apontou para sete categorias, a saber, “Influência do Tripé Psicanalítico na Avaliação dos Mecanismos de Defesa”, “Expressão e Identificação dos Mecanismos de Defesa na Prática Clínica”, “Uso da Entrevista Lúdica Diagnóstica para Avaliar os Mecanismos de Defesa”, “Dificuldades de Explicar o Modo de Avaliação dos Mecanismos de Defesa”, “Forma Como os Pacientes Lidam com os Mecanismos de Defesa”, “Adequação dos Mecanismos de Defesa à Faixa Etária e Sexo” e “Materiais Utilizados na Avaliação dos Mecanismos de Defesa”. Algumas refletem a dificuldade das participantes em expressar de forma didática o surgimento dos mecanismos de defesas na entrevista com crianças ou, até mesmo, de saber identificar os mecanismos de defesas que são fundamentais para estabelecer o funcionamento de crianças durante as sessões. Outras ressaltam a importância de conhecer profundamente as etapas do desenvolvimento infantil para poder identificar e analisar a pertinência dos mecanismos de defesas que se fizeram presentes. Os achados nessa pesquisa vão ao encontro da teoria de autores clássicos e contemporâneos, no entanto, a escassez de estudos ficou evidente, ainda mais quando relacionado com a importância dos mecanismos de defesas na vida infantil e sua expressão no brincar durante a Entrevista Lúdica Diagnóstica.The present study aimed to investigate how Psychoanalytic psychologists investigate the mechanisms Defenses in children during a Diagnostic interview. We conducted two stages of interviews, the first of which was characterized by a interview about the technique of Diagnostic interview and the mechanisms defense with 19 psychologists. In the second, there was the presentation of a tape - case study - a session Diagnostic interview for two psychologists, who should identify times of use of defense mechanisms. The content of the interviews was analyzed according to the technique of content analysis of Bardin (2011). The results indicated that the participants have an average of 27.15 years of formed, and 100 % had specialization course in Psychology, 78.94 % master's degree, 21 % doctorate and 42.10 % had Psychoanalytic Training. The authors / theorists that support the work of these professionals most frequently cited were: Melanie Klein, Donald W. Winnicott, Arminda Aberastury, Sigmund Freud, Antonino Ferro and Wilfred Bion. The content analysis of the interviews carried out pointed to seven categories , namely , "Influence of the Psychoanalytic Tripod rating Defense Mechanisms" , "Expression and Identification of the Mechanisms of Defense Clinical Practice", "Use of Diagnostic Interview for Assessing Ludic Mechanisms of Defense", "Difficulties in Explaining Mode Evaluation of Defense Mechanisms", "Shape How Patients Cope with the Defense Mechanisms", "Adaptation of Defense Mechanisms for Age Group and Gender" and "Materials Used in assessment of Defense Mechanisms". Some of the participants reflect the difficulty in expressing didactically the emergence of defense mechanisms in the interview with children or even to know identify defense mechanisms that are fundamental to establish the functioning of children during the sessions. Others emphasize the importance of knowing deeply the stages of child development in order to identify and examine the relevance of defense mechanisms that were present. The findings in this research are in the theory of classical and contemporary authors, however, the scarcity of studies was evident, especially when considering the importance of defense mechanisms in early life and its expression in play during Diagnostic Interview.
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Barros, Alcina Juliana Soares. "Associações entre reações contratransferenciais desencadeadas por agressores sexuais, mecanismos de defesa e trauma vicário em psiquiatras e psicólogos forenses." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179706.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A avaliação de criminosos sexuais por psiquiatras e psicólogos forenses consiste em atividade específica que envolve desafios intelectuais e emocionais aos peritos. Esses profissionais trabalham diretamente com indivíduos que cometeram atos graves, que violaram o corpo e as emoções de suas vítimas, de modo profundo, estando expostos ao risco de trauma vicário, um subtipo de trauma psicológico indireto. Pouco se sabe, entretanto, sobre as repercussões desse tipo de avaliação na vida pessoal e profissional dos peritos. Assim, a tese aqui apresentada tem o objetivo de examinar as associações entre sentimentos contratransferenciais desencadeados por criminosos sexuais, mecanismos de defesa e manifestações do trauma vicário em psiquiatras e psicólogos forenses. A primeira etapa desse trabalho consistiu na revisão da literatura acerca de contratransferência e sua expressão no setting pericial, mecanismos de defesa e trauma vicário, tendo sido realizado um estudo exploratório com peritos psiquiatras. Ao se verificar que a versão brasileira da escala de avaliação de trauma vicário - a Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) – ainda não se encontrava disponível, um estudo foi realizado para sua tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação aparente. Em seguida, o estudo principal, com delineamento transversal e utilizando métodos mistos, foi conduzido com 56 psiquiatras e psicólogos forenses brasileiros, entre outubro de 2016 e maio de 2017. Reações contratransferenciais, mecanismos de defesa e trauma vicário foram avaliados usando a Escala de Avaliação de Contratransferência (ACS), o Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) e a TABS, respectivamente. A grounded theory (GT) foi utilizada na análise qualitativa, através de um questionário auto-aplicado, a fim de compreender a influência da avaliação de agressores sexuais na vida profissional e pessoal dos peritos. Correlações positivas foram identificadas entre sentimentos de indiferença e trauma vicário e entre mecanismos de defesa imaturos e trauma vicário. Essas correlações foram muitos fortes no subgrupo de peritos sem história de psicoterapia pessoal. A investigação qualitativa demonstrou que ocorreram mudanças na identidade profissional dos peritos, na visão de mundo e nas crenças relacionadas à segurança e confiança. Concluiu-se que estratégias específicas maladaptativas de enfrentamento, tais como sentimentos de indiferença e defesas imaturas, durante a avaliação de criminosos sexuais, estiveram associadas com manifestações de trauma vicário em psiquiatras e psicólogos forenses.The assessment of sex offenders by forensic psychiatrists and psychologists consists in a specific activity that involves intelectual and emotional challenges to experts. These professionals work directly with individuals who have committed serious acts that violated the body and emotions from their victms, in a profound way, being exposed to the risk of vicarious trauma (VT), a subtype of indirect psychological trauma. Little is known, however, about the implications of this type of assessment in personal and professional lives of experts. Thus, the thesis presented here aims to examine the associations between countertransference reactions aroused by sex offenders, defense mechanisms and manifestations of vicarious trauma in forensic psychiatrists and psychologists. The first step of this work consisted in a review of literature about countertransference and it’s expression in a forensic setting, defense mechanisms and vicarious trauma, and we have conducted an exploratory study with forensic psychiatrists. Since it was verified that a Brazilian version of the assessment scale of vicarious trauma - the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) - was not yet available, a study was performed for its translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation. Then, the main study, using a cross-sectional design and mixed methods, was conducted with 56 Brazilian forensic psychiatrists and psychologists, between October 2016 and May 2017. Countertransference reactions, defense mechanisms and vicarious trauma were assessed using the Assessment of Countertransference Scale (ACS), the Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ- 40) and the TABS, respectively. The grounded theory (GT) was used in qualitative analysis, by means of a self-report questionnaire, in order to understand the influence of the assessment of sexual aggressors in professional and personal life of experts. Positive correlations were found between feelings of indifference and vicarious trauma and between immature defense mechanisms and vicarious trauma. These correlations were very strong in a subgroup of experts without a history of personal psychotherapy. Qualitative data showed changes in the professionals’ identity, worldview and beliefs related to safety and trust. It was concluded that specific maladaptive coping strategies such as feelings of indifference and immature defenses during the assessment of sex offenders were associated with manifestations of vicarious trauma in forensic psychiatrists and psychologists.
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Burrells, C. "Studies on ovine pulmonary defence mechanisms." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355318.
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Ravenscroft, Harriet. "Defence mechanisms of dental pulp stem cells." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2018. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defence-mechanisms-of-dental-pulp-stem-cells(0e1880c7-13b4-4072-86c6-4b52a05d5175).html.
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Silva, Josenildo José da. "O papel da sublimação no estudo freudiano do fenômeno religioso: uma releitura." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2017. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O ser humano continua sendo a espécie diferenciada em meio a uma natureza tão vasta. Seu destaque lhe advém da sua capacidade de abstrair-se do dado imediato, de refletir sobre o mesmo e de lhe conferir significados. Esta sua posição, no entanto, não lhe coloca num lugar privilegiado de centralidade, ou ainda de primazia frente aos outros seres com os quais convive. Impõe-lhe, ao contrário, uma responsabilidade de cuidado sobre todo o cosmos. Por isso, ele está sempre buscando sentidos para o que lhe está em derredor. Entre os inúmeros caminhos trilhados pelo homem nesta busca de significação do mundo, tem sobressaído na contemporaneidade, como um elemento cada vez mais presente e atuante na vida das pessoas, a dimensão religiosa espiritual. Para além de todas as profecias de sua gradativa, mas inexorável, superação/eliminação da história humana e, também, contradizendo as muitas afirmativas feitas a seu respeito pelos vários processos de secularização, ela se encontra em nosso meio com nuances algumas vezes mais intensos e, em outros momentos, menos significativos. No entanto, sempre está presente. Nosso trabalho se apresenta como uma proposta de releitura psicanalítica deste fenômeno, a Religião, que ocupou na construção teórica de Sigmund Freud um lugar bastante significativo, revelando-se como uma realidade que lhe era verdadeiramente inquietante, o que se demonstra pelo número de suas aparições desde os seus primeiros construtos psicanalíticos até às vésperas de sua morte. Ainda que, declarando-se um ateu convicto, S. Freud sempre buscou uma compreensão mais acurada do fenômeno religioso e suas implicações na vida dos sujeitos humanos. Será possível à Religião constituir-se ao ser humano contemporâneo como um caminho sublimatório, em meio a tantos outros, que lhe auxilie na construção de sua subjetividade? O presente estudo foi realizado através de uma pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico dos principais textos de Sigmund Freud referentes à sublimação e ao fenômeno religioso, bem como de estudos realizados por importantes psicanalistas atuais e alguns sociólogos da religião. Nossa pesquisa pretendeu alcançar uma maior compreensão do conceito de sublimação na metapsicologia freudiana tendo em vista sua aplicação na releitura da experiência religiosa nos escritos de Sigmund Freud, superando, desta forma impasses entre as áreas da Psicanálise e da Religião e construindo, ao mesmo tempo, espaços de diálogo e mútuo enriquecimento entre os referidos campos de conhecimento do sujeito humano.The human being remains as the differentiated species among such a vast nature. Its distinction comes from its ability to abstract itself from the immediate data, to reflect about it and give it meanings. This position, however, does not place him in a privileged place of centrality, or even of primacy over other beings with whom he coexists. It imposes, on the contrary, a responsibility of care over the whole cosmos. Therefore, he is always searching for meanings to what is around him. Among the countless paths that men have gone through during this search for meaning of the world, nowadays there is an element that is getting more and more present and active on the daily lives of people: the religious spiritual dimension. In addition to all the prophecies of its gradual but inexorable overcoming/elimination from human history, and also contradicting the many affirmations made about it by the various processes of secularization, it finds itself in our midst with nuances sometimes more intense and, at other times, less significant. However, it is always present. Our work is presented as a proposal of psychoanalytic re-reading, based on the concept of sublimation, of the religious phenomenon, which occupied very significant place in the theoretical construction of Sigmund S. Freud, revealing itself as a reality that was truly disturbing to him, which is demonstrated by the number of appearances since his first psychoanalytic constructs until the eve of his death. Even declaring himself a "convicted atheist," Freud has always sought a more accurate understanding of the religious phenomenon and its implications in the lives of human subjects. Is it possible for Religion to constitute the contemporary human being as a sublimatory way, among so many others, to assist it in the construction of its subjectivity? The present study was carried out through a bibliographical research of Sigmund Freud's main texts referring to sublimation and religious phenomena, as well as studies carried out by important current psychoanalysts and some sociologists of religion. Our research aimed to reach a greater understanding of the concept of sublimation in Freudian metapsychology in view of its application in re-reading religious experience in Sigmund Freud's writings, thus overcoming impasses between the areas of Psychoanalysis and Religion and, at the same time, Spaces of dialogue and mutual enrichment between the mentioned fields of knowledge of the human subject.
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O'Donovan, Lisa Anne. "Mechanisms of defence against tannins by Streptococcus caprinus /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09NP/09anpo26.pdf.
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Crampton, Bridget Genevieve. "Elucidation of defence response mechanisms in pearl millet." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132008-143627.
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Stanley, P. "Host defence mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47263.
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Joshi, Nimisha. "Bactericidal mechanisms of nanoparticles and microbial defence strategies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufactured nanoparticles can be toxic to living organisms. This work aims to study the interaction of nanoparticles with bacteria as a model organism. The first objective was, to determine the mechanistic pathways of nanotoxicity with an emphasis on ions and oxidative stress as two key contributors and the second objective, was to investigate what mechanisms bacteria have developed as a strategy to protect themselves against nanotoxicity. The thesis further explores the role of environmental variables such as water chemistry, organic matter and other microorganisms, all of which can potentially change speciation of nanoparticles through their transformation into less toxic species. KEIO deletion mutants lacking genes encoding proteins which mediate resistance to oxidative stress and ionic toxicity were screened and found to be sensitive to both ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. A bioreporter to detect silver ions was constructed. This was found not to be induced by silver nanoparticles, yet showed reduced viability; this observation also indicates that besides ionic silver there are other toxicity pathways. E. coli strains capable of mediating resistance to oxidative stress by overexpression of certain proteins and bio reporters that could detect oxidative stress were constructed. The biosensor cells provide some but not too significant signals. Overexpression of proteins like superoxide dismutase and catalase reduces cell growth, hence, cell viability assays do not provide a realistic measure of protective impact, and thus this strategy is not suited to detect the nature of nanotoxicity. The protective role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was studied by developing an engineered strain of E. coli that overproduces the EPS colanic acid, and use of mutant strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti, a free-living N2 fixing bacterium. Nanoparticle exposure studies reveal that overproduction of EPS mitigates silver nanotoxicity. EPS encapsulates the cells and leads to aggregation of nanoparticles, as shown by microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Furthermore, addition of xanthan, an EPS analogue also produces a similar effect. Lastly, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of microcosms amended with silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles show rapid transformation of nanoparticles into corresponding oxides and sulphides. The microcosms show a significant presence of dissimilatory sulphate reducing bacteria (DSRB), and display only marginal change in bacterial community composition on exposure to nanoparticles. These findings suggest that nanomaterials will undergo changes in speciation dependent on the sediment chemistry and the metabolic activities of bacteria in the environment. This process will influence the impact of nanoparticles and the outcomes could be quite different from controlled in vitro exposure studies.
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Ormrod, Douglas James. "Modulation of non-specific cellular defence mechanisms by cyclosporin A." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The immune response modifier Cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used in the management of organ graft rejection and in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. CsA is a potent suppressor of T-lymphocyte function and it’s biological effects have been defined almost exclusively in these terms. However, recent studies in which the agent was shown to exacerbate a T-lymphocyte independent, experimentally induced bacterial infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis), indicated that CsA had effects on host defence mechanisms other than T-lymphocytes. The present study, using animal models, was undertaken to identify the host defence component modified by CsA. Neutrophils are a key component in the early response to infection and the administration of CsA resulted in an increase in the number of these cells in the circulation. When the effect of CsA on the in vitro metabolic activity of neutrophils and their ability to kill microorganisms was investigated, no changes were observed, but the in vivo ability of neutrophils to emigrate from the vasculature to a sterile inflammatory foci was markedly impaired. A model of localised subcutaneous infection was used to determine the effect of this CsA-associated suppression of neutrophil emigration on the ability of the host to mount a response to an infectious challenge. In CsA treated animals, neutrophil accumulation in E. coli infected, subcutaneously implanted sponges was initially suppressed, allowing bacterial numbers to increase rapidly. By 48 hours this powerful bacterial stimulus overrode the suppressive effects of CsA and led to a substantial increase in the size of the neutrophilic infiltrate. This finding of an initially reduced inflammatory response, followed by an increase in the influx of inflammatory cells, provided a possible explanation for the earlier observation that CsA promoted infection and tissue damage in experimental pyelonephritis. The relationship between the effect of CsA on neutrophil emigration and the pathogenesis of experimental pyelonephritis was therefore investigated. When CsA was administered to animals prior to inducing pyelonephritis, the neutrophilic infiltrate was markedly suppressed in the early stages. As predicted, this led to a logarithmic increase in bacterial numbers, the infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils and, ultimately, an exacerbation of tissue damage. Further studies, examining the effects of CsA on neutrophil-mediated inflammatory mechanisms, identified impaired neutrophil-to-endothelial cell adhesion as the most likely explanation for the observed defect in host defences. The integrated nature of cellular defence mechanisms in infectious disease is highlighted by these investigations. when microorganisms invade tissue, even though the number and function of circulating leucocytes may be normal their effective participation in the host response to infection depends on the ability to emigrate from the blood vessels to the site of infection. In summary, the discovery of additional properties of CsA provide an explanation for the patterns of infectious disease in patients treated with CsA, in whom infection with extracellular pathogens is common. It also seems likely that the ability of CsA to suppress neutrophil emigration may contribute to the effectiveness of the agent in the management of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis and psoriasis.
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Pipe, R. K. "Haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis : aspects of defence mechanisms." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638536.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The blood cells of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis have been characterized using a range of criteria including, electron microscopy, lectin-affinity and enzyme localization. Three distinct sub-populations of haemocyte have been identified; these can be characterized on the basis of ultrastructural morphology as small agranular cells, granular cells containing small granules and granular cells containing large granules. Lectin-binding studies have shown the small granules of the granular cells to be positive for Helix pomatia lectin (HPA) indicating the presence of N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyl residues within the granules. The larger granules were not positive for HPA but did bind wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) which has an affinity for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl residues and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine oligomers. Furthermore the WGA-positive granules demonstrated a differential pattern of binding according to granule size, so that peripheral labelling was observed for granules of around 0.5 μm diameter whereas labelling occurred throughout the matrix for granules over 1 μm diameter. The lectin binding studies also demonstrated binding of both HPA and WGA as well as Tetragonolobus purpureas lectin( TPA) to the plasma membrane of a number of haemocytes; however the results did not demonstrate any correlation between surface lectin binding and cell type, as defined by the ultrastructural morphology. A range of hydrolytic enzymes was localized in association with the large granules of the granular cells, these included arylsulphatase, β-glucuronidase, elastase, lysozyme and cathepsin B, indicating that these granules constitute a form of lysosome. The small granules contained protease enzymes and in particular cathepsin G antibodies showed a high affinity for these granules.
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Lee, Min-Hi. "Induction and regulation of antiviral defence mechanisms through intracytoplasmic sensors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Das Wechselspiel zwischen Viren und ihren Wirtszellen beginnt meist an pattern recognition-Rezeptoren (PRRs), die für die Erkennung unterschiedlichster Pathogene anhand bestimmter Strukturen, sogenannten pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), zuständig sind. Nach Detektion lösen die PRRs über verschiedene Signalkaskaden eine antivirale Antwort aus, die zur Expression antiviraler Gene führt. RIG-I und MDA5 sind zytoplasmatisch lokalisierte PRRs und erkennen RNA-Strukturen, die insbesondere während der viralen Replikation und Transkription verfügbar sind. Hantaviren sind humanpathogene RNA-Viren mit einem einzelsträngigen, segmentierten Genom. Die Konsequenzen hantaviraler Infektionen auf molekularer Ebene wurden bereits detailliert untersucht, aber die Mechanismen, die zur Induktion der Immunantwort führen, wie auch mögliche Immunevasionsstrategien, die wahrscheinlich in Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenität des jeweiligen Hantavirusstamms variieren, konnten bisher nicht identifiziert werden. Da Hantaviren im Cytoplasma ihrer Wirtszellen replizieren, stellen RIG-I und MDA5 potentielle Detektoren dar. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Bedeutung von RIG-I und MDA5 für die Erkennung von Hantavirus-Infektionen untersucht. Wachstumskinetiken zeigten, daß RIG-I die Replikation von pathogenen wie auch apathogenen Hantaviren beeinträchtigt. Außerdem konnte die RNA hantaviraler Nukleocapsid- (N-) ORFs als eine virale Komponente identifiziert werden, die Typ I Interferon über RIG-I induziert. Das Ausmaß der Interferon-Aktivierung korrelierte hierbei tendenziell mit dem Virulenzgrad der Virusstämme und war für die nicht-pathogenen Hantaviren nicht nachweisbar. Unterschiede in der Aktivierungsstärke können anhand vorläufiger Daten wahrscheinlich auf noch nicht identifizierte Motive zurückgeführt werden, die am 3’-Ende der N ORFs liegen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde keine Interferon-Aktivierung durch hantavirale Komponenten über MDA5 festgestellt.Host-virus interaction is usually initated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are responsible for the recognition of various pathogens based on so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon detection, PRRs trigger an antiviral immune response through different signalling cascades that lead to the expression of antiviral genes including interferon genes. RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmically localised PRRs and recognise RNA patterns that are particularly available during viral replication and transcription. Hantaviruses are RNA viruses with single-stranded segmented genomes. The consequences of hantaviral infections have been analysed in detail, but the mechanisms that lead to the induction of the innate immune response as well as immune evasion strategies depending on the pathogenicity of the respective hantavirus strains have not been identified yet. Since hantaviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of their host cells, RIG-I and MDA5 represent potential PRRs for hantaviral detection. This thesis investigates the impact of RIG-I and MDA5 on recognition of hantaviral infections. Growth kinetics show that RIG-I impairs the replication of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic hantaviruses. Furthermore, the RNA of hantaviral nucleocapsid protein (N) ORF could be identified as a viral component responsible for the induction of RIG-I signalling. It is shown that the degree of interferon promotor activation correlates with the virulence of the hantavirus strain from which the N ORF was derived. Based on preliminary data, differences in activation strength may be attributed to not yet identified motifs at the 3’ end of the ORF. In contrast, no interferon activation through MDA5 could be observed.
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Adams, Nicolette. "Investigation of defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-86).Disease resistance in plants has been extensively studied for the past century with many new and exciting results being discovered each year. A plant utilises both preformed and induced defence responses to resist pathogen attack but researchers have focused on dissecting the induced defence response pathway. The complex signal transduction pathway underlying the establishment of resistance to a wide range of pathogen attack is currently being dissected using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. Arabidopsis mutants displaying altered disease resistance response to pathogen infections can help us to get a beUer understanding of the genetiC and molecular basis of the disease resistance pathway. Extensive research has shown that accumulation of 3 signalling molecules are vitally important for establishing a resistance response, as aberrant signalling or accumulation of salicylic acid , ethylene or jasmonic acid `leads to an altered resistance response. Researchers continue to isolate and characterise defence-related mutants to piece together the intricate puzzle of defence-signalling components. A dominant Arabidopsis mutant, constitutive induced resistance 3 (cir3), had been isolated from an ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenised transgenic line expressing luciferase under the control of the PR-1 promoter (PR-1
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Cowlin, Justin Lee. "Why do Things Fall Apart? : A Psychological Analysis of Okonkwo's Personality and his Ultimate Demise in Chinua Achebe's Novel Things Fall Apart." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are very few works not associated with the Western canon to have received as much attention as Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart (Ogbaa 1). However, contrary to the many post-colonial interpretations of this novel, this essay employs a psychoanalytical literary approach to discuss the cause of the protagonist’s eventual demise, based on the premise that human behaviour is driven by an unconscious process. Consequently, this essay argues that following the ego’s inability to repress the infantile demands of the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious self, ever more compulsive, repetitive and neurotic behaviours are displayed. Furthermore, this essay argues that Okonkwo’s relationship to his mother plays a significant role in explaining the tense relationship with his own father and sons. Subsequently, the protagonist’s self-confidence turns to pride and his masculinity develops into totalitarian rule leading to uncontrollable rage, Okonkwo’s world literally falls apart.
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Vallance, Lisa. "Aspects of defence : discourse of veterans, research regarding current UK forces and veterans and working around defence mechanisms." Thesis, City University London, 2012. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3022/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Veterans seeking psychological input for mental health issues, following service with the UK Armed Forces, report difficulties in relating to mental health practitioners, often causing them to disengage with therapy. A wealth of quantitative research including epidemiology studies and outcome reports is available for this client group as well as best practice of treating mental health issues including combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. More qualitative studies are being produced, both for this client group and their associated mental health issues. However, there appears to be a paucity of qualitative literature regarding the language of veterans and it is this, especially in terms of improving the psychologists’ understanding of this client group, which has inspired this research. Nine veterans were interviewed using a semi-structured schedule and the data was transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. Nineteen repertoires are described within five groups: Professional/Objective; Personal/Subjective; Exclusive: Mind-Body Connection: and Refutation. In addition, one discourse superstructure – Defence – is identified. Synthesis of the repertoires and superstructure takes place in relation to: military culture; masculinity; Ehlers and Clarks 2000 cognitive model of PTSD and DSM IV symptom criteria; and, neuro-psychology of memory and Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph’s 1996 Dual Representation Theory of PTSD. In addition, applications of the repertoires for counselling are suggested.
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Tang, M. "Elicitor-induced defence response and signal mechanisms in Medicago sativa L." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, the responses and signal mechanisms were explored with a model system, concerning the interactions between lucerne suspension cells (Medicago sativa L., cv. Kabul) and elicitor either from avirulent (V2) or virulent (V1) isolate of Verticillium, alboatrum. V2 elicitor induced a two-phase of H2O2 accumulation in the cell cultures. Activation of defence expression led to an increase in PAL activity, phytoalexin accumulation and deposition of phenolic polymers. However, activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, peroxidases, glucanase, glutathione reductase, did not show obvious increase within 24 h after treatment with the elicitor. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased after 1st oxidative burst. V1 elicitor induced similar defence responses as V2 did, but a stronger response was observed when the same concentration of elicitor was used, confirming that Kabul is a resistance cultivar to V. albo-atrum. Ca2+ influx is necessary for oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Either blocking Ca2+ channel by La3+ or reduction of extracellular Ca2+ amount by EGTA, had an important inhibition on oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Intracellular Ca2+ also played a role in downstream signalling. Intracellular Ca2+ inhibitors. TBM-8 and Ruthenium red, strongly inhibited the PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Oxidative burst has a relation with defence expression. An NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), which inhibited oxidative burst effectively, also inhibited PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. However, DCN, an inhibitor of peroxidase, also inhibited and oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulated in micromolar range. Oxidative burst with superoxide-origin is related to defence activation. The H2O2 itself did not stimulate an activation of PAL activity. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) stimulated an increase in H2O2 accumulation. Microsomal membranes are capable of superoxide synthesis when NADPH/NADH was used as electron donor, which was DPI-sensitive. This enzyme activity increased after treatment of the cell cultures with elicitor.
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Wilkinson, J. R. "The role of mitochondria in defence mechanisms of human endothelial cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/147918/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Mitochondria are considered to be the powerhouse of the cell being the primary generators of ATP, they also have numerous other important functions including; being the main generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a central role in apoptosis. As the main intracellular source of ROS, many people believe that mitochondria play a significant role in ageing. Senescence is associated with ageing and has been associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease. The concept of human cells lacking functional mitochondria (Rho 0 cells) is not new and was first described by Attardi et al in 1989. However, most of this work has been done on immortalised cell lines. Aims: To see if it is possible to generate and characterise Rho 0 human endothelial cells. To use these cells as a tool to investigate the mechanisms by which they respond to stress and whether differences in ROS production and/or antioxidant defences account for any differences observed. Methods: Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) were grown in media supplemented with glucose and uridine in the presence of low dose ethidium bromide. Rho 0 status of the cells was confirmed by auxotrophy for uridine, quantitative PCR for mitochondrial-encoded gene expression and western blots for mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Results: The Rho 0 status of the cells was confirmed by; auxotrophy for uridine (Rho 0 cells die in medium lacking uridine), absence of mitochondrial-encoded genes (subunit-1 of complex IV and subunit-6 of subunit V) and lack of expression of the mitochondrial-encoded protein subunit-1 of complex IV. Rho 0 cells are resistant to both stress-induced senescence and apoptosis. They produce less ROS and have upregulated antioxidant defences. Conclusions: It is possible to grow Rho 0 HUVEC. These cells are a useful tool for studying the role of mitochondria in senescence and apoptosis in the cardiovascular system.
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Smith, S. "Neural and psychological mechanisms of oral sensation." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2019. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9959/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis set out to explore oral sensory processing. Oral sensory processing extends beyond taste perception, the nerves that innervate the mouth and carry taste information to the brain also carry chemosensations, thermal sensations and somatosensations. While a great deal is understood about oral chemo and thermal perception, this thesis focuses on the not fully recognised oral somatosensory processes. A substantial amount of movement occurs within the mouth, from movement while speaking to chewing food. As food moves around the mouth, different oral receptors are activated and the consumption experience changes. Taste perception varies between individuals in a way that has led to the identification of the taster status genetic polymorphism of taster status where three taster groups (hyper-taster, taster, tolerant taster) with differing sensitivity to bitter tastes were identified. This sensitivity is further represented in anatomical differences with differing densities of fungiform papillae on the tongue. Using psychophysical methods and the taster status phenotype, this thesis examined if different regions of the tongue and mouth experienced different chemostimulant intensity and if dynamic touch changed the intensity perception of chemostimulants in chapter 4. This identified that different regions of the oral cavity experience chemostimulant intensity differently with the tip of the tongue being the most sensitive and the vermillion of the lower lip the least sensitive to sensation. Furthermore, whilst there was no main effect of touch on sensation intensity an interaction between touch type, taster status and oral locations was found when using 10-ppm capsaicin and Sichuan pepper. A dynamic touch on the lip with mint oil was also considered more intense than a static touch. Chapter 5 investigated the possibility that C tactile (CT) afferents were present in the lower lip, the structure of the lip skin widely suggests that CTs are not present but their regular use in the affective behaviour of lip-to-lip contact between individuals suggests otherwise. By applying the standardised psychophysical stroking approach to the lip, cheek and mucosa the classic psychophysical inverted U associated with CT like behavioural responses to touch was found on the cheek where CTs are known to be present as well as on the lower lip. This CT like response on the lip warrants further detailed investigation. Serotonin (5-HT) is widely associated with hedonic experiences and reduced 5-HT levels are a linked with depression and anhedonia. 5-HT is also a candidate neurotransmitter associated with taste transduction. Chapter 6 describes an acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) study that examined the peripheral and central effect of reduced 5-HT levels on taste perception. The primary findings highlight that tryptophan levels do not effect sweet, sour, salt and bitter taste detection ability. A significant difference in bitter taste intensity and pleasantness was identified with tryptophan depletion increasing the taste intensity and decreasing bitter pleasantness at suprathreshold concentration. An effect of taster status was identified in bitter intensity ratings with tolerant-tasters reporting a greater intensity of sensation in the tryptophan depletion session than in the control. During the course of the experimental phase of this thesis, it became clear that describing oral sensations was a difficult task. When asked to describe how sensations felt within their mouth in chapter 4, participants were unable to find words to describe sensations. Therefore, the final study in chapter 7 describes the development of a candidate oral lexicon to aid in describing mouth feel and oral sensations highlighting that the approach to lexicon development previously used to develop the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Touch Perception Task can successfully be applied to the development of an Oral Lexicon.
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Kert, Gorazd. "Mechanisms in psychological processing of English derivation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612879.
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Shackleton, Kyle. "Novel aspects of nest defence in stingless bees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76550/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defence against predators is fundamental to increasing an organism's fitness. My thesis explores this central theme in behavioural ecology using stingless bees as study organisms. The thesis contains a general introduction (Chapter 1), three data chapters (2-4) and a final discussion (5). Chapter 2 is a comparative study of aggression in nest defence among stingless bee species, and describes a new form of nest defence, suicidal biting, which is most prevalent in the genus Trigona. Chapter 3 describes a remarkable behaviour in Partamona helleri, which crashes head-first when entering its nest. An experiment suggests that this behaviour helps to avoid predation at the nest entrance. Chapter 4 studies nest defence in the hovering guards of Tetragonisca angustula, and demonstrates that through coordinated vigilance, a group level behaviour rarely observed in animals, the ability of the group to detect predators is enhanced.
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Jordan, Nicholas David. "Partial purification and characterisation of a wheat N-acetyl-#beta#-D-hexosaminidase and its role in defensive lignin deposition." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240956.
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Kelly, Lynsey. "How do criminal defence barristers work with psychological distress throughout the courtroom process?" Thesis, University of East London, 2015. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4538/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whilst a significant proportion of those coming through the Magistrates’ Court have mental health difficulties and associated social disadvantage and vulnerability, there would appear to insufficient resources to meet their needs. Eight criminal defence barristers, who received no professional training in mental health, were interviewed about their experience of working with these clients. Thematic analysis of data, from a critical realist epistemological position, generated two themes. “Working with clients’ mental health difficulties” describes how mental health is constructed, identified, and defended; the systemic issues that may compromise the defence; barristers’ attempts to mitigate harm and manage distress; and finally, barristers’ own distress. “Professional anxiety” captures how barristers are strained by their recognition of a flawed system; conflicting obligations to the court and their client; and pressures of poor resources, feeling very responsible, and needing to present an illusion of confidence. A discussion of these results included consideration of the potential for a medicalising narrative to lead to legal paternalism (subjugating the client’s autonomy in an attempt to act in their “best interests”); and the deprivation of defence options; possibly representing unintended human rights violations. Barristers found clients with mental health needs were particularly emotionally taxing, desired training to work with them, and suggested that these clients were vulnerable to wider discrimination and inequalities in the criminal justice system. Concerns were raised by the barristers’ significant risk factors for “burnout” (a state of psychological stress), and the implications of this for both their emotional well-being, and the risk of exposing their clients to financially driven unethical behaviour. Systemic changes, informed by clinical psychology, were recommended, including training for barristers.
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Jansson, Marianne. "HIV-1 variability in relation to host defence mechanisms and disease outcome /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/search/diss.se.cfm?19980608jans.
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Crumlish, Margaret. "A study on the innate defence mechanisms in farmed tropical Rana spp." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321973.
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Zhang, Shaoli. "Molecular aspects of pancreatic islet cell defence mechanisms in Type I diabetes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240906.
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Chapman, Katarzyna. "Investigation into the psychological mechanisms of dietary change." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520474.
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Alderson, H. L. "Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying heroin self-administration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595414.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis was initially to establish i.v. heroin self-administration in rats, and to examine the neural mechanisms underlying this behaviour, using both continuous reinforcement and second-order schedules of reinforcement. The effects of variations in dose and of opiate-receptor antagonist pre-treatment on responding under both continuous reinforcement and second-order schedules of heroin self-administration were examined. Behavioural manipulations were used to investigate the role of discrete heroin-associated cues in maintaining drug-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement, and the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala on responding under such a schedule were studied. The role of the nucleus accumbens core and shell subregions in mediating heroin reward was also investigated. Responding under continuous and second-order schedules of reinforcement was found to be altered in different ways by changes in dose and opiate-receptor antagonist pre-treatment. Under a continuous reinforcement schedule, responding showed an inverse-U shaped dose response function, and was increased by pre-treatment with an opiate-receptor antagonist. Responding under a second-order schedule, however, showed no alteration in response to changes in dose, but was reduced over three days of opiate-receptor antagonist pre-treatment. Behavioural evidence was provided for a limited role for discrete heroin-associated cues in maintaining drug-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala did not affect acquisition of heroin self-administration under either continuous or second-order schedules of reinforcement. These results suggest that the basolateral amygdala does not mediate either heroin reward, or conditioning to discrete heroin-associated cues as suggested by the lack of effect on acquisition of heroin self-administration under either continuous or second-order schedules of reinforcement, respectively. The rate of responding under a second-order schedule of responding was increased following basolateral amygdala lesions. Nucleus accumbens core lesions were found to impair the acquisition of heroin self-administration under a continuous reinforcement schedule and to attenuate the response to changes in dose. By contrast, excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens shell had no effect on responding under a continuous reinforcement schedule of heroin self-administration.
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Bawden, Mark Alastair Kempthorne. "Psychological mechanisms that underpin the 'yips' in sport." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20624/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent research has highlighted that the 'yips' in sport represents a continuum on which choking (anxiety related) and dystonia symptoms anchor the extremes (Smith et al., 2000). Previous research investigating the phenomenon has focussed on the 'yips' being a dystonia and has not considered the psychological experience of the problem in detail (McDaniel, Cummings & Shain, 1989; Sachdev, 1992). The primary aim of this thesis was to see if psychological mechanisms underpin the 'yips' experience and if so relate these to the choking model (Baumeister, 1984). The experimental studies established that individuals who have the 'yips' do experience similar underpinning mechanisms to those cited in Baumeister's (1984) model of choking. These factors included increased anxiety responses, increased self-awareness and attempts consciously to process skilled behaviour. However, the personality traits associated with Baumeister's (1984) model were not supported in this thesis. Baumeister's (1984) contention, that low self-conscious individuals would have a greater disposition towards choking, was not supported. Furthermore, the findings indicated that individuals who were dispositionally high in self-consciousness were more prone to performance decrements under pressure and could be more vulnerable to extreme forms of choking such as the 'yips'. The final aim of this thesis attempted to establish a psychological intervention package that could aid performers who experience the 'yips'. Individuals who experience the problem appear to be unable to image successful performances, and subsequently reinforce negative expectations whenever they attempt to focus on performing. Sufferers also attempt consciously to process their skilled behaviour when they experience stress (Masters, 1992), hence subsequent performances tend to be dominated by the analytical left hemisphere of the brain (Crews, 2001). The psychological intervention strategies were implemented to allow individuals to focus on positive performance expectations that could counteract conscious processing and could subsequently increase activity in the right hemisphere of the brain (Crews, 2001). The findings from these studies established that the use of external imagery and holistic trigger words could help counteract the negative effects of conscious processing and ensure a positive approach to performance. The findings within this thesis can be seen as an initial step towards an understanding of psychological components of the 'yips' experience. Future research should investigate the efficacy of psychological intervention strategies in a number of sports, and test these techniques in ecologically valid competitive conditions. Future research could also usefully examine the aetiology of the 'yips' and establish the relationship between dispositional self-consciousness and the development of the 'yips' in sport.
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Fortin, Jutta Emma. "Mechanisms of defence and emotional control in nineteenth-century literature of the fantastic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619519.
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Zhang, Yan. "Investigation of the mechanisms by which the Arabidopsis RPS4 activates avrRps4-dependent defence." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410243.
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West, Christopher. "The effect on phytophagous insects of variations in defence mechanisms within a plant." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670399.
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Africa, Adelene R. "An analysis of psychological and legal conceptions of the defence of non-pathological criminal incapacity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13901.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: leaves 59-62.The defence of non-pathological capacity presents challenges for both law and psychology because it acknowledges that psychological factors other than mental illness, are grounds for complete exculpation. In this sense, South African law differs from its Anglo-American counterparts as it recognises that non-pathological factors playa role in negating criminal responsibility. Legal and mental health professionals are instrumental in the application of the defence, but both case law and literature reflect differences in the way in which the defence is understood and applied. Disagreement within and between disciplines adds to the controversial nature of the defence. This study examines the interpretation and practical application of the defence by mental health professionals and lawyers. It explores how participants' understanding of the defence informs its application in practice. A sample of ten participants including mental health professionals (comprising psychologists and psychiatrists) and lawyers (comprising advocates) was chosen, in order that a comparison be drawn between the two groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted so as to enable in-depth exploration of issues regarding conceptions of criminal responsibility, the role of expert testimony and the conceptual understanding and application of the defence.
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Hall, Jessica. "Psychological mechanisms underlying sex differences in facial expression recognition." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A female advantage is observed in the accurate recognition of mental and emotional states from the face (Hall, 1978, 1984). The psychological mechanisms that may underlie this advantage have not been addressed systematically by researchers. The present thesis discusses the potential mechanisms underlying the female advantage by considering the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) hypothesis of autism (Baron-Cohen, 2002). Several possible directions for research are presented, including sex differences in i) automaticity of processing facial expressions; ii) attention to the eyes; iii) configural versus featural processing of faces; and iv) stimulation of emotion. The first three of these directions are addressed in experimental chapters. A priming task and emotional face-word Stroop task were used to investigate sex differences in the automaticity of processing facial expressions. Sex differences in attention to the eyes were investigated in two eye tracking studies, and in two studies manipulating the eye region of emotional faces. Finally, a study with spatial frequency filtered emotional faces examined sex differences in the use of fine and coarse detail facial information. Overall, the investigations provide some evidence for greater female attention to the eye region in faces, and the possibility that this may explain an observed female advantage in facial expression recognition. Results are discussed in relation to the EMB hypothesis and sex differences in social cognition more generally. Potential directions for further research are outlined.
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Jordan, Emily Rose. "Psychological and neural mechanisms of social dominance in rats." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608162.
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Branley, Dawn Beverley. "Risky behaviour : psychological mechanisms underpinning social media users' engagement." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11309/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social media has received considerable media attention due to concerns that its use may be linked to risky behaviours, e.g., sharing personal information (Tow, Dell, & Venable, 2010), sexual communication with strangers (Baumgartner, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2010b) and extreme communities that may encourage self-harm and eating disorders (Lewis, Heath, Sornberger, & Arbuthnott, 2012). This thesis identifies who is using social media, what factors influence usage and willingness to engage in online risk behaviour, whether there is a link between content viewed on social media and offline risk behaviour, and the role of extreme communities for users. A mixed method approach is applied to survey and social media data. The first part of the thesis identifies younger users and female users as those most intensively using social media (partially explained by stronger social norms and experiencing more positive outcomes). Attitudes towards risk takers, norms and past behaviour predict willingness to engage in online risk. There is also a link between the content that users view on social media and engaging in offline risk behaviour; this link was stronger for male users. However no age differences were found. The second half of this thesis focuses on online communication around eating disorders and self-harm. Although some content did encourage these behaviours, the majority of the content was of a positive nature and appeared to provide social support for users. These findings suggest that the media portrayal of social media may be misleading. Two important outcomes are highlighted; Firstly, younger users may not necessarily be more vulnerable and, second, that care is needed to ensure that interventions respect the positive side of social media use and limit risks without disrupting potentially positive social networks. Implications include the guiding of such interventions, future research and policy.
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Holstein, Jaymee Elizabeth Liddle Becky J. "Thriving in adult children of alcoholics a comparison of collegiate ACOAs and non-ACOAs on measures of psychological mindedness and defense mechanism style /." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/HOLSTEIN_JAYMEE_32.pdf.
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Miklis, Marco. "A high-throughput procedure for the identification of genes contributing to plant defence mechanisms." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974329037.
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Garcia-Garbi, Natalio. "Interaction of immunostimulants and stress on innate defence mechanisms of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the use of non-specific immunostimulants to alleviate stress-mediated suppression of defence mechanisms and subsequent susceptibility to bacterial pathogens in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). One yeast (1-3),)1-6)-β-glucan and a bacterial peptidoglycan were selected as immunostimulants from a panel of test substances on the basis of enhanced intracellular superoxide generation by kidney macrophages stimulated in vitro. Kidney macrophage effector activity was not affected after 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks of in-feed treatment with 0.05% or 5% of glucan or peptidoglycan. However, production of bactericidal superoxide by inflammatory peritoneal macrophages did increase significantly after four weeks of oral treatment with 0.05% peptidoglycan. Although a single confinement of fish (93% reduction of water volume for five minutes) caused a physiological stress response, as indicated by hyperglycaemia in plasma, kidney and inflammatory macrophage activities were only affected after six daily confinements. Phagocytosis, intracellular superoxide production and killing of Aeromonas salmonicida in vitro by kidney macrophages were significantly reduced. Conversely, production of extracellular superoxide, which may be associated with damage to self, was enhanced. Peritoneal macrophages displayed a similar but less marked respiratory burst response after repeated confinement. Some of the alterations in macrophage function caused by daily confinement were prevented by feeding 0.05% peptidoglycan four weeks before the first confinement. The increase in kidney macrophage extracellular superoxide production caused by repeated confinement was significantly alleviated by in-feed peptidoglycan. Similarly, the decrease in intracellular production by peritoneal macrophages caused by repeated confinement was prevented by in-feed treatment with peptidoglycan. Neither peptidoglycan nor repetitive confinement had any effect on complement lytic activity. These results indicate that dietary peptidoglycan was able to reduce, by regulating macrophage function, the impact of stress on certain bactericidal defences and potential damage to self. However, there was no significant difference in the persistence of viable A. salmonicida in the spleen or blood of infected fish in any of the experimental treatments.
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Jansson, Markus. "Insomnia: psychological mechanisms and early intervention : a cognitive-behavioral perspective /." Örebro : Universitetsbiblioteket, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-175.
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Wright, Barlow C. "Psychological mechanisms of logical transitive inference in adults and children." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312218.
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Sharma, Abhishek. "The psychological and physiological mechanisms mediating human oesophageal pain hypersensitivity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489007.
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Drury, Lisbeth. "Using psychological mechanisms to reduce intergenerational ageism via intergroup contact." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/63785/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Positive social interaction between members of opposing social groups (intergroup contact) is an effective method of prejudice reduction (Allport, 1954; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). This thesis explores how intergroup contact theory can be applied to age groups to reduce ageism towards older adults. Chapters 1 to 3 form the theoretical chapters of the thesis. Chapter 1 defines psychological processes underpinning ageism, provides details of its prevalence, outlines its consequences in society, and gives a justification for its reduction. Chapter 2 introduces the psychological processes underpinning intergroup contact theory and its different formations. This is followed by a literature review of intergenerational contact research, which identifies research gaps in the field and research questions addressed in this thesis. Four empirical chapters then present findings from eight studies. In Chapter 4, Study 1 provides initial correlational evidence of the relationships between direct intergenerational contact, ageism and related psychological processes. Chapter 5 addresses the research question of whether extended contact can be successfully applied to age groups. Studies 2, 3 and 4 provide novel evidence that extended intergenerational contact reduces ageism and is effective via reduced intergroup anxiety, ageing anxiety and ingroup norms. These studies also support prior research demonstrating that direct contact reduces ageism via intergroup and ageing anxieties. Chapter 6 presents two studies that extend the focus of the thesis to include age stereotypes. Secondary analysis of national survey data in Study 5 explores the perception of older adults' competence across the lifespan and friendships with older adults. The degree to which young and middle-aged adults perceive that competence declines with age is attenuated by having as little as one older friend. Building on these findings, Study 6 explores the relationships between direct and extended intergenerational contact, ageist attitudes and warmth and competence stereotypes. Corroborating Chapter 4, both direct and extended contact predicted reduced ageism and are effective via increased competence stereotypes and increased warmth stereotypes. In the final empirical chapter in the thesis Chapter 7 presents two studies that explore intergenerational contact theory in applied contexts. Using an experimental design, Study 7 evaluated an intergenerational programme in which students had conversations with older adults about their technology use. Compared to a control group, the experimental group rated older adults as warmer yet more incompetent. However, only warmth and not incompetence stereotypes formed indirect pathways to subsequent attitudes towards older adults more widely. Study 8 examined care workers positively and negatively experienced intergenerational contact with care home residents. Although care workers experienced more positive than negative contact, negative (but not positive) contact was associated with their attitudes towards care home residents and it generalised to older adults more widely. This indirect effect of negative contact to older adults was effective only for subtle and not blatant ageist attitudes. Overall, the thesis provides a range of evidence suggesting that intergroup contact theory can be successfully applied to the reduction of ageism. It presents a detailed overview of current knowledge, corroborates existing evidence and presents novel findings for extended contact and mediators of both direct and indirect intergenerational contact.
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Navrady, Lauren. "Quantifying psychological resilience and elucidating its mechanisms using multivariate modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is estimated that approximately 30% of individuals worldwide are affected by mental health problems during their lifetime. Currently, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and a leading cause of non-lethal disability worldwide. However, despite exposure to known risk factors for MDD, human responses to it vary widely. Whilst some individuals develop MDD, others develop only mild and transient symptoms or no depressive symptomology at all. This ability to 'bounce back' from or 'escape' the development of psychiatric illness is referred to as psychological resilience (Chapter 1). Scientific and clinical interest in resilience has grown exponentially over recent decades, but wide discrepancies are still found in both its definition and measurement. As such, resilience is rarely measured directly, but inferred from the measurement of two specific points of convergence; adversity (its antecedents) and positive adaptation (its consequences). Whilst the study of adversity and positive adaptation has informed our knowledge of resilience it often fails to consider other putative risk factors for MDD (such as genetics), or potential protective factors that may foster resilience despite risk. More recently, examining protective factors have become a focus of research in relation to resilience. This research suggests that numerous protective factors coalesce to contribute to resilient outcomes which give rise to a dynamic resilience process that varies contextually and temporally. Although investigating resilience may be expected to reveal similar findings to studying MDD itself, it does represent a new facet to scientific and clinical research. Specifically, resilience focuses on intervention long before the development of MDD when effects on subsequent suffering may be ameliorated. For this reason, it is imperative to address the concept of resilience, concentrating on the core components of adversity, positive adaptation and protective factors, to move beyond description towards an understanding of individual differences in resilience (Chapter 2). In this thesis, three studies will be presented which aim to examine psychological resilience from multiple perspectives to further delineate the concept. In Chapter 3, the associations and interactions between neuroticism and general intelligence (g) on MDD, and psychological distress were examined in GS:SFHS (Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study) to investigate whether g mitigates the detrimental effects of neuroticism on mental health, as such an association has previously been identified for physical health and mortality. A larger replication was also performed in UK Biobank using a self-reported measure of depression. Across two large samples it was found that intelligence provides protection against psychological distress and self-reported depression in individuals high in neuroticism, but intelligence confers no such protection against clinical MDD in those high in neuroticism. In Chapter 4, a new dataset is presented which was designed to investigate psychological resilience and mental health. Specifically, the STRADL (Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally) dataset aimed to re-contact existing GS:SFHS participants to obtain repeat measures of MDD and psychological distress in addition to obtaining data on resilience, coping style and adverse life experiences. This dataset has the potential to identify mechanisms and pathways to resilience but also elucidate causal mechanisms and pathways of depression sub-types. Chapter 5 investigated whether neuroticism and resilience are downstream mediators of genetic risk for depression, and whether they contribute independently to such risk. Specifically, the moderating and mediating relationships between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for depression, neuroticism, resilience, and both clinical and self-reported MDD were examined in STRADL. Regression analyses indicated that neuroticism and PRS for depression independently associated with increased risk for both clinical and self-reported MDD, whereas resilience associated with reduced risk. Structural equation modelling suggested that polygenic risk for depression associates with vulnerability for both clinical and self-reported MDD through two partially independent mediating mechanisms in which neuroticism increases vulnerability and resilience reduces it. In Chapter 6, the proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genetic and shared-familial environment was estimated for resilience and three main coping styles; task-, emotion-, and avoidance-oriented coping. Bivariate analyses were conducted to estimate the genetic correlations between these traits and neuroticism. Our results indicate that common genetics affect both resilience and coping style. However, in addition, early shared-environmental effects from the nuclear family influence resilience whereas recent shared-environment effects from a spouse influence coping style. Furthermore, strong genetic overlap between resilience, emotion-oriented coping, and neuroticism suggests a relationship whereby genetic factors that increase negative emotionality lead to decreased resilience. These studies highlight the necessity for complementary multivariate techniques in resilience research to elucidate tractable methodologies to potentially identify mechanisms and modifiable risk factors to protect against psychiatric illness (Chapter 7).
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Guerra, Roberto Carlos. "Psychological and Sociological Mechanisms Linking Low SES and Antisocial Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82977.
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Antisocial behavior, both criminal and noncriminal, is a prominent yet poorly understood public health concern. Research on antisocial behavior typically focuses on either individual or environmental risk factors, rarely integrating risks across levels of analysis. Although low objective SES is clearly associated with antisocial behavior, the reasons why are unclear. Sociological theories suggest this relationship is due to neighborhood and environmental characteristics that create social disorganization and reduce informal social controls in the community. On the other hand, psychological theories suggest that elevated levels of psychological distress and psychopathic traits may influence individual risk for antisocial behavior.
The purpose of this study was to integrate sociological and psychological models to examine how certain individual and environmental risk factors intersect in predicting antisocial behavior. In a demographically diverse adult male sample (N = 462), environmental (neighborhood distress) and individual (psychological distress) risk factors each mediated the SES – antisocial behavior relationship (as predicted), although findings depended on which definition of SES was used (objective versus subjective). In addition, psychopathic dimensions (specifically, meanness and disinhibition) were observed to exacerbate the effects of neighborhood and psychological distress on antisocial behavior, as hypothesized. Supplemental analyses also considered index variables comprising neighborhood disadvantage.
Overall, results of this study help inform psychological and sociological theories of antisocial behavior, and may assist in clarifying potential neighborhood- and individual-level foci for interventions to prevent and reduce antisocial behavior in the community.Ph. D.
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Ndiweni, Nomathemba. "The effects of vitamin E and selenium on defence mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363290.
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Wilson, Kirsty. "Modelling the airway epithelium in vitro as a tool for understanding pulmonary innate defence mechanisms." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13496/.
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The airway epithelium forms a continuous barrier from the nose to the alveoli and serves a variety of functions. Multiple functionally distinct cell types are involved in these processes. The innate defence functions require a patent airway epithelium, with infections often associated with epithelial defects and phenotypic alterations that are themselves associated with multiple lung diseases. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are frequently identified in the airways in a range of respiratory diseases These pathogens often trigger exacerbations and worsening symptoms that often result in hospitalisation. This is particularly true in paediatric populations. Although mortality for NTHi and RSV infections alone are themselves low it remains unclear what role these infections play in mortality rates in complex chronic respiratory infections. These studies aimed to establish NTHi and RSV infections within airway epithelium models, and use them as tools to study pulmonary innate defence mechanisms in order to understand the role of these infections in respiratory disease. In vitro airway models were established using lung derived cell lines, undifferentiated primary human bronchial epithelial (uHBE) cells and air-liquid interface (ALI) differentiated uHBE cell cultures. Following establishment of differentiation we validated ALI cultures using a number of markers, including for the putative innate defence PLUNC family proteins, gel-forming mucins and tubulin. These markers are representative of different epithelial cell types within the cultures. Cultures were infected with NTHi or RSV for periods of time ranging from 1 hour to 7 days with a view to establishing chronic infections and allowing biofilm formation. Monolayer cultures showed an enhanced susceptibility to both infections. Cytokine array profiling showed enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in response to NTHi and RSV infections in ALI cells resulting in an ability to manage infections compared to monolayer cultures. Expression analysis indicated that both infections altered the transcription of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. Neutrophil products and trypsin were shown to degrade PLUNC proteins in ALI cell secretions. NTHi also appeared to cause degradation of PLUNC proteins suggesting that infection may impair the innate defence shield of the airway epithelium. Our data showed that differential ALI cultures of human airway cells are a useful model for the study of respiratory pathogens.
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Pryde, Nia A. "The adult consequences of childhood psychological maltreatment : a study of object relations, internalized shame, and defence style." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-adult-consequences-of-childhood-psychological-maltreatment--a-study-of-object-relations-internalized-shame-and-defence-style(e9dcd0b1-748d-4c37-8c48-f1a1e2b529d2).html.
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SECTION 1 The Adult Consequences of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment: A Study of Object Relations, Internalized Shame, and Defense Style Childhood psychological maltreatment has recently emerged in the literature as a form of child abuse that has long-term mental health consequences affecting the child, adolescent, and adult. Psychological maltreatment is increasingly regarded as a core construct in all child maltreatment. Whereas its impact has been recognized in terms of its psychopathological sequelae, there is only limited understanding of the mechanisms by which psychological maltreatment in childhood comes to affect the adult. This study was undertaken with a view to elucidating the issue. A developmental and object relations paradigm was adopted, focusing on the impact of psychological maltreatment on object relations characteristics, the experience of internalized shame, and the use of cognitive defence mechanisms. The design compared a severe group of psychologically maltreated individuals with those who had experienced no maltreatment or less severe maltreatment with respect to their performance on measures of object relations, shame, self-esteem, and defence style. The severe group was distinguished by greater object relations deficits, higher internalized shame, lower self-esteem, and an immature defence style. Psychological maltreatment was also found to have a significant association with these phenomena. These results clearly point toward mediation hypotheses in future investigations. The implications of the study were discussed in terms of allocating a more central role to psychological maltreatment in all child maltreatment, and giving more attention in therapy to self and self-other phenomena. SECTION 2 ETHICS PROPOSAL An Investigation of Adult Cognitive, Affective, and Interpersonal Phenomena In Relation to Childhood Psychological Maltreatment Recent research indicates that abuse in childhood is associated with adult psychopathology. There is a growing consensus that the concept of psychological maltreatment, which comprises the cognitive, affective, and interpersonal aspects of child abuse, is a core issue in all child maltreatment. A research study is proposed with a view to investigating some of the cognitive, affective, and interpersonal phenomena that may be relevant to the development of adult sequelae in victims of childhood psychological maltreatment. The proposal comprises an introduction to the study, together with a discussion of the aims and plan of investigation. The appendices include information for participants and the questionnaire booklet. SECTION 3 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and its Developmental Consequences The review of the literature focuses on the cognitive, affective, and interpersonal phenomena that have been linked with childhood maltreatment and adult psychopathology. The concept and definition of psychological maltreatment, its role as a core issue in child maltreatment, and issues in measurement are discussed. Studies of the ii consequences of childhood psychological maltreatment are reviewed, indicating its association with a wide range of problems and conditions. The development of the child is considered in light of the impact of psychological maltreatment on the emerging sense of self and self in relation to others. This is discussed with reference to object relations and the development of mental representations of early experiences with attachment figures; the occurrence of shame in the child-parent relationship and its internalization as part of the child's identity; and the role of cognitive defences in protecting the developing self and regulating painful affect. SECTION 4 RESEARCH STUDY The Adult Consequences of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment: An Investigation of Object Relations, Internalized Shame, and Defence Style The evidence is summarized with respect to the psychopathological consequences of psychological maltreatment, including its effects on the child's development in terms of object relations, internalization of shame, and the employment of defensive strategies. A research study is described in which these effects were investigated with adult participants. It was observed that severely maltreated participants demonstrated greater object relations deficits, a higher level of internalized shame, lower self-esteem, and an immature defence style in comparison with participants who had experienced no, or less severe, psychological maltreatment. It was also noted that psychological maltreatment had a significant relationship with these phenomena. The potential impact of psychological maltreatment on interpersonal functioning and sense of self-worth may be inferred from this study. The conceptualization of psychological maltreatment as a core construct in all child maltreatment was supported. SECTION 5 CRITICAL REVIEW Critical Review of the Large Scale Research Project The background to the research study is described and its foundation in clinical practice. A commentary is provided on the processes involved and issues arising in the progressive stages of the study: in particular, the theoretical conceptualization of the research, its operationalization in terms of methodology, and the evaluation of outcome. The results of participants who scored high on the objective measure of psychological maltreatment but who denied it as an experience are discussed. This study points the way to a mediation design in future research. It also underlines the significant role of child-rearing in the development of psychopathology. SECTION 6 The general appendices comprise notes for contributors to the journals selected for the literature review and research study, a letter of approval from the School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee, and the word count.