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Статті в журналах з теми "Mechanical equilibrium"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Roh, Heui-Seol. "Work transfer theory for mechanical non-equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium, and equilibrium." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 86 (July 2015): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.01.113.

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2

Bustamante, Carlos. "Unfolding single RNA molecules: bridging the gap between equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 38, no. 4 (November 2005): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583506004239.

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Анотація:

During the last 15 years, scientists have developed methods that permit the direct mechanical manipulation of individual molecules. Using this approach, they have begun to investigate the effect of force and torque in chemical and biochemical reactions. These studies span from the study of the mechanical properties of macromolecules, to the characterization of molecular motors, to the mechanical unfolding of individual proteins and RNA. Here I present a review of some of our most recent results using mechanical force to unfold individual molecules of RNA. These studies make it possible to follow in real time the trajectory of each molecule as it unfolds and characterize the various intermediates of the reaction. Moreover, if the process takes place reversibly it is possible to extract both kinetic and thermodynamic information from these experiments at the same time that we characterize the forces that maintain the three-dimensional structure of the molecule in solution. These studies bring us closer to the biological unfolding processes in the cell as they simulate in vitro, the mechanical unfolding of RNAs carried out in the cell by helicases. If the unfolding process occurs irreversibly, I show here that single-molecule experiments can still provide equilibrium, thermodynamic information from non-equilibrium data by using recently discovered fluctuation theorems. Such theorems represent a bridge between equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. In fact, first derived in 1997, the first experimental demonstration of the validity of fluctuation theorems was obtained by unfolding mechanically a single molecule of RNA. It is perhaps a sign of the times that important physical results are these days used to extract information about biological systems and that biological systems are being used to test and confirm fundamental new laws in physics.

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3

Rothen, François, and Piotr Pierański. "Mechanical equilibrium of conformal crystals." Physical Review E 53, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 2828–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.53.2828.

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4

Boyd, J. N., and P. N. Raychowdhury. "An elegant experiment in mechanical equilibrium." Physics Education 20, no. 5 (September 1, 1985): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/20/5/011.

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5

ZHANG, SHIMIN. "THE STABILITY OF LIQUID EVAPORATION EQUILIBRIUM." Surface Review and Letters 12, no. 01 (February 2005): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x05006846.

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Анотація:

For the evaporation of the pure liquid under the condition of constant temperature and constant external pressure, the phase equilibrium of the liquid vapor in the bubble and the liquid outside the bubble is always a kind of stable equilibrium whether there is air or not in the bubble. If there is no air in the bubble, the bubble and liquid cannot coexist in the mechanical equilibrium when the vapor pressure of the liquid in the bubble is less than or equal to the external pressure; the bubble and liquid can coexist in an unstable equilibrium of mechanics when the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the external pressure. If there is air in the bubble, the bubble and liquid can coexist in a stable equilibrium of mechanics when the vapor pressure of the liquid is less than or equal to the external pressure; the bubble and liquid can coexist in a stable and an unstable equilibrium of mechanics when the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the external pressure and less than a certain pressure pm; the bubble and liquid cannot coexist in the mechanical equilibrium when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to or greater than pm.

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6

Devenport, William J., and K. Todd Lowe. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 131 (May 2022): 100807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2022.100807.

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7

Kocherginsky, Nikolai, and Martin Gruebele. "Mechanical approach to chemical transport." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 40 (September 19, 2016): 11116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600866113.

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Nonequilibrium thermodynamics describes the rates of transport phenomena with the aid of various thermodynamic forces, but often the phenomenological transport coefficients are not known, and the description is not easily connected with equilibrium relations. We present a simple and intuitive model to address these issues. Our model is based on Lagrangian dynamics for chemical systems with dissipation, so one may think of the model as physicochemical mechanics. Using one main equation, the model allows a systematic derivation of all transport and equilibrium equations, subject to the limitation that heat generated or absorbed in the system must be small for the model to be valid. A table with all major examples of transport and equilibrium processes described using physicochemical mechanics is given. In equilibrium, physicochemical mechanics reduces to standard thermodynamics and the Gibbs–Duhem relation, and we show that the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics are satisfied for our system plus bath model. Out of equilibrium, our model provides relationships between transport coefficients and describes system evolution in the presence of several simultaneous external fields. The model also leads to an extension of the Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations for properties simultaneously transported by many components.

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8

Nakae, H., and Y. Koizumi. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium wetting." Materials Science and Engineering: A 495, no. 1-2 (November 2008): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.097.

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9

Gorobey, N. N., and A. S. Luk’yanenko. "Mechanical equilibrium of a heated anharmonic solid." Physics of the Solid State 57, no. 1 (January 2015): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783415010114.

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10

Zeng, Xiancheng, Hao Hu, Huan-Xiang Zhou, Piotr E. Marszalek, and Weitao Yang. "Equilibrium Sampling for Biomolecules under Mechanical Tension." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 4 (February 2010): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.11.004.

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11

Tseng, Qingzong, Alexandre Deshieres, Hervé Guillou, Odile Filhol-Cochet, and Manuel Thery. "Regulation of Mechanical Equilibrium in Multicellular Arrangements." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 211a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.1136.

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12

Kobayashi, Tsunehiro. "Quantum mechanical interactions for realizing thermal equilibrium." Physics Letters A 210, no. 4-5 (January 1996): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(95)00935-3.

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13

MARTIN, G., and E. GAFFET. "MECHANICAL ALLOYING : FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM PHASE TRANSITIONS ?" Le Journal de Physique Colloques 51, no. C4 (July 1990): C4–71—C4–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1990408.

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14

Kramer, Ole. "Non-equilibrium mechanical properties of model networks." British Polymer Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1985): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980170208.

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15

Gerasimov, K. B., A. A. Gusev, E. Y. Ivanov, and V. V. Boldyrev. "Tribochemical equilibrium in mechanical alloying of metals." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 9 (1991): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01130201.

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16

Kong, L., and R. G. Parker. "Equilibrium and Belt-Pulley Vibration Coupling in Serpentine Belt Drives." Journal of Applied Mechanics 70, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1598477.

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Serpentine belt drives with spring-loaded tensioners are now widely used in the automotive industry. Experimental measurements show that linear system vibration coupling exists between the pulley rotations and the transverse span deflections. Former models that treat the belt as a string and neglect the belt bending stiffness cannot explain this coupling phenomenon. In this paper, a new serpentine belt system model incorporating the belt bending stiffness is established. The finite belt bending stiffness causes nontrivial transverse span equilibria, in contrast to string models with straight span equilibria. Nontrivial span equilibria cause linear span-pulley coupling, and the degree of coupling is determined by the equilibrium curvatures. A computational method based on boundary value problem solvers is developed to obtain the numerically exact solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equations. An approximate analytical solution of closed-form is also obtained for the case of small bending stiffness. Based on these solutions, the effects of design variables on the equilibrium deflections and span-pulley coupling are investigated.

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17

Lu, C. L., and N. C. Perkins. "Nonlinear Spatial Equilibria and Stability of Cables Under Uni-axial Torque and Thrust." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901571.

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Low tension cables subject to torque may form complex three-dimensional (spatial) equilibria. The resulting nonlinear static deformations, which are dominated by cable flexure and torsion, may produce interior loops or kinks that can seriously degrade the performance of the cable. Using Kirchhoffrod assumptions, a theoretical model governing cable flexure and torsion is derived herein and used to analyze (1) globally large equilibrium states, and (2) local equilibrium stability. For the broad class of problems described by pure boundary loading, the equilibrium boundary value problem is integrable and admits closed-form elliptic integral solutions. Attention is focused on the example problem of a cable subject to uni-axial torque and thrust. Closed-form solutions are presented for the complex three-dimensional equilibrium states which, heretofore, were analyzed using purely numerical methods. Moreover, the stability of these equilibrium states is assessed and new and important stability conclusions are drawn.

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18

Yoshikawa, Toshio. "Transition from mechanical equilibrium to thermal equilibrium in a chain of unstable springs." Physics Letters A 307, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(02)01658-4.

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19

Xue, Yun, De Wei Weng, and Gang Ming Gong. "Statics Analysis of the Mechanical Model of Nucleosome." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.661.

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Mechanical model of nucleoside and its equilibrium equations are set up, and the mechanical properties on the equilibrium position are analyzed. In the case constraint force and electrostatic attraction between cylinder OH and elastic rod are balanced, the analytic expression of nutation angle of the section and its conditions of existence are given. It is show that the cylinder OH can maintain equilibrium at any range of the precession angle. In the other case when unbanced, there is phenomenon of separation of elastic rod from cylinder OH in the spiral wound 2 circles, and numerical solution of the precession angle at separation points are calculated. Analysis of equilibrium of cylinder H1 illustrates that the generatrix of cylinder H1 and OH are not parallel, and the angle between them is obtained

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20

Cammarata, R. C., and K. Sieradzki. "Thermodynamics of Thin Film Epitaxy." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 4 (June 20, 2002): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1468997.

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The mechanics of thin film epitaxy is developed using an equilibrium thermodynamics formalism and linear elasticity. A virtual variation approach is employed that leads to a direct identification of the important volume and surface thermodynamic parameters characterizing mechanical equilibrium. In particular, the equilibrium volume stress state of an epitaxial film as a function of the film thickness, surface free energies, and surface stresses is obtained. It is shown how this formalism can be used to determine the critical thickness for epitaxy.

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21

Chen, Chia-Chin, Yikai Yin, Stephen Dongmin Kang, Wei Cai, and William C. Chueh. "Electro-chemo-mechanical charge carrier equilibrium at interfaces." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 41 (2021): 23730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02690a.

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22

Chen, Chia-Chin, Yikai Yin, Stephen Dongmin Kang, Wei Cai, and William C. Chueh. "Electro-chemo-mechanical charge carrier equilibrium at interfaces." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 41 (2021): 23730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02690a.

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23

Bagherpour, Morteza, Mojtaba Safari, and Masoud Mohammad Sharifi. "Applying mechanical equilibrium rules in project cost management." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 230, no. 6 (October 29, 2014): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405414553811.

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24

Kazic, M., and R. Bulatovic. "On the Equilibrium Conditions of Nonstationary Mechanical Systems." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 937–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791801.

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The equilibrium problem of nonstationary systems is studied. The starting point is the principle of virtual work (PVW). Contrary to stationary problems, some additional conditions (along with PVW) should be satisfied. Proof of Gantmacher’s postulate is derived. A new approach is given, and some results of other authors are discussed.

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25

Avrigeanu, M., P. E. Hodgson, and A. J. Koning. "Semiclassical and quantum mechanical pre-equilibrium neutron emission." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 19, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/19/5/008.

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26

Carlitz, Robert D., and Ranabir Chakrabarti. "Approach to equilibrium of a quantum-mechanical system." Physical Review A 35, no. 7 (April 1, 1987): 3156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.35.3156.

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27

Waugh, R. E., and R. M. Hochmuth. "Mechanical equilibrium of thick, hollow, liquid membrane cylinders." Biophysical Journal 52, no. 3 (September 1987): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(87)83227-7.

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28

Roux, Benoît. "Statistical Mechanical Equilibrium Theory of Selective Ion Channels." Biophysical Journal 77, no. 1 (July 1999): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76878-5.

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29

Grigorov, L., and B. Radoev. "On the mechanical equilibrium in anisotropic heterogeneous systems." Colloid & Polymer Science 263, no. 7 (July 1985): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01421893.

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30

Hara, Kosuke O., Eiji Yamasue, Hideyuki Okumura, and Keiichi N. Ishihara. "Dynamic equilibrium of MoSi2 polymorphs during mechanical milling." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (June 2011): S243—S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.02.014.

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31

Le Cunuder, Anne, Ignacio A. Martínez, Artyom Petrosyan, David Guéry-Odelin, Emmanuel Trizac, and Sergio Ciliberto. "Fast equilibrium switch of a micro mechanical oscillator." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 11 (September 12, 2016): 113502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4962825.

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32

Santos, J. dos, H. Suzuki, and M. M. Ash. "Mechanical analysis of the equilibrium of occlusal splints." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 59, no. 3 (March 1988): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(88)90189-8.

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33

Liu, Meiyi, Katelyn Youmans, and Jiali Gao. "Dual QM and MM Approach for Computing Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Factor of Organic Species in Solution." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102644.

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A dual QM and MM approach for computing equilibrium isotope effects has been described. In the first partition, the potential energy surface is represented by a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method, in which a solute molecule is treated quantum mechanically, and the remaining solvent molecules are approximated classically by molecular mechanics. In the second QM/MM partition, differential nuclear quantum effects responsible for the isotope effect are determined by a statistical mechanical double-averaging formalism, in which the nuclear centroid distribution is sampled classically by Newtonian molecular dynamics and the quantum mechanical spread of quantized particles about the centroid positions is treated using the path integral (PI) method. These partitions allow the potential energy surface to be properly represented such that the solute part is free of nuclear quantum effects for nuclear quantum mechanical simulations, and the double-averaging approach has the advantage of sampling efficiency for solvent configuration and for path integral convergence. Importantly, computational precision is achieved through free energy perturbation (FEP) theory to alchemically mutate one isotope into another. The PI-FEP approach is applied to model systems for the 18O enrichment found in cellulose of trees to determine the isotope enrichment factor of carbonyl compounds in water. The present method may be useful as a general tool for studying isotope fractionation in biological and geochemical systems.

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34

Zhao, Xujun, Stéphane P. A. Bordas, and Jianmin Qu. "Equilibrium morphology of misfit particles in elastically stressed solids under chemo-mechanical equilibrium conditions." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 81 (August 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2015.04.008.

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35

Stassen, Oscar M. J. A., Tommaso Ristori, and Cecilia M. Sahlgren. "Notch in mechanotransduction – from molecular mechanosensitivity to tissue mechanostasis." Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): jcs250738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.250738.

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Анотація:

ABSTRACTTissue development and homeostasis are controlled by mechanical cues. Perturbation of the mechanical equilibrium triggers restoration of mechanostasis through changes in cell behavior, while defects in these restorative mechanisms lead to mechanopathologies, for example, osteoporosis, myopathies, fibrosis or cardiovascular disease. Therefore, sensing mechanical cues and integrating them with the biomolecular cell fate machinery is essential for the maintenance of health. The Notch signaling pathway regulates cell and tissue fate in nearly all tissues. Notch activation is directly and indirectly mechanosensitive, and regulation of Notch signaling, and consequently cell fate, is integral to the cellular response to mechanical cues. Fully understanding the dynamic relationship between molecular signaling, tissue mechanics and tissue remodeling is challenging. To address this challenge, engineered microtissues and computational models play an increasingly large role. In this Review, we propose that Notch takes on the role of a ‘mechanostat’, maintaining the mechanical equilibrium of tissues. We discuss the reciprocal role of Notch in the regulation of tissue mechanics, with an emphasis on cardiovascular tissues, and the potential of computational and engineering approaches to unravel the complex dynamic relationship between mechanics and signaling in the maintenance of cell and tissue mechanostasis.

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36

Gupta, Satish Kumar, and Ming Guo. "Equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium mechanics of living mammalian cytoplasm." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 107 (October 2017): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.07.007.

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37

Shenhua, Song, and Xu Tingdong. "Combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation mechanism of temper embrittlement." Journal of Materials Science 29, no. 1 (1994): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00356573.

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38

Jang, Seok-Pil, and Seong-Jin Kim. "Study on Local Thermal Equilibrium in a Porous Medium." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 26, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2002.26.8.1172.

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39

Tysanner, Martin W., and Alejandro L. Garcia. "Non-equilibrium behaviour of equilibrium reservoirs in molecular simulations." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 48, no. 12 (2005): 1337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.983.

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40

Patra, Anshuman, Swapan Kumar Karak, and Snehanshu Pal. "Effects of Mechanical Alloying on Solid Solubility." Advanced Engineering Forum 15 (February 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.15.17.

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Анотація:

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a potential processing method for various equilibrium and non-equilibrium alloy phases such as supersaturated solid solution, metastable crystalline, amorphous, quasi-crystalline phases, nanostructures. Compared to conventional high temperature material processing such as melting and casting, improvement of solid solubility limit results from mechanical alloying at room temperature. The solid solubility increases with increase in milling time due to enhanced stress assisted atomic diffusion during particle refinement and reaches a saturation level at higher milling time. The extension of solid solubility is attributed to thermodynamic, dynamic or kinetic factors such as high dislocation density due to severe plastic deformation during particle refinement and enhanced diffusivity during MA. The review aims to discuss the insight of MA than other non-equilibrium processing in terms of achieving higher solubility, reasoning and mechanism of solubility improvement during MA of different alloy systems.

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41

Lee, Jong K. "A Modeling Study of Cyclical Phase Transformations." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3081.

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Recent work has shown evidence of cyclical phase transformations taking place during mechanical alloying. Cyclical phase transformations resemble dynamic equilibrium in the sense that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phases are simultaneously present during milling, but phase fractions vary during cyclical transformations. A brief thermodynamic and kinetic account is first discussed to establish the criteria for cyclical transformations. A two-dimensional molecular dynamic work is then presented to demonstrate cyclical phase transitions between an equilibrium and a non-equilibrium phase during mechanical alloying. A model binary crystal made of 57 Lennard-Jones atoms is studied to illustrate cyclical transitions between an equilibrium rhombus and a non-equilibrium square phase.

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42

Roh, Heui-Seol. "Heat transfer theory for thermal non-equilibrium, quasi-equilibrium, and equilibrium." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 64 (September 2013): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.05.004.

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43

Valbuena, Alejandro, and Mauricio G. Mateu. "Quantification and modification of the equilibrium dynamics and mechanics of a viral capsid lattice self-assembled as a protein nanocoating." Nanoscale 7, no. 36 (2015): 14953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr04023j.

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The equilibrium dynamics and mechanics of a viral capsid lattice that serves as a protein-based nanocoating can be quantified by AFM and chemically manipulated to increase mechanical strength and flexibility.

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44

Kang, Ju Seok. "Dynamic Equilibrium Configurations of Multibody Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 619 (August 2014): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.619.8.

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It is difficult to calculate dynamic equilibrium configuration in the mechanical systems, especially with the constraint conditions. In this paper, a method to calculate the dynamic equilibrium positions in the constrained mechanical systems is proposed. The accelerations of independent coordinates are derived in the algebraic form so that the numerical solution is easily obtained by the iteration method. The proposed method has been applied to calculate the dynamic equilibrium configuration for speed governor and the wheelset of railway vehicle.

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45

Jeldes, Isaac A., Daniel C. Yoder, and Eric C. Drumm. "Sustainable Slopes: Satisfying Rainfall-Erosion Equilibrium and Mechanical Stability." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12713.

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Abstract. While manmade slopes are traditionally constructed with planar cross-sections, natural stable slopes are usually curvilinear with significant concavity of the profile. This concavity occurs as a result of evolutionary processes in which rain-driven erosion and sediment transport are balanced through slope shape adjustments. At the point of equilibrium, a relatively steady concavity with a uniform erosion rate is observed over time. Nevertheless, a true equilibrium state is possible only if mechanical stability is satisfied. In this study, concave profiles in rainfall erosion equilibrium were found based on the principles of the well-known RUSLE2 model. Results showed the existence of a family of steady shapes satisfying the condition of uniform normalized erosion rate. Those steady concave shapes that also satisfied long-term mechanical stability were then investigated. The overall results suggest that concave slopes can be constructed to achieve both minimal steady-state erosion equilibrium and mechanical stability, leading to more natural and sustainable landforms with minimal sediment delivery during initial slope adjustments. Keywords: Concave slopes, Erosion, Sustainable design, Slope stability.

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46

Correa, Diego, Dennis Cullinane, and Juan Carlos Briceño. "INFLUENCE OF PRE-CONDITIONING LOADS ON BOVINE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOR IN CONFINED COMPRESSION." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 07, no. 02 (June 2003): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957703001101.

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Articular Cartilage is a load bearing tissue whose microarchitecture, electrochemical composition, and fluid interactions afford it unique mechanical properties. It consists of an extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with a sparse population of chondrocytes, varying in density by depth. The structure and mechanical properties of this highly specialized tissue also vary depending on depth from the articular surface; with three specialized zones, each with unique material properties. Typically this tissue is mechanically modeled as a biphasic material, consisting of a solid phase and a fluid phase, which can redistribute itself under loading, altering hydrostatic pressure within the material. Thus, articular cartilage exhibits a time-dependent viscoelastic behavior when subjected to constant loading or deformation, and will reach an equilibrium via stress relaxation and creep behavior. The objective of this study was to test a custom designed confined compression chamber. We characterize the ability of the test chamber to generate curves capable of quantifying the stress relaxation level and equilibrium state in bovine articular cartilage, and to show the preliminary results of a comparison between the equilibrium aggregate modulus (HA) obtained from pre- conditioned and non-conditioned tissues. Using fresh bovine articular cartilage samples, stress relaxation tests were conducted in compression, obtaining equilibrium stress and HA through a linear relation between the initial strain and the equilibrium stress. The test specimens were divided into two groups, one with a pre-conditioning load and the other without. The tests resulted in equilibrium stresses of 0.015 ± 0.0067 MPa for the non-conditioned and 0.067 ± 0.012 MPA for the pre-conditioned, and HA values of 0.205 ± 0.100 MPa for the unconditioned group and 0.878 ± 0.160 MPa in the pre-conditioned group. Our confined compression chamber successfully produced the stress relaxation curve characterizing the mechanical behavior of articular cartilage, defining both the equilibrium stress and HA. Our results suggest that pre-conditioning correlates with a higher equilibrium stress and aggregate modulus based on the fact that pre-loading the specimens reduces the effects of viscoelasticity.

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47

Veskovic, Miroslav, and Vukman Covic. "On the instability of equilibrium of a mechanical system with nonconservative forces." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 31, no. 3-4 (2004): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam0404411v.

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In this paper the stability of equilibrium of nonholonomic systems, on which dissipative and nonconservative positional forces act, is considered. We have proved the theorems on the instability of equilibrium under the assumptions that: the kinetic energy, the Rayleigh?s dissipation function and the positional forces are infinitely differentiable functions; the projection of the positional force component which represents the first nontrivial form of Maclaurin?s series of that positional force to the plane, which is normal to the vectors of nonholonomic constraints in the equilibrium position, is central and repulsive (with its centre of action in the equilibrium position). The suggested theorems are generalization of the results from [V.V. Kozlov, Prikl. Math. Mekh. (PMM), T58, V5, (1994), 31-36] and [M.M. Veskovic, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 24, (1998), 139-154]. The result obtained is analogous to the result from [D.R. Merkin, Introduction to theory of the stability of motion, Nauka, Moscow (1987)], which refers to the impossibility of equilibrium stabilization in a holonomic conservative system by dissipative and nonconservative positional forces in case when the potential energy in the equilibrium position has the maximum. The proving technique will be similar to that used in the paper [V.V. Kozlov, Prikl. Math. Mekh. (PMM), T58, V5, (1994), 31-36]. .

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48

da Rocha, H. Borja, and L. Truskinovsky. "Equilibrium unzipping at finite temperature." Archive of Applied Mechanics 89, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-018-1485-4.

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49

King, Carey, Joseph J. Beaman, S. V. Sreenivasan, and Matthew Campbell. "Multistable Equilibrium System Design Methodology and Demonstration." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1036–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799631.

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Multistable equilibrium (MSE) systems are those which have multiple statically stable equilibrium positions. This paper gives an overview of what MSE systems are, how they can be used, and how they can be designed. We describe the numerical optimization and synthesis of an example system composed of energy storage elements from various energy domains including mechanical rotation, mechanical translation, and magnetism.

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50

Snyder, V. A. "Mechanical Equilibrium in Externally Loaded Unsaturated Granular Similar Media." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 6 (November 1987): 1413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100060005x.

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