Статті в журналах: "Measuring transducers"

1

Pistun, Ye P., H. F. Matiko, and H. B. Krykh. "STRUCTURAL AND PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF GAS-HYDRODYNAMIC MEASURING TRANSDUCERS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF FLUIDS." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 62(2) (December 24, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.62(2).2021.249174.

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The article is devoted to improving the methods for building throttle diagrams of gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers of physical and mechanical parameters of fluids. The authors reviewed modern throttle transducers of various parameters, built on different diagrams, with different numbers and types of throttle elements, with different output signals. We established that the goodness of the measuring transducer is determined both by the structural diagram and the design characteristics of the throttle elements of a specific measuring diagram. The article proposes using structural synthesis with parametric optimization to achieve the specified characteristics of the gas-hydrodynamic transducers. The aim is to develop an effective method for building throttle diagrams of gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers of physical and mechanical parameters of fluids using structural optimization of diagrams and to evaluate each dia-gram using parametric optimization methods with the appropriate criterion that quantifies the goodness of the measur-ing transducer. To achieve this goal, the authors analyzed the criteria and resources of structural and parametric optimization of gas-hydrodynamic transducers. In particular, the following resources of structural synthesis of measuring transducers’ dia-grams are analyzed: diagram order and throttle arrangement, type of throttles, output signals, supply mode of the transducer. Approaches to parametric optimization of throttle diagrams are offered: based on the mathematical model, one defines the objective function, forms restrictions on variable and fixed values, substantiates optimization parameters, chooses the optimization method. As a result of the research, the authors developed a technique for structural and parametric optimization of gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers, making it possible to synthesize throttle diagrams and build mathematical models of transducers of specific parameters of the fluid with optimal characteristics.

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2

Pistun, Yevhen, Halyna Matiko, and Hanna Krykh. "Resources for structural optimization of gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers." Energy engineering and control systems 7, no. 2 (2021): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jeecs2021.02.136.

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The paper presents the analysis of the resources of structural and parametric optimization of gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers of physical and mechanical parameters of fluids. Resources such as the number of throttles and their arrangement in the diagram, type of throttle elements, measuring channels with a certain type of output signal, the supply mode of the measuring transducer can be integrated into the design process of the measuring transducer of a specific parameter. A mathematical apparatus based on set theory and combinatorial analysis is proposed for synthesizing the possible structures of throttle diagrams, graph theory – for forming a set of measuring channels. The authors have given examples demonstrating the possibilities of building different diagrams of measuring transducers using the resources for structural synthesis. The proposed resources are the means of structural and parametric optimization for synthesizing the gas-hydrodynamic measuring transducers with optimal characteristics.

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3

Slezinger, I. I. "Piezooptical measuring transducers." Measurement Techniques 28, no. 11 (November 1985): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00868793.

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4

Klaus, Leonard, Barbora Arendacká, Michael Kobusch, and Thomas Bruns. "Dynamic torque calibration by means of model parameter identification." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i2.211.

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For the dynamic calibration of torque transducers, a model of the transducer and an extended model of the mounted transducer including the measuring device have been developed. The dynamic behaviour of a torque transducer under test is going to be described by its model parameters. This paper describes the models with these known and unknown parameters and how the calibration measurements are going to be carried out. The principle for the identification of the transducer's model parameters from measurement data is described using a least squares approach. The influence of a variation of the transducer's parameters on the frequency response of the expanded model is analysed.

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5

Yu, Jinpeng, Yan Zhou, Ni Mo, Zhe Sun, and Lei Zhao. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis on the Influence of Rotor Non-Mechanical Errors of the Inductive Transducer in Active Magnetic Bearings." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124376.

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Inductive transducers are widely applied to active magnetic bearings (AMBs). However, when the rotor rotates at a high speed, the rotor defects will affect the measuring signal (the magnetic field generated by transducer coils) and then reduce the transducer measuring accuracy. The rotor in AMBs is assembled with laminations, which will result in rotor non-mechanical errors. In this paper, rotor non-mechanical errors, including the anisotropic internal permeability and anisotropic surface conductivity, and their influence on double-pole variable-gap inductive transducers are explored in depth. The anisotropic internal permeability will affect the transducer measuring accuracy and bring about 1.3 ± 0.1 % measurement error. The anisotropic surface conductivity leads to different eddy currents around the rotor, influences the equivalent reluctance of the magnetic circuit, and then affectsthe transducer measuring accuracy. The experiments prove that rotor non-mechanical errors have a significant influence on transducer measurement accuracy, and the reduction of the transducer excitation frequency can reduce the measurement error and improve the AMB control performance.

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6

Klaus, Leonard. "Model parameter identification from measurement data for dynamic torque calibration – Measurement results and validation." ACTA IMEKO 5, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v5i3.318.

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The dynamic calibration of torque transducers requires the modelling of the measuring device and of the transducer under test. The transducer's dynamic properties are described by means of model parameters, which are going to be identified from measurement data. To be able to do so, two transfer functions are calculated. In this paper, the transfer functions and the procedure for the model parameter identification are presented. Results of a parameter identification of a torque transducer are also given, and the validity of the identified parameters is analysed by comparing the results with independent measurements. The successful parameter identification is a prerequisite for a model-based dynamic calibration of torque transducers.

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7

Klaus, Leonard, Thomas Bruns, and Michael Kobusch. "Modelling of a Dynamic Torque Calibration Device and Determination of Model Parameters." ACTA IMEKO 3, no. 2 (June 23, 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v3i2.79.

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For the dynamic calibration of torque transducers, a calibration device has been developed. This paper describes the model of the measuring device and methods for the determination of its model parameters. The modelling of the calibration set-up is required for the identification of the corresponding model parameters of the torque transducer under test. These parameters describe the transducer's dynamic behaviour. Measurement methods and devices for the determination of mass moment of inertia and torsional stiffness are explained. This research is part of EMRP JRP IND09 - "Traceable Dynamic Measurement of Mechanical Quantities".

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8

Zheleznyak, V. K., V. B. Tolubko, L. P. Kriuchkova, and A. P. Provozin. "Rationale for the parameters of the measuring transducer in RFID technology with inductive coupling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 64, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2019-64-1-98-109.

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In the work the technology of radio-frequency identification of objects with inductive coupling is considered, using passive electric oscillating circuits tuned to fixed frequencies from the working frequency range as identification features of the object. The choice of the primary measuring transducer and the informative parameter is based on the results of the analysis of the system of inductively coupled active and passive electric oscillation circuits, known from the theory of radio engineering circuits. The parameters of the measuring transducer ensuring the fulfillment of the requirements for identification and localization of objects specified by technological conditions are substantiated. Factors that are potentially dangerous with respect to reducing the information reliability of the measuring transducer are considered, as well as the possibility of reducing their influence to a minimum. The problems of experimental research are formulated. It is shown that the analysis can be performed by software discrete adjustment of the primary measuring transducer and the generator feeding it. In this case, the task of increasing the speed is targeted at decreasing the duration of the step of tuning the primary measuring transducer. The required reliability of object identification is achieved by: ensuring high stability of the frequencies of the generator supplying the primary measuring transducer; accuracy and stability of tuning of the primary measuring transducer to the frequencies of the supplying generator; protection of the primary measuring transducer from the influence of interference generated by external sources and other measuring converters of the object identification system (electromagnetic compatibility of the object identification system); sufficient magnitude of the response of the primary measuring transducer to the introduction of passive electrical oscillation circuits; sufficient frequency tuning interval for passive electric oscillation circuits; accuracy and stability of tuning of passive electric oscillation circuits; stability of the detection threshold relative to the initial level of the informative parameter. Electromagnetic compatibility of measuring transducers, whose sensing elements are in the zone of mutual influence, is provided by synchronizing the operation of measuring transducers with shunting of inactive sensors, screening, mutual orientation and spacing of sensing elements.

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9

Bishop, Craig T., and Mark A. Donelan. "Measuring waves with pressure transducers." Coastal Engineering 11, no. 4 (November 1987): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(87)90031-7.

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10

Golovin, V. V., and K. P. Latyshenko. "Mathematical modeling of measuring transducers." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 8, no. 3-3 (June 10, 2014): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67520.

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11

Conti, Stéphane G., David A. Demer, Michael A. Soule, and Jean H. E. Conti. "An improved multiple-frequency method for measuring in situ target strengths." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 8 (January 1, 2005): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.008.

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Abstract Refinements have been made to the multiple-frequency method for rejecting overlapping echoes when making target-strength measurements with split-beam echosounders described in Demer et al. (1999). The technique requires that echoes, simultaneously detected with two or more adjacent split-beam transducers of different frequencies, pass multiple-target rejection algorithms at each frequency, and characterize virtually identical three-dimensional target coordinates. To translate the coordinates into a common reference system for comparison, the previous method only considered relative transducer positions and assumed that the beam axes of the transducers were parallel. The method was improved by first, optimizing the accuracy and precision of the range and angular measurements of the individual frequency detections; and second, precisely determining acoustically the relative positions and angular orientations of the transducers, thus completely describing the reference-system transformation(s). Algorithms are presented for accurately and precisely estimating the transformation parameters, and efficiently rejecting multiple targets while retaining measurements of most single targets. These improvements are demonstrated through simulations, controlled test-tank experiments, and shipboard measurements using 38- and 120-kHz split-beam transducers. The results indicate that the improved multiple-frequency TS method can reject more than 97% of multiple targets, while allowing 99% of the resolvable single targets to be measured.

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12

Yurikov, Alexey, Nazanin Nourifard, Marina Pervukhina, and Maxim Lebedev. "Laboratory ultrasonic measurements: Shear transducers for compressional waves." Leading Edge 38, no. 5 (May 2019): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle38050392.1.

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The ultrasonic measurements technique is well established to measure the elastic properties of rocks in the laboratory for seismic and well-log data interpretation. The key components of every laboratory ultrasonic setup are piezoelectric transducers, which generate and register elastic waves in rock samples. The elastic properties of rocks are determined through the velocities of elastic waves, which are measured by the times of the waves' travel from the source to the receiver transducer. Transducers can be specifically designed to generate P-waves (P-transducers) or S-waves (S-transducers). In limited studies, the measurement of P-wave velocities with S-transducers is mentioned. Such measurement is possible due to specific aspects of the operation of S-transducers. Namely, S-transducers are known to emit parasitic low-energy P-waves, which travel faster than high-energy S-waves and hence can be registered. However, no justification or elaboration of this method of measuring P-wave velocities was reported. To fill this gap, we first compare P-wave velocities measured with S-transducers against P-wave velocities measured with P-transducers in different rocks and materials. We show that the discrepancy between velocities measured with the two methods in homogeneous materials is less than 1% and can be up to 4% for natural rocks. Second, we numerically simulate the operation of S-transducers, show that parasitic P-waves have a dipole structure, and explain how the receiver transducer can register this compressional dipole. Finally, we use laser doppler interferometry to measure the displacement of the free surface of a sample caused by elastic waves emitted by the source S-transducer. We observed the dipole structure of the sample's surface displacement upon P-wave arrival on the surface.

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13

Kazaryan, A. A., P. V. Miodushevskii, and A. S. Mirskov. "Transducers for measuring strong pressure pulsations." Measurement Techniques 40, no. 3 (March 1997): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02504085.

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14

Lin, Ming Jer, Tung Lin Tsai, Xian Ru Wu, E. Hsung Cheng, and Nan Ming Yeh. "Development of a Transducer for Dental Implant Stability Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.265.

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This study focuses on the development of transducers for Osstell® Mentor in measuring stability of various implant systems. Experiments are performed to verify the compatibility of a self-made transducer. An acoustic signal analysis system is introduced to analyze the acoustic signal emitted from the Osstell® Mentor probe, and the frequency with peak amplitude in the amplitude-frequency plot is identified. The resonance frequency obtained is found to be linearly dependent upon the ISQ value by Osstell® Mentor. This finding is helpful for developing compatible transducers for various implant systems.

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15

Mannila, Vilma, and Outi Sipilä. "Phantom-based quality assurance measurements in B-mode ultrasound." Acta Radiologica Short Reports 2, no. 8 (December 1, 2013): 204798161351196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047981613511967.

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Background Recommended phantom-based quality assurance measurements in B-mode ultrasound (US) may be tedious. For the purpose of cost-effective US quality assurance it is important to evaluate measurements that effectively reflect the quality of US scanner. Purpose To find out which recommended phantom-based quality assurance measurements are effective in detecting dead or weak transducer elements or channels in US scanners when visual image analysis and manual measurements are used. Material and Methods Altogether 66 transducers from 33 US scanners were measured using a general purpose phantom and a transducer tester. The measurements were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of phantom-based uniformity measurement, imaging the air with a clean transducer (air image) and measuring the transducer with the transducer tester, and group II of phantom-based measurements of depth of penetration, beam profile, near field, axial and lateral resolution, and vertical and horizontal distance accuracy. The group II measurements were compared to group I measurements. Results With group I measurements, the results with 20% of the transducers were found defective. With 35% of the transducers the results were considered defective in group II measurements. Concurrent flaws in both groups were found with 11% of the transducers. Conclusion Phantom-based measurements of depth of penetration, beam profile, near field, axial and lateral resolution, and vertical and horizontal distance accuracy did not consistently detect dead or weak transducer elements or channels in US scanners.

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16

Sulyma, Oleg, Mykola Mykyichuk, and Iryna Zinchuk. "THE MEASURING CHANNELS CALIBRATION IN THE INDUSTRY." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 4 (2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.04.032.

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The trend of development of measuring equipment in particular measuring systems and technological processes leads to the need of measuring the temperature without dismantling the primary transducers and stopping the technological process in a very wide range and with high accuracy. The choice of methods and means of measurement depends on such factors as the value of measured temperature, necessary accuracy of measurement, conditions of measurements, and operation of the investigated object. The topicality of the problem is that industrial metrology operates the temperature measuring systems, transducers of which are deployed in such a way that their dismantling is impossible due to the specifics of the process or dangerous for operators’ life (nuclear power plants). Such measuring systems, due to the specifics of their application, are not metrologically provided in the periods between major repairs of controlled objects, thus violating the unity of measurements.

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Manuliak, I. Z., S. I. Melnychuk, Yu Yo Striletskyi, and V. M. Harasymiv. "Gas flow measuring system using signal processing on the basis of entropy estimations." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 5 (2020): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-5/125.

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Purpose. To increase the accuracy of gas flow measurement in tachometric transducers based on the improvement of structural, hardware and algorithmic support of information and measuring systems. Methodology. The gas consumption value is determined by the parameters of information and measurement signals. Sensor signals interacting with the environment are traditionally processed on the basis of amplitude and frequency methods. The research methodology is based on the information theory, methods of statistical and spectral analysis, digital signal processing, the theory of gas dynamics, based on mathematical modeling in a computational experiment, as well as the theory of errors and measurement results uncertainty. The statistical characteristics of the measuring signals of the converter presented in the unitary basis are studied. Findings. The conducted research resulted in development of an information-measuring system to control the sensitivity threshold of the transducers of the primary volume and the volume of gas consumption based on the developed primary transducer, which allows providing relative standard uncertainty of cost determination within 0.5%. A special processor has been developed to calculate the entropy estimates of signal information. Originality. For the first time, a method for the formation and processing of information-measuring signals, which is based on the use of pressure pulsations due to the movement of the measuring element of the converter in the toroidal measuring cell, is proposed. Implementation of the measuring element of a spherical converter, whose density is almost commensurable with the density of the controlled medium is offered. Practical value. The proposed method allows providing a lower sensitivity threshold compared to the industrial implementation of tachometric type transducers.

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18

Rządkowski, Witold, and Paweł Pyrzanowski. "Determination of Damage to the Piezoelectric Sensor by Measuring the Electrical Capacitance." Solid State Phenomena 240 (August 2015): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.240.31.

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This work presents testing mechanical defects of MFC piezoelectric transducers. The issue is important when piezoelectric transducer is used as eg. strain sensor. Repeatability of measurements is a goal, which can be obtained only if transducer has the same physical properties in every measurement. One way to determine damaged part of the sensor is measuring capacitance of MFC transducer. A couple of tests were performed to determine capacitance under non-destroying cyclic loading, and with loads causing PZT failure. Relation of capacity and load level was also investigated. All tests were validated with results from traditional resistive strain gauge

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19

Nosian, Jozef, Ľubomír Hujo, Marcin Zastempowski, and Romana Janoušková. "Design of Laboratory Test Equipment for Testing the Hydrostatic Transducers." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 24, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2021-0006.

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Abstract The article presented describes a new design of measuring chains in laboratory test equipment, which are used for testing the hydrostatic transducers and hydraulic fluids. Laboratory test equipment allows simultaneous observation of parameters of hydrostatic transducers and hydraulic fluids by simulating the operating conditions under laboratory conditions, what can significantly reduce the testing time and economic costs. The new design functionality was verified via measurement of the basic parameters of hydrostatic transducers and changing the load of hydraulic fluids. Based on the results measured, the flow efficiency of tested hydrostatic transducer UD-25R was calculated and compared with the transducer parameters specified by the manufacturer using different types of operating hydraulic fluids. Verification measurements of the unloaded hydrostatic transducer were performed at various rotation speeds: Q 250 = 5.694 dm3·rpm at speed of n 1 = 250 rpm; Q 500 = 12.286 dm3·rpm at speed of n 2 = 500 rpm; Q 750 = 18.747 dm3·rpm at speed of n 3 = 750 rpm. Based on the hydrostatic transducer flow rate, the UD-25R transducer flow efficiency was determined: at n 1 = 250 rpm, the flow efficiency was η250 = 0.8946; at n 2 = 500 rpm, the efficiency was η500 = 0.9651; at n 3 = 750 rpm, the flow efficiency was η750 = 0.9812.

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20

Mikitchuk, Alena P., and Konstantin V. Kozadaev. "Characteristics of fiber-optic photoacoustic transducers with monolayer of metal nanoparticles for systems of technical diagnostics." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2020-1-4-15.

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The work is devoted to the experimental study of the microstructural and morphological properties of nanostructures as part of a prototype of fiber-optic photoacoustic transducer. The transducer has been created to confirm the theoretical investigations previously obtained by the authors during the study the conditions of the most effective photoacoustic gene ration. To solve the main problem that arises when creating photoacoustic transducers, namely reducing the thickness of the absorbing layer, we used a nanostructure based on a monolayer of silver nanoparticles with size gamma-distribution, the average diameter of 35 nm with RMS-size of 12 nm. The method of simultaneous measuring both efficiency of photoacoustic conversion and frequency response of a photoacoustic transducer is proposed for the first time. The method allows experimental investigation of transduces output parameters versus the modulation mode of the optical signal. The proposed method is based on the usage of the main measurement channel for irradiating the photoacoustic transducer and a reference channel based on fiber optical coupler and photodiode. The experiment shows the reliable generation of ultrasound at frequencies of 10 –18 MHz with a prototype of photoacoustic transducer. During one hour irradiation, degradation of two-dimensional surface nanostructures has not been observed. This allows such type of photoacoustic transducer to be used as part of a new generation of technical diagnostics systems.

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21

Peleg, Kalman, and Shabtai Shpigler. "Dynamic Matching of Acceleration Transducers." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 108, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143799.

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Small mismatches between similarly manufactured accelerometers stem from slight differences between their flexural elements, seismic masses and their mountings, as well as variations in damping ratios. This is not detrimental for measuring absolute accelerations, but when it is desired to measure differential accelerations, very large errors may result. This is probably the main reason why transducers for measuring differential acceleration are not generally commercially available. Measuring the differential acceleration between two accelerometers mounted in different locations of an item provides a convenient means of measuring the relative velocity and displacement by single and double integration of the differential acceleration signal. To do this with good accuracy both accelerometers must have identical static and dynamic response characteristics. A method of matching the D.C. and dynamic response characteristics of any number of similarly manufactured piezoresistive acceleration transducers is described. This method is based on electronic compensation networks whereby the combined transfer functions of the transducers and their compensation networks are matched, enabling differential acceleration measurements with good accuracy. In addition to matching the effective transfer functions of the transducers, this method also significantly extends the operating frequency range in both absolute and differential measurements. The line taken is based on a general mathematical model, which was developed for quantifying error sources in differential measurements at large.

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22

Malarkodi, Amirthalingam, Peddinti SSR Sridhar, and Ganesan Latha. "Development of Automated Measurement Setup for Characterizing Underwater Acoustic Transducers." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.50.6.9.

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AbstractAccurate determination of sensitivity and directivity is important for any underwater acoustic transducer. In this work, an automatic measuring platform was designed and implemented for characterizing underwater acoustic transducers. The overall hardware setup includes a PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation)-based data acquisition system, computer-based controller module, motion controller module, and LabVIEW-based automatic calibration program. The system performs a sequence of operations automatically and achieves synchronous control of transmission and acquisition of real-time acoustic signals as well as processing, recording, and report generation. This measurement platform can be utilized for characterizing any type of acoustic transducer for its receiving sensitivity, transmitting response, and directivity measurement as per IEC60565 standard. The measurement results for RESON TC4034 and RESON TC 2080 transducers are presented and the results show that the system is able to carry out accurate calibration and characterization of any underwater acoustic transducer. Sources of uncertainty for calibration are also presented with the confidence level of approximately 95%.

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23

Bugaev, A. S., A. N. Antonov, B. M. Agafonov, K. S. Belotelov, S. S. Vergeles, P. V. Dudkin, E. V. Egorov, et al. "Measuring Devices Based on Molecular-Electronic Transducers." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 63, no. 12 (December 2018): 1339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226918110025.

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24

Il’inykh, A. Yu, Yu S. Il’inykh, and Yu D. Chashechkin. "Measuring Transducers of Electrical Conductivity of Liquids." Measurement Techniques 58, no. 12 (March 2016): 1336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-016-0895-3.

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25

Pchel'nikov, Yu N., V. V. Annenkov, A. A. Elizarov, and A. V. Fadeev. "Primary measuring transducers based on retardation systems." Measurement Techniques 37, no. 5 (May 1994): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00980435.

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26

Petrov, V. P., Yu V. Ryasnyi, and O. B. Zhuravleva. "Multipole measuring transducers of microwave circuit analyzers." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 3 (March 1987): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867075.

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27

Searl, Jeffrey P. "Comparison of Transducers and Intraoral Placement Options for Measuring Lingua-Palatal Contact Pressure During Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 6 (December 2003): 1444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/112).

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Two studies were completed that focused on instrumentation and procedural issues associated with measurement of lingua-palatal contact pressure (LPCP) during speech. In the first experiment, physical features and response characteristics of 2 miniature pressure transducers (Entran EPI-BO and Precision Measurement 60S) were evaluated to identify a transducer suitable for measuring LPCP during speech. The 2 transducers were comparable in terms of physical dimensions and most response characteristics. However, the Entran device was less affected by air temperature fluctuations, making it the more attractive option for speech LPCP measurement. In a second experiment, 3 methods of placing the Entran device in the mouth were compared. The 3 adhesion methods evaluated were (a) taping a transducer to the hard palate, (b) surface mounting on a mold of the palate, and (c) flush mounting on a mold of the palate. Directly taping the transducer to the alveolar ridge was the least acceptable option, as it resulted in changes in other aspects of speech production (consonant duration and centroid frequency of the burst/frication) suggesting that articulation was unduly altered. Direct taping was also rated as least acceptable by the speakers. Surface and flush mounting resulted in fewer changes in speech aerodynamic and acoustic parameters of /t/ and/s/ compared to the tape condition. Listener ratings also indicated less articulatory disturbance in the surface and flush mounting conditions compared to the tape condition. Surface mounting was technically easier than flush mounting and it allows for rapid repositioning of the transducer if needed.

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28

Ferguson, D. G., and P. C. Ivey. "A High-Temperature Assessment of Air-Cooled Unsteady Pressure Transducers." Journal of Turbomachinery 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841759.

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This paper discusses the problem of measuring unsteady pressure in a high-temperature environment using standard transducers. Commercially available cooling adapters for these transducers use water as the cooling medium to provide thermal protection. This arrangement is suitable only for some test bed applications and not suitable for integration into in-flight active control systems. An assessment of the cooling effectiveness of a commercial water-cooled adapter using air as the cooling medium is presented using an experimentally validated finite element heat transfer model. The assessment indicates survival of an air-cooled transducer, itself rated to 235°C, at source flow temperatures up to 800°C.

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29

Gan, Kui, Hong Jiang, Hongjiang Chen, Hao Zhang, and William Huang. "New study on force transducer’s temperature behaviour." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.955.

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This paper describes a new study about the temperature behaviour of force transducers. A special force transducer with a PT100 for temperature measuring was developed by GTM. The curve of heating was created, and test data indicates the time for attaining the stable temperature. Meanwhile the different sensitivity of the transducer under different temperatures was obtained, thus the temperature effect on characteristic value per 10 K (so-called TKc) was calculated. At the end, the correction of force transducer at different temperatures was made by the TKc factor of temperature.

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30

Mikhailov, P. G. "Development of design solutions for improving the characteristics of capacitive sensitive elements of sensors of physical quantities." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1227, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1227/1/012002.

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Abstract Capacitive measuring transducers are the most stable of the sensors of physical quantities, so they are used in such areas and on products in which the parameters of time and parametric stability are the main parameters. Such products and systems include rocket and space technology, aviation, military equipment and weapons. In addition, capacitive measuring transducers are energy-saving, since the sensor element does not consume electrical energy during operation. To achieve high time and parametric stability, the design of measuring transducers must be designed using certain design and technological solutions aimed at eliminating the occurrence of unintentional internal mechanical stresses, and compensating for thermal stresses. In addition, capacitive measuring transducers must be guaranteed to be sealed, and also during their manufacture, all parts undergo a degassing operation, in which moisture dissolved in the near-surface layers of materials is removed by heat treatment in vacuum, as well as using methods of heterization of vacuum cavities.

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31

Banaszak, David, and Michael Camden. "Static and Dynamic Calibration of Pressure Transducers at Elevated Temperatures." Journal of the IEST 38, no. 4 (July 31, 1995): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.38.4.u61473348th04987.

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The Air Force conducts tests requiring measurement of high dynamic pressures in high-temperature environments. Such tests require measurement of dynamic pressures created by jet engines, turbulent air-flow along hot areas of aircraft structures, and acoustic levels in Air Force test chambers such as acoustic chambers, wind tunnels, and engine test stands. Several commercial industries also have requirements for high-temperature dynamic measurements. To address these Air Force needs for dynamic pressure measurements at high temperatures, the Structures Division of the Flight Dynamics Directorate of the Wright Laboratory evaluated dynamic pressure transducers for use in extreme acoustic and thermal environments. Transducer manufacturers were surveyed and three off-the-shelf pressure transducers capable of measuring dynamic pressures at extreme environments were identified. The first model measures up to 194 dB(A) and operates up to 260°C (500°F). This model has an extended operating temperature up to 1649°C (3000 °F) when used with a water-cooled jacket. The second model is an air-cooled transducer advertised to operate up to 593°C (1100°F). The third model is a water-cooled transducer advertised to operate up to 2802°C (5075 °F). Two of the models have low sensitivity and thus require more output amplification. These two models are also larger and require larger mounting holes. The transducers were evaluated at various static pressures, acoustic levels, and temperatures. This paper describes the procedures used to calibrate these transducers up to a 172-dB sound pressure level (SPL) and a temperature of 732°C (1350°F). The results for these transducers are summarized for different static pressures, operating SPLs, and temperatures.

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32

Pan, Qinxue, Chang Shao, Dingguo Xiao, Ruipeng Pan, Xiaohao Liu, and Wei Song. "Robotic Ultrasonic Measurement of Residual Stress in Complex Curved Surface Components." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2797896.

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The automatic measurement, especially for products with complex shapes, has always been one of the most important application areas of robots. Aiming at the challenge of measuring residual stress under curved surface, in this paper, the residual stress ultrasonic measuring robot system with two manipulators is constructed, which is based on combining industrial robot technology with residual stress ultrasonic nondestructive measuring technology. The system is mainly composed of a motion control system, an ultrasonic detection system, and a data processing system. The robotic arm controls the movement of the two ultrasonic transducers along the set scanning path which is based on the geometric model of components and adjusts the transducer’s posture in time according to the shape of the workpiece being measured. The configuration information based on workpiece coordinate system is transformed into a position data that takes into consideration the first critical angle and can be recognized by the robot. Considering the effect of curvature, the principle model of residual stress measuring by the critical refraction longitudinal wave is established. The measured signal including the stress state of the measured region, as well as the actual position and posture information of the transducers, is processed by the computer in real time, which realizes automatic nondestructive measurement of residual stress under curved surface.

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33

Metzenmacher, Michael, Alexander Beugholt, Dominik Geier, and Thomas Becker. "Combined Longitudinal and Surface Acoustic Wave Analysis for Determining Small Filling Levels in Curved Steel Containers." Sensors 22, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 3476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093476.

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Measurement of the small filling levels in closed steel container systems is still a challenge. Ultrasound, however, is a sensitive and non-invasive technique and is suitable for online monitoring. This study describes a new ultrasonic sensor system for sensing small filling levels using longitudinal and surface acoustic wave analysis. The sensor system consists of one transducer for the longitudinal wave analysis and two transducers for the longitudinal and surface acoustic wave analysis. All transducers were mounted to the outer wall of the steel container, ensuring non-invasiveness, and a filling level ranging from 0 to 5 cm was investigated. Combining both approaches, a consistent determination of small filling levels was achieved for the entire measuring range (R2 = 0.99).

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34

Conger, Rand N., and B. R. Ramaprian. "Correcting for Response Lag in Unsteady Pressure Measurements in Water." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910198.

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There is not much information available on the use of diaphragm-type pressure transducers for the measurement of unsteady pressures in liquids. A procedure for measuring the dynamic response of a pressure transducer in such applications and correcting for its inadequate response is discussed in this report. An example of the successful use of this method to determine unsteady surface pressures on a pitching airfoil in a water channel is presented.

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35

Takasaki, Masaya, Hiroyuki Kotani, and Takeshi Mizuno. "Excitation of Surface Acoustic Wave on a Glass Substrate Using a LiNbO3 Piece." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 4 (July 5, 2016): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0574.

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Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are used in many applications. Here, we consider application of SAWs to actuators, which require relatively large vibration amplitudes. In conventional applications, a SAW propagates on a LiNbO3 substrate that serves as an elastic medium. This implies that the maximal size of a SAW transducer is limited by the LiNbO3 wafer size. Better actuators require larger-size SAW transducers. Here, we propose a transducer in which an excited SAW propagates on an inexpensive elastic medium (indirect excitation method). The method combines a piezoelectric material and a non-piezoelectric material substrate. These two materials are coupled. Electric energy is provided by an interdigital transducer (IDT). We designed and studied three different transducer configurations. To determine the optimal configuration, various materials and their combinations were considered with the proposed method. Electrical and mechanical characteristics were quantified in terms of the frequency response of admittance and vibration response, respectively. A suitable combination of materials was determined after measuring and analyzing the properties of different transducers. For this combination, the vibration velocity of the novel transducer was as large as that obtained using the conventional direct excitation method.

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36

Smith, Tait S., Scott A. Yerby, Robert F. McLain, and Todd O. McKinley. "A Device for the Measurement of Pedicle Screw Moments by Means of Internal Strain Gauges." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 118, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2796027.

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Pedicle screws are commonly used in spinal reconstruction, and failure of pedicle screws due to bending is a significant clinical problem. To measure the moments typically placed on pedicle screws in situ we instrumented 7 mm Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) pedicle screws with internally mounted strain gauges. The screws were designed to measure flexion-extension moments at a single cross-section as dictated by strain gauge placement. It is possible to measure moments of up to 12 Nm at any location along the length of the screw by constructing transducers with varying strain gauge placements. These transducers are capable of measuring moments at points located within the vertebra including the pedicle, which is where failure usually occurs clinically. Transducer output was both linear and reproducible. These transducers are being used to investigate the load transfer characteristics between the pedicle screw and the vertebra. This technique could be applied to investigations of load sharing in reconstruction plates, lag-screws, and cross-locked intra-medullary nails.

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37

Sedalishchev, V. N., Ia S. Sergeeva, and D. O. Strahatov. "Simulation modeling of composite piezotransformer measuring transducer with differential output." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2142, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2142/1/012018.

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Abstract The article presents the results of using simulation modeling to study the output characteristics of composite piezotransformer measuring transducers with a differential output. The processes were simulated using the Micro-Cap software. The article presents options for controlling the parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit of the converter. The article presents the results of simulation of composite piezotransformer measuring transducers with two degrees of freedom. Structurally, they can include piezoelectric elements, additional vibrators and communication elements between them. This allows you to expand their functionality, scope of practical application. The advantages are applicable to work in difficult and even extreme conditions. On the basis of such measuring transducers, prototypes of highly sensitive sensors were developed for measuring pressures, forces, temperature and other physical quantities, for monitoring the physical and mechanical characteristics of solids, liquid and gaseous media.

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38

Tasche, C., E. Meyhöfer, and B. Brenner. "A force transducer for measuring mechanical properties of single cardiac myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): H2400—H2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.6.h2400.

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We have described a transducer design capable of recording forces generated by single cardiac myocytes with sufficient temporal resolution to detect force responses to rapid length changes. Our force sensors were made from thin steel foils that act as cantilevers whose bending is monitored by reflection off a laser beam. Deflection of the laser beam is measured by a differential photodiode detector. A small, 50-μm-thick tungsten needle attached to the free end of the steel foil allowed us to glue single cardiac cells to the force transducer. The transducers have compliances of ∼0.02 m/N and resonance frequencies between 2 and 3 kHz. The resolution is ∼18 nN rms at a detector bandwidth of 16 kHz, so we were able to resolve 0.2% of the maximum isometric force (∼12 μN) developed by a single cardiac myocyte. We have demonstrated that the transducer is well suited to analysis of mechanical properties of single ventricular myocytes, for example, the recording of isometric forces and rate constants of force redevelopment after rapid release-restretch maneuvers.

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39

Khastsaev, Boris D., Larisa M. Dedegkaeva, and Maksim P. Maslakov. "The design of electric drives with electronic protection devices." MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822604012.

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The possibility of designing an electronic device for protection and diagnostics of electric drives with improved characteristics is considered. The technique and algorithm of design of similar devices, the structural scheme of the device constructed on their basis are offered. To improve the characteristics of the device of protection and diagnostics of electric drives in the work it is proposed to provide for the use of measuring transducers with linear dependencies of the output values on the controlled ones. The latter is possible as a result of the use of measuring circuits in measuring transducers with linearized dependencies of the output values on the input and the use of intelligent sensors. As a measuring circuit for the construction of measuring transducers is considered the measuring circuit of Kenigsberg, which is characterized by a linear dependence of the output active value of the passive measured (controlled physical quantities). At the same time, the intelligent sensors are additionally assigned the function of linearization of the output dependence of a «simple» sensor on the controlled physical quantity.

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40

Davis, G. T. "Piezoelectric Polymer Transducers." Advances in Dental Research 1, no. 1 (December 1987): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374870010011101.

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Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (CH2-CF2)n is a tough, flexible polymer readily available in the form of thin film which can be made piezoelectric by the temporary application of a high electric field. The areas of the film which become piezoelectric can be controlled to be the areas where metal electrodes are evaporated onto the film. The same electrodes and associated leads are subsequently used to detect the electric charge generated by the application of pressure to the active area. Such films may have applications in the measurement of occlusal forces. Many of the problems that might be encountered in an occlusal gauge have been addressed separately in other applications. For example, polymer transducers less than 100 μm thick have been developed and tested for measuring the nip pressure on an intaglio printing press. Piezoelectric polymer gauges have been successfully encased in a protective layer of another polymer to prevent the sharp edges of sand particles from breaking through the piezoelectric film. Transducer films with an array of active areas have been produced with electrical leads from each area so that the source of the signal can be traced. Electrode patterns have usually been established by evaporation of metal through a mask, but silk-screening a conductive ink has also been shown to be an effective means of defining which areas of the film are to be made piezoelectric. Finally, poly(vinylidene fluoride) has been shown to retain 80% of its initial activity after 1000 hours at 100°C, and it is unaffected by moisture. Therefore, if necessary, gauges to be used in dentistry could be subjected to steam sterilization for repeated use. The physical properties of such polymer films and examples of their use in pressure transducers are reviewed with the intent of stimulating interest in development of a system useful for measuring occlusal forces.

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41

Verlan, A. F., and Yu O. Furtat. "Approximate Dynamic Models of Non-stationary Measuring Transducers." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 42, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 03–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.42.03.003.

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42

Thompson, Stephen C. "The phonodeik: Measuring sound pressure before electroacoustic transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899687.

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43

Ozerdem, Ugur. "Measuring interstitial fluid pressure with fiberoptic pressure transducers." Microvascular Research 77, no. 2 (March 2009): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2008.08.002.

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44

Sedalishchev, V. N., and Ia S. Sergeeva. "Simulation of measuring transducers based on interconnected piezoresonators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1615 (August 2020): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1615/1/012030.

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45

M. F. Kocher and J. D. Summers. "Design of Drawbar Transducers for Measuring Dynamic Forces." Transactions of the ASAE 30, no. 1 (1987): 0070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30404.

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46

Akimov, A. Yu, I. V. Boikov, and V. V. Ryzhakov. "Determination of the frequency characteristics of measuring transducers." Measurement Techniques 37, no. 5 (May 1994): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00980436.

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47

Neyezhmakov, Pavel, and Igor Zakharov. "Determination of the time constant of measuring transducers." Measurement: Sensors 18 (December 2021): 100278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100278.

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48

Cho, Sungjong, Hyunjo Jeong, and Ik Keun Park. "Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 5565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235565.

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Nonlinear ultrasound has been proven to be a useful nondestructive testing tool for micro-damage inspection of materials and structures operating in harsh environment. When measuring the nonlinear second harmonic wave in a solid specimen in the pulse–echo (PE) testing mode, the stress-free boundary characteristics brings the received second harmonic component close to zero. Therefore, the PE method has never been employed to measure the so-called “nonlinear parameter (β)”, which is used to quantify the degree of micro-damage. When there are stress-free boundaries, a focused beam is known to improve the PE reception of the second harmonic wave, so phased-array (PA) transducers can be used to generate the focused beam. For the practical application of PE nonlinear ultrasonic testing, however, it is necessary to develop a new type of PA transducer that is completely different from conventional ones. In this paper, we propose a new annular PA transducer capable of measuring β with improved second harmonic reception in the PE mode. Basically, the annular PA transducer (APAT) consists of four external ring transmitters and an internal disk receiver at the center. The focused beam properties of the transducers are analyzed using a nonlinear sound beam model which incorporates the effects of beam diffraction, material attenuation, and boundary reflection. The optimal design of the APAT is performed in terms of the maximum second harmonic reception and the total correction close to one, and the results are presented in detail.

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49

Bertram, J. E. A., K. Gellman, J. W. Hermanson, and K. K. Haussler. "Dynamic Analysis of In Vivo Segmental Spinal Motion: An Instrumentation Strategy." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13, no. 01 (2000): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632623.

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SummarySummary A transducer for measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion was designed to directly measure dynamic rotations (Rx, Ry and Rz) about three orthogonal axes using an array of liquid metal strain gauges (LMSGs). The configuration of the LMSG array results in differential length changes due to segmental spinal motion. In vitro calibration utilized transducer attachment to Steinmann pins implanted into the dorsal spinous processes of anatomical spinal segments. The response of the LMSGs approximated linearity (R2 ≥0.980) over the calibrated ranges of angular displacement (i.e., ± 5°). On average, artifactual mechanical noise of the LMSGs was <3% of the signal recorded during locomotion. The minimum resolution of the transducer was 0.07 degrees of flexion-extension, 0.46 degrees of lateral bending, and 0.56 degrees of rotation. Average resistive force for all transducers was 0.31 ± 0.05 Nm at the neutral articular position (0°) and 0.51 ± 0.03 Nm at 5° of flexion. Clinically, the modest mechanical resistance of the transducers did not affect spinal mobility nor locomotion. In vivo application of the transducer was demonstrated at thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses treadmill locomotion. The transducer was designed and tested on an equine model, but may be adapted for other quadrupeds. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion.A technique was developed for directly measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses during treadmill locomotion. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion associated with back problems.

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50

CUI, YANG, JUE PENG, HU TANG, TIANFU WANG, and SIPING CHEN. "NEW FOCUSED ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER FOR FAT CELL DISRUPTION." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 05, no. 01 (January 2012): 1250001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545812500010.

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Being an emerging body-shaping technology of fat cell disruption, high-intensity focused ultrasound has been investigated intensively in recent years for its favorable natures such as painlessness, safety and noninvasion. One of the major problems for the technology, however, is the overheating of transducers. In this study, we modified the transducer design in order to solve the overheating problem. We simulated the performance of the modified design by finite element analysis and fabricated the newly designed transducer. By measuring the actual performance data, we proved that the new design can effectively reduce temperature rise while keeping the acoustic intensity field unaffected.

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