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1
Dao, Manh, An Nguyen, The Nguyen, Ha Pham, Dinh Nguyen, Quoc Tran, Huong Dao, Duyen Nguyen, Huong Dang, and Luc Hens. "A Hybrid Approach Using Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Assessing Environmental Conflicts in the Titan Mining Industry along Central Coast Vietnam." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental conflict management gains significance in rational use of natural resources, ecosystem preservation and environmental planning for mineral mines. In Central Coast Vietnam, titan mines are subject to conflicting use and management decisions. The paper deals with an empirical research on applying a combination of the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to measure environmental conflicts emerging as a result of titan mining in Vietnam. The methodology used in the paper combines the fuzzy AHP and the fuzzy TOPSIS to rank environmental conflicts and propose conflict prevention solutions in the titan mining industry of Ky Khang coastal commune (Ky Anh district, Central Coast Vietnam). Data was collected by using a questionnaire with 15 locals, 8 communal authorities, 2 district authorities, and 12 scientific experts on titan mining, environmental geology, and sustainability management. The result shows that, titan mining conflicts with the eight criteria of economic sectors at five alternative sites including beach, protected forest, agricultural area, settlement area, and industrial area. The conflicts between titan mining and forestry, agriculture, settlements, fishing and aquaculture are highly valued. The beach area shows most environmental conflict as a result of titan mining, followed by the agricultural area and settlement area. Based on the empirical findings, legal and procedural tools such as environmental impact assessments, strategic environmental assessments, integrated coastal zone management, marine spatial planning, and multi-planning integration advancing environmental management for titan mines in Vietnam are suggested.
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Naryshkin, Kirill Valer'evich. "Relevant problems of the settlement of conflict of interests in the department of internal affairs of the Russian Federation." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 2 (February 2020): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2020.2.31904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this research is the normative legal support of the process of settlement of conflict of interest in the department of internal affairs of the Russian Federation, with consideration of various views of researchers upon the problem of correlation of categories such as “conflict of interests”, “corruption”, “personal interest”, “settlement of conflict of interests”. Special attention is given to the mechanism of settlement of conflict of interests in anti-corruption legislation, as well as prospects for improvement of legal regulation in this area. The goal of this work is to attract attention of the scientific community to the relevant problems of settlement of conflict of interests in the service of the department of internal affairs of the Russian Federation. The methodological framework includes general scientific methods, particularly dialectic and systemic, as well as private scientific methods such as formal-legal, comparative-legal, and content analysis. The scientific novelty of this research consists in an original proposal for changes to the mechanism of the settlement of conflict of interests in the service of the department of internal affairs by introducing specific procedural measures that would contribute to its effective resolution, which in turn would allow eliminating a number of gaps within the content of the issues of not only direct settlement of the conflict, but also prevention of pre-conflict situation.
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Owsiak, Andrew P., Paul F. Diehl, and Gary Goertz. "Border settlement and the movement toward and from negative peace." Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216650420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How does border settlement—that is, the management of salient territorial conflict—affect the prospects for negative peace? Using recently released data on dyadic interstate relationships during the period 1946–2001, we build on territorial peace research to argue, predict, and find three connections between border settlement and negative peace. More specifically, border settlement: (a) increases the likelihood that a dyad is at negative peace; (b) raises the likelihood that dyads transition from rivalry to negative peace relationships; and (c) consolidates negative peace—by impeding transitions toward rivalry relationships. We confirm each of these findings with a commonly used measure of border settlement, as well as an alternative indicator of unsettled borders: civil wars. These findings cumulatively support our argument, demonstrate the importance of studying relationships outside the rivalry context, and suggest that border settlement plays a critical role in the emergence and consolidation of negative peace.
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Riezal, Chaerol, Hermanu Joebagio, and Susanto Susanto. "Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal Aceh: Gagasan Islam dan Budaya dalam Menyelesaikan Konflik di Masyarakat." Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v3i2.227-244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article answers the question of how the form of revitalization of local wisdom in Aceh culture as the capital to resolve conflicts in the community. The important thing that will support this article is how Islamic ideas and Acehnese culture combine into one formulated from within, at least strengthening traditional institutions as the basis for managing Aceh culture is an important discourse to measure indicators of the ongoing settlement of Islamic conflicts. The results indicate that the re-actualization of Aceh culture which had been submerged by the conflict and tsunami, has now been revived especially on the social bases that were lost and even blurred. When there was a conflict in the Acehnese community, the mechanism for resolving conflicts was carried out using the Acehnese cultural approach known as Di’et, Sayam, Suloh, Peusijuek and Peumat Jaroe, involving Aceh traditional institutions at the village level, such as the geuchik (village headman), teungku imum and traditional leaders. This local wisdom in the discourse of the Aceh Government has reached the implementation of policies by making regional regulations through qanun to revitalize Aceh’s local wisdom by reviving some traditional institutions that have not been functioning.
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Shevchuk, N. V., and A. A. Sachik. "Germany’s Approaches to the Settlement of Contemporary International Conflicts in the post-Soviet Space." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-01-138-146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the mediation activity of Germany in the context of the common European approaches to the peaceful settlement of international conflicts.Aim. To identify the importance of German mediation for foreign policy and its impact on the promotion of peace initiatives in the Eurasian space. Compare the current mediation tactics used by Germany today.Tasks. To analyze the foreign policy instruments of the State in question to promote the peaceful settlement of conflicts in regions of political importance to it, including the post-Soviet space.Methods. The paper uses logical and comparative analysis, a method of working with regulatory legal acts.Results. Mediation serves as an important foreign policy tool of the state in question to promote the peaceful settlement of conflicts in regions of political importance to it, such as the post-Soviet space.Conclusion. The authors show the main approaches of the German Federal Government to crisis prevention, which are based on a broad concept of security. The article provides a categorization of the main instruments of Germany’s participation in mediation processes, namely: participation in formal formats of conflict resolution; participation in informal formats of conflict resolution; confidencebuilding measures. Analyzing the experience of Germany’s participation in peace processes in the postSoviet space, the authors come to the conclusion that the state tries to remain in the shadows, playing the role of a mediator in conflicts, while coordinating its actions with other active actors involved in the region.
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Bahinskyi, Andrii. "Mechanisms of transitional justice in overcoming the consequences of armed conflict." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(45) (December 14, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.1(45).226354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines transitional justice as a set of post-conflict settlement measures. Today, transitional courts, truth commissions, amnesties, and reparations are transitional justice mechanisms that are widely and relatively effectively used to resolve conflicts around the world. Today, the mechanisms of transitional justice are also being improved to meet the needs of victims of armed conflict. Sociological research confirms that the combination of international and local dimensions of responsibility is an important demand on the part of victims of armed conflict.At the same time, the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes committed during armed conflict in modern conditions concerns individual prosecution, which often goes beyond public prosecution. The state retains the obligation to bring perpetrators of crimes to justice, but this can be done through mechanisms of international law.The practice of post-conflict settlement is due to the fact that not all courts are equally effective in punishing those guilty of crimes and criminal prosecution is not always successful. Formal truth-seeking processes involving the investigation of past violations involve truth commissions. Another important mechanism of transitional justice is the politics of memory. The politics of memory as an element of transitional justice encompasses the work of states with a historical past.The combination of transitional state justice measures with the use of ad-hoc institutions allows for the restoration of justice in the most controversial dimensions of armed conflict. Peace is accelerating in the direction of autonomy and expansion of the mandates of transitional justice institutions, organized memory policy, effective cooperation of national and international institutions to determine their jurisdiction in human rights, sociological research on the needs of victims of armed conflict. Evaluation of the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms is possible only if their interconnectedness, interaction with civil society and the state are taken into account.
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Popescu, Nicu. "EU and the Eastern Neighbourhood: Reluctant Involvement in Conflict Resolution." European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 4 (November 1, 2009): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The article deals with the European Union (EU) policy toward the post-Soviet secessionist conflicts in Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Nagorno-arabakh. The article argues that, in order to understand the EU as a crisis management actor, one has to study not just the patterns of EU intervention in conflict resolution and the impact of its actions but also EU decision not to intervene. These have a huge explanatory potential for the understanding of the EU as a foreign policy actor. Thus the article analyses in detail not just what the EU does vis-à-vis the post-Soviet secessionist conflicts but also what it failed to do. It analyses EU decisions to appoint special envoys, send civilian crisis management operations and offer assistance to the conflict zones, but also draws lessons from EU’s refusal to consider the deployment of peacekeepers or the avoidance of conflict resolution strategies, which might upset Russia. The article concludes that EU intervention in conflict resolution is primarily driven by external constraints or opportunities rather than strategic design. When faced with a choice for possible intervention in conflict settlement, the EU tends to opt for the easier, rather than the necessary, foreign policy measures and tends to work around the hard issues of conflict resolution.
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Zhang, Xiaolei, Katalien Bollen, and Martin Euwema. "Peacemaking at work and at home." International Journal of Conflict Management 31, no. 5 (April 8, 2020): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-10-2019-0186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations between peacemaking at work and peacemaking at home. Peacemaking is defined as voluntarily helping behavior in interpersonal conflict, by a person who has no formal authority over the conflicting parties, acts impartial and works with either one or more parties to solve the conflict constructively (Zhang et al., 2018). Design/methodology/approach In total, 639 participants engaged in a survey to measure their peacemaking behavior at work and at home. First, the peacemaking scale is validated using factor analysis. To test the hypotheses regression analysis is conducted. Findings Results show that peacemaking at work and at home are positively-related. Further, compared to peacemaking at work, people tend to be more often engaged in peacemaking at home; are more focused on settling the issues, provide more emotional support and use more humor, however, are less multi-partial. Research limitations/implications Although based on self-reports, the results regarding the positive relation between peacemaking at work and at home may be enlightening in human resource management such as personnel selection. Originality/value The study provides the first theory-based instrument to measure peacemaking as informal helping behavior in interpersonal conflict, at work and at home. Five components are measured, namely, peacemaking in general, multi-partiality, settlement-oriented, emotion-oriented and humorous peacemaking behaviors.
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Shugrina, Ekaterina S., and Roman V. Petukhov. "Monitoring of judicial practice in the field of prevention and settlement of conflicts of interest in the municipal service." Law Enforcement Review 2, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2018.2(1).141-153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subject. The article is devoted to enforcement the rules concerning conflicts of interest in the municipal service.The purpose of the article is to identify approaches to resolution of legal disputes concerning conflict of interest in the municipal service.Methodology. The authors use theoretical analysis as well as legal methods including formal legal analysis and the method of linguistic interpretation of judicial acts.Results, scope of application. The courts examine a different range of issues: the concept of conflict of interest, personal interest; features of admission to service; application of measures of responsibility; dismissal from service (termination of employment or service relations) – during the legal consideration of cases related to the presence and absence of a conflict of interest.The courts apply similar approaches to the conflict of interest in the state and municipal services, despite the fact that state and municipal employees have significant differences in legal status and different legislative acts are applied to each type of service.The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has repeatedly resolved the disputes concerning the issues of conflict of interest.Courts of general jurisdiction resolve such cases mostly in the order of action proceedings. However, the courts are also ought to investigate issues related to the conflict of interest when considering disputes arising from public legal relations when challenging normative legal acts. The attempts of local authorities to change the wording, to go beyond the norms established in Federal legislation are the most common violation.Conclusions. Although the legal positions of the Supreme Court concerning conflict of interest are generally quite consistent, courts at other territorial levels may have different positions on such situations. Therefore, we should welcome the preparation by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of A review of court practice in 2014-2016 concerning enforcement legislation of the Russian Federation in disputes related to the imposition of disciplinary sanctions for non-compliance with the requirements of anti-corruption legislation.
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Larasafitri, Martina Nur, Sutrio Sutrio, and Gunawan Gunawan. "Pengaruh Pendekatan Konflik Kognitif Terhadap Penguasaan Konsep Fisika Peserta Didik." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi 4, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v4i1.535.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aimed at measure the effect of cognitive conflict approach on the mastery of physics concept of students. Cognitive conflict is an approach consisting of preliminary, conflict, and settlement phases. This quasi-experimental research uses non-equivalent group design. The population of this research was all XI IPA students of SMAN 6 Mataram in academic year 2017/2018. The sample was chosen using cluster random sampling, with XI IPA 1 as experiment class and XI IPA 2 as control class. The instrument used for concept mastery refers to students cognitive abilities (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6). Hypothesis test using t pooled varians. The improvement of concept mastery is determined based on the results of the n-gain test. The results of research indicate the influence of cognitive conflict approach on the mastery of physics concept of students. In addition, the experimental class experienced an increased mastery concept higher than control class. This suggests the cognitive conflict approach applied successfully improves the mastery of the physics concepts of students, especially on sub material nature of material elasticity, Hooke law, and the arrangement of springs.
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Melnychenko, N. "International legal support of post-conflict settlement (on the example of the UN practice)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 69 (April 15, 2022): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.69.74.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the legitimate possibilities of involving the UN in a post-conflict settlement. The history of formation of the institute of peacebuilding in the system of bodies of this organization is analyzed. Institutional and regulatory mechanisms for the application of peacekeeping operations have been identified. The peculiarities of the creation of the UN police force with the functions of monitoring the observance of the ceasefire regime in conflict zones are revealed. The definition of peacekeeping operations is described and the mechanism of their establishment by the adoption of UN Security Council resolutions is described. The article states that it was the UN that helped end the war in the Congo (1964), Iran and Iraq (1988), El Salvador (1992) and Guatemala (1996). The United Nations has made significant contributions to peace in Mozambique (1994), Sierra Leone (2005), and the declaration of independence of East Timor (2002). If the parties to the conflict do not comply, "all necessary measures" may be taken, including military action as carried out to restore Kuwait's sovereignty (1991), to deliver humanitarian aid to Somalia (1992), to restore the democratically elected Government of Haiti (1994) or to restore peace and security in East Timor in 1999.
It is determined that in the practice of the UN such means of peacekeeping as preventive diplomacy, peace-making, peace-keeping, peace-keeping, peace-enforcement and peacebuilding in the post-conflict period have been formed. -building). The article focuses on the Peacebuilding Commission, which serves as an intermediate link between peacekeeping and post-conflict operations. The main tasks of the Commission are to establish links between all parties to coordinate actions and ensure genuine post-conflict activities. Currently, several countries are on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission: Burundi, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Central African Republic.
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MAHFUD, MAHFUD. "LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.1.1.68-85.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.
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MAHFUD, MAHFUD. "LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.v1i1.1328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.
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Neuwirth, Rostam J., and Alexandr Svetlicinii. "The Economic Sanctions over the Ukraine Conflict and the WTO: Catch-XXI and the Revival of the Debate on Security Exceptions." Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 5 (October 1, 2015): 891–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The international conflict over the events in Ukraine led to the application of unilateral restrictive measures by the parties involved – the European Union, the United States and the Russian Federation – all of which are World Trade Organization (WTO) members and permanent members of the UN Security Council. It has been alleged by all sides that specified restrictions on trade in goods and services may constitute a violation of WTO obligations. The possibility of a challenge of the restrictive measures using the WTO dispute settlement mechanism revived the debate on the invocation of security exceptions allowing WTO members to apply otherwise inconsistent measures justified by their ‘essential security interests’. The present article aims at providing a critical analysis of the restrictive measures adopted by the parties and the perspectives for invoking the security exception in case of eventual WTO dispute settlement. The article highlights the ambiguity in the interpretation of the security exceptions and questions the suitability of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism for the resolution of the current Ukraine crisis.
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Zhuchenko, V. S., and K. G. Malykhin. "Solution of “Aukhov problem” in Dagestan in Late 1980s — Early 1990s." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-5-338-354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author considers the decisions of the state authorities at the all-Union and republican levels on the settlement of the “Aukhov problem” in Dagestan during the period of perestroika 1985— 1991. The authors identified the conflicts in Chapaevo in 1985 and in Novokuli in 1989 as the key points of the problem. The focus of the study includes all parties to the conflict: representatives of government bodies, public structures (organizations, fronts, movements), the media and ethnic minorities (Chechens-Akkins, Laks, Avars, Kumyks). A retrospective method of historical research is used: the sequence of actions of all parties to the conflict, the cause-and-effect relationships of existing contradictions are studied. The authors concluded that, despite the containment of the conflict within certain limits, it still turned into aggressive physical and political forms of confrontation. It is pointed out that the actions of the authorities were often thoughtful and consistent, but were protracted and slow. Separately, the prolongation of preventive measures and the lack of mechanisms to resist the already erupted conflict are noted. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the problem remains unresolved to the present, therefore it is important to study and analyze the experience and mistakes of the past.
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Sarmiento, María Gabriela. "The UNASUR Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and Venezuela: Will Both Ever See the Light at the End of the Tunnel?" Journal of World Investment & Trade 17, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 658–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the objectives of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) is the creation of a regional dispute settlement centre to replace the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). To that end, UNASUR formed the High Level Experts Working Group on the Settlement of Investment Disputes whose efforts have thus far culminated in the November 2014 Draft Constitutive Agreement on the UNASUR Centre. This article analyses les enjeux politiques, it reviews the measures taken and the actions envisioned by UNASUR to change the much-criticised current system of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), and describes in detail the 2014 Draft Constitutive Agreement. In addition, it examines the inherent conflict within UNASUR’s mandate: advance integration in the region, while respecting State sovereignty. That tension is particularly evident in the case of Venezuela, used in this article as an example for the challenges facing the UNASUR Centre.
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Palii, Ganna. "EXPERIENCE OF BALKAN COUNTRIES ON TERRITORY INTEGRATION." Strategic Panorama, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.1-2.2020.08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the experience of the Balkan countries in de-occupation and reintegration of territories. Cases of conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 1993–2019, North Macedonia since 2019) are being studied. The analysis is based on a study of all stages of conflict resolution.
The article examines the sequence of key aspects of the settlement. Consideration of all stages of armed conflicts in the Balkan region has shown that international peace-keeping missions, with military and civilian components, play a significant role. The participation of various international organizations (UN, NATO, EU) and countries (USA) and in resolving those conflicts and further integration also had a decisive influence.
The reintegration processes in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia were based on peace agreements, as well as the full restoration of border and territory controlling. The next stage was to ensure demilitarization and disarmament. The fully fledged process of integration also included law enforcement reform, election preparation and conduct. The issues of post-war justice, punishment for war crimes and mass human rights violations were among the top priorities. In the implementation of all these reintegration measures, international organizations were involved, which actively provided assistance and performed a monitoring function.
Among the necessary conditions for de-occupation and peaceful reintegration are the following: consolidation and consistency of the positions of the political and military leadership, the presence of a powerful army, implementation of sanctions, economic and military-political pressure on the aggressor side, demilitarization and control of the territory, justice and amnesty with fixed frameworks.
The prospect of further research is that valuable experience with conflict resolution settlement and reintegration contains effective mechanisms that can be adapted in the case of Ukraine.
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Ungureanu, Veaceslav. "Covid-19 pandemic – a new challenge for the national security of the Republic of Moldova on the transnistrian conflict settlement dimension." Review of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Sciences, no. 3(187) (March 2022): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53783/18572294.21.187.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ensuring national security of the Republic of Moldova on the Transnistrian conflict settlement dimension during the COVID-19 global pandemic determined the need to create and implement a new paradigm for tackling the settlement process of the conflict in the Eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova in the context of reshaping the geopolitical architecture of the security environment in the South-East Europe. The lack of substantial results of the talks concerning the identification of feasible and sustainable solutions for the Transnistrian conflict is due to Moldovan authorities’ mistaken vision concerning the real interests of the actors involved in these talks that diff er from the preferences referred to in the offi cial rhetoric. COVID-19 pandemic tempered the actions of all political actors involved in the „5+2” format negotiation process that have been limited only to some sporadic declarations on the need to settle the confl ict from the Eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova and on the importance to carry out the provisions of the initiative to enhance the confi dence-building measures between the two banks of the Nistru river, integrated in the „small steps” policy, actions that do not produced tangible results on the Transnistrian confl ict settlement. The research of the issue of the Transnistrian confl ict settlement process in the condition of the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought about the decrease of the level of stability in the security area, emphasizes the reduced geopolitical potential of the Republic of Moldova in the current negotiation format that defi nes the insuffi cient level of the institutional capacity of the national security system to ensure the territorial integrity jeopardized by the geopolitical confl ict in the Eastern districts.
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Vithana, E. K. "(A171) Daily Crude Mortality Rate (DCMR) as an Indicator to Measure the Success of Provision of Services to Internally Displaced Population (IDP) in Sri Lanka." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundSri Lanka's 28 year protracted civil conflict between the government forces and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in the North of country saw dramatic end by May 2009 when the military forces succeeded in crushing the LTTE. Around 300,000 people were displaced due to the conflict and they were settled in welfare villages established in the North.DiscussionThe Government of Sri Lanka working in partnership with all other actors mounted a major humanitarian response to address the needs of the war displaced population. The Ministry of Health took a leading role in coordinating the health care programs for the Internally Displaced Population(IDP).ObservationsHigher morbidity and mortality observed during early phase of settlement of IDPs was due to the results of two scenarios, one being the conflict situation and its direct consequences that have caused injuries, disabilities and mental trauma among the population. The second being the result of the collapse of the health system in conflict affected areas, long period of displacement of people and the disruption of social structures that have led to the indirect consequences of increase of infectious diseases and worsening of chronic diseases. Ministry of Health used Daily Crude Mortality Rate (DCMR) to measure the success of the response. According to the Sphere Project guidelines that developed a set of minimum standards in a disaster situation, the DCMR should be 0.25 per 10 000 population for South East Asia. The emergency threshold level is 0.5 per 10 000 per day for this region.ConclusionsOf the number of people reaching the IDP welfare villages in early stages of emergency phase in May, DCMR averaged to 0.7. The figure settled to less than 0.5 per 10000 in June 2009. Thereafter daily DCMR remained less than 0.5 indicating success of the provision of care for IDPS.
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Wolfe, Robert. "Reforming WTO Conflict Management: Why and How to Improve the Use of ‘Specific Trade Concerns’." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 817–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT With its dispute settlement system in peril, the role of the World Trade Organization in mitigating commercial conflict is more important than ever, but its working practices need reform. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade committees have developed a mechanism for members to raise ‘specific trade concerns’ about the laws, regulations, and practices of their trading partners, both proposed and already implemented. These specific trade concerns can mitigate sources of friction and help avoid recourse to formal dispute settlement. This article assesses experience with specific trade concerns and analyzes suggestions for reform of the process and its extension to all World Trade Organization committees. The important World Trade Organization reform question is whether procedural changes in Geneva can make specific trade concerns more effective for all members while facilitating enhanced participation by members who do not now make full use of the possibilities that such procedures offer.
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Balk, Deborah, Mark Montgomery, Hasim Engin, Natalie Lin, Elizabeth Major, and Bryan Jones. "Urbanization in India: Population and Urban Classification Grids for 2011." Data 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010035.
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India is the world’s most populous country, yet also one of the least urban. It has long been known that India’s official estimates of urban percentages conflict with estimates derived from alternative conceptions of urbanization. To date, however, the detailed spatial and settlement boundary data needed to analyze and reconcile these differences have not been available. This paper presents gridded estimates of population at a resolution of 1 km along with two spatial renderings of urban areas—one based on the official tabulations of population and settlement types (i.e., statutory towns, outgrowths, and census towns) and the other on remotely-sensed measures of built-up land derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer. We also cross-classified the census data and the remotely-sensed data to construct a hybrid representation of the continuum of urban settlement. In their spatial detail, these materials go well beyond what has previously been available in the public domain, and thereby provide an empirical basis for comparison among competing conceptual models of urbanization.
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Wiegand, Krista E., and Emilia Justynia Powell. "Unexpected Companions." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 3 (July 2011): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211404792.
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Empirical research suggests that the existence of territorial disputes makes armed conflict more likely to occur. Yet, there are many states that have engaged in militarized interstate disputes that not only maintain normalized bilateral relations, but cooperate with one another on an increasing number of bilateral issues. How can disputing states like Argentina and the UK so frequently cooperate with each other on bilateral issues when there remains a significant amount of tension regarding their territorial dispute over the Falklands/Malvinas Islands? Our theory suggests that challengers involved in territorial disputes are willing to engage in bilateral cooperation with their adversaries in order to influence upcoming territorial settlement attempts. Bilateral cooperation is purposively and strategically used by the challengers as a form of confidence building measure (CBM) with the goal of reducing the negative impact of the territorial dispute. Empirical analyses of monthly data (1978—2003) on Argentina—UK relations, as well as qualitative evidence from the case, support our theoretical expectations by showing that challengers deliberately link cooperation on bilateral issues to territorial dispute settlement attempts as a form of bargaining incentive to increase the likelihood of peaceful resolution.
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VIVVHAR, Oksana, Yuliya MURAVSKA, and Volodymyr GEVKO. "PRACTICAL CONTEXTS OF NATIONAL SECURITY ON THE PARTNERSHIP CONDITIONS: POSITIVE EXTERNALS AND EFFICIENCY OF SECURITY." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 302, no. 1 (January 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-302-1-1.
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The dynamic development of scientific thought suggests that armed conflicts pose a significant threat to humanity due to the possible expansion of the number of participants in globalization, the development of environmental disasters, the negative humanitarian consequences associated with the growing number of refugees. The issue of resolving armed conflicts is relevant and occupies an important place in the system of modern international relations. NATO’s involvement in the settlement of armed conflicts is a comprehensive and systematic set of measures aimed at building long-term and sustainable peace, establishing the rule of law, protecting human rights and freedoms, and uniting society around a common development strategy. The international legal mechanisms for NATO’s participation in the settlement of armed conflicts are based on a coherent strategy, taking into account the interests of all citizens; they cannot be used by anyone to achieve personal goals. It should be noted that a post-conflict settlement, being fair, restores citizens’ trust in the state, its bodies and institutions, and establishes mutual understanding and mutual respect. The scientific issue of Ukraine-NATO cooperation as an important mechanism for combating hybrid warfare is particularly relevant and complicated. However, the security is a key point. The aim of the article is to present specific features of non-military cooperation between Ukraine and NATO. Based on the long-term goal of joining to the European system of collective security, Ukraine is building new approaches to ensuring national security. The purpose of this article is to review the literature topic, as well as the current situation of Ukraine-NATO cooperation, the hybrid warfare, as well as additional and alternative forms of security policy. In this paper we attempt to determine the factors of Ukraine-NATO cooperation, the conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of current solutions, as well as the conclusion of present situation with the issuance of diagnosis for the future mechanism for combating hybrid warfare. The article uses the reports and results of selected studies conducted in Ukraine.
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Liu, Bowen. "Reform Trend of Investor-State Dispute Settlement in International Investment." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 2 (February 27, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i2.1006.
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The reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (hereafter "ISDS") is a bellwether for the reform of the international investment dispute settlement mechanism, this paper about the ISDS mechanism reform finds the root cause of ISDS mechanism reform comes from the national sovereignty and the interests of the investors under the conflict of "crisis of legitimacy” Based on the" legitimacy" crisis, the ISDS mechanism has many problems. In this context, countries have started to reform the ISDS mechanism in order to solve the corresponding problems. These reform measures have three typical trends, Facing the three trends of ISDS mechanism reform, Chinese scholars put forward countermeasures from various angles, but fundamentally China should recognize its own position in international investment, be realistic and adopt a flexible way to deal with ISDS mechanism reform, and try best to contribute to ISDS mechanism reform.
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Kostenko, Yurii. "A Lesson Unlearned." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXII (2021): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2021-7.
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The article describes the preconditions and consequences of the Yalta meeting on confidence-building measures between the Georgian and Abkhaz parties. Assistance in its organisation as well as participation in the work of the Group of Friends of the UN Secretary-General on Georgia were of great importance for Ukraine’s international image. Ukrainian diplomats have come a long way in convincing UN members of the need and usefulness of Ukraine’s involvement in the Geneva process and in proving to the Abkhaz side that, despite the high level of partnership between Ukraine and Georgia, Ukraine is impartial in the conflict resolution process. Although the admission of our country to the Group of Friends of the UN Secretary-General on Georgia was not achieved immediately, one of the key roles of Ukraine in holding the Yalta meeting cannot be denied, as the fruits of Ukraine’s work and our state’s constructive position in resolving conflicts in the territory of the former Soviet Union, particularly in Transnistria, have already been confirmed by the international community. This paper highlights the mechanisms of disguising the hegemonic policy of the Russian Federation, which imposes its ‘peacekeeping’ participation in the settlement of armed conflicts in strategically important regions of the post-Soviet space. The article also mentions the importance of recognising the parties to the conflict and how the status of a ‘non-participant in the conflict’ is used by the Russian Federation for its own purposes to promote the policy of regional domination by means of military-strategic and economic potential. Conclusions are made on the geopolitical processes in the territory of the former USSR. Keywords: history of Ukrainian diplomacy, Group of Friends of the UN Secretary-General on Georgia, Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, peacekeeping activities.
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Ahn, Dukgeun, and Hyerim Kim. "Judicial Conflicts between Panels and the Appellate Body in the WTO Safeguard Jurisprudence." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 961–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020041.
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Interestingly, there occur huge discrepancies in understanding and interpretation of the safeguard system between the World Trade Organization (WTO) panels and the Appellate Body (AB), even in its core concepts ranging from pre-conditions such as unforeseen developments to import increases, causation, types of injury, and permissible extent of the measure. These phenomena, which originate from the different approaches – contextual or literal – have contributed to the current debacles in the WTO dispute settlement system as well as egregious misuse of safeguard measures by WTO members. Future endeavours to reform the WTO system should therefore pay more attention to the safeguard system, especially where it causes unsettling jurisprudence.
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NESKORODIEVA, Inna, Volodymyr RODCHENKO, Olena PARKHOMENKO, Yuliia KVITKA, and Anton KVITKA. "DETERMINATION THE SYSTEM OF FACTORS DEVELOPING COMMERCIAL MEDIATION IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-4-7.
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Introduction. Business environment functions according to peculiar laws and rules. That constantly accompanied by commercial risks, setbacks and a variety of conflicts. Failure to resolve and exacerbate conflicts in the business environment threatens to cause unforeseen losses of expected profits, cash or property, bankruptcy, debt growth and more. Therefore, the threat of adverse effects of commercial conflicts, the issue of implementation and development of business mediation is relevant as a rapid method of conflict resolution on terms of mutual agreement of the parties' interests in view of the lengthy terms of court proceedings. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate the approach to systematization and prioritization of factors of business mediation development in the current conditions of economic development of Ukraine as a method of successful non-judicial settlement of commercial conflicts. Results. In September 2019, 326 senior and middle managers of Ukrainian companies have surveyed to identify key factors for the development of mediation in the business environment in Ukraine in order to resolve commercial conflicts. It is established that business representatives need immediate practical implementation of business mediation, but at the same time, there is low awareness of Ukrainian entrepreneurs about the existence of a mediation institute, its principles and the procedure for conducting it. Using the principal component method (factor analysis), the factors component composition of business mediation development in modern conditions of Ukrainian economy development has been determined. The hierarchical structure of factors for the business mediation development as an effective institution for resolving commercial conflicts has been determined by calculating the variance percentage. It is determined that the factors of business mediation development are formed by 32,4% of the potential level by calculating the integral indicator. Conclusions. The following system of key factors of business mediation development in modern conditions has been determined on the empirical research basis: the factor of institutional development; education factor; psychological factor and efficiency factor. The most destructive influence on the business mediation development is played by the retarded factors of institutional development and education. These research results can be used in the state strategy setting of business mediation development in Ukraine. The identified system of factors can serve as a guideline for the introduction of the necessary state measures for the non-judicial settlement development of commercial conflicts in the business environment in Ukraine, and determining the priority of their implementation. Keywords: business mediation, business environment, commercial conflicts, factors of development, non-judicial conflict resolution.
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Gray, Julia, and Philip Potter. "Diplomacy and the Settlement of International Trade Disputes." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 7-8 (February 27, 2020): 1358–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719900004.
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How do countries settle disputes in the shadow of the law? Even in the presence of legalized dispute settlement, countries still rely on diplomatic channels to resolve conflicts. But it can be difficult to assess diplomacy’s impact on dispute resolution because those channels tend to be opaque. We present both an original theory of the impact of diplomacy on dispute resolution and a novel measure of diplomacy. If countries with close or, conversely, distant relationships use legal channels for dispute resolution, diplomacy will have little impact on dispute settlement; resorting to legal recourse among friends or adversaries likely means that the dispute is intractable. However, diplomacy can increase the chances of settlement between countries with moderate levels of affinity. We test this argument using a protocol-based proxy for diplomatic interactions—gifts given at the occasion of meetings between diplomatic counterparts—that would otherwise be difficult to observe. Using the case of the United States and its disputes in the World Trade Organization, we find support for our argument. This suggests that even when countries resort to legalized methods of dispute settlement, bilateral dealmaking still plays an important role.
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HALPER, JEFF. "Paralysis over Palestine: Questions of Strategy." Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2005.34.2.055.
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This essay by a prominent Israeli activist grows out of concern that advocacy efforts in support of the Palestinian cause have remained stuck at the protest-informational stage of combating disparate manifestations of the occupation. What is needed, the author argues, is a strategy to mobilize the vast range of civil society groups——Palestinian, Israeli, and international——to forge an effective lobbying and advocacy force that can lend the Palestinian leadership public support and a measure of parity with Israel. Intended as a starting point for debate, the essay explores the possibilities of a ““middle range”” strategy that would articulate the essential ““red line”” elements crucial to any just and sustainable settlement, provide a coordinated strategy of advocacy, and explore a range of ““endgames,”” including a regional approach to resolving the conflict if the ““two-state solution”” is found to be impossible because of irreversible ““facts on the ground.””
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Gleason, Ted, and Nathalie Devillier. "Consistent and Recurring Use of External Legal! Norms: Examining Normative Integration of the FCTC post-Australia Tobacco Plain Packaging." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 4 (August 1, 2019): 533–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019024.
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The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) has emerged as international consensus concerning legally binding trade measures related to tobacco products. Nevertheless, the tobacco industry along with various WTO Member States have regularly argued that certain FCTC compliant measures conflict with various obligations arising from the WTO and international investment agreements. Normative conflicts between the FCTC and international economic law crystalize at the dispute resolution stage. This article analyses WTO and investor state dispute settlement (ISDS) disputes concerning tobacco control measures (TCMs), including Australia – Tobacco Plain Packaging, and shows consistent, recurring, and increasing use of the FCTC by tribunals who reliably uphold non-discriminatory TCMs on public health grounds. Despite a general hesitancy to formally integrate external legal norms in international legal systems, this article posits that the regularity of reliance on the FCTC, not only for evidentiary issues, but also for substantive legal analysis, evidences normative integration of the FCTC in international economic legal regimes. In line with the principle of systemic integration, international tribunals should consider the FCTC not only as factual reference, but also as legal norms when relevant.
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Kuhn, Patrick M., and Nils B. Weidmann. "Unequal We Fight: Between- and Within-Group Inequality and Ethnic Civil War." Political Science Research and Methods 3, no. 3 (April 10, 2015): 543–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.7.
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When and why ethnic groups rebel remains a central puzzle in the civil war literature. In this paper, we examine how different types of inequalities affect both an ethnic group’s willingness and opportunity to fight. We argue that political and economic inter-group inequalities motivate ethnic groups to initiate a fight against the state, and that intra-group economic inequality lowers their elite’s costs of providing the necessary material and/or purposive incentives to overcome collective action problems inherent to rebel recruitment. We therefore predict that internally unequal ethnic groups excluded from power and/or significantly richer or poorer relative to the country’s average are most likely to engage in a civil war. To assess our claim empirically, we develop a new global measure of economic inequality by combining high-resolution satellite images of light emissions, spatial population data, and geocoded ethnic settlement areas. After validating our measure at the country- and group level, we include it in a standard statistical model of civil war onset and find considerable support for our theoretical prediction: greater economic inequality within an ethnic group significantly increases the risk of conflict, especially if political or economic inequalities between groups provide a motive.
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Novikov, V. S., and Yu V. Nevshupa. "Assessment of the implementation of the youth policy of Novotitarovsky rural settlement." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (May 23, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2020-1-23-30.
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In the materials of the publication, the authors evaluated the implementation of the youth policy of Novotitarovsky rural settlement. Determined the outcome of the contribution of youth in socio-economic, sociopolitical and cultural development of the area, the directions of the youth policy, implemented by the youth Council in the rural settlement Novotitarovskoy MO Dinskoy district; the analysis of financial resources allocated for the implementation of the Program “Youth” for youth policy development; the proposed activities in the framework of the “Youth” the following actions are assumed. The authors, after analyzing the implementation of youth policy I propose the following: to consider youth policy as a contribution to the future generation; municipal authorities suggested that the structure of the Administration, “Department of youth”, and to implement a set of measures for implementation of the directions of formation and development of youth policy, improving the efficiency of existing activities aimed at youth development in the municipality.There is no conflict of interests.
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Horn, Henrik, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Erik N. Wijkström. "In the Shadow of the DSU: Addressing Specific Trade Concerns in the WTO SPS and TBT Committees." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 4 (August 1, 2013): 729–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013024.
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The article argues that focusing only on disputes formally raised in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement system underestimates the extent of trade conflict resolution within the WTO. Both the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committees address a significant number of 'specific trade concerns' (STCs) that in the overwhelming majority of cases do not become formal disputes. The STCs address differences between Members concerning the conformity of national measures in the SPS and TBT areas with these agreements. It appears as if Committee work on STCs significantly helps defuse potential trade frictions concerning national policies in the covered areas.
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Volkovich, O. "THE EUROPEAN PRINCIPLES OF UKRAINE-NATO RECIPROCAL RELATIONS AND THE STUDYING OF EXPERIENCE OF NEUTRALITY IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF SEPARATE STATES." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 1 (43) (2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2020.43.31-35.
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The article considers European principles of reciprocal relations between Ukraine and NATO and scrutinizing the experienceof neutrality of foreign relations of separate states generating and generalizing the fundamental principles on settlement and exitfrom the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. The attention has also been stipulated on the peculiarities on obtaining neutrality byEuropean states, scrutinizing the experience of separate countries towards settlement of external conflicts (Sweden, Finland).The government of Sweden has determined a new defense policy, related with the non-participation in wars, loses its practicalcontent and the neutral status of the mentioned countries to a certain extent becomes a symbolic consequence of historictraditions. The separate issues of fundamental principles of the development of relations between Ukraine and NATO have beenscrutinized.There’s a new tendency visible in the foreign policy of states – unlike the previous periods of time the neutral and non-blocstates do not avoid nor open the international political, economic and even military cooperation, they cooperate within theframework of UN, NATO, EU, OSCE hoping that this cooperation will facilitate the reinforcement of friendly relations betweenstates.Ukraine is presented as a sovereign, independent and stabile state, that is irreversibly loyal to the principles of democracyand the rule of law, has a prior meaning for the Euro-Atlantic security. The relations between Ukraine and NATO started thedevelopment at the beginning of the 90-ties of the XX century and since then has become one of the most significant NATOpartnerships. In the course of 2010 in Ukraine there was a tendency of measures and events predominantly related with thereview of organizational principles of cooperation with NATO and the transformation of entities responsible for this process.Starting from 2014, because of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the Ukraine-NATO cooperation has been intensified in a set ofcritical fields. Also, a step that has not been less significant was the event that on 12 of June 2020 the NATO North AtlanticCouncil has approved the decision on granting our state the status of a NATO partner-nation with extended capabilities.
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Goodby, James E. "When War Won Out: Bosnian Peace Plans Before Dayton." International Negotiation 1, no. 3 (1996): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180696x00197.
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AbstractThe elements bearing on the prospects for a political settlement in Bosnia-Herzegovina came together in 1995 in a way that made peace possible. These included a forceful US lead in the negotiations, a protracted NATO air campaign, a shift in the local balance of power adverse to the Bosnian Serbs, expulsion of the Serbian population from Krajina, and a readiness of Serbian President Milosevic to negotiate a settlement on behalf of the Bosnian Serbs. These elements were not present in 1992-94 when two earlier mediation efforts collapsed before peace plans that had a measure of acceptance from the parties to the conflict could be put into effect. The particular internal features of the three plans and the distinctions between them did not cause two of them to fail and one to succeed. To conclude that the 1992-93 plans would have had a chance of succeeding if the United States or the Europeans had used military force to support them is probably not wrong but it misses an important point. There are moments in a dynamic situation when external inputs produce maximum effects while at other times the cost of intervention to achieve a given result is likely to be higher. In catastrophe theory, the condition when external input produces maximum effect within the system is called metastability. The author urges that in analyzing negotiating situations the notion of ripeness take into account the concept of metastability.
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Kapur, Ashok. "Can the two Asian giants reach a political settlement?" Asian Education and Development Studies 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-06-2015-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the Sino-Indian conflict and to evaluate recent changes as reflected in the high level meetings between President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It explores the evolving relationship in terms of three types of bargaining: elusive, tacit and convergent. Design/methodology/approach – By adopting a historical approach one gets a better sense of the evolving pattern of relations between China and India and the circumstances in which the evolution is occurring. Findings – China-India relations are similar to a journey where the progress is measured in terms of small steps rather than a final peace settlement. Relations have changed slowly towards a positive direction in economic relations, and there is a pattern of stability in border talks but the issue is complicated by the linkages between the Tibet question and border issues. Research limitations/implications – This topic requires considerable research because it is important for the future of Asian international relations and it is under-researched. Perhaps there could be an edited volume which brings together researchers from different backgrounds and expertise. The suggested work must be empirical but with a theoretical framework related to different types of bargaining cultures and experiences in Asia. Originality/value – As China and India evolve in their diplomatic practices and thinking, as Asian powers are readjusting their policies in the light of new circumstances, there are insights for policy analysts and practitioners in China and India among other Asian countries.
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Romadan, L. I., and V. A. Shagalov. "United Nations - African Union Cooperation In Conflict Prevention, Peacekeeping and Peacebuildin." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-174-181.
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The article addresses the cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations, in particular the African Union in the sphere of security and settlement of conflicts. Over the last decade the role of the AU and sub regional organizations has dramatically increased. Through its agencies of ensuring peace and security the African Union is making significant contribution to strengthening stability and promotion of democracy and human rights in Africa. In the beginning of the article authors make a review of the level of security on the African continent and stress the sharpest conflict zones. According to researches one of the most turbulent regions on continent in terms of security is the North-East Africa. Continuing quarter-century war in Somalia, conflict relations between Somalia and Ethiopia, the border crises between Ethiopia and Eritrea, which in the late 20th century turned into the war between the two countries, finally, the number of armed clashes in Sudan attracted the special attention to the region of the entire world community. Authors pay the main attention to the cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union in the sphere of settling regional conflicts and holding peacekeeping operations. In the article the main mechanisms and methods that are used by the United Nations and the African Union to hold peacekeeping operations are analyzed in details. The situation in Somalia and efforts of the United Nations and the African Union that are making towards stabilization in this country are also studied. Authors reveal the basic elements and make a review of the mixed multicomponent peacekeeping operation of the United Nations and the African Union in Sudan. In the conclusion authors stress the measures that could strengthen the strategic cooperation between the United Nations and the African union. According to the authors the most important task is to solve problems of financing joint peacekeeping operations quickly and effectively.
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Wolczuk, Kataryna, and Laure Delcour. "Well-Meaning but Ineffective? Perceptions of the EUs Role as a Security Actor in the South Caucasus." European Foreign Affairs Review 23, Special Issue (May 1, 2018): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2018010.
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Using role theory, in this article we seek to bridge existing gaps in research on the European Neighbourhood Policy by asking how local actors perceive EU engagement in regional security. Based upon extensive qualitative research conducted in the South Caucasus, we scrutinize whether the EU’s conception of its role as a security actor coincides with the expectations of South Caucasian actors and their perception of the EU’s performance in conflict resolution. We show that the EU’s prioritization of security coincides with high demand in the South Caucasus for greater EU involvement. Yet our analysis reveals a major mismatch between, on the one hand, the EU’s own role conception of being a strong security provider and South Caucasus countries’ perceptions of its weak performance in conflict settlement. This is because the EU’s toolbox – focussing on capacity- and confidence-building measures – is not well attuned to both local needs and a broader regional context shaped by an increasingly confrontational Russia.
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Ali, Madad, Aman Ullah, Shakir Ullah, Muhammad Nisar, and Waqar Ahmad. "Socio-Cultural Aspect of Violence and Effects on Peace Settlement in Sectarian Conflict Areas of Pakistan (A Case Study of Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)." Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v5i1.11281.
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This research study deals with socio-cultural factor of sectarianism in connection with peace. A sample size of 279 respondents was randomly selected of those respondents who belong to Shia and Sunni community in the three selected villages in District Hangu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Frequencies distribution of data was conducted to know comprehensively about data layout. Moreover, Chi square (χ2) statistics was used to determine the level of association between dependent variable i.e. Perception about Peace with the independent variables (Socio Culture Factors). Simple liner regression model was applied to measure the dependence of one variable (dependent variable) upon other variable(s) (independent variable(s). The results disclosed that peace as the main demand (89.2%) of the people. While at bi-variate level social differences (p= .000), spreading fake rumors and issues (p=.000) in the influence of foreign states (p=.000), External interference also destroyed peace by implementing their religious ideology (p=.000). The overall model was discovered highly significant which shows that Socio Culture Factors has direct effect on peace of the community The study recommends that peace can be restored in the area on the sustainable basis of media, political parties and religious persons play a positive role. There should be strict ban on hate motivated speeches and literature, along with an eye on both the internal and external forces disturbing peace in the area as well as coordination and cooperation among the rival groups can further strengthen the process.
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Margolina, Tatyana I., and Polina A. Surovyatkina. "Barriers and incentives in the development of mediation (conceptional procedures) in the social sphere." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 3 (2020): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-3-494-505.
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This article identifies barriers and incentives for the use of mediation (conciliation procedures) in dealing with conflicts arising in the social sphere. The study is based on the analysis of the literature, particularly scholarly works written by specialists in the field — mediators and intermediaries. Among the barriers revealed are the low level of public awareness of conciliatory procedures, negative psychological attitudes towards the conflict and the process of its peaceful settlement as well as barriers associated with the low level of mediators’ training, the absence of normative regulation for the out-of-court mediation procedure. The article substantiates how particular barriers hinder the development of conciliatory technologies. The identified incentives include saving resources, the possibility of maintaining and restoring relationships, the flexibility of the procedure, and the basic principles and rules of mediation. It is described how these incentives contribute to the spreading of this institution in Russia. The article also provides a description of the results of research (sociological survey) concerning the views of students, experts in the field of mediation, state and municipal employees and pensioners, about the obstacles in the development of mediation as well as factors stimulating this process. The empirical study results confirmed the theoretical conclusions about the existence of real barriers in the development of conciliation procedures in the social sphere, such as the lack of information about conciliatory technologies for resolving conflicts, the lack of regulations on their application out of court, the lack of salary standards for mediators in budgetary organizations, the predominant ideas in society about the competitive strategy of behavior in a conflict, the lack of information about educational programs in the field of conflictology and mediation. In conclusion, the authors provide some recommendations prepared based on the analysis of the literature and the empirical research results and containing possible measures aimed at removing the existing barriers.
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Tseveliov, Oleh. "CURRENT THREATS NEAR THE BORDERS OF UKRAINE AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 50, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The armed conflict in eastern Ukraine is one of the main threats and challenges to the national security of Ukraine. Ukrainian society is already tired of long-term impossibility to resolve the issue of ending the war, thus there has been a tendency in favor of direct negotiations with a neighboring country, namely the Russian Federation, with the social opinion supporting such procedure for resolving a sensitive issue. The Minsk agreements have failed and in the near future will fail in finding a positive solution to the armed conflict in favor of one of the parties, and Ukrainian society is divided over the consistent implementation of their measures. Some people have an extremely negative attitude to the implementation of certain provisions, others support their implementation, while a third of the society generally votes for the separation of Donbass from Ukraine. Although the armed conflict is formally happening between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the illegal military formations of the DPR/LPR, it has a much deeper and more complex structure. Given the lack of national unity in the state regarding the settlement of the conflict in the Donbas, an important issue arises regarding the beginning of a socio-political dialogue within Ukraine and the development of effective mechanisms for state response to threats to national security. Holding open and transparent discussions between all regions of Ukraine, between two neighboring countries, taking into account the socio-economic situation, cultural and family ties, will provide an opportunity to develop common ways to solve aggravated problems supported by the majority of society.
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Baral, Kedar, Hari P. Sharma, Bhagawat Rimal, Khum Thapa-Magar, Rameshwar Bhattarai, Ripu M. Kunwar, Achyut Aryal, and Weihong Ji. "Characterization and management of human-wildlife conflicts in mid-hills outside protected areas of Gandaki province, Nepal." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): e0260307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the intent to better management human wildlife conflict (HWC) and wildlife conservation in mid-hills outside protected areas of Gandaki province, Nepal, we analyzed the patterns and drivers of HWC. Using data collected from literature, government records and questionnaire survey, we investigated temporal, seasonal and spatial distribution of human casualties caused by wildlife attacks. We also appraised the perception of local people towards wildlife conservation. We have recorded 77 cases (69 human injuries and 8 mortalities) during the period of nine year between 2011 and 2019. The number of wildlife attacks increased over this period. Wildlife attacks were more frequent in winter with 50% (42) of attacks occurred between September and December. Common leopard (Panthera pardus) and Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) were the major species involved in these conflicts. Common leopard was the most feared species that causes highest number of human mortalities (87%, n = 67); the most severe type of HWC outcome. Forty-eight percent (n = 37) attacks were reported at human settlement areas followed by 27% attacks in agriculture land (n = 21) and 24% (n = 19) in forest. Generalized linear model analysis on spatial variables showed that the probability of human attacks increases with decreasing elevation (β = -0.0021, Z = -1.762, p = 0.078) and distance from the forest (β = -0.608, Z = -0.789, p = 0.429). We recommend to decrease habitat degradation / fragmentation, carry out habitat management program within forest to increase prey availability to decrease the wildlife invasion into human settlement area, and decrease dependency of people on forest resources by providing alternative livelihood opportunities. Simplified relief fund distribution mechanism at local level also helps alleviate the impact of HWC. The knowledge obtained by this study and management measures are important for better human-wildlife co-existence.
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Rossi, Michael. "Ending the impasse in Kosovo: partition, decentralization, or consociationalism?" Nationalities Papers 42, no. 5 (September 2014): 867–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.937683.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper argues that current Western-backed approaches to conflict resolution in Kosovo have failed to alter Serbia's policy toward the region and have contributed to the exacerbation of political tensions between Belgrade and Brussels, while deepening ethnic cleavages between Serb and Albanian communities. While there is no possibility of Kosovo returning to Serbia's control, there is an equal unlikelihood that Serbian-populated regions of Kosovo, especially the north, will submit to Pristina's authority. Most importantly, there is little hope that Kosovo can gain full international recognition and membership in international organizations without a compromise settlement with Serbia. While territorial partition has long been a suggested option, I conclude that the best possible solution for Kosovo, given the positions of all parties involved, is a process of significant decentralization beyond the internationally supported measures in the Ahtisaari Plan. A model of consociational power sharing is one in which Serbian and Albanian municipalities are granted high levels of autonomy similar to arrangements made for Bosnia. While this solution may not be ideal and further weakens central authority, I argue that consociationalism reduces the problems of ethnic conflict, encourages local self-government, and preserves the overall territorial integrity of Kosovo.
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Spasic, Nenad, Ksenija Petovar, and Vesna Jokic. "Potentials and limitations of spatial and demographic development in Kosovo-Metohija lignite basin." Spatium, no. 19 (2009): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0919030s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan?s propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.
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Wilder, Martijn. "The settlement of disputes under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty." Polar Record 31, no. 179 (October 1995): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400027376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTSince the Antarctic Treaty came into operation, Antarctic affairs have been characterised by international cooperation. The major issues of potential conflict, namely sovereignty, military activity, and mining, have now been largely removed. As a result, the remaining disagreements between parties have been resolved through consultation and negotiation. No dispute has ever found its way to judicial settlement, with most disagreements usually resolved at an early stage through ATCMs. While there is no reason to suspect that the use of consultation and negotiation will not continue, with the introduction of far more comprehensive measures for the protection of the Antarctic environment, combined with the significant increase in activity in and around the continent, there is a greater likelihood of situations occurring that clearly breach these principles or give rise to a dispute. In addition, where extensive damage to the environment has already occurred, negotiation may be limited, so that the other mechanisms for settling disputes must be instituted. The dispute procedures of the Protocol, taken almost entirely from CRAMRA, represent the most comprehensive system for the peaceful settlement of disputes arising in any Antarctic instrument to date. However, clear problems such as remedies, enforcement, and uncertainties with respect to standing and liability remain. Until these problems are resolved, all aspects of all disputes cannot be covered, and comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment specified in the Protocol will remain an objective, not a reality.
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Mahnad, Polina Levina. "Protecting cultural property in Syria: New opportunities for States to enhance compliance with international law?" International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 906 (December 2017): 1037–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383118000322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe war in Syria has lasted for six years and has led to massive destruction and loss of life. Stymieing international peace efforts from the outset, there is increasing doubt that the conflict will reach a resolution or political settlement in the near future. This frustration has triggered an appetite among States, civil society and the international community for finite and concrete measures that can contribute to greater protection and compliance with international law. A recent constellation of events around the protection of cultural property appears to herald a shift in the response of the international community toward prescribing practical and actionable measures for third-party States. Drawing on the responsibility of third States “to respect and ensure respect for” international humanitarian law, this article examines the legal framework protecting cultural property and recent innovative protection responses that contribute to ensuring compliance with international law in Syria, short of military assistance and intervention.
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Ireland, Robert. "The Trans-Pacific Partnership Tobacco Carve-Out Precedent." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 4 (April 1, 2016): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) text includes an article allowing the parties’ ability to deny the possibility of challenges to their tobacco control measures under the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions. Several TPP parties as well as public health advocates had sought this “tobacco carve-out” to prevent transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) from using the TPP to challenge tobacco control laws, particularly cigarette plain packaging requirements, as they have done using bilateral investment treaties (BITs). TTCs had lobbied the negotiators not to include the tobacco carve-out in the TPP. Regardless if the TPP is ultimately ratified by the parties, the TPP tobacco carve-out will likely be precedent for the insertion of language protecting tobacco control measures in future bilateral and multilateral international trade and investment treaties. Moreover, the TPP tobacco carve-out is another in a growing list of legal and policy defeats for TTCs. This article summarises the state-TTC conflict that influenced and resulted in the TPP tobacco carve-out.
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Skrypnyk, Olena. "UN Peacekeeping: the Origins of the Concept of Oversight Operations." European Historical Studies, no. 16 (2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the article is to explore the circumstances surrounding the emergence of the concept of UN oversight operations as the initial form of peacekeeping operations and to clarify their role in peacekeeping through the work of such first groups as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) and the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan. The methodology of the research based on the principles of systemicity, authenticity, historicism, logics. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-system) methods have been used. The events are considered according to their interrelation and in the totality of the revealed historical facts. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the historical aspect of UN involvement in resolving regional conflicts of the second half of the twentieth was explored, since most of the works were written by professional lawyers, political scientists, etc., and thus, due to the specific nature of their research, historical aspects could not be covered in full. Conclusions. In the course of the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United Nations has developed new methods of peacekeeping. In the late 1940-s – early 1950-s, the concept of UN oversight operations as the initial form of peacekeeping operations was developed by member-states. The creation of this concept gave a significant impetus to the development of UN peacekeeping. The function of the UN observers included: surveillance, daily reports, incident investigations, military installations inspection. Thus, they were the main source of information for the Security Council on the situation in the region. On May 29, 1948, a group of military observers called the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) to monitor the truce was created, which is considered was reference to the history of this crucial and necessary UN activity. In 1949, the United Nations Group on India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) formed. The experience of these first groups became the basis for developing other forms and methods of peacekeeping: missions to find out the facts, plebiscite observations, good-service missions, reconciliation teams, mediators and special representatives, and more. The author draws attention to the fact that regional conflicts mentioned in the article, despite the efforts of the UN, remain unresolved today, so the UN should develop more effective measures for their settlement.
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Rustamova, Leili Rustamovna. "The reform of the Bundeswehr and the future of Germany’s peacekeeping activities." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2021): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2021.4.36992.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reform of the Bunderwehr has been in the focus of attention of Russian and foreign research since the unification of the country^ when Germany started speaking about its responsibility for peace and political stability. Germany’s army had to not only rearm and optimize military personnel, but also to conceptualize its new role in the world and extend its global representation for the purpose of conflict settlement. However, over the last years, the consideration of problems of the Bundeswehr reforming and development has become especially important due to the fact that the Bundeswehr faces new challenges and threats, including those of a non-military nature. The reforms of Germany’s army, which have been covered in the recent documents aimed at the substantiation of the increased use of the Bundeswehr abroad, reflect the political leaders’ aspiration to make it a more effective instrument of protection against hybrid threats and prevention of conflicts affecting Germany’s security. The purpose of the article is to analyze the reform of the Bundeswehr and their influence on Germany’s peacekeeping activities. The study is based on discourse-analysis and the analysis of the main documents, determining the directions of modernization of Germany’s army, and the documents, regulating peacekeeping activities, official reports of the Ministry of Defense, official reports of the Ministry of Defense, and mass media materials about the state and the problems of the armed forces. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that it considers the reform of the Bundeswehr in its close correlation with its peacekeeping profile as the main sphere of using Germany’s army. Based on the analysis of the recent documents, regulating its activities, the author comes to the conclusion that its reforming is aimed at the expansion of peacekeeping activities, while peace-enforcement operations are considered as a last-ditch measure.
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Nurwahjuni, Nurwahjuni, and Abd Shomad. "FOUR EYES PRINCIPLE DALAM PENGELOLAAN RISIKO KREDIT PADA BANK." Yuridika 31, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v31i2.4844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to implement the four eyes principle in the provision of bank credit there should be a separation of functions between the analysis, approval, and credit administration. The separation of functions is done in order to secure the credits begin the loan process until the credits were disbursed, even banks should separate settlement function of problem loans with a function that decides lending. This is done in order to avoid any conflict of interest between a bank and its clients' interests debtors. Due to the four eyes principle applied in lending may cause a credit crunch. Problem loans will affect the profitability and solvency of banks that ends decrease the soundness of the bank. Bank may be subject to administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions when the Member of the Board of Commissioners, Board of Directors, or bank employees who deliberately do not implement the measures necessary to ensure adherence to the bank of the provisions of this Act and the provisions of other legislation applicable to banks.