Дисертації: "Maximum age of deposition"

1

Schuckman, Melanie. "Voice Characteristics of Preschool Age Children." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1209154612.

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2

Hewitt, Christopher D. "A study of the mechanisms of climate change at the Last Glacial Maximum." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342116.

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3

Knight, Matthew Giuseppe. "The intentional destruction and deposition of Bronze Age metalwork in South West England." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33594.

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The intentional destruction of Bronze Age metalwork prior to deposition is frequently recognised within assemblages, but rarely forms the focus of study. Furthermore, most research focuses on why metalwork was deliberately destroyed without considering how this process was undertaken. This thesis therefore analyses how metalwork might have been intentionally damaged and uses this to better interpret why. The material properties of bronze are considered alongside past research into the use of different implements, before a series of experiments are presented that explore how one might best break a bronze object. A better understanding of the methods by which Bronze Age metalwork might become damaged means one can identify intentional damage over that sustained accidentally, through use or post-deposition. This culminates in a Damage Ranking System, which can be utilised to assess the likelihood that damage observed on archaeological specimens is the result of intent. The Damage Ranking System is applied to Bronze Age metalwork from South West England (i.e. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset). The catalogue of metalwork from this region was recently updated, highlighting instances of deliberate destruction that would warrant further study (Knight et al. 2015). The present research builds on this catalogue and involved analysis of complete and damaged objects from across the study region and from throughout the Bronze Age. Approximately 1300 objects were handled and studied and set within the Damage Ranking System alongside a contextual analysis of the findspots. This allowed trends in damage and depositional practices to be observed, demonstrating increased intentional destruction throughout the Bronze Age. It is shown that the deliberate destruction of metalwork throughout the Bronze Age related to the construction of personhood and emphasised links with other regions of Bronze Age Europe. This research demonstrates a new approach to the material that has wide-reaching applications in future studies.

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4

Watts, Susan Rosina. "The structured deposition of querns : the contexts of use and deposition of querns in the south-west of England from the Neolithic to the Iron Age." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4016.

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It is now widely assumed that many artefacts found in the prehistoric archaeological record were not casually discarded as unwanted material but were deposited in features and contexts with structure and meaning. This appears to include saddle and rotary querns for they are often found whole and apparently still usable or, conversely, deliberately broken. Analysis of the structured deposition of querns in the south-west of England shows that they were deposited in features on both domestic and non-domestic sites. Furthermore, the location and state of the querns, together with the artefacts found in association with them, indicates that they were deposited with different levels and layers of meaning, even within the same type of feature. The deposition of querns appears to have pervaded all aspects of prehistoric life and death suggesting that they played a role above, but nevertheless related to, their prime task of milling. An exploration of the object biography of querns demonstrates the importance of what are often considered to be mundane tools to subsistence communities. Each quern has its own unique life history, its meaning and value determined by the reasons that gave cause for its manufacture, the material from which it was made, the use(s) to which it was put and who used it. However, all querns share points of commonality, related to their function as milling tools, their role as transformers of raw material(s) into usable products (s), their association with women and the production of food, and the movement of the upper stone. Through these, symbolical links can be made between querns and agricultural, human and building life cycles, gender relations and the turning of the heavens. The reason for a quern’s deposition in the archaeological record may have drawn upon one or more unique or common values.

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5

Ogbagaber, Semhar. "A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE VARIANCE OF AGE AT MAXIMUM GROWTH RATE IN GROWTH MODELS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/94.

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Most studies on maturation and body composition using the Fels Longitudinal data mention peak height velocity (PHV) as an important outcome measure. The PHV is often derived from growth models such as the triple logistic model fitted to the stature (height) data. The age at PHV is sometimes ordinalized to designate an individual as an early, average or late maturer. In theory, age at PHV is the age at which the rate of growth reaches the maximum. Theoretically, for a well behaved growth function, this could be obtained by setting the second derivative of the growth function to zero and solving for age. Such a solution would obviously depend on the parameters of the growth function. An estimate of the age at PHV would be a function of estimates of these parameters. Since the estimates of age at PHV are ultimately used as a predictor variable for analyzing adulthood outcomes, the uncertainty in the estimation of the PHV inherent due to the uncertainty in the estimation of the growth model need to be accounted for. The asymptotic s.e. of the age at maximum velocity in simple growth models such as the logistic and the Gompertz models could be explicitly obtained because explicit formulas for the age at maximum velocity are available. In this thesis a numerical method is proposed for computing the s.e. of the age at PHV for those that do not lead to explicit solutions for the age at PHV. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated by computing the s.e. using the explicit method as well as the proposed numerical methods and by comparing them. Incorporating the estimates of the s.e. in regression models that use age at PHV as predictor is illustrated using the FELS data.

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6

Unterman, Matthew Blair. "High resolution simulations of synoptic scale 'paleometeorology' during the last glacial maximum." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7654.

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Hourly winter weather conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are simulated using the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) on a globally resolved T170 (~75 km) grid. This simulation has been run in-tandem with a lower temporally resolved six-year climatological run. The purpose of the study is to determine: (1) whether examination of higher-resolution simulations, on both spatial and temporal scales, can enhance paleometeorological inferences based previously on monthly statistics of model output and (2) whether certain synoptic-scale events, which may have only a modest impact on seasonal statistics, might exert a disproportionate impact on geological climate records. Analysis is focused on changes in wind flow, no analogue climate “states”, synoptic scale events including Northern Hemisphere cyclogenesis, and gust events over glacial dust source regions. Results show a decrease in North Atlantic and increase in North Pacific cyclogenesis during the LGM. Storm trajectories react to the mechanical forcing of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, with Pacific storms tracking over middle Alaska and northern Canada and terminate in the Labrador Sea. The latter result supports observations and other model runs showing a significant reduction in Greenland winter precipitation. The modified Pacific track results in increased precipitation and the delivery of warmer air along the west coast of North America. This could explain “early” glacial warming inferred in this region from proxy climate records, potentially representing instead a natural regional response to ice age boundary conditions. Results also indicate a low variability, “no analogue” region just south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin which has appropriate conditions to harbour temperature-sensitive trees west of the Appalachian Mountains. Combined with pollen data, this lends valuable insight into the known disagreement between modern seed dispersal experiments and calculated migration rates. Finally, hourly-scale gust events over dust source regions during the LGM are two to five times greater than the modern, providing a mechanism to help explain the increased glacial dust load seen in the ice cores. Backwards air-parcel trajectories from Antarctic ice core locations show air sources over Patagonia and the Altiplano with some inputs from South Africa agreeing with recent isotopic tracer analyses. Results demonstrate that high temporal and spatial resolution simulations can provide valuable insight to add to the cornucopia of information already available from lower-resolution runs. They can also enhance our interpretation of geological records, which have been previously assumed to record longer time-scale climatological mean-states and thus ignoring any extreme synoptic events which may actually have had a disproportionate impact on their preservation.

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7

McNee, Barbara. "The potters' legacy : production, use and deposition of pottery in Kent, from the middle Bronze Age to the early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367138/.

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The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive study of prehistoric pottery throughout the region of Kent. Research will focus specifically on middle Bronze Age through to early/middle Iron Age pottery, a date range of approximately 1500 to 400 BC. The study of pottery offers a wealth of information relating to many aspects of the past and yet despite this, prehistoric pottery has been under-researched in Kent. A growing number of important pottery assemblages have been excavated and recent development-led archaeology has produced a great deal of new evidence from excavation and evaluation. This offers an important key to understanding the chronology and interpretation of settlement and burial sites. The basis of this study is to analyse pottery assemblages in order to develop an understanding of the societies who produced and consumed the ceramics, and to provide the foundation for a ceramic typological and chronological framework. This was undertaken through the study of some 77,000 pottery sherds from 66 sites across the region. The data was collected from personally recording and illustrating large assemblages of pottery sherds and by using data from ‘grey literature’, published reports and research by a number of pottery specialists. A form type series was devised, which demonstrates the range of pottery types present in Kent from the middle Bronze Age to early/middle Iron Age. A chronological sequence has been tentatively suggested, which is in need of refinement when more radiocarbon dates are available. A fabric series has been created and presents a brief summary of the types of fabrics used to make the vessels. Key areas were studied, namely, the production and distribution of the ceramics across Kent and how this compares to surrounding regions. Changes in both pottery form types and fabrics over 1000 years of potting history are evident and offer insights into the changing nature of social practises and settlement patterns. Consideration of how the ceramics have been deposited may also offer glimpses into the past, and also serve to highlight the complexities of site formation. This study contributes to a growing body of research on the prehistory of Kent. The limitations are also addressed and the scope for further research.

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8

Robinson, Joshua Lee. "Assessment of in-stream processes in urban streams for development of sediment total maximum daily load." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-01132005-173901/unrestricted/robinson%5Fjoshua%5Fl%5F200505mast.pdf.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
Stieglitz, Marc, Committee Member ; Debo, Thomas, Committee Member ; Sturm, Terry, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references.

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9

Garrow, D. J. "Pits, settlement and deposition during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in East Anglia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599334.

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The fundamental aim of this piece of research is to consider pit sites in substantial detail in order to answer such questions. In doing so, a number of other important issues are confronted, including the nature of settlement/landscape occupation, and the role of deposition as a practice. In East Anglia, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age pits have been found in particularly large numbers. At the same time, in comparison to other regions, relatively few monuments are known (during the Neolithic at least). The region is, therefore, a particularly appropriate place in which to investigate sites of this kind: the range of evidence is broad and of a high quality, while pits were arguably an even more important feature of the period here than elsewhere. The study operates at several different scales, ranging from the region to the individual feature. At the broadest level, changes through time in terms of the number of pits in each site, the overall number of sites, and their geographical locations are discussed. The patterns observed are then contextualised in relation to other aspects of the contemporary landscape (monuments, artefact scatters, structures, flint mines, etc.), allowing insight into the kinds of place in which pits were dug. At a more detailed level, the changing character of the sites themselves is discussed, over the course of four chapters (Earlier Neolithic, Peterborough Ware, Grooved Ware and Beaker). Within each phase, ten sites are considered in detail, with issues such as the spatial and material relationships between pits on each site, the character of individual pits, and the way in which artefacts had been deposited, being addressed. Subsequently, one of the ten sites within each chapter is explored in further detail, as a Case Study. Through first-hand analysis of the artefactual evidence and site archive, the intricate dynamics of deposition on those sites are investigated. Looking in particular at what had happened to artefacts prior to deposition, the quantities of material involved, and what connections between pits can tell us about the processes behind each site’s formation, issues such as the longevity of occupation, the scales of residence, and the permanency of settlement are explored. The final chapter situates this discussion of the dynamic and changing aspects of pit sites in its much wider context.

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10

Hammond, Louise E. "The influence of age and genotype on fat and protein deposition in growing lambs." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366465.

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11

Garrow, Duncan. "Pits, settlement and deposition during the Neolithic and early Bronze age in East Anglia /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402149296.

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12

Curteis, Mark Edward. "The Iron Age coinages of the south midlands, with particular reference to distribution and deposition." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1231/.

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The last twenty years has seen a great increase in the number of recorded provenance Iron Age coins. The same period has also seen advances in archaeological ideology particularly with regards to depositional processes and the inter-relationship between material assemblages and their contexts. This study re-examines existing potheseasn d developsn ew hypotheseisn light of the new data to address fundamental questions about who used iron Age coins and why A detailed catalogue ofall coins found in the south midlands is included After a review of the history of research into Iron Age coins and an overview of the development of British Iron Age coinage, particularly north of the Thames, there is a detailed look at the distributions of each major coin type found in the south midlands. The distributions have produced many interesting conclusions on the primary circulation areas of coins and hence areas of political unity, the position of possible boundaries between such areas, possible issuing authority, relative chronology and the significance of metallic content. A distribution/expansion theory has been proposed to introduce a non-stylistic approach for identifying the relative chronologies of the issues of Tasciovanus. An important part of the thesis is an archaeological study of the types of site coins are recovered from, the type, location and date of features containing coins within such sites, and detailed contextual analyses concerning material associations and position within features. From the contextual analysis it was concluded that most Iron Age coins were deposited in a deliberately structured way in specified locations, often in special votive deposits, were closely associated with other aspects religious ritual activity, and that this role continued in to the Roman period.

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13

Soucie, Shaun E. "The effects of progressive intraubular [sic] dentin deposition on bacterial penetration of radicular dentin." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/soucie.pdf.

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14

Fish, Stephanie. "Icelandic Glacial Ice Volume Changes and its Contribution to Sea Level Rise since the Little Ice Age Maximum." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296216.

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Satellite imagery and volume-area scaling are used to asses the glacier area and ice volume of Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to present day, obtaining a final result in sea level rise between 1890 - 2015. The Little Ice Age was a time of regional cooling, with glaciers reaching their maximum extent (~1890 for Iceland) with warming and glacier retreat after this period ended. Ice volume estimates are important to know due to their relevance in potential sea level rise calculations. Understanding both of these estimations for Iceland connects the impact a changing climate has on regional and global scales. Different scaling parameters used in the volume-area scaling approach to determine ice volume and ultimately sea level equivalents highlight the range of estimates acquired and point out the need in choosing appropriate values based on glacier region. A comparison to using mass balance measurements for volume estimates is also noted, showing differences in ice volume loss over past and present time periods. The Icelandic glacier area for present day is an updated value from previous studies at 10,803 ± 83 km2 and a first ever reported Icelandic Little Ice Age maximum glacier area of 12,201 ± 91 km2. For potential sea level rise, it is found the most reliable estimate from the volume- area scaling assessment is 2.67 mm from the Little Ice Age maximum to present day, with a yearly contribution since 1890 of 0.02 mm.
Satellitbilder och volym-area skalningsmetoden användes för att uppskatta glaciärarea och isvolym på Island från Lilla istiden till nutid, för att få fram hur stor höjningen av havsnivån varit under denna tidsperiod (1890 – 2015). Den lilla istiden var en tid av regional kylning då glaciärer nådde sin maximala utsträckning (~1890 för Island) följt av en snabb reträtt efter att denna period slutade. Uppskattningen av isvolym är viktigt att veta på grund av dess relevans i potentiella beräkningar av höjningen av havsnivån. Att förstå båda dessa uppskattningar för Island är kopplat till den påverkan ett förändrat klimat har på regional och global nivå. De olika skalparametrar som använts i volym-area skalningsmetoden för att bestämma volymen av is, och dess motsvarigheter i havsnivå, gav en rad av olika uppskattningar. Detta pekar på behovet att välja ett lämpligt parametervärde baserat på glaciärregionen. En jämförelse med att använda mätningar av massbalans för volymuppskattningar gjordes också, vilket visar skillnader i isvolymförlust över tidigare och nuvarande tidsperioder. Dagens värde på den isländska glaciärarean är uppdaterat från tidigare studier på 10,803 ± 83 km2 och den första rapporterade maximala isländska glaciärarean från Lilla istiden på 12,201 ± 91 km2. För potentiell höjning av havsnivån, har man funnit att den mest tillförlitlig uppskattning från volym-area skalningsmetoden är 2,67 mm från Lilla istidens maximum till nutid, med ett årligt bidrag sedan 1890 av 0,02 mm. (Översättning Cecilia Bayard.)

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15

McKinzey, Krista Michelle. "The 'Little Ice Age' maximum in south east Iceland : integrating the glacial, climatic and historical records of change." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29267.

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This thesis investigates the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) glacial maximum in southeast Iceland through integration of the glaciological, climatological and historical records of change in order to enhance current understanding about the timing, expression and consequences of glacier-climate interactions in the North Atlantic. Iceland’s proximity to large scale climatic drivers, such as the thermohaline circulation and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), indicates that its glaciers may provide one of the clearest signals of oceanic-atmospheric interactions at a range of time-scales. Previous opinions have differed regarding the timing of the LIA maximum extensive of Icelandic glaciers with possibilities generally ranging from the mid-/late- 18^th to late 19^th centuries. Moraines along the margins of Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull, two Vatnajökull outlet glaciers in southeast Iceland, were re-dated in order to examine whether disparities may have arisen due to differing glacier response rates, selective preservation of evidence or unreliable dating techniques. Approximately 12,000 lichens were measured on 40 moraine fragments to provide surface age proxies. The population gradient lichenometric technique yields late 18^th to early 19^th century moraine dates, whereas the conventional ‘average of the five largest’ method clusters moraine dates to the late 19^th century. Subsequently, an updated tephrochonology for southeast Iceland (geochemistry and tephrastratigraphy) based on 25 reference soil profiles was used to identify tephra layers within 15 additional soil profiles dug around the LIA moraines. Tephrochonology confirms that the LIA maximum extent for both glaciers occurred between AD 1755 and 1873. A late 18^th to early 19^th century LIA maximum at Skálafellsjökull and Heinabergsjökull accords with widespread glacial maxima (extent and ice volume) across Iceland, indicative of a pervasive response to climatic deterioration. A positive degree-day mass balance model was implemented for Skálafellsjökull, Heinabergsjökull and Lambatungnajökull to assess the linkages between spatial expression of LIA glacier maxima with potential climatic envelopes during the late 18^th to early 19^th centuries. Reconstructions suggest that glacier mass balance was at least 1.5 to 2 mwe a^-1 greater than at present induced by a ~1-1.5°C temperature reduction associated with severe sea-ice years during the 1780s. Equilibrium line altitudes may have lowered by ~140 m during the LIA maximum. The model also indicates that glacier hypsometry significantly affects differential response of the three Vatnajökull outlet glaciers under various climatic regimes.

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16

Cimaroli, Alexander J. "Development of Deposition and Characterization Systems for Thin Film Solar Cells." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1481295690696407.

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17

Werner, Cara B. "Examining the Impact of Video Modeling Techniques on Clinical Voice Assessment Stability and Efficiency Across Age Ranges." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1429801698.

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18

Adams, Sophia Anne. "The first brooches in Britain : from manufacture to deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28593.

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This thesis explores the evidence for the earliest brooches in Britain. The first brooches were used and made in Britain in the Early Iron Age from c.450 BC. During this period, and into the Middle Iron Age, methods were devised for constructing brooches with mock springs and hinges. In tandem with these changes a greater variety of types came into use. Some are relatively widespread across Wales, England and into Scotland. Others are concentrated in central or western and eastern regions of England. Brooches were manufactured from both bronze and iron. Bronze brooches dominate in the earlier period but iron brooches are as common as bronze in the Middle Iron Age. Some bronze brooches are constructed with small elements of iron and vice versa. Other materials are also employed as decoration on the body of the brooch including coral and glass. A revised chronology and typology are proposed, drawing on both intrinsic attributes and external archaeological evidence. The evidence from burials shows brooches were used to clasp fabric. The fabric was probably a woollen cloak wrapped around the body as a shroud. The brooch was positioned so it was visible during the funerary process. Some brooches fastened bags and other small brooches were better suited as ornaments or badges. These have distinctive designs that would have made them recognisable, perhaps as objects belonging to a particular person and/or associating that person with a specific group. Brooches are also found at settlements, at hillforts and in rivers, as well as at sites with or deposits of a ritualised character. Aside from cemeteries these latter sites contain the highest numbers of brooches. The deposition of personal objects at these types of site may have asserted the individual’s connection to the community in a manner comparable to the burial of a person in a cemetery.

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19

Selent, Mark. "Acoustic and Respiratory Measures as a Function of Age in the Male Voice." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1401368326.

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20

Lally, Michael. "Bodies, bones, objects and stones : investigating infancy, infant death, deposition and human identity in Iron Age Southern England." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/371690/.

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This thesis significantly contributes towards a fuller and more complex appreciation of the formation of human identity in Iron Age Southern England. It constitutes the first doctoral study of infancy, infant death and infant deposition for this region and period, and is the first piece of research to specifically consider infancy as an informer upon the formation of identity at this time. This thesis is structured around four main themes: (1) Was there a concept of infancy in Iron Age southern England? (2) How does infancy inform upon the construction of identity at this time? (3) If present, how did the concept of infancy fit into any perceived understanding of a wider Iron Age life course? (4) Were infants treated in similar ways to older individuals in death? These themes led to the formation of a set of hypothesised research questions. The investigative results offer an important and fresh insight into the nature and construction of identity at this time. Results suggest that infant (and older) bodies and bones were conceptualised and treated in multiple, and often co-existing, ways; many of which appear to have had nothing to do with the formal burial of the ‘person’ per se. Rather, while some bodies were formally buried, many others were perceived and treated in objectified ways. In these instances, human bodies and bones were conceptualised as forms of materiality, perceived and treated in a similar way to animal bodies and bones, objects and environmental materials. Importantly, this thesis provides evidence which suggests that although multiple and complex, in many instances, the conceptual nature of the infant (and older) body, and its subsequent treatment and deposition during this time, may have been underpinned by a uniform and geographically widespread concept of infancy.

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21

Crease, Susheela Marie Elizabeth. "Re-thinking ritual traditions : interpreting structured deposition in watery contexts in Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1466183/.

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This investigation seeks to define the strands of continuity and change in structured deposition across the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age to Early Roman transition in Britain, and interpret their significance in terms of cultural interaction. These interpretations not only examine and re-think structured deposition in relation to ritual traditions, but also explore how the continuity of such traditions was impacted by the transition between these two periods. Metalwork is a central focus but a wide range of other finds are also considered in order to take a holistic perspective on deposition. Watery deposits were an obvious starting point but comparisons with dry context deposits were necessary to provide a more complete understanding of these practices. The data were gathered from a number of individual sites throughout two contrasting case study zones defined by major waterways and labelled as such: the Severn-Thames Axis in the south and the Solway-Forth Axis in the north of Britain. Through the use of site reports as the main source of data, the analysis took a two-tiered approach. Individual episodes of structured deposition were examined and interpreted on a site-by-site basis. This then led to investigations on a broader scale by examining changes in the continuity of practices in the type of finds deposited, the contexts into which deposition took place and pre-deposition practices, such as deliberate breakage to determine patterns of deposition across the case study zones as a whole. With this comparative analysis it can be concluded that watery contexts were not a unique locus of structured deposition, and indeed that this practice is highly diverse across the zones studied. The temporal patterning in this diversity is examined in detail and related to cultural interaction.

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22

Daly, Patrcik. "Social practice and material culture : the use, discard and deposition of ceramic material at two Iron Age hillforts in Oxfordshire." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251444.

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23

Loan, MaryEllen Louise. "New Constraints on the Age of Deposition and Provenance of the Metasedimentary Rocks in the Nashoba Terrane, SE New England." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2422.

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Thesis advisor: J. Christopher Hepburn
The Nashoba terrane of SE New England is one of three peri-Gondwanan tectonic blocks caught between Laurentia and Gondwana during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean in the early to mid- Paleozoic. U-Pb analyses (LA-ICP-MS) were carried out on zircon suites from the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Nashoba terrane. The youngest detrital zircons in the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Nashoba terrane are Ordovician in age. There is no significant difference in age between meta-sedimentary units of the Nashoba terrane across the Assabet River Fault Zone, a major fault zone that bisects the NT in a SE and a NW par. Zircon in meta-sedimentary rocks in the Marlboro Fm., the oldest unit of the Nashoba terrane, is rare, which may reflect the basaltic nature of the source material, and is commonly metamict. The Marlboro Fm. contained the oldest detrital grain of all the analyzed samples, with a core of ~3.3 Ga and rim of ~2.6 Ga indicating that it was sourced from Archaen crustal material. Detrital zircons from the Nashoba terrane show a complete age record between the Paleoproterozoic and Paleozoic that strongly supports a provenance from the Oaxiqua margin of Amazonia. The detrital zircon suite of the Nashoba terrane is distinct from both Avalonia and the Merrimack belt; however, they resemble zircon suites from Ganderia. This study proposes that the Nashoba terrane of Massachusetts correlates with the passive trailing edge of Ganderia. Finally, metamorphic zircon analyses of the terrane show that the Nashoba terrane experienced a peak in hydrothermal fluid infiltration during the Neoacadian orogeny
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences

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24

Wellington, Imogen Jane. "Gifts to the gods? : votive deposition in north-eastern France from 250 BC to the age of Augustus : a numismatic perspective." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1274/.

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This thesis examines the use of coinage on votive sites of the later Iron Age and earliest Roman period in the north-east of France. Moving beyond numismatic studies, it evaluates the archaeological contexts in which Iron Age coins have been found, and seeks to use a single artefact type to consider the nature of centralised votive deposition in this area. Previously, a single type of votive deposition has been assumed to exist in the study area based on the presence of an archaeologically visible votive tradition in western Picardy. This study reviews the archaeological evidence from a wider area, and considers the extremely regional nature of votive deposition from the point of the numismatic deposits. It also looks chronologically at developments in the deposition of artefacts on votive sites, and reviews the changing nature of votive deposition over time. The development of oppida is also entwined with votive sites, many in the study area also having votive foci, and large ritual deposits of coinage. The appearance of coinage is closely related to an increasingly complex society, including the appearance of oppida and centralised votive sites, and reasons for this are suggested. The function of coinage in later Iron Age societies is considered. In the later Iron Age coinage was produced in large quantities on votive sites, and was deposited in the immediate locality. The evidence suggests that coins were produced primarily for votive deposition in parts of the study area, a trend which begins with early potin and silver, and increases after the Gallic Wars in the middle of the first century BC.

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25

Rabatel, Antoine. "Chronologie et interprétation paléoclimatique des fluctuations des glaciers dans les Andes de Bolivie (16°S) depuis le maximum du Petit Age Glaciaire (17ème siècle)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10130.

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L'évolution d'une quinzaine de glaciers de la Cordillère Orientale de Bolivie (16-17°S ; 68°W), depuis leur phase d'extension maximale du Petit Age Glaciaire (PAG) jusqu'à la fin du 20ème siècle, a pu être reconstruite sur la base des dix principales moraines observées sur les marges proglaciaires et de six couples de photographies aériennes. L'ensemble des moraines, dont la correspondance géomorphologique a pu être établie d'un glacier à l'autre, a été daté par lichenométrie (Rhizocarpon geographicum s. L. ) en utilisant une nouvelle méthode de traitement statistique des données basée sur la théorie des valeurs extrêmes. Le maximum d'extension des glaciers est daté de la deuxième moitié du 17ème siècle. Les glaciers ont gardé, jusque durant la première moitié du 18ème siècle, une position quasiment équivalente à ce maximum. A partir des années 1730-40 s'amorce une phase de retrait continue des glaciers. Les moraines les plus importantes attestent de périodes de stagnation des fronts ou de réavancées n'ayant cependant jamais été d'ampleur suffisante pour remanier les dépôts morainiques précédemment mis en place. La fin du 19ème et le début du 20ème siècle sont marqués par une accélération du recul des glaciers. Durant le 20ème siècle, la décrue reste rapide. Sur l'ensemble de la période d'étude, les glaciers enregistrent une perte moyenne de près de 60% de leur surface maximale, ce qui correspond à une remontée d'environ 135 m de l'altitude de leur ligne d'équilibre. Les datations du maximum du PAG et des stades morainiques ultérieurs, aussi bien que l'évolution des glaciers boliviens depuis la fin du 19ème siècle sont concordants avec les données disponibles dans d'autres massifs des Andes intertropicales, notamment au Pérou et en Equateur. On émet l'hypothèse d'un synchronisme de l'évolution des glaciers à l'échelle régionale en réponse à un forçage climatique commun. L'interprétation paléoclimatique des données obtenues permet de supposer que l'extension maximale des glaciers boliviens correspond à une période pendant laquelle les précipitations étaient supérieures de 20 à 30% à leur niveau actuel et les températures inférieures de 0,4 à 0,6°C. En outre, on note la concomitance entre les périodes de moindre activité solaire et celles d'avancée des glaciers. Le retrait, à partir de la première moitié du 18ème siècle, serait en grande partie dû à une baisse des précipitations. Ces hypothèses sont en accord avec les indications issues d'autres " proxies " du climat, encore peu nombreux dans cette région des Andes, que sont par exemple les carottes de glace extraites de la calotte glaciaire de Quelccaya au sud du Pérou. L'occurrence de nombreux et intenses phénomènes El Niño à la fin du 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle, mise en évidence par plusieurs indicateurs, pourrait être responsable de l'accélération du retrait des glaciers à cette période et aurait sans doute précipité la fin du PAG à l'échelle des tropiques andins. Contrairement aux périodes précédentes pendant lesquelles l'évolution des glaciers semble avoir été principalement contrôlée par les précipitations, leur retrait durant le 20ème siècle apparaît comme résultant d'une hausse combinée des températures et de l'humidité
The evolution of about fifteen glaciers of the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera (16-17°S; 68°W), since their Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum till the late 20th century, has been reconstructed on the basis on ten main moraines observed on the glacier forelands and six aerial photographs. A correspondence between the moraines from a glacier margin to another has been established using geomorphological criteria. These moraines have been dated by lichenometry (Rhizocarpon geographicum s. L. ) using a new statistical method based on the extreme values theory. Glacier maximal extent has been dated from the second half of the 17th century. Glaciers kept, until the first half of the 18th century, a quite similar position. From the 1730s – 40s, they began to retreat nearly continuously. The most important moraines attest to periods of standstill or small advances which were never strong enough to remove former moraines. Glacier retreat accelerated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Over the 20th century retreat remains fast. Over the whole studied period, glaciers lost about 60% of their maximal extent and the ELA rose by about 135 m. Moraines' dating as well as Bolivian glaciers' evolution since the late 19th century are in good agreement with data available in other places of the tropical Andes such as in Peru and Equator. A synchronism in glacier evolution at a regional scale due to a common climatic forcing can be stressed. We suppose that the Bolivian glaciers' maximal extent was forced by enhanced precipitation (20 to 30% higher than current mean) and reduced temperature (0. 4 to 0. 6°C lower than current mean). In addition, we can note the concomitance between periods of low solar activity and periods of glacier advances. Retreat from the first half of the 18th century could be mainly due to a decrease in precipitation. These hypothesis agree with the results obtained from the scarce climate proxies available in this part of the Andes such as the ice core retrieved in the southern Peru Quelccaya ice cap. During the late 19 – early 20th century, numerous and intense El Niño events, pointed out by several indicators, could be responsible of the accelerated glacier recession which precipitated the LIA ending in the tropical Andes. Unlike the former periods during which glacier evolution appears to have been mainly controlled by precipitation, their retreat during the 20th century seems to have been the result from a combined increase in temperature and humidity

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26

Schoonmaker, Jon P. "Effect of Age, Diet, Hormone Status, and their Interactions on Protein and Fat Accretion in Feedlot Cattle." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1047048793.

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27

Falk, Therese. "En Rituell Vardag? : Rumslig strukturering och deponeringsmönster vidjärnåldersbosättningar i centrala Södra England,800-100 BC." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2380.

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This paper deals with the question of whether the symbolic language of the late Neolithic and middle Bronze Age was transferred from ceremonial monuments and barrows into the domestic sphere in the late Bronze Age. I will consider such elements as doorway orientation, the significance of boundaries and depositional practices to see if Early-Middle Iron Age settlements were indeed a major scene for ritual behaviour.

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28

Sarabia, Francisco J. "Interfacial studies of Pt and Cu single-crystal electrodes modified by transition metal deposition." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/118535.

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El conocimiento de las características interfaciales es de suma importancia para poder desarrollar materiales que sean capaces de dar lugar a reacciones electrocatalíticas eficientes. Por esta razón, en esta tesis se muestran diferentes estudios interfaciales sobre superficies monocristalinas de platino y cobre en diferentes electrolitos. Además se estudian las características de la interfase electrodoldisolución con superficies de platino modificadas con adátomos de hierro, cobalto y níquel. Para ello, se han empleado las técnicas de voltametría cíclica, espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier, desplazamiento de carga con CO y salto de temperatura inducido por láser. Los resultados muestran cómo varía el campo eléctrico interfacial disminuye al aumentar el recubrimiento de hierro y níquel en la superficie de platino. Este efecto tiene un gran impacto en la reacción de evolución de hidrógeno, ya que la mejora electrocatalítica de esta reacción está relacionada con la energía de reorganización de las moléculas de agua, la cual, depende de la fortaleza del campo eléctrico interfacial. Los estudios realizados en medio alcalino para las diferentes superficies de cobre y platino sin modificar muestran una correlación entre el potencial de máxima entropía y las funciones de trabajo para cada una de las diferentes orientaciones atómicas superficiales. Por otro lado, debido a la aplicabilidad de las nanopartículas en los sistemas reales de conversión de energía, se realizaron experimentos de sincrotrón empleando la técnica de Bragg coherent difraction imaging con el objetivo de estudiar el deterioro de las nanopartículas en condiciones operando.

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29

Kanik, Zafer. "Mechanism Design For The Optimal Allocation Of Quotas And The Determination Of The Total Allowable Catch For Eu Fisheries Under An Age-structured Model." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614678/index.pdf.

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In this study, we consider the mechanism design problem for the optimal allocation of fishing quotas at different total allowable catch (TAC) levels. An age-structured fish population model is employed. Fishing technologies are embedded in the economic model as a key determinant. As a result, we showed that the quota allocation mechanism is important to minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or achieve maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Moreover, we indicated technology-based optimality conditions for allocation of quotas at different TAC levels, which minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or enable us to achieve MSY. Under the consideration that the fishermen fulfill their remaining quotas through capturing untargeted (less revenue-generating) fish after the targeted fish population is fully caught, the fix ratio of the catch of targeted fish to untargeted fish is not valid anymore. Concordantly, we indicated technology-based optimal quota levels, including the interior solutions. In the EU, TACs are distributed among states according to the principle of &lsquo
relative stability&rsquo
which prescribes that the fishing quotas should be allocated based on historical catches of the EU states. In this context, rather than allocating the quotas based on historical catches, our main suggestion is that the structure of the fishing industry should be considered for allocation of quotas to provide the sustainability of EU fisheries and achieve responsible and effective management of the fishing industry in the EU.

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30

Maslen, Ercin. "Evaluating the source, age, thermal history and palaeoenvironments of deposition of Australian and Western Canadian petroleum systems: compound specific stable isotopes coupled with inorganic trace elements." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1098.

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Petroleum geochemistry is an important scientific discipline used in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Petroleum geochemistry involves the applications of organic geochemistry to the study of origin, formation, migration, accumulation and alteration of hydrocarbons.Key concepts and applications of petroleum geochemistry include understanding the petroleum systems, biomarkers and stable isotopes for oil‐oil and oil‐source rock correlations and controls on secondary processes (e.g. biodegradation, water‐washing and migration‐contamination) altering the composition and usually the quality of petroleum.In this research, important concepts and novel techniques of petroleum geochemistry have been utilized for characterizing the source rocks, evaluating the thermal history of the source rocks, understanding the age (where possible), establishing the depositional environment and lithology of the source. More specifically, various innovative organic (biomarker and stable isotopes) and inorganic (trace elements) geochemical approaches were undertaken to establish source, age, thermal history and sedimentary depositional environments of petroleum systems in Western Australia and Western Canada petroleum basins.The aim of the study presented in Chapter 2 was to understand the enigmatic occurrence of crocetane (an irregular C20 isoprenoid), that is usuallyfound in sediments associated with gas hydrate settings and used as a molecularindicator for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), in Devonian sediments and crude oils containing molecular indicators of photic zone euxinia (PZE).This study comprised a detailed molecular and isotopic study of crocetane and Green Sulfur Bacteria (GSB)‐derived carotenoids in Devonian sediments of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) covering a range of thermal maturities. In addition, a series of oils generated from Devonian source rocks of the basin were analysed for crocetane. Crocetane was found in ten sediments from the WCSB and in seven Devonian WCSB crude oils. Its abundance was found to increase with thermal maturity, whereas the components generated from C40 derived carotenoids of GSB decreased steadily. The preferred proposed natural product precursor for crocetane is thus GSB‐derived carotenoids. This was corroborated by their similar structural features and the δ13C value of combined crocetane and phytane in these samples. Based on the work presented in Chapter 2, it was concluded that crocetane can provide evidence for PZE conditions in highly mature sediments and crude oils of Devonian age.Application of δD values of individual hydrocarbons (isoprenoids and nalkanes) has a great potential to estimate the thermal maturity of sedimentary organic matter. In Chapter 3, to elucidate the effect of thermal history on the δD values of petroleum hydrocarbons, (i) a comprehensive literature review, focussing on variations in δD values of sediment extracts, crude oils (including bulk organic matter and hydrocarbon fractions as well as individual nalkanes and isoprenoids) and kerogen was carried out and (ii) the application of δD values of hydrocarbons as a maturity parameter with new data from Devonian source‐rocks in the WCSB was tested.Previous work has been used to demonstrate systematic variation in D/H of individual compounds in sediments as a function of thermal maturity and our research in Chapter 3 extended the application of D/H of biomarkers to Devonian samples from the Duvernay Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) which is much older deposits (i.e. Devonian) than previously studied.Based on the work presented in Chapter 3, the n‐alkanes, pristane and phytane from relatively immature sediments have δD values that retain the isotopic signature of their natural product precursors, i.e. biosynthesised lipid components made up of acetyl and isoprene sub‐units, respectively. With increasing maturity, pristane and phytane become more enriched in deuterium (D), while the n‐alkanes generally remain at a constant isotopic composition until an overmature level is reached, at which point there occurs a significant enrichment of D in n‐alkanes. The enrichment of D in pristane and phytane with increasing maturity correlated strongly with changes in traditional maturity parameters including vitrinite reflectance, Tmax, and molecular parameters, providing evidence that D‐enrichment is associated with thermal maturation.The maturity indicator based on compound‐specific δD values has proved useful in cases where traditional biomarker maturity parameters are ineffective, for example at high maturity levels (i.e. % Ro >1.0) or where their associated reactants and products either equilibrate, or are thermally degraded. In addition, such a maturity measurement is applicable to Devonian sediments, where vitrinite reflectance measurements cannot be made because the higher‐plant precursors of vitrinite have not yet evolved.In Chapter 4, an integrated study including organic (stable carbon isotopes of individual hydrocarbons) and inorganic (trace elements) geochemical data, along with statistical analysis (linear discriminant analysis) was carried out for the first time to assess the source and age characteristics of crude oils from Western Australian and Western Canada petroleum basins.A novel rapid, reliable and accurate method of determination of major and trace element contents of crude oils was developed based on Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). This method has been applied for the first time to a series of petroleum samples for analysis of Fe, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Tm, Mn, Ge, Dy, Si, Pb, B, Sn, Ti, Hg, As, Mo and Se at trace levels, with little or no sample pre‐treatment. δ13C values of individual hydrocarbons were carried out in a systematic manner to compliment the trace element data.The scatter plot of two discriminant functions from the analysis of trace elements (V, Pb, B, Mg, Sn, Ti, Mo and Hg) in crude oils samples confirms the capability for separating samples into their petroleum basins. 91.3% correct classification of the samples analysed was achieved. Analysis using two discriminant functions of combined trace elements (Al, Cr, Ti, Fe, Cu, Si, Tm, Mn, Ge, and Dy) and δ13C of Naphthalene (N), Biphenyl (Bp) resulted in 100% of samples being correctly classified according to their source rock age.In summary, based on the work presented in Chapter 4, the application of linear discriminant analysis and the stable carbon isotope values and trace element concentrations has allowed the classification of crude oils to their geographical (or basinal) sources and age. The use of complimentary inorganic trace element and organic stable isotope techniques for crude oil samples has been demonstrated as a new highly discriminant tool for petroleum exploration.The research presented in Chapter 5 is aimed at establishing the factors controlling the stable carbon isotopic compositions of individual aromatic hydrocarbons analysed by compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) in crude oils from Western Australian petroleum basins of varying age and facies type but of similar thermal maturity. An evaluation of the data on δ13C of individual aromatic hydrocarbons, like alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes and methylated biphenyls has been carried out to confirm the source and age of these oils and to understand why the Sofer plot is ineffective in establishing source of Western Australian petroleum systems. Previous isotopic work on the oils was mainly based on their bulk δ13C values of saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons. Western Australian oils seemed to follow an erroneous trend regarding their depositional environments (marine vs terrigenous) when they were assessed using only bulk isotopic values.The interpretation of the data presented in Chapter 5 showed that the oils where the δ13C of 1,6‐DMN (dimethylnaphthalene) and 1,2,5‐TMN (trimethylnaphthalene) isomers is most negative are probably derived from a marine source, whereas oils containing 1,6‐DMN and 1,2,5‐TMN with a less negative value are representative of a terrigenous source. The δ13C values falling in between probably have mixed source(s). Less negative δ13C values of 1‐MP and 1,9‐DMP isomers probably reflects the varying inputs of terrigenous organic matter to the source‐rocks of the oils. In addition, plots of P (phenanthrene) /DBT (dibenzothiophene) and Pr (pristane)/Ph (phytane) versus δ13C of DMP (dimethylphenanthrene), 1,6‐DMN, 1,2,5‐TMN, 1‐MP (methylphenanthrene) and 1,9‐MP are constructed to establish the end‐members of terrigenous and marine sourced oils. The ratio of P/DBT and/or the ratio of Pr/Ph and δ13C of aromatic isomers (such as 1,6DMN, 1,2,5‐TMN, 1‐MP and 1,9‐MP) when coupled together, provide a novel and convenient way of establishing crude oil source rock origin and sometimes even lithologies.In summary, oils from terrigenous depositional environments based on their bulk δ13C values were classified as marine based on their δ13C values of individual aromatic compounds. The compound specific isotope data of the aromatic hydrocarbons obtained for the oils may provide opposite conclusions regarding the source of the oils compared to bulk data using the Sofer plot. Thus, great care must be taken when interpreting isotope values of hydrocarbons, particularly those that are only based on bulk parameters.Ultimately, this project has demonstrated that analyses of molecular fossils (biomarkers) and their stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and δD) complemented with trace element data provides an excellent novel tool for better understanding the basic concepts in petroleum basins and for solving a wide range of problems during petroleum exploration.

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31

Frisk, Mattias. "Concerning Mass Graves : The use, development and identities within mass graves during the Scandinavian Iron age and Middle ages." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243653.

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This master thesis deals with the subject of mass graves as a result of war and violence; how, where and why they are created, what they represent and how they are used throughout the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages. To analyze and discuss these questions, I have used nine case studies as well as several literary sources such as Beowulf, Tacitus and Jordanes. To further increase the depth of this discussion and to help us understand the mass graves themselves, I have also included subject of warfare in the form of a walkthrough of violence and social psychology. Together, these pieces have helped me form the basis for an analysis and discussion of the three acts I have created: The Ingroup act of deposition, The Outgroup act of deposition and the Triumph act of deposition.

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32

Dansou, Houndjoui Pierre. "Tennis et aptitude aérobie chez la femme : étude en fonction de l'âge des réponses cardiaques et métaboliques lors d'un match éprouvant." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10176.

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33

Hein, Andrew S. "Quaternary glaciations in the Lago Pueyrredón Valley, Argentina." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3858.

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This thesis develops a better knowledge of the extent and timing of glaciations in southern Argentina throughout the Quaternary. It provides a detailed understanding of successive major glacial outlet lobes in the Lago Pueyrredón valley. The glacial and glaciofluvial deposits in the valley, as elsewhere in the region, are extremely well-preserved and reflect punctuated glacial advances between ~ 1.1 Ma and ~ 17 ka. Several intermediate glaciations are undated, constrained by the limited time frame of radiocarbon age dating, the limited potential volcanic sites for K-Ar or 40Ar/39Ar age dating, and erosion and exhumation problems associated with cosmogenic-nuclide surface exposure ages on moraines. This thesis provides a new chronology for the mid-Quaternary glaciations based on methodological advances in cosmogenic-nuclide surface exposure age dating. This is done by deriving ages from glacial outwash terrace sediment and demonstrating their reliability. The work shows that for younger (i.e., last glacial) moraines, well-constrained ages can be derived from the common-practice of dating large boulders on the moraine surface. However, on older moraines, the ages so-derived become considerably scattered. This is interpreted to be caused primarily by boulder exhumation as a consequence of moraine erosion, resulting in shorter residence of some boulders at the surface relative to the moraine formation date. By contrast, glacial outwash surfaces in this area, if carefully chosen, can be shown to have undergone little aggradation or erosion, and thus have had long and consistent surface exposure since formation. Provided these surfaces can be stratigraphically linked with the glacial limits, they can provide good surface exposure ages. This has been convincingly confirmed in one location by a sequence of ages obtained from a 10Be concentration depth-profile which demonstrate the surface stability and lack of inherited nuclides. Using these methods, cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al surface exposure ages indicate successive major advances occurred at ~ 1.2 Ma, ~ 600 ka, ~ 260 ka and ~27 – 17.5 ka. These are correlated with global marine and ice core records.

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34

Whittaker, Thomas Edward. "High-Resolution Speleothem-Based Palaeoclimate Records From New Zealand Reveal Robust Teleconnection To North Atlantic During MIS 1-4." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2575.

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Growth rates, δ18O and δ13C of five stalagmites from the west coasts of North and South Islands, New Zealand, provide records of millennial-scale climate variability over the last ~75 kyr. Thirty-five uranium-series ages were used to provide the chronology. δ18O of stalagmite calcite was influenced by changes in moisture source region, temperature and both δ18O and δ13C primarily display a negative relationship with rainfall. To assist interpretation of climatic signals δ18O profiles were adjusted for the ice-volume effect. Changes in these proxies reflect changes in the strength of the circumpolar westerly circulation and the frequency of southwesterly flow across New Zealand. MIS 4 was a period of wet and cool climate lasting from 67.7 to 61.3 kyr B.P., expressed in the stalagmites by an interval of strongly negative isotope ratios and increased growth rate. This contrasts with less negative δ18O and δ13C, and slow growth, interpreted as dry and cold climate, during much of MIS 2. This difference between MIS 2 and MIS 4 provides an explanation for why glacial moraines in the Southern Alps of MIS 4 age lie beyond those deposited during the last glacial maximum (MIS 2). Heinrich events, with the exception of H0 (the Younger Dryas), are interpreted from high-resolution South Island stalagmite HW05-3, from Hollywood Cave, West Coast, as times of wetter and cooler climate. Minima in δ18O and δ13C (wet periods) occurred at 67.7-61.0, 56-55, 50.5-47.5, 40-39, 30.5-29, 25.5-24.3 and 16.1-15. kyr B.P. matching Heinrich events H6-H1 (including H5a) respectively. This demonstrates a robust teleconnection between events in the North Atlantic and New Zealand climate. Minima in δ18O also occurred at similar times in less well-dated North Island stalagmite RK05-3 from Ruakuri Cave, Waitomo. Speleothems from low-latitudes have revealed that Heinrich events forced southerly displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This caused steepening of the temperature gradient across mid-southern latitudes, increased westerly circulation and resulted in wet conditions on the west coast of both islands. Immediately following H1 in the HW05-3 stable isotope profiles is another excursion to more negative isotopic values, suggesting wet and cold climate, lasting from 14.6 to 13.0 kyr B.P. Such a climate on the West Coast at this time has been previously suggested from glacier advance (e.g. Waiho Loop moraine) and decreased abundance of tall trees on the landscape. This event occurred too early to be a response to H0, but is synchronous with a return to cool climate in Antarctica. Thus West Coast climate appears to have been sensitive to changes in Antarctica as well as the North Atlantic. Isotopic minima (wet and cool climate) in South Island stalagmite GT05-5, which formed during the Holocene, first occurred 4.6 kyr B.P. This began a series of four oscillations in isotope ratios, the last terminating when the stalagmite was collected (2006). Onset of these oscillations is associated with initiation of ice advance in the Southern Alps, and beginning of the Neoglacial. The last oscillation displays enriched isotope ratios lasting from 1.2 to 0.8 kyr B.P. succeeded by depleted ratios lasting until 0.15 kyr B.P., mirroring the Medieval Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age, respectively, of European palaeoclimate records.

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35

Mahmoudi, Nazanin. "Hushållens vattenanvändning i Göteborg : Statistisk studie utifrån utomhustemperatur, byggår och socioekonomisk påverkan." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332889.

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Enligt Världshälsoorganisationen, WHO, behöver människan använda minst 20 liter vatten per dag (Reed & Reed, 2013). I Sverige är vattenanvändningen ca 160 liter per person och dygn i hushållet (Svenskt vatten, 2016) och ungefär 87 % av Sveriges befolkning är anslutna till det kommunala vatten- och avloppsledningsnätet (SCB, 2016a). Dricksvattnet i Sveriges används bl.a. till mat, tvätt och toalettspolning. Svenskt Vattens riktlinjer för den dimensionerande vattenanvändningen baseras på bl.a. publikationen P83:s dimensionering av svenska vatten- och spillvattensystem. Dimensioneringen ger specifik vattenanvändning samt maxdygn- och maxtimfaktorer för sambanden mellan medelvattenanvändningen per dygn och vattenanvändningen maximalt under ett dygn respektive en timme vid dimensioneringen. I denna studie har påverkan av utomhustemperatur, byggår och socioekonomiska aspekter på vattenanvändningen undersökts. Områden i Göteborg som har undersökts är Hisingen, Centrum samt Östra delen av Göteborg. Dessa grupper och områden har även bl.a. statistiskt undersökts med hjälp av korrelations- och signifikansanalys. På grund av personuppgiftslagen har främst personer över 15 år inkluderats i studien, men även vissa underåriga. Med hjälp av data från Göteborgs Energi AB har dimensioneringsparametrar för områden och grupper kunnat beräknas. Bl.a. visades att medelinkomst oftast var den variabel med signifikant korrelation med dimensioneringsparametrarna. Ett annat resultat var att låginkomsttagare var gruppen med störst specifik vattenanvändning och maxdygnsfaktor. Centrum och Östras vattenanvändning visade signifikant korrelation med utomhustemperaturen år 2013 och 2014. Maxdygnsfaktor och maxtimfaktor (dygn) och maxtimfaktor (år) förefaller vara lämpliga parametrar som kan användas i framtida dimensioneringsberäkningar.
According to the World Health Organization, a human being has to use at least 1-3 liters of water a day (Reed & Reed, 2013). In Sweden, water use in households is about 160 liters per person and day in the household (Svenskt vatten, 2016) and around 87 % of the Swedish population are connected to the municipal water and sewage networks (SCB, 2016a). The drinking water in Sweden is used for many purposes, for example cooking, laundry and toilet flushing. Swedish guidelines for the dimensioning of the water networks is based on the publication P83 dimensions of Swedish water- and wastewater systems. The dimensioning guidelines give maximum day factor and maximum hour factor in relation to mean water usage per day and also one day and one day hour usage maximums. The effects of outdoor temperature, building year and socio-economic characteristics on water usage were investigated in this study. Areas of Gothenburg such as Hisingen, Centrum and Östra were studied. These areas and also specific groups in these areas have also been statistically studied through correlation, significance tests and confidence interval investigation. Due to the Swedish personal record law, children under the age of 16 were included in the study but with a modification. The water use for addresses were obtained from Göteborgs Energi AB. Data quality was ensured before statistical analysis thorough data review and analysis. The study’s result showed that the mean income was usually the only variable with significant correlation with the dimensioning parameters. The low-income group was shown to have the highest specific water usage and maximum day factor. Centrum and Östra’s had significant correlation between water use outdoor temperature during 2013 and 2014. Maximum day factor and maximum hour factor (day) and maximum hour factor (year) were suitable parameter to be used for future water usage calculations.

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36

Reinemann, Scott A. "Holocene Climate and Environmental Change in the Great Basin of the Western United States: A Paleolimnological Approach." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1372764346.

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37

Amarasinghe, Udeni Bandara. "A geochronological U-Pb zircon La-ICPMS age and provenance study of Wanni, Highland and Vijayan Complexes of Sri Lanka and Proterozoic Pranhita Godavari Purana Basin of India unveils origin of Sri Lanka." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/113324.

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The island of Sri Lanka is the focus of Neoproterozoic super continent Gondwana. But the geological origin and paleotectonic position of Sri Lanka are least understood without knowing age and provenance of the four main crustal units, the Wanni Complex (WC), Highland Complex (HC), Vijayan Complex (VC) and the Kadugannawa Complex (KC). The study of age and provenance of metaquartzites of the WC and HC, leucosomes and paleosomes of migmatites of the WC, and charnockites of the HC and VC of Sri Lanka and sedimentary rocks of neighboring Proterozoic rift basins like Pranhita-Godavari basin of central India is significant in research on origin of Sri Lanka and also continental evolution to unravel the paleotectonic position of Sri Lanka before Gondwana being amalgamated in the Neoproterozoic. This study examined age of detrital zircon cores and metamorphic rims of metaquartzite, migmatite and charnockite samples along two west to east transects across the island of Sri Lanka as well as sedimentary rock samples from the Pranhita-Godavari rift basin of India using the LA-ICPMS method. The U-Pb zircon isotopic data from metaquartzites of WC ( near WC-HC boundary) and HC demonstrate dominant Mesoarchaean to Paleoproterozoic (2.0-2.8 Ga) detrital input into the metasedimentary make up and near boundary WC and HC metaquartzites were deposited between 2000 Ma and ~550 Ma with a maximum age of deposition ~ 2000 Ma, however a sample from the western WC was deposited in early Neoproterozpoic and mixed with Paleoproterozoic to Neoarchaean detritus indicating WC and HC terranes existed adjacent to each other since early Neoproterozoic and current WC-HC boundary is inaccurate and to be shifted westwards. This study reveals that parent materials of leucosomes of WC migmatitic gneisses are metasedimentary and showing late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic provenance (0.70-1.15 Ga) with maximum age of deposition at ~700 Ma. But paleosomes of WC migmatites show metaigneous origin with older Mesoarchaean ages (2.85-3.0 Ga) and have been identified in this study as the Mesoarchaean reworked continental basement material of WC. The HC charnockites clearly show metaigneous origin and primary intrusion ages of ~1.82 to 1.85 Ga. whilst a sample from the VC shows metasedimentary origin. A weighted mean of all rim data of WC and HC yields an age of 545.1 ± 9.7 Ma, supporting the age of Ediacaran-Cambrian metamorphism. Metaquartzite rocks of the HC of Sri Lanka are correlated with the Trivandrum Block and Northern Madurai Block of South India and the Itremo Group of Madagascar whilst metaquartzites of the western WC of Sri Lanka are correlated with the Southern Madurai Block of South India and the Molo Group of Madagascar and Sri Lankan metaquartzites were most probably sourced from east African igneous protolith sources. These differences in sedimentary provenance and maximum age of deposition prove and confirm that WC was a different crustal domain from the HC terrane. All this strongly supports a double subduction and collisional geological origin for the island of Sri Lanka with ‘HC orogeny’ occurred when the Southern Madurai Block of India (SMB)-WC and VC Mesoarchaean continental blocks collided with the HC orogenic belt and the oceanic crust of deeper basin of HC had subducted underneath the SMB-WC and VC continental blocks when ancient south Mozambique ocean closed along WC-HC boundary and HC-VC boundary sutures. This study reveals that Sri Lanka’s paleotectonic position could be south east of south India connecting Trivandrum Block to the HC and WC to the Southern Madurai Block. The study also reveals that the Pranhita-Godavari Basin was sourced from Eastern Ghats and Antarctica unlike Sri Lankan terranes were sourced from East Africa indicating Southern Granulite Terrane of India and Sri Lanka were not parts of mainland cratonic India until Ediacaran-Cambrian times.
Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2017.

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38

Armit, Ian, R. J. Schulting, and Christopher J. Knüsel. "Bronze Age deposition and Iron Age decapitation at the Sculptor's Cave, Covesea." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4556.

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39

Becker, Katharina. "Transforming Identities - New Approaches to Bronze Age Deposition in Ireland." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9040.

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No
This paper explores the interpretation of the deposition of artefacts in Ireland from c. 2500 to c. 800 bc, combining a contextual analysis with post-processual ideas about materiality, artefacts, and their biographies. Hoards, single and burial finds are shown to be complementary strands of the depositional record and the result of deliberate deposition. It is argued that both the symbolic value of these items as well as economic and practical rationales determine the depositional mode. The paper attempts to infer social practices and rules that determined the differential treatment of materials and object types. The main structuring factor in the depositional record is the type-specific meanings of individual artefacts, which embody social identities beyond the utilitarian function of the object. The act of deposition facilitates and legitimates the literal and symbolic transformation of artefacts and the concepts they embody. The need for a separation between ritual and profane interpretation is removed, as deposition is understood as the reflection of prehistoric concepts rather than labelled according to modern notions of functionality. It is also argued that both dry and wet places are meaningful contexts and that different forms of wet landscapes were conceptualised differently.

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40

Renk, Byran Zachery. "Effect of age on the deposition of intramuscular fat in Holstein steers." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12725408.html.

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41

Kuo, Shin-Yi, and 郭欣儀. "Seasonal Variations of Leaf Order and Leaf Age whenReaching Maximum Photosynthetic Rate in SevenTree Species." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93378735146402818893.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
森林系所
103
In the past, researchers normally chose newly matured leaves, or leaves at the 3~5 sprouting orders from top of a branch, to measure the photosynthetic rate of a plant. However, this measuring method which based on past experiences did not provide quantitative data for references. The objectives of this research were to investigate the differences of maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) in different leaf orders of a species during various seasons, and at which leaf order does the Amax occur. Seven species of various shade tolerance classes, including shade-intolerant species Broussonetia papyrifera and Premna serratifolia, moderate shade-tolerant species including Margaritaria indica, Michelia formosana and Heritiera littoralis, shade-tolerant species Gelonium aequoreum and Drypetes littoralis were selected for this study. Ten branches from 3~4 saplings within the range of 1.5~3.0 m in height of each species were tagged for their newly sprout leaves. Photosynthetic rates of each leaf during the four seasons were measured since August, 2013. With these obtained informations, we then knew the leaf order at the branch and leaf age when it reached Amax in various seasons, and thereby calculated leaf sprouting rates in different seasons. Our results showed that, during spring and summer seasons, leaves which had reached Amax were mostly at the 4th~6th leaf orders of morphologically matured leaves in B. papyrifera, Mar. indica, H. littoralis, and D. littoralis, while they were mostly at the 3rd leaf order in P. serratifolia, Mic. formosana, and G. aequoreum. During autumn and winter seasons, leaves which had reached Amax were mostly at the 2nd~4th leaf order in all species besides Mar. indica. We found that the leaf order at which a leaf reached Amax in various seasons was influenced by both the leaf age when physiologically mature and the leaf sprouting rate during that season. A species would have leaves reached Amax at an front position of a branch when a shorter time is needed for reaching Amax. During a faster sprouting season, leaf order of reaching Amax would be at a position relatively away from the branch tip. However, leaf sprouting rates were slower during winter season such that leaves of physiologically mature would be at an front position. In addition, we also found that leaf age of leaf reaching Amax were the shortest during spring or summer seasons. Five species showed the longest leaf age of leaf reaching Amax during winter season, while that of H. littoralis and D. littoralis were during the spring season. For leaf sprouting rates, B. papyrifera, P. serratifolia, and Mar. indica grew 5~9 new leaves per month during spring and summer seasons; Mic. formosana, and H. littoralis grew 3 new leaves; and G. aequoreum and D. littoralis grew 2~3 leaves. To summarize results from the above 7 species, we found that leaves of a same branch reached Amax mostly at 3~5 leaf orders. In addition, leaves reached the highest photosynthetic capacity were at the front 1/4 position and not at the middle position of a branch. Keywords：leaf age, leaf generating speed, leaf order, maximum photosynthetic rate, seasonal variation.

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42

Coles, J. M., P. Leach, S. C. Minnitt, R. Tabor, and Andrew S. Wilson. "A Later Bronze Age Shield from South Cadbury, Somerset, England." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10969.

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No
A shield of beaten bronze from South Cadbury, Somerset, England is the first shield to be discovered by excavation on an archaeological site. The shield lay in a silt-filled Bronze Age ditch on a spur of land below Cadbury Castle. A stake was thrust through the shield. The paper considers the recovery and conservation of the shield, the technology of metal shields and the evidence for the ritual deposition of shields in the Later Bronze Age of western Europe.

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43

Show-BorSheu and 許壽伯. "A Study of the attitude for the maximum age of the firemen on duty in Tainan City." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86982582552082212910.

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碩士
國立成功大學
政治經濟學研究所專班
101
The retirement system of a public official is regarded as an important role in a whole civil service. However, with the passage of time, Taiwanese official retirement systems have been transformed many times within fifty years. The civil workers have been deeply affected by this revolution; one of the changes is a fireman who is adequate for the law of a public official retirement. Moreover, a fireman is specially permitted to retire earlier because of the nature of the work and person’s highly physical requirements. Thus, a fireman is particularly authorized the early retirement; it is expected to suit for special demands between the nature of the work and firemen’s retirement systems. This study explores the relationship between the limit of the firemen’s working age that they are on duty and the nature of the work in order to understand firemen’s attitudes toward the early retirement systems. In addition, the study analyzes reasonable limitation for firemen’s working age and compares that with the legal age of the firemen’s retirement system for the sake of confirming appropriate retired age and reasonable retirement system for a whole of firemen. The suggestions in this research are expected to apply for the retirement of a public official as well as to protect firemen’s rights and maintain capabilities. Research data are collected by focus group held seven times. The research respondents are firemen belonged to Tainan City Government Fire Bureau who care about the retirement systems and are willing to join a focus group as well as provide concrete suggestions. The study discusses what impacts constructs firemen’s retired factors and constructs their attitudes through relevant questions with academic views and practical scenarios in those focus groups. The conclusion of this study is investigated from three structures: individuals; environments; systems. The study results in three statements as follow: the first of that is the average of retired age for firemen is five-year-old lower than general civil service workers, compared to previous phenomena since 2012. Secondly, the result shows that the will of the retirement from field workers is relatively five year-old below office workers. Finally, the result indicates that the reasonable age for firemen’s retirement keeps the same as existing regulations. Furthermore, there are three suggestions for future improvement is “lack of human powers; unhealthy for work and off systems; excessive workloads”.

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44

Jennings, Benjamin R. "Ceramics as indicators of Late Bronze Age environments at Zürich-Alpenquai (Switzerland)." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7458.

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yes
Lake-dwellings in the northern Alpine region are renowned for their extraordinary organic preservation. In addition to organic remains, thousands of ceramic sherds are also recovered. This paper addresses ceramic sherds from the Late Bronze Age site Zürich-Alpenquai, and assesses over 2000 sherds for indications of erosion and abrasion in addition to quantifying sherd size and plotting the spatial distribution of these factors. Recording such wear patterns can provide indications of deposition practices in addition to environmental conditions pre- and post-deposition. In this manner the study of ceramic remains from wetland sites for abrasion can complement environmental studies addressing conditions at the time of artefact deposition, and contribute to discussions of influences for lake-settlement abandonment.

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45

Baumann, Sabine Christine. "Mapping, analysis, and interpretation of the glacier inventory data from Jotunheimen, South Norway, since the maximum of the 'Little Ice Age'." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46320.

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Glacier outlines during the ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum in Jotunheimen were mapped by using remote sensing techniques (vertical aerial photos and satellite imagery), glacier outlines from the 1980s and 2003, a digital terrain model (DTM), geomorphological maps of individual glaciers, and field-GPS measurements. The related inventory data (surface area, minimum and maximum altitude) and several other variables (e.g. slope, range) were calculated automatically by using a geographical information system. The length of the glacier flowline was mapped manually based on the glacier outlines at the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’ and the DTM. The glacier data during the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’ were compared with the Norwegian glacier inventory of 2003. Based on the glacier inventories during the maximum of the ‘Little Ice Age’, the 1980s and 2003, a simple parameterization after HAEBERLI & HOELZLE (1995) was performed to estimate unmeasured glacier variables, as e.g. surface velocity or mean net mass balance. Input data were composed of surface glacier area, minimum and maximum elevation, and glacier length. The results of the parameterization were compared with the results of previous parameterizations in the European Alps and the Southern Alps of New Zealand (HAEBERLI & HOELZLE 1995; HOELZLE et al. 2007). A relationship between these results of the inventories and of the parameterization and climate and climate changes was made
Die Gletscherumrisse während des Maximalstandes der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ in Jotunheimen wurden unter der Verwendung von Fernerkundungstechniken (vertikale Luftbilder und Satellitenbilder), von Gletscherumrissen aus den 1980er Jahren und von 2003, von einem digitalen Geländemodel (DTM), von geomorphologischen Karten einzelner Gletscher und von GPS-Messungen im Gelände kartiert. Die daraus erzielten Inventardaten (Gletscherfläche, minimale und maximale Höhe) und einige andere Variablen (z.B. Hangneigung, Höhendifferenz) wurden automatisch mit einem geographischen Informationssystem berechnet. Die Länge der Gletscherfließlinie wurde basierend auf den Gletscherumrissen zum Maximum der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ und dem DTM manuell kartiert. Die Gletscherdaten zum Maximalstand der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ wurden mit dem Gletscherinventar von 2003 verglichen. Basierend auf den letscherinventaren zum Maximum der „Kleinen Eiszeit“, von den 1980er Jahren und von 2003 wurde eine einfache Parametrisierung nach HAEBERLI & HOELZLE (1995) durchgeführt, um ungemessene Gletschervariablen, wie z.B. Oberflächengeschwindigkeit oder mittlere Netto-Massenbilanz, abzuschätzen. Eingabedaten bestanden aus Gletscherfläche, minimaler und maximale Höhe und der Gletscherlänge. Die Resultate der Parametrisierung wurden mit den Ergebnissen früherer Parametrisierungen aus den Europäischen Alpen und den Southern Alps auf Neuseeland verglichen (HAEBERLI & HOELZLE 1995; HOELZLE et al. 2007). Eine Verbindung zwischen diesen Ergebnissen aus den Inventaren und der Parametrisierung und dem Klima und der Klimaänderung wurde hergestellt

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46

Bonin, Heather. "Fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) dynamics in low-order mountain streams : (1) methods evaluation and (2) the effects of stand age, season, and elevation on FBOM nutrient availability and microbiological characteristics /." 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/13597.

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47

Rabatel, Antoine. "CHRONOLOGIE ET INTERPRETATION PALEOCLIMATIQUE DES FLUCTUATIONS DES GLACIERS DANS LES ANDES DE BOLIVIE (16°S) DEPUIS LE MAXIMUM DU PETIT AGE GLACIAIRE (17EME SIECLE)." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012124.

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L'évolution d'une quinzaine de glaciers de la Cordillère Orientale de Bolivie (16-17°S ; 68°W), depuis leur phase d'extension maximale du Petit Age Glaciaire (PAG) jusqu'à la fin du 20ème siècle, a pu être reconstruite sur la base des dix principales moraines observées sur les marges proglaciaires et de six couples de photographies aériennes. L'ensemble des moraines, dont la correspondance géomorphologique a pu être établie d'un glacier à l'autre, a été daté par lichenométrie (Rhizocarpon geographicum s.l.) en utilisant une nouvelle méthode de traitement statistique des données basée sur la théorie des valeurs extrêmes. Le maximum d'extension des glaciers est daté de la deuxième moitié du 17ème siècle. Les glaciers ont gardé, jusque durant la première moitié du 18ème siècle, une position quasiment équivalente à ce maximum. A partir des années 1730-40 s'amorce une phase de retrait continue des glaciers. Les moraines les plus importantes attestent de périodes de stagnation des fronts ou de réavancées n'ayant cependant jamais été d'ampleur suffisante pour remanier les dépôts morainiques précédemment mis en place. La fin du 19ème et le début du 20ème siècle sont marqués par une accélération du recul des glaciers. Durant le 20ème siècle, la décrue reste rapide. Sur l'ensemble de la période d'étude, les glaciers enregistrent une perte moyenne de près de 60% de leur surface maximale, ce qui correspond à une remontée d'environ 135 m de l'altitude de leur ligne d'équilibre. Les datations du maximum du PAG et des stades morainiques ultérieurs, aussi bien que l'évolution des glaciers boliviens depuis la fin du 19ème siècle sont concordants avec les données disponibles dans d'autres massifs des Andes intertropicales, notamment au Pérou et en Equateur. On émet l'hypothèse d'un synchronisme de l'évolution des glaciers à l'échelle régionale en réponse à un forçage climatique commun. L'interprétation paléoclimatique des données obtenues permet de supposer que l'extension maximale des glaciers boliviens correspond à une période pendant laquelle les précipitations étaient supérieures de 20 à 30% à leur niveau actuel et les températures inférieures de 0,4 à 0,6°C. En outre, on note la concomitance entre les périodes de moindre activité solaire et celles d'avancée des glaciers. Le retrait, à partir de la première moitié du 18ème siècle, serait en grande partie dû à une baisse des précipitations. Ces hypothèses sont en accord avec les indications issues d'autres « proxies » du climat, encore peu nombreux dans cette région des Andes, que sont par exemple les carottes de glace extraites de la calotte glaciaire de Quelccaya au sud du Pérou. L'occurrence de nombreux et intenses phénomènes El Niño à la fin du 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle, mise en évidence par plusieurs indicateurs, pourrait être responsable de l'accélération du retrait des glaciers à cette période et aurait sans doute précipité la fin du PAG à l'échelle des tropiques andins. Contrairement aux périodes précédentes pendant lesquelles l'évolution des glaciers semble avoir été principalement contrôlée par les précipitations, leur retrait durant le 20ème siècle apparaît comme résultant d'une hausse combinée des températures et de l'humidité.

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48

Baumann, Sabine Christine [Verfasser]. "Mapping, analysis, and interpretation of the glacier inventory data from Jotunheimen, South Norway, since the maximum of the 'Little Ice Age' / vorgelegt von Sabine Christine Baumann." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001113055/34.

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49

Carvalho, Thiago Cardoso. "Development of an inhalational formulation of Coenzyme Q₁₀ to treat lung malignancies." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-12-4798.

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation.

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50

Gomes, Simone Carneiro. "Capacidade do Teste da Caminhada dos 6 minutos, TC6, e do Shuttle Wallking Test, SWT, para representar componentes da condição física funcional de pessoas idosas físicamente independentes." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10416.

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O estudo analisou as associações entre os testes aeróbios, máximo (SWT) e submáximo (TC6) com variáveis da aptidão física funcional de pessoas idosas fisicamente independentes e verificou se esses testes representam componentes da condição física funcional neste grupo etário. A amostra foi constituída por 396 adultos idosos (268 mulheres; 64-72 anos e 128 homens; 65-74). O método estatístico utilizado foi o de regressão linear com variáveis motoras independentes: agilidade, equilíbrio, flexibilidade, força de membros superiores e inferiores e variáveis dependentes: TC6 e SWT. As análises ocorreram conforme gênero, grupos etários e grupo em geral. Os resultados mostraram que os coeficientes de determinação variaram entre R2 de 0,47 a 0,60, indicando certa homogeneidade dos modelos de regressões, independente da classificação do grupo (geral, por gênero ou etários). Os resultados observados de magnitude de relacionamento (β) para agilidade variaram de 37 a 70 e equilíbrio, de 12 a 40, sendo as principais capacidades preditoras em ambos os testes. Em conclusão, os valores de R2 não sofreram grandes alterações quando analisados conforme sexo ou faixa etária, o que nos permite afirmar que ambos os testes podem ser utilizados para inferir componentes da condição física funcional de pessoas idosas, entretanto o TC6 seria o mais indicado por se tratar de um teste submáximo, reduzindo riscos à integridade física.
The study analyzed associations between aerobic tests, maximum (SWT) and submaximal (6MWT) with variable functional physical fitness physically independent elderly people and found that those tests represent components of the functional physical condition in this age group. The sample consisted of 396 older adults (268 women, 64-72 years and 128 men, 65-74 years). The statistical method used was linear regression with independent motor variables: agility, balance, flexibility, strength of upper and lower limbs and the dependent variables: 6MWT and SWT. The analyzes were conducted according to gender, age and the total group. The results showed that the coefficients of determination R2 ranged between 0,47-0,60, indicating homogeneity of regression models, regardless of the group classification (overall, by gender or age). The results observed magnitudes of relationship (β) for agility ranged 37-70 and 12-40 for balance, being the main determinants capabilities in both tests. In conclusion, R2 values did not change much when analyzed according to gender or age, which allows us to state that both tests can be used to infer the functional fitness of elderly people, however the 6MWT is the best alternative because it is a submaximal test, reducing risk to their integrity.

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Дисертації з теми "Maximum age of deposition"

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