Книги з теми "Maximal policy"

The monograph analyzes the most significant consequences for the Russian and world economy of the sanctions restrictions imposed by the collective West against Russia from 2014 to September 2022, shows their genesis, explains the real reasons for their introduction, among which the tasks are not only to inflict maximum damage to the Russian economy, but also to hide the failures of their economic development behind the sanctions screen, to shift the blame on Russia for the weakening of its economies in competition with the rapidly gaining weight of new countries — actors of the world economy. The legal norms of the American law CAATSA (Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act) of 2017 and related decrees of the President of the United States are considered in detail. It is recommended for study by researchers, employees of state bodies responsible for making decisions in foreign economic policy, specialists in the field of foreign economic activity, students of specialized universities, anyone interested in sanctions issues.

The monograph examines the main directions of transformation of the modern world order. The main factors determining the development of these processes, problems and prospects of the formation of a new world order at the beginning of the third decade of the XXI century are determined. Based on the analysis of various modern global political processes, the transformation of the role of the world's leading actors is justified, taking into account the emergence and establishment of new centers of power. A special place is occupied by the analysis of foreign policy concepts and strategic planning documents of the world's leading actors, which determine their interests, goals, as well as the expected nature of activities in the process of transformation of the modern world order. The essential features of the Ukrainian crisis are determined as part of global transformational processes aimed at realizing the interests of the United States and its allies, as well as the specifics of modern processes in Ukraine as part of the global conflict of the Western community against Russia in order to inflict maximum damage on it in all spheres of life. The author's conclusions and suggestions can be used in the process of developing the implementation of a balanced and verified policy in order to ensure the national security and interests of the Russian Federation in the context of the transformation of the modern world order, in the preparation of textbooks for higher education institutions, for professional training and retraining in the specialties "Political Science", "Conflictology", "International Relations".

This essay explores cross-national contexts in the use of imprisonment as a penal policy. Incarceration figures from select countries are presented with accompanying discussions of methodological and measurement challenges. Possible reasons for differences in the use of imprisonment across countries (including social, political, and economic influences) are also provided. The role of public opinion is explored, including similarities and differences in cultural attitudes regarding incarceration and capital punishment. This discussion also focuses on broader cultural differences that might have greater impact on a nation’s use of incarceration compared to specific sentencing polices or crime control strategies. From a global perspective, certain striking examples act as a helpful focal point for broader debate about macro-level factors and conceptual frameworks influencing the use of imprisonment and that may facilitate comparisons between different nations. Illustrative examples are the privatization of prisons and the rise of super maximum security (“supermax”) facilities.

Much is written about how criminal suspects, defendants, and undercover targets use ambiguous language in their interactions with police, prosecutors, and undercover agents. This book examines the other side of the coin, describing fifteen criminal investigations demonstrating how police, prosecutors, undercover agents, and complainants use deceptive ambiguity with their subjects, which leads to misrepresentations of the speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, lexicon, and grammar. These misrepresentations affect the perceptions of judges and juries about the subjects’ motives, predispositions, intentions, and voluntariness. Deception is commonly considered intentional while ambiguity is often excused as unintentional performance errors. Although perhaps overreliance on Grice’s maxim of sincerity leads some to believe this, interactions of suspects, defendants, and targets with representatives of law are adversarial, non-cooperative events that enable participants to ignore or violate the cooperative principle. One effective way the government does this is to use ambiguity deceptively. Later listeners to the recordings of such conversations may not recognize this ambiguity and react in ways that the subjects may not have intended. Deceptive ambiguity is clearly intentional in undercover operations and the case examples illustrate that the practice also is alive and well in police interviews and prosecutorial questioning. The book concludes with a summary of how the deceptive ambiguity used by representatives of the government affected the perception of the subjects’ predisposition, intentionality and voluntariness, followed by a comparison of the relative frequency of deceptive ambiguity used by the government in its representations of speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, lexicon, and grammar.

The sovereign’s unlimited power, including in religious matters, was a logical consequence of Hobbes’s politics. Yet this chapter argues that by making civil peace the criterion by which public doctrines must be appraised, instead of intrinsic truth or the citizens’ salvation, Hobbes restricted the sovereign’s mission in the field of religion to a secular preoccupation, thus legitimizing a policy of non-interference with theological debates. Besides, Hobbes’s ecclesiology tended to transform the church into a mere function of the state, while a comprehensive structure like the Church of England appeared to Hobbes as the best adapted for allowing maximum individual autonomy in terms of belief. By a striking paradox, this chapter concludes, it was as ‘supreme pastor’ that the sovereign could assume full independence from religious concerns and implement a policy of religious toleration oriented towards peace between contending faiths.

As the United States moves toward a majority-minority country, candidates for public office must increasingly make appeals to voters from a range of racial and ethnic backgrounds. In 2008, Barack Obama did this to maximum effect with white voters across the U.S. Most recently, in 2018, Beto O’Rourke nearly became the first Democratic senator from Texas since the 1990s. O’Rourke, who grew up in El Paso, speaks Spanish and is extremely knowledgeable about border issues and immigration policy more generally, which translated into strong support and turnout among Latino voters. In Campaigning in a Racially Diversifying America: When and How Cross-Racial Electoral Mobilization Works, Loren Collingwood examines the specific case of how and when white/Anglo candidates mobilize Latino voters, and why some candidates are successful whereas others are not. Drawing on extensive data collection, statistical analysis, and archival evidence, Collingwood traces the development of cross-racial mobilization across the U.S. South and the Southwest since the 1940s. Extensive cross-racial mobilization is most likely to occur when elections are competitive, institutional barriers to the vote are low, candidates have previously developed a welcoming racial reputation with target voters, whites’ attitudes are racially liberal, and the Latino electorate is large and growing. Collingwood convincingly argues—and empirically demonstrates—that to maximize the vote across the racial aisle, white/Anglo candidates must develop minority-group cultural competence and group-specific policy expertise. With these qualities, and maximum efforts at cross-racial mobilization, non-co-ethnic candidates can begin to approach the electoral benefits previously thought only accrued to co-ethnic candidates.

This sweeping study traces the development of water policy in the United States from the 19th century to the present day, exploring the role of legislation in appropriating access to water to the American people. Three factors influence the development of water policy and politics in the United States: the availability of water, the manner in which people use the commodity to its maximum economic benefit, and governmental control. This book is a one-stop resource for understanding the scope of water issues in America, from governing doctrine and legislation, to Native American water rights, to water protection and pollution, and to the mitigation of natural and manmade disasters. Distinguished author and noted scholar John R. Burch Jr. reviews the conflicts among state, federal, and international agencies in dealing with water supply and points to competing legal rulings and laws as undermining the creation of a cohesive policy for all. Through an analysis of key documents, Burch examines the recent calamities befalling the American water system—including droughts, oil spills, and natural disasters—and considers the future of water distribution to the American people. Organized into six parts, sections include doctrines and rights, waters of the West, border regions water management and flood control, environmental issues, and water supply and safety.

Critics on both the left and the right increasingly use the term “mass incarceration” to call attention to the unprecedented scale of, and racial inequities in, the U.S. criminal legal system—and the havoc they wreak. This book shows that the criminal legal response to lawbreaking has continued to intensify even as lawmakers increasingly embrace criminal justice reform. It also identifies three dynamics that help explain why mass incarceration persists despite plummeting crime rates and widespread efforts to reduce prison populations. These incarcerative forces include the political and cultural dynamics surrounding the issue of violence, resistance to criminal legal system reform in suburban and especially rural counties, and the failure of the most popular drug policy reforms (including drug courts) to meaningfully reduce the reach of the criminal legal system or racial inequities in it. The second part of the book identifies three broad political and policy shifts that would significantly reduce the scale of punishment while also addressing the social problems to which it is a (misguided) response. These include the enactment of a twenty-year maximum sentence and the expansion of restorative justice principles and practices that offer alternative ways of promoting accountability and healing. Meaningful harm-reduction-based drug policy reforms, including the expansion of alternative responses to low-level crime and disorder that operate outside the criminal legal system, enhanced access to medication-assisted treatment, and investment in low-income housing, including Housing First initiatives, are also needed.

Izabela Gatkowska proposes a new SPEECH ASSESSMENT METHOD (SAM), grounded in her clinical experience with dysarthria, awareness of diagnostically important features, and the practical need to confine logopedic examination to tasks diagnostically most important and maximally tolerable by the patient. When diligently applied, the new SAM allows the diagnostician to identify overlapping dysarthric symptoms in greater detail and, when repeated, analyze their dynamics over time. The point of departure for the current study is an analysis of the speech impairments observed in Polish adult neurological patients. Rooted in language, developed and tested in a neurological clinic, this original method of diagnosing dysarthric speech disorders shall be applicable for linguists, psychologists, and clinicians who work with patients speaking Polish, English, or Spanish. Dysarthria, after all, is a neurodegeneratively-conditioned speech disorder whose diagnosis is independent of the patient’s mother tongue.

This commentary analyses Article 10.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning new limitation periods by acknowledgement. All major jurisdictions accept that a new limitation period starts to run if the obligor acknowledges the obligee's right. This rule is consistent with the policy considerations underlying limitation periods, since an acknowledgement makes it clear that the obligor is aware of its debt. According to Art 10.4, if the obligor before the expiration of the general limitation period acknowledges the right of the obligee, a new general limitation period begins on the day after the day of the acknowledgement. The maximum limitation period does not begin to run again, but may be exceeded by the beginning of a new general limitation period under Art 10.2(1). This commentary considers the definition of acknowledgement, the time of acknowledgement, burden of proof relating to the new limitation period, and effects of the obligor's acknowledgement of the obligee's right.

This chapter explores how the transition from prison to the community can lead to poor health outcomes, especially substance-related health complications. These adverse health effects may occur via one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) the toxic effects of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs; (2) health behaviors associated with using or acquiring substances or under the influence of substances, as well as poor chronic disease self-management; (3) conditions that are acquired, exacerbated, or progress as a result of the “downstream” social, behavioral, occupational, and economic consequences of addiction; and (4) institutional, policy, environmental, and social contexts that do not support maximum well-being and health. These conceptual categorizations, while not exhaustive, may help practitioners, policymakers, and public health officials design appropriately targeted preventive and intervention strategies. People released from prisons should also be included in broader public health efforts to reduce the risk of overdose and address substance-related harms.

Chicago is confronting a racial reckoning that we explain with an exclusion-containment theory of legal cynicism. Mayors RJ and RM Daley used public and private funds to exclude and contain South and West Side predominantly Black neighborhoods where Police Detective Jon Burge supervised torture of over 100 Black men. A 1982 case involved Andrew Wilson’s tortured confession to two police killings. This case coincided with RM Daley’s pursuit of White votes in an early and unsuccessful primary campaign for mayor. Suspicions about Daley’s connection to Wilson’s confession lasted throughout his career. As state’s attorney, Daley mobilized a massive assault on “gangs, guns, and drugs” by tightening law enforcement methods. An example involved the Automatic Transfer Act used to prosecute 15-year-old Joseph White in adult court for shooting a fellow student. The judge thought White should have sought help from police, but White and his family knew the police as brutal occupiers of local neighborhoods. Joseph White was sentenced to 45 years in a maximum-security prison. Jon Burge was finally convicted in 2010—of perjury—but he served only three years, while many of his victims remained on death row. In a sidebar in the Burge trial—unheard by jurors—the judge refused to allow evidence about a racialized code of silence that concealed Burge’s torture. Our book ends by explaining how Daley and Burge escaped meaningful punishment through the code of silence and out-of-court settlements. These remain unrelenting sources of the racial reckoning confronting this quintessential American city.

How business acts in the political arena has a substantive, at times defining, impact on the integrity and fairness of policymaking and policy outcomes. Unfortunately, the conventional approach for regulating corporate conduct in this area faces a number of persistent challenges. A confluence of several important dynamics, however, offers the promise that responsible corporate political conduct can be encouraged and advanced from a very different vantage point—a new ecosystem for corporate political responsibility is in the making. This ecosystem comes with a new cast of actors, new soft and hard accountability mechanisms and a trove of new resources, tools and collective action initiatives. This Discussion paper presents an overview of this new governance regime, identifies the dynamics that drive its evolution, describes its main building blocks and discusses its limitations. Most importantly it lays out several suggestions for policymakers and practitioners for how the potential of this new accountability regime can be fully utilized to support political integrity and how it can be most productively interlinked with conventional money-in-politics regulations for maximum benefit.

Debating Education puts two leading scholars in conversation with each other on the subject of education—specifically, what role, if any, markets should play in policy reform. Each advances nuanced arguments and responds to the other, presenting contrasting views on education as a public good. One author argues on behalf of a market-driven approach, making the case that educational opportunities do not need to be equal in order to be good. The ideal of education is not equally preparing students to win a race but maximally preparing each student to make a contribution. The other focuses on inequality, particularly the unequal distribution of rewards. The argument is that justice requires prioritizing the prospects of the bottom 30 percent of the population, whose life prospects are much worse than justice would demand, given the current wealth of society. The moral imperative of education should be to improve this group’s range of opportunities. This part of the book expresses serious skepticism that market mechanisms are capable of this task, due to imperfections in educational markets, a lack of appropriate regulations, political influence, and other systemic obstacles.

This analytical volume looks at emerging fiscal trends and introduces the tools for effective financial management to American business professionals in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. This hard-hitting book is the most comprehensive reference to financial theory and practice for operating a business—profit or nonprofit—in the United States today. Content focuses on fiscally responsible behaviors and strategies, such as the introduction of a financial auditing system to troubleshoot potential problems before they occur, the creation of internal control and risk management systems, and step-by-step procedures for ensuring maximum transparency and accountability in every part of the organization. Author and financial expert Jerome B. McKinney has expanded on the previous edition of this popular financial text, offering the latest best practices in e-government applications, cash flow analysis, revenue forecasting, and fiscal health evaluations. This fourth edition also looks at sustainability, the role of monetary policies and fiscal policy, globalization and its competitive impact, and the massive growth of outsourcing. On a final note, the work explains how recent legislation has influenced the development, use, and implementation of performance measures holding government agencies more accountable for their actions.

This chapter examines punk’s intertwined relationship with the rise of neoconservative/neoliberal politics amid the regimes of US president Ronald Reagan, UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and martial law Poland under first secretary of the Communist Party General Wojciech Jaruzelski. In each country, punk was intertwined with a shift from a Cold War political framework toward neoliberalism and an increasingly culturally based political alignment. Examining Oi! and 2 Tone in the United Kingdom, and straightedge, hardcore, and the punks around the ’zine Maximum Rocknroll in the United States, it shows how punk scenes around the world became entangled in these shifts and found themselves fracturing along the newly relevant political categories. In Eastern Europe, market reforms and efforts to revive the Polish economy and cultural sphere exacerbated tensions between subcultural capital and actual capital, creating analogous divisions within its punk scenes.

This book provides readers with the knowledge, understanding, and tools to facilitate maximum disclosure by any interviewee in order to achieve the investigative aim and objectives. At its core, the Conversation Management Approach embodies a commitment to transparency and ethical conduct, as well as respect for the individual and professional expertise: qualities that make it applicable to any investigative context, whether conducted by the police or by private investigative agencies, both in the UK and internationally. This third edition presents a hands-on, how-to guide to interviewing a wide range of interviewees (witnesses, suspects, informants, and other individuals in special circumstances), underpinned by the world-renowned PEACE model for investigative interviewing. It includes straightforward explanations of how conversation works and how a working relationship is created; the realities of influencing, persuasion, and negotiation; the process of telling and listening; how people remember and forget offence-related experience; how to assist their remembrance of offence-related detail; and how to ask the right question at the right time in the right way.

The paradigm of modern global development, largely determined by the unipolar world order, is currently going through a period of transformation. The nature and content of the world politicaleconomic system is influenced not only by global globalization and geopolitical processes, but also by various social and national movements at the global and regional levels, the attitude of the population of countries to certain values, as well as the state of the world economy and finance, especially in those parts that traditionally are the drivers of its growth. The modern paradigm, as we know, finally took shape after the end of the Cold War and is distinguished by a clearly expressed neoliberal content, defined by many political scientists as neoliberal-libertarian monetarism. It is characterized by adherence to the neoliberal-libertarian value system, designed to ensure maximum individual freedom, with its own understanding of democratic transformations, interpretation of universal human norms of behavior based on the omnipotence of market relations. The latter are presented as a panacea for all negative phenomena both in the economy and in other areas of public life. Highlighting the concept of “monetarism” in the name of the global paradigm emphasizes the exceptional role of financial and economic policy in determining the vector of global development.

Focusing on definite-argument drop, this chapter puts forward the hypothesis that null arguments are minimally represented as [nPn] and maximally as a fully-fledged pronoun ([DP D [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]] or [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]). The (un)availability of such arguments in a language is a consequence of independent features of its grammar: the lexical specification of its nominalizing n heads (esp. their association with phonetic material) and the avaialbility of post-syntactic type-shifting operations (esp. ι‎). The working of this approach is illustrated mostly with data from English, Polish, and Kashubian. The two latter languages are argued here to differ from English with respect to the inflectional properties of their nouns, as well as with respect to the mechanisms of NP interpretation. The chapter discusses the predictions thehypothesis makes about the identity of null arguments with respect to cross-linguistic variation in the patterns of argument omission.

The Global Warming Combat Manual describes the practical measures that readers can take in their daily lives to reduce their carbon footprints, while showing how to link one's personal choices with the big-picture science and the big-scale campaigns to combat global warming on the political, legal, economic, and technological fronts. The emphasis throughout is on practical tips for ways in which people can help combat global warming in their everyday roles as citizens, consumers, homeowners, employees, commuters, tourists, sportsmen, business owners, or farmers. Johansen—assisted by climatologist James Hansen's foreword and appendix—gives general readers the tools they need to calculate and put into action the most rational and ethical green choices. Dovetailing the personal with the technological and public-policy dimensions, this book lays out the whole battery of existing, emerging, and speculative solutions for global warming. These range from the humdrum and easy (keeping your tires properly inflated), through the necessary and hard (retooling the ways you transport, house, and feed yourself for maximum energy efficiency and minimum carbon footprint). They also encompass the possible (switching over a large fraction of our carbon-based energy sector to alternative sectors based on biofuel, wind, solar, and geothermal power), the visionary (creating a bacterium that will consume CO2), and the improbable (deploying giant reflecting mirrors in space), as well as the weird and dangerous (pumping sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere).

In 1969 Somalia, a country located in the Horn of Africa, suffered a military coup led by Siad Barre, a general who had integrated the colonial police of Somaliland and Italian Somalia. In this book we analyzed nine posters of governmental propaganda that comprise the period between 1974 -1975. The objective of this work is to discuss the construction of nationalism in the Barre Era, seeking similarities and discontinuities in relation to civil government. We use a vast historiography drawing to the maximum of local authors and theorists of the African continent. Through interdisciplinarity we aim to build a rich theoretical debate integrating anthropology, political science and history. The research used the theoretical model of historiographical analysis of Carlo Guinzburg, based on the investigation of clues in imagery sources. Elements of the local context, such as the process of decolonization of the Horn of Africa and conflicts with Ethiopia, have been emphasized, linking them to the global conjuncture of ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in the so-called Cold War. The impacts of colonialism are one of the central themes of the dissertation, so we try to demonstrate that events that occurred during colonization were fundamental to the complex puzzle that became the African continent during the 1960s and 1970s. Somalia does not escape this political panorama and the research tries to demonstrate that the posters analyzed were produced by the military government with the intention of disseminating a certain model of political regime.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.