Статті в журналах: "Maximal incremental exercise"

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Danek, Natalia, Kamil Michalik, Rafał Hebisz, and Marek Zatoń. "Influence of Warm-Up Prior to Incremental Exercise Test on Aerobic Performance in Physically Active Men." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0014.

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AbstractIntroduction. The aim of the study was to verify the influence of warm-up before a ramp incremental exercise test with linearly increasing loads on the maximal values of physiological variables which determine performance.Material and methods. Thirteen healthy and physically active male students (age = 23.3 ± 1.5 years, body height = 179.1 ± 8.6 cm and body mass = 79.5 ± 9.1 kg) completed a cross-over comparison of two incremental exercise test interventions – an incremental exercise test with a 15-minute warm-up at an intensity of 60% of the maximal oxygen uptake obtained in the first incremental exercise test and the same test without warm-up.Results. The peak values of physiological variables were statistically significantly higher for the incremental exercise test with warm-up, the differences between tests being 2.66% for peak power output (p = 0.039, t = 2.312, ES = 0.24), 7.75% for peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.000, t = 5.225, ES = 0.56), 7.72% for peak minute ventilation (p = 0.005, t = 3.346, ES = 0.53) and 1.62% for peak heart rate (p = 0.019, t = 2.690, ES = 0.60).Conclusions. Warm-up before a ramp incremental exercise test resulted in higher values of maximal oxygen uptake, maximal minute ventilation, maximal heart rate and peak power output.

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Doucende, Grégory, Maxime Chamoux, Thomas Defer, Clément Rissetto, Laurent Mourot, and Johan Cassirame. "Specific Incremental Test for Aerobic Fitness in Trail Running: IncremenTrail." Sports 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10110174.

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Trail running (TR) is performed in a natural environment, including various ranges of slopes where maximal oxygen consumption is a major contributor to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of tests performed in uphill conditions named the “IncremenTrail” (IncT), based on the incremental ascending speed (AS) to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory parameters. IncT protocol included a constant gradient slope set at 25% during the whole test; the starting speed was 500 m·h−1 (25% slope and 2.06 km·h−1) and increased by 100 m·h−1 every minute (0.41 km·h−1). Twenty trail runner specialists performed the IncT and a supramaximal exercise bout to exhaustion with intensity set at 105% of maximal AS (Tlim). Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were continuously recorded during the exercises. The blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were collected at the end of the exercises. During the IncT test, 16 athletes (80%) reached a plateau of maximal oxygen uptake (65.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1), 19 athletes (95%) reached RER values over 1.10 (1.12 ± 0.02) and all the athletes achieved blood lactate concentration over 8.0 mmol·L−1 (17.1 ± 3.5 mmol·L−1) and a maximal heart rate ≥90% of the theoretical maximum (185 ± 11 bpm). Maximal values were not significantly different between IncT and Tlim. In addition, ventilatory thresholds could be determined for all runners with an associated AS. IncT provided a suitable protocol to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory limitations and allowed us to obtain specific intensities based on the ascending speed useful for training purposes in specific conditions.

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Vieira, Stella S., Brunno Lemes, Paulo de T. C. de Carvalho, Rafael N. de Lima, Danilo S. Bocalini, José A. S. Junior, Gisela Arsa, Cezar A. Casarin, Erinaldo L. Andrade, and Andrey J. Serra. "Does Stroke Volume Increase During an Incremental Exercise? A Systematic Review." Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 10, no. 1 (April 27, 2016): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010057.

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Introduction: Cardiac output increases during incremental-load exercise to meet metabolic skeletal muscle demand. This response requires a fast adjustment in heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is well known to increase linearly with exercise load; however, data for stroke volume during incremental-load exercise are unclear. Our objectives were to (a) review studies that have investigated stroke volume on incremental load exercise and (b) summarize the findings for stroke volume, primarily at maximal-exercise load. Methods: A comprehensive review of the Cochrane Library’s, Embase, Medline, SportDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Sci-ence databases was carried out for the years 1985 to the present. The search was performed between February and June 2014 to find studies evaluating changes in stroke volume during incremental-load exercise. Controlled and uncontrolled trials were evaluated for a quality score. Results: The stroke volume data in maximal-exercise load are inconsistent. There is evidence to hypothesis that stroke volume increases during maximal-exercise load, but other lines of evidence indicate that stroke volume reaches a plateau under these circumstances, or even decreases. Conclusion: The stroke volume are unclear, include contradictory evidence. Additional studies with standardized reporting for subjects (e.g., age, gender, physical fitness, and body position), exercise test protocols, and left ventricular function are required to clarify the characteristics of stroke volume during incremental maximal-exercise load.

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Formiga, Magno F., Isabel Vital, Gisel Urdaneta, Kira Balestrini, Lawrence P. Cahalin, and Michael A. Campos. "The BODE index and inspiratory muscle performance in COPD: Clinical findings and implications." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 2018): 205031211881901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312118819015.

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Objectives: The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance is a novel testing method that provides a unique examination of one’s inspiratory muscle strength, work and endurance. Little is known about the relationship between inspiratory muscle performance and mortality risk in obstructive lung disease. We examined the relationship between the Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance measures and the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: In all, 70 males with mild-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean ± standard deviation of 70.2 ± 5.9 years) underwent measurements of body-mass index, spirometry, dyspnea and a 6-min walk test from which the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score was calculated. The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance provided measures of maximal inspiratory pressure, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure and inspiratory duration. Results: All Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance parameters inversely correlated with the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score: maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.355, p = 0.00), sustained maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.426, p = 0.00) and ID (r = −0.278, p = 0.02), with sustained maximal inspiratory pressure displaying the highest correlation. Independent significant correlations were also observed between the sustained maximal inspiratory pressure and all Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score components, except for body-mass index. Finally, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure was significantly different among the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise index quartiles. Discussion: The significant association between the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score and inspiratory muscle performance, in particular sustained maximal inspiratory pressure, suggests that these measures may have a potential prognostic value in the evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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McKeever, K. H., K. W. Hinchcliff, D. F. Gerken, and R. A. Sams. "Effects of cocaine on incremental treadmill exercise in horses." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2727.

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Four mature horses were used to test the effects of two doses (50 and 200 mg) of intravenously administered cocaine on hemodynamics and selected indexes of performance [maximal heart rate (HRmax), treadmill velocity at HRmax, treadmill velocity needed to produce a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l, maximal mixed venous blood lactate concentration, maximal treadmill work intensity, and test duration] measured during an incremental treadmill test. Both doses of cocaine increased HRmax approximately 7% (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was 30 mmHg greater (P < 0.05) during the 4- to 7-m/s steps of the exercise test in the 200-mg trial. Neither dose of cocaine had an effect on the responses to exertion of right atrial pressure, right ventricular pressure, or maximal change in right ventricular pressure over time. Maximal mixed venous blood lactate concentration increased 41% (P < 0.05) with the 50-mg dose and 75% (P < 0.05) with the 200-mg dose during exercise. Administration of cocaine resulted in decreases (P < 0.05) in the treadmill velocity needed to produce a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l from 6.9 +/- 0.5 and 6.8 +/- 0.9 m/s during the control trials to 4.4 +/- 0.1 m/s during the 200-mg cocaine trial. Cocaine did not alter maximal treadmill work intensity (P > 0.05); however, time to exhaustion increased by approximately 92 s (15%; P < 0.05) during the 200-mg trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Ferguson, Carrie, Lindsey A. Wylde, Alan P. Benson, Daniel T. Cannon, and Harry B. Rossiter. "No reserve in isokinetic cycling power at intolerance during ramp incremental exercise in endurance-trained men." Journal of Applied Physiology 120, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2015.

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During whole body exercise in health, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) is typically attained at or immediately before the limit of tolerance (LoT). At the V̇o2max and LoT of incremental exercise, a fundamental, but unresolved, question is whether maximal evocable power can be increased above the task requirement, i.e., whether there is a “power reserve” at the LoT. Using an instantaneous switch from cadence-independent (hyperbolic) to isokinetic cycle ergometry, we determined maximal evocable power at the limit of ramp-incremental exercise. We hypothesized that in endurance-trained men at LoT, maximal (4 s) isokinetic power would not differ from the power required by the task. Baseline isokinetic power at 80 rpm (Piso; measured at the pedals) and summed integrated EMG from five leg muscles (ΣiEMG) were measured in 12 endurance-trained men (V̇o2max = 4.2 ± 1.0 l/min). Participants then completed a ramp incremental exercise test (20-25 W/min), with instantaneous measurement of Piso and ΣiEMG at the LoT. Piso decreased from 788 ± 103 W at baseline to 391 ± 72 W at LoT, which was not different from the required ramp-incremental flywheel power (352 ± 58 W; P > 0.05). At LoT, the relative reduction in Piso was greater than the relative reduction in the isokinetic ΣiEMG (50 ± 9 vs. 63 ± 10% of baseline; P < 0.05). During maximal ramp incremental exercise in endurance-trained men, maximum voluntary power is not different from the power required by the task and is consequent to both central and peripheral limitations in evocable power. The absence of a power reserve suggests both the perceptual and physiological limits of maximum voluntary power production are not widely dissociated at LoT in this population.

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Inglis, E. Calaine, Danilo Iannetta, and Juan M. Murias. "Oxygen Extraction Reserve Immediately After Ramp Incremental Maximal Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519222.69501.c4.

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White, J. S., W. C. Byrnes, W. Kroll, B. Erviti, and P. S. Freedson. "EMG AND LACTATE BREAKPOINTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREMENTAL MAXIMAL EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, no. 2 (April 1985): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198504000-00163.

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Fatemi, Rouholah, and Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh. "Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic Exercise." Journal of Human Kinetics 25, no. 1 (September 30, 2010): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0032-3.

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Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic ExerciseThe present study aimed at assessing air way resistance indexes that include FEV1 (Force expiration Volume in one second), FVC (Forced vital capacity) and FEV1/FVC and exercise-induced asthma (EIA) after one session of sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise. Fifty healthy male subjects (age 19-26) from the faculty of Physical Education, University of Shahid Chamran served as the participants of the study. They were randomly assigned to either exercise or control groups. Body height, body mass and pulmonary factors were measured in the pre-test conditions. The study protocol included a sub maximal incremental Astrand - Rhyming test on an ergocycle. After performing this test by the exercise group, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC, were measured again for both groups and compared with pre test evaluations. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics (dependent and independent t test). Results showed that there was a significant difference in FEV1 between the two groups after the exercise protocol (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in FVC between the two groups after exercise, and a significant difference was registered in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC between pre-test and post-test results in the group that performed the aerobic test protocol (p ≤ 0.05). Our results indicate that one sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise session causes a significant change in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, and causes exercise-induced asthma.

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Deruelle, Fabien, Cédric Nourry, Patrick Mucci, Frédéric Bart, Jean-Marie Grosbois, Ghislaine Lensel, and Claudine Fabre. "Incremental Exercise Tests in Master Athletes and Untrained Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, no. 3 (July 2005): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.3.254.

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This study aimed to analyze the impact of step-duration protocols, 1-min vs. 3-min, on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise, whatever the aerobic-fitness level of sedentary (65.5 ± 2.3 years,n= 8) or highly fit (63.1 ± 3.2 years,n= 19) participants. Heart rate and VO2at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal exercise were not significantly different between the two protocols. In master athletes, the 3-min protocol elicited significantly lower ventilation at VT2and maximal exercise (p< .01). In the latter, breathlessness was also lower at maximal exercise (p< .05) than in sedentary participants. In trained or sedentary older adults, VT1, VT2, and VO2maxwere not influenced by stage duration. According to the lower breathlessness and ventilation, however, the 3-min step protocol could be more appropriate in master athletes. In untrained participants, because the cardiorespiratory responses were similar with the two incremental exercise tests, either of them could be used.

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Cunha, Felipe A., Adrian W. Midgley, Pedro P. Soares, and Paulo T. V. Farinatti. "Postexercise hypotension after maximal short-term incremental exercise depends on exercise modality." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 6 (June 2015): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0354.

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This study investigated postexercise hypotension (PEH) after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed using different exercise modalities. Twenty healthy men (aged 23 ± 3 years) performed 3 maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running), separated by 72 h in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), autonomic function (spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV)), and energy expenditure (EE) were assessed during a 60-min nonexercise control session and for 60 min immediately after each CPET. Total exercise volume (EE during CPET plus 60 min recovery) was significantly higher in running versus cycling and walking CPETs (P ≤ 0.001). Compared with control, only SBP after running CPET was significantly reduced (Δ = −6 ± 8 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Heart rate and cardiac output were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and SVR significantly decreased (P < 0.001) postexercise. BRS and HRV decreased after all CPETs (P < 0.001), whereas sympatho-vagal balance (low- and high-frequency (LF:HF) ratio) increased significantly after all exercise conditions, especially after running CPET (P < 0.001). Changes in SVR, BRS, sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of HRV), and LF:HF ratio were negatively correlated to variations in SBP (range −0.69 to −0.91; P < 0.001) and DBP (range −0.58 to −0.93; P ≤ 0.002). These findings suggest that exercise mode or the total exercise volume are major determinants of PEH magnitude in healthy men. Because of the running CPET, the PEH was primarily related to a decrease in SVR and to an increase in sympatho-vagal balance, which might be a reflex response to peripheral vasodilatation after exercise.

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McParland, C., J. Mink, and C. G. Gallagher. "Respiratory adaptations to dead space loading during maximal incremental exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.55.

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We examined the effects of dead space (VD) loading on breathing pattern during maximal incremental exercise in eight normal subjects. Addition of external VD was associated with a significant increase in tidal volume (VT) and decrease in respiratory frequency (f) at moderate and high levels of ventilation (VI); at a VI of 120 l/min, VT and f with added VD were 3.31 +/- 0.33 liters and 36.7 +/- 6.7 breaths/min, respectively, compared with 2.90 +/- 0.29 liters and 41.8 +/- 7.3 breaths/min without added VD. Because breathing pattern does not change with CO2 inhalation during heavy exercise (Gallagher et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 238–244, 1987), the breathing pattern response to added VD is probably a consequence of alteration in the PCO2 time profile, possibly sensed by the carotid body and/or airway-pulmonary chemoreceptors. The increase in VT during heavy exercise with VD loading indicates that the tachypneic breathing pattern of heavy exercise is not due to mechanical limitation of maximum ventilatory capacity at high levels of VT.

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Zakrzewski, Julia, and Keith Tolfrey. "Exercise Protocols to Estimate Fatmax and Maximal Fat Oxidation in Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 23, no. 1 (February 2011): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.1.122.

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Consensus on the exercise protocol used to measure Fatmax (exercise intensity corresponding to maximum fat oxidation (MFO)) in children has not been reached. The present study compared Fatmax estimated using the 3 min incremental cycling protocol (3-INC) and a protocol consisting of several 10 min constant work rate exercise bouts (10-CWR) in 26 prepubertal children. Group Fatmax values were the same for 3-INC and 10-CWR (55% VO2peak) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were ± 7% VO2peak. Group MFO values were similar between protocols, although 95% LoA were -94 to 113 mg·min−1. While 3-INC provides a valid estimation of Fatmax compared with 10-CWR, caution should be exercised when estimating MFO in prepubertal children.

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Price, Mike, Lindsay Bottoms, Matthew Hill, and Roger Eston. "Maximal Fat Oxidation during Incremental Upper and Lower Body Exercise in Healthy Young Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 15311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215311.

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The aim of this study is to determine the magnitude of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during incremental upper and lower body exercise. Thirteen non-specifically trained male participants (19.3 ± 0.5 y, 78.1 ± 9.1 kg body mass) volunteered for this repeated-measures study, which had received university ethics committee approval. Participants undertook two incremental arm crank (ACE) and cycle ergometry (CE) exercise tests to volitional exhaustion. The first test for each mode served as habituation. The second test was an individualised protocol, beginning at 40% of the peak power output (POpeak) achieved in the first test, with increases of 10% POpeak until volitional exhaustion. Expired gases were recorded at the end of each incremental stage, from which fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were calculated. MFO was taken as the greatest fat oxidation value during incremental exercise and expressed relative to peak oxygen uptake (%V˙O2peak). MFO was lower during ACE (0.44 ± 0.24 g·min−1) than CE (0.77 ± 0.31 g·min−1; respectively, p < 0.01) and occurred at a lower exercise intensity (53 ± 21 vs. 67 ± 18%V˙O2peak; respectively, p < 0.01). Inter-participant variability for MFO was greatest during ACE. These results suggest that weight loss programs involving the upper body should occur at lower exercise intensities than for the lower body.

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Mundie, Thomas G., Adolph J. Januszkiewicz, Daniel B. Rayburn, Dale G. Martin, and Gary R. Ripple. "Effects of conditioning and maximal incremental exercise on oxygen consumption in sheep." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.07.1019.

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Summary To assess the suitability of sheep for exercise studies, the effect of incremental exercise and conditioning on oxygen consumption (Vo2) was studied. Six sheep were adapted to a treadmill and subsequently trained 8 weeks. The sheep were then studied, in random order, using 3 incremental exercise protocols (ex-1, ex-2, and ex-3). The protocols were chosen to approximate high (ex-1), moderate (ex-2), and low (ex-3) intensity exercise by varying treadmill speed and incline. The sheep were then conditioned for an additional 12 weeks and retested on the ex- 2 protocol. During exercise, Vo2, gas exchange ratio (R), and rectal temperatures (Tb) were recorded. All 3 protocols resulted in significant increases in Vo2, R, and Tb (P < 0.05). Maximum Vo2 for ex-1, 49.9 ± 5.0 ml/min/kg of body weight, was significantly greater than maximum Vo2 for ex-2 and ex-3, 37.8 ± 6.5 and 42.3 ± 6.0 ml/min/kg, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas maximum R and maximum Tb were similar. After the additional 12-week conditioning, time on the treadmill increased 40% from 9.58 ± 0.87 to 13.4 ± 0.44 minutes, and maximum V02 increased 27% to 48.1 ± 9.1 ml/min/kg. These data indicated that maximum Vo2 varied with intensity of the exercise, 12 weeks of maximal exercise conditioning was sufficient to produce a measurable training effect (ie, increase endurance and maximum oxygen consumption) and sheep are suitable for maximal exercise studies where Vo2 measurements are desired.

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Mauger, Alexis R., and Nick Sculthorpe. "A new VO2maxprotocol allowing self-pacing in maximal incremental exercise." British Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 1 (April 19, 2011): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090006.

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Torjman, Zafeiridis, Paolone, Wilkerson, and Considine. "Serum Leptin During Recovery Following Maximal Incremental and Prolonged Exercise." International Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 7 (October 1999): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-8830.

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Beneke, Ralph, Hermann Heck, Helge Hebestreit, and Renate M. Leithäuser. "Predicting Maximal Lactate Steady State in Children and Adults." Pediatric Exercise Science 21, no. 4 (November 2009): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.4.493.

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The value of blood lactate concentration (BLC) measured during incremental load tests in predicting maximal lactate-steady-state (MLSS) workload has rarely been investigated in children. In 17 children and 18 adults MLSS was 4.1 ± 0.9mmol 1.1. Workload at BLC of 3.0mmol 1.1 determined during an incremental load test explained about 80% of the variance (p < .001) and best predicted MLSS workload independent of age. This was despite the increase in power per time related to maximum incremental load test power being higher (p < .001) in children than in adults. The BLC response to given exercise intensities is faster in children without affecting MLSS.

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Angell, Peter J., and Simon Marwood. "Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) on Recovery of Exercise Performance Following a Bout of Exercise to Volitional Exhaustion." Physiologia 3, no. 3 (June 29, 2023): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3030027.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the recovery of exercise performance following maximal, incremental exercise. A total of 13 healthy males volunteered to participate, undertaking three experimental trials involving a constant work-rate bout of severe intensity exercise undertaken to the limit of tolerance that was preceded by a 40-min recovery period consequent to a maximal, incremental exercise test. During the recovery period, participants underwent IPC at 220 mmHg, sham IPC (SHAM; 20 mmHg), and passive rest (CON). Exercise tolerance time was higher following IPC as compared to SHAM and CON {199 ± 36 (CON) vs. 203 ± 35 (SHAM) vs. 219 ± 34 (IPC), p = 0.03}. This effect was accompanied by a tendency toward an augmented increase in blood lactate from rest to exercise in IPC compared to SHAM and CON (p = 0.08). There was no effect of IPC on oxygen uptake kinetics or muscle oxygenation as indicated via near-infrared spectroscopy. IPC may therefore have the capacity to augment recovery from prior maximal exercise, but this does not appear to be due to enhancements to oxygen uptake kinetics or muscle oxygenation.

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Spielvogel, H., E. Caceres, H. Koubi, B. Sempore, M. Sauvain, and R. Favier. "Effects of coca chewing on metabolic and hormonal changes during graded incremental exercise to maximum." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.643.

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We examined the effects of 1 h of coca chewing on metabolic and hormonal responses during incremental exercise to exhaustion in traditional coca chewers (C; n = 8), and the results were compared with a group of nonchewers (n = 13). For 1 h, C chewed approximately 12 g of coca leaves that resulted in the apparition of cocaine in blood that reached 72 +/- 9 ng/ml. In resting conditions, even though sympathoadrenergic activity (as assessed by norepinephrine and epinephrine plasma levels) was similar in both groups, C displayed a higher level of plasma free fatty acids. Oxygen uptake measured at exhaustion and delta work efficiency during exercise were similar in both groups. During the incremental exercise, C displayed a significantly lower arterial oxygen saturation that cannot be explained by a reduced ventilatory response after coca chewing. In fact, even at maximal exercise, both ventilatory output and ventilatory equivalent were higher in C compared with nonchewers. It is concluded that the beneficial effects of coca chewing on exercise tolerance reported frequently by traditional coca users is not related to either an improved maximal exercise capacity or an increased work efficiency. However, during incremental exercise, coca chewing appeared to result in an increased free fatty acid availability that could be beneficial for prolonged submaximal exercise.

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Possamai, Leonardo Trevisol, Fernando de Souza Campos, Paulo Cesar do Nascimento Salvador, Rafael Alves de Aguiar, Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo, Ricardo Dantas de Lucas, Fabrizio Caputo, and Tiago Turnes. "Similar maximal oxygen uptake assessment from a step cycling incremental test and verification tests on the same or different day." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 4 (April 2020): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0405.

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The present study aimed to compare maximal oxygen uptake of a step incremental test with time to exhaustion verification tests (TLIM) performed on the same or different day. Nineteen recreationally trained cyclists (age: 23 ± 2.7 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 48.0 ± 5.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed 3 maximal tests as follows: (i) same day: an incremental test with 3-min stages followed by a TLIM at 100% of peak power output of the incremental test (TLIM-SAME) interspaced by 15 min; and (ii) different day: a TLIM at 100% of peak power output of the incremental test (TLIM-DIFF). The maximal oxygen uptake was determined for the 3 tests. The maximal oxygen uptake was not different among the tests (incremental: 3.83 ± 0.41; TLIM-SAME: 3.72 ± 0.42; TLIM-DIFF: 3.75 ± 0.41 L·min−1; P = 0.951). Seven subjects presented a variability greater than ±3% in both verification tests compared with the incremental test. The same-day verification test decreased the exercise tolerance (240 ± 38 vs. 310 ± 36 s) compared with TLIM-DIFF (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the incremental protocol is capable of measuring maximal oxygen uptake because similar values were observed in comparison with verification tests. Although the need for the verification phase is questionable, the additional tests are useful to evaluate individual variability. Novelty Step incremental test is capable of measuring maximal oxygen uptake with similar values during TLIM on the same or different day. Although the necessity of the verification phase is questionable, it can allow the determination of variability in maximal oxygen uptake.

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Jacobs, R. A., P. Rasmussen, C. Siebenmann, V. Díaz, M. Gassmann, D. Pesta, E. Gnaiger, N. B. Nordsborg, P. Robach, and C. Lundby. "Determinants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletes." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 5 (November 2011): 1422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011.

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Human endurance performance can be predicted from maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max), lactate threshold, and exercise efficiency. These physiological parameters, however, are not wholly exclusive from one another, and their interplay is complex. Accordingly, we sought to identify more specific measurements explaining the range of performance among athletes. Out of 150 separate variables we identified 10 principal factors responsible for hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and neurological variation in 16 highly trained cyclists. These principal factors were then correlated with a 26-km time trial and test of maximal incremental power output. Average power output during the 26-km time trial was attributed to, in order of importance, oxidative phosphorylation capacity of the vastus lateralis muscle ( P = 0.0005), steady-state submaximal blood lactate concentrations ( P = 0.0017), and maximal leg oxygenation (sO2LEG) ( P = 0.0295), accounting for 78% of the variation in time trial performance. Variability in maximal power output, on the other hand, was attributed to total body hemoglobin mass (Hbmass; P = 0.0038), V̇o2max ( P = 0.0213), and sO2LEG ( P = 0.0463). In conclusion, 1) skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is the primary predictor of time trial performance in highly trained cyclists; 2) the strongest predictor for maximal incremental power output is Hbmass; and 3) overall exercise performance (time trial performance + maximal incremental power output) correlates most strongly to measures regarding the capability for oxygen transport, high V̇o2max and Hbmass, in addition to measures of oxygen utilization, maximal oxidative phosphorylation, and electron transport system capacities in the skeletal muscle.

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Oliver, Jonathan M., Dustin P. Joubert, Steven E. Martin, and Stephen F. Crouse. "Oral Creatine Supplementation’s Decrease of Blood Lactate During Exhaustive, Incremental Cycling." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.3.252.

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Purpose:To determine the effects of creatine supplementation on blood lactate during incremental cycling exercise.Methods:Thirteen male subjects (M ± SD 23 ± 2 yr, 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, 86.3 ± 16.0 kg, 24% ± 9% body fat) performed a maximal, incremental cycling test to exhaustion before (Pre) and after (Post) 6 d of creatine supplementation (4 doses/d of 5 g creatine + 15 g glucose). Blood lactate was measured at the end of each exercise stage during the protocol, and the lactate threshold was determined as the stage before achieving 4 mmol/L. Lactate concentrations during the incremental test were analyzed using a 2 (condition) × 6 (exercise stage) repeated-measures ANOVA. Differences in power at lactate threshold, power at exhaustion, and total exercise time were determined by paired t tests and are presented as M ± SD.Results:Lactate concentrations were reduced during exercise after supplementation, demonstrating a significant condition effect (p = .041). There was a tendency for increased power at the lactate threshold (Pre 128 ± 45 W, Post 143 ± 26 W; p = .11). Total time to fatigue approached significant increases (Pre 22.6 ± 3.2 min, Post 23.3 ± 3.3 min; p = .056), as did maximal power output (Pre 212.5 ± 32.5 W, Post 220 ± 34.6 W; p = .082).Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that creatine supplementation decreases lactate during incremental cycling exercise and tends to raise lactate threshold. Therefore, creatine supplementation could potentially benefit endurance athletes.

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Spendier, Florian, Alexander Müller, Markus Korinek, and Peter Hofmann. "Intensity Thresholds and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Small Muscle Group Exercise." Sports 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8060077.

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The aim of our study is to determine the first (LTP1) and the second (LTP2) lactate turn points during an incremental bicep curl test and to verify these turn points by ventilatory turn points (VT1 and VT2) and constant-load exercise tests. Twelve subjects performed a one-arm incremental bicep curl exercise (IET) after a one repetition maximum (1RM) test to calculate the step rate for the incremental exercise (1RM/45). Workload was increased every min at a rate of 30 reps/min until maximum. To verify LTPs, VT1 and VT2 were determined from spirometric data, and 30 min constant-load tests (CL) were performed at 5% Pmax below and above turn points. Peak load in IET was 5.3 ± 0.9 kg (Lamax: 2.20 ± 0.40 mmol·L−1; HRmax: 135 ± 15 b·min−1; VO2max: 1.15 ± 0.30 L·min−1). LTP1 was detected at 1.9 ± 0.6 kg (La: 0.86 ± 0.36 mmol·L−1; HR 90 ± 13 b·min−1; VO2: 0.50 ± 0.05 L·min−1) and LTP2 at 3.8 ± 0.7 kg (La: 1.38 ± 0.37 mmol·L−1; 106 ± 10 b·min−1; VO2: 0.62 ± 0.11 L·min−1). Constant-load tests showed a lactate steady-state in all tests except above LTP2, with early termination after 16.5 ± 9.1 min. LTP1 and LTP2 could be determined in IET, which were not significantly different from VT1/VT2. Constant-load exercise validated the three-phase concept, and a steady-state was found at resting values below VT1 and in all other tests except above LTP2. It is suggested that the three-phase model is also applicable to small muscle group exercise.

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Lonsdorfer-Wolf, Evelyne, Stéphane Doutreleau, Ruddy Richard, Bernard Geny, and Jean Lonsdorfer. "Aerobic Capacity of Elderly People after a Short 6-week Intermittent Exercise Programme." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i3.1720.

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Background: One of the most debilitating effects of advancing age is the progressive decline in aerobic exercise capacity. To prevent this decrease, exercise prescription has been proved to be effective in compensating for the age-associated decline in maximal oxygen capacity. Methods: 27 healthy sedentary elderly men (10) and women (17) aged 67±7 yr, were involved in a tailored 6-week intermittent exercise programme, with 30 min cycling per session, 3 times a week. One session alternated 4 min at a workload corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (called “bases”) and 1 min to a charge corresponding to 90% of the maximum tolerated power of the subjects (called “peaks”). This was repeated 6 times during one session. To determine these charges, all subjects underwent a 1-minute-step maximal incremental exercise test to find out their maximal tolerated power, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), maximal heart rate, and maximal lactate. A second maximal incremental exercise test was performed after the programme, to compare the different parameters. Results: For the whole group, maximal tolerated power increased from 113±8 watts to 13±9 watts (P < 0.001), VO2 peak increased from 19.8±0.9 ml·kg-1·min-1 to 22.2 ±0.9 ml·kg-1·min-1 (P=0.002), maximal heart rate (143±4 vs 144±4 beats·min-1) and maximal lactate (5.4±0.3 vs 5.7±0.3 mmol·L-1) did not change. VO2 at ventilatory threshold increased from 950±57 ml·min-1 to 1095±69 ml·min-1 (P=0.007), and the corresponding power increased from 65±5 watts to 82±6 watts (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Even after a short time training programme (6 weeks), we observed a significant improvement in aerobic capacity, and especially in sub-maximal workloads, which represented, for these subjects, their daily-life capacity.

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Anselme, F., C. Caillaud, I. Couret, M. Rossi, and C. Prefaut. "Histamine and exercise-induced hypoxemia in highly trained athletes." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.127.

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To determine whether exercise-induced hypoxemia in extreme athletes results from an increase in histamine level during maximal incremental exercise, seven young athletes [YA; age 22.2 +/- 1.23 (SE) yr] and seven master athletes (MA; age 66.2 +/- 2.94 yr), all of whom were known to develop exercise-induced hypoxemia, were compared with age-matched control groups (young controls and older controls, respectively). During maximal incremental exercise, blood samples for arterial blood gas analysis and for plasma and total histamine were drawn at rest and at 50, 75, and 100% of maximal O2 uptake. The percentage of histamine released (%H) was calculated from plasma and total histamine samples. In all athletes (MA and YA groups), exercise induced an increase in %H with a concomitant decrease in arterial PO2 (PaO2); in control groups there was no change in either histamine levels or PaO2. When the data for the YA and MA groups were combined, a correlation was observed between the increase in %H and the drop in PaO2. Nevertheless, further studies are required to establish whether histamine plays a causative role in hypoxemia or is a response to injury.

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Mendelson, Monique, Anne-Sophie Michallet, Julia Tonini, Anne Favre-Juvin, Michel Guinot, Bernard Wuyam, and Patrice Flore. "Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Partially Linked to Ventilatory Factors in Obese Adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 1 (February 2016): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0151.

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Aim:To examine the role of ventilatory constraint on cardiorespiratory fitness in obese adolescents.Methods:Thirty obese adolescents performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise and were divided into 2 groups based on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak): those presenting low (L; n = 15; VO2peak: 72.9 ± 8.6% predicted) or normal (N; n = 15; VO2peak: 113.6 ± 19.2% predicted) cardiorespiratory fitness. Both were compared with a group of healthy controls (C; n = 20; VO2peak: 103.1 ± 11.2% predicted). Ventilatory responses were explored using the flow volume loop method.Results:Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak, in % predicted) was lower in L compared with C and N and was moderately associated with the percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = .52; p < .05) in L. At peak exercise, end inspiratory point was lower in L compared with N and C (77.4 ± 8.1, 86.4 ± 7.7, and 89.9 ± 7.6% FVC in L, N, and C, respectively; p < .05), suggesting an increased risk of ventilatory constraint in L, although at peak exercise this difference could be attributed to the lower maximal ventilation in L.Conclusion:Forced vital capacity and ventilatory strategy to incremental exercise slightly differed between N and L. These results suggest a modest participation of ventilatory factors to exercise intolerance.

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Cannon, Daniel T., Ana Claudia Coelho, Robert Cao, Andrew Cheng, Janos Porszasz, Richard Casaburi, and Harry B. Rossiter. "Skeletal muscle power and fatigue at the tolerable limit of ramp-incremental exercise in COPD." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2016.

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Muscle fatigue (a reduced power for a given activation) is common following exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Whether muscle fatigue, and reduced maximal voluntary locomotor power, are sufficient to limit whole body exercise in COPD is unknown. We hypothesized in COPD: 1) exercise is terminated with a locomotor muscle power reserve; 2) reduction in maximal locomotor power is related to ventilatory limitation; and 3) muscle fatigue at intolerance is less than age-matched controls. We used a rapid switch from hyperbolic to isokinetic cycling to measure the decline in peak isokinetic power at the limit of incremental exercise (“performance fatigue”) in 13 COPD patients (FEV1 49 ± 17%pred) and 12 controls. By establishing the baseline relationship between muscle activity and isokinetic power, we apportioned performance fatigue into the reduction in muscle activation and muscle fatigue. Peak isokinetic power at intolerance was ~130% of peak incremental power in controls (274 ± 73 vs. 212 ± 84 W, P < 0.05), but ~260% in COPD patients (187 ± 141 vs. 72 ± 34 W, P < 0.05), greater than controls ( P < 0.05). Muscle fatigue as a fraction of baseline peak isokinetic power was not different in COPD patients vs. controls (0.11 ± 0.20 vs. 0.19 ± 0.11). Baseline to intolerance, the median frequency of maximal isokinetic muscle activity, was unchanged in COPD patients but reduced in controls (+4.3 ± 11.6 vs. −5.5 ± 7.6%, P < 0.05). Performance fatigue as a fraction of peak incremental power was greater in COPD vs. controls and related to resting (FEV1/FVC) and peak exercise (V̇E/maximal voluntary ventilation) pulmonary function ( r2 = 0.47 and 0.55, P < 0.05). COPD patients are more fatigable than controls, but this fatigue is insufficient to constrain locomotor power and define exercise intolerance.

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Carvalho-Peixoto, Jacqueline, Mirian Ribeiro Leite Moura, Felipe Amorim Cunha, Pablo Christiano B. Lollo, Walace David Monteiro, Lucia Maria Jaeger de Carvalho, and Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti. "Consumption of açai (Euterpe oleraceaMart.) functional beverage reduces muscle stress and improves effort tolerance in elite athletes: a randomized controlled intervention study." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 7 (July 2015): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0518.

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The study analyzed the effect of an açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) functional beverage (AB) on muscle and oxidative stress markers, cardiorespiratory responses, perceived exertion, and time-to-exhaustion during maximal treadmill running. The beverage was developed as an ergogenic aid for athletes and contained 27.6 mg of anthocyanins per dose. Fourteen athletes performed 3 exercise tests: a ramp-incremental maximal exercise test and 2 maximal exercise bouts performed in 2 conditions (AB and without AB (control)) at 90% maximal oxygen uptake.Blood was collected at baseline and after maximal exercise in both conditions to determine biomarkers. AB increased time to exhaustion during short-term high-intensity exercise (mean difference: 69 s, 95% confidence interval = –296 s to 159 s, t = 2.2, p = 0.045), attenuating the metabolic stress induced by exercise (p < 0.05). AB also reduced perceived exertion and enhanced cardiorespiratory responses (p < 0.05). The AB may be a useful and practical ergogenic aid to enhance performance during high-intensity training.

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Seo, Yongsuk. "Added Inspiratory Resistance Does Not Impair Cognitive Function and Mood State." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032743.

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This study evaluated cognitive function and mood state with inspiratory resistance before and after maximal exercise in hypoxia. Nine healthy men (age = 25 ± 2 years) performed the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics—4th Edition (ANAM4) of the Stroop color–word test (SCWT) and total mood disturbance (TMD) before and after an incremental cycling exercise until volitional fatigue with four different inspiratory resistances (0, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 cm H2O·L−1·s−1). There was no significant difference in the interference score of SCWT and TMD at normobaric, hypoxic conditions at four different inspiratory resistances. However, the interference score of SCWT was improved following maximal cycling exercise, whereas TMD was not improved. Inspiratory resistance did not have a deleterious effect on cognitive function and mood state in normobaric hypoxia after maximal cycling exercise. However, following maximal cycling exercise, cognitive function was improved.

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Martin, Danny. "EFFECTS OF BREATHING A NORMOXIC HELIUM MIXTURE DURING INCREMENTAL, MAXIMAL EXERCISE." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00121.

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Shephard, R. J. "A new VO2max protocol allowing self-pacing in maximal incremental exercise." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2012 (January 2012): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yspm.2012.01.011.

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Laplaud, David, Michel Guinot, Anne Favre-Juvin, and Patrice Flore. "Maximal lactate steady state determination with a single incremental test exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (December 10, 2005): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0086-4.

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34

Bourdon, Pitre C., Sarah M. Woolford, and Jonathan D. Buckley. "Effects of Varying the Step Duration on the Determination of Lactate Thresholds in Elite Rowers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2018): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0258.

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This study aimed to identify the minimum increment duration required to accurately assess 2 distinct lactate thresholds. A total of 21 elite rowers (12 women and 9 men) participated in this study, and each performed 8 or 9 rowing tests comprising 5 progressive incremental tests (3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, or 10-min steps) and at least three 30-min constant-intensity maximal lactate steady-state assessments. Power output (PO) at lactate threshold 1 was higher in the 3- and 4-min incremental tests. No other measures were different for lactate threshold 1. The PO at the second lactate threshold was different between most tests and was higher than the PO at maximal lactate steady state, except for the 10-min incremental test. Lactate threshold 2 oxygen consumption was higher in the 3-, 4-, and 5-min tests, but heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion were not different between tests. Peak PO in the incremental tests was inversely related to the step durations (r2 = .86, P ≤ .02). Peak oxygen consumption was higher in the shorter (≤5 min) than the longer (≥7 min) incremental tests, whereas peak HR was not different between tests. These data suggest that for the methods used in this study, incremental exercise tests with step durations ≤7 min overestimate maximal lactate steady-state exercise intensity, peak physiological values are best determined using incremental tests with step durations ≤4 min, and HR measures are not affected by step duration, and therefore, prescription of training HRs can be made using any of these tests.

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Cherouveim, Evgenia D., Panagiotis G. Miliotis, Maria D. Koskolou, Konstantina Dipla, Ioannis S. Vrabas, and Nickos D. Geladas. "The Effect of Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation on Hemodynamics, Cerebral Oxygenation and Activation, and Exercise Performance during Incremental Exercise to Exhaustion in Male Cyclists." Biology 12, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12070981.

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This study aimed to elucidate whether muscle blood flow restriction during maximal exercise is associated with alterations in hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, cerebral activation, and deterioration of exercise performance in male participants. Thirteen healthy males, cyclists (age 33 ± 2 yrs., body mass: 78.6 ± 2.5 kg, and body mass index: 25.57 ± 0.91 kg·m−1), performed a maximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer in two experimental conditions: (a) with muscle blood flow restriction through the application of thigh cuffs inflated at 120 mmHg (with cuffs, WC) and (b) without restriction (no cuffs, NC). Exercise performance significantly deteriorated with muscle blood flow restriction, as evidenced by the reductions in V˙O2max (−17 ± 2%, p < 0.001), peak power output (−28 ± 2%, p < 0.001), and time to exhaustion (−28 ± 2%, p < 0.001). Muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[O2Hb]) during exercise declined more in the NC condition (p < 0.01); however, at exhaustion, the magnitude of muscle oxygenation and muscle deoxygenation were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). At maximal effort, lower cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HHb]) and cerebral total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]) were observed in WC (p < 0.001), accompanied by a lower cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume vs. the NC condition (p < 0.01), whereas systolic blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion, and cerebral activation (as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) activity) were similar (p > 0.05) between conditions at task failure, despite marked differences in exercise duration, maximal aerobic power output, and V˙O2max. In conclusion, in trained cyclists, muscle blood flow restriction during an incremental cycling exercise test significantly limited exercise performance. Exercise intolerance with muscle blood flow restriction was mainly associated with attenuated cardiac responses, despite cerebral activation reaching similar maximal levels as without muscle blood flow restriction.

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Melliti, Wassim, Rim Kammoun, Donies Masmoudi, Said Ahmaidi, Kaouthar Masmoudi, Fawaz Alassery, Habib Hamam, and Mehdi Chlif. "Effect of Six-Minute Walk Test and Incremental Exercise on Inspiratory Capacity, Ventilatory Constraints, Breathlessness and Exercise Performance in Sedentary Male Smokers without Airway Obstruction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 12665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312665.

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We investigated physiological responses and exercise capacity in sedentary young smokers during sub-maximal and maximal test and its impact on dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Fifty sedentary male smokers and non-smokers (age: 24 ± 1 years., weight: 71 ± 9 kg, height: 177.3 ± 4.8 cm, body mass index: 22.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) underwent two visits with pulmonary function tests, breathing pattern, and inspiratory capacity measurement at rest and during sub-maximal and maximal exercise. Smokers show reduced exercise capacity during six minutes walk test (6-MWT) with decreased walked distance (p < 0.001) and inspiratory capacity (p < 0.05). During cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), smokers had higher minute ventilation VE for a given submaximal intensity (p < 0.05) and lower minute ventilation at maximal exercise (p < 0.001). End expiratory lung volume was significantly lower in sedentary smokers at rest (p < 0.05), at ventilatory threshold during exercise (p < 0.05), but not during peak exercise. End inspiratory lung volume was significantly lower in smokers at rest (p < 0.05) and ventilatory threshold (p < 0.05). Cigarette smoking alters lung function during submaximal and maximal exercise. This alteration is manifested by the development of dynamic hyperinflation contributing to exercise capacity limitation.

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Davranche, Karen, and Aurélien Pichon. "Critical Flicker Frequency Threshold Increment after an Exhausting Exercise." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 27, no. 4 (December 2005): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.4.515.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of an incremental test to exhaustion on sensory sensitivity using critical flicker fusion (CFF) frequency. The CFF threshold, tympanic temperature, and heart rate were measured before and immediately after an incremental cycling test of maximal oxygen uptake. Deterioration in perceptual processes linked to fatigue were not observed in the present study. On the contrary, results indicated that incremental exhausting exercise increases the sensory sensitivity threshold, thereby suggesting an exercise-induced increase in cortical arousal. Furthermore, the absence of change in subjective judgment threshold suggests that change observed immediately after exercise was not linked to a change of strategy (more cautious or more risky). The CFF threshold protocols appear to be relevant for assessing the effect of exercise on sensory sensitivity and cortical arousal.

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Edwards, Michael R., Garth S. Hunte, Allan S. Belzberg, A. William Sheel, Dan F. Worsley, and Donald C. McKenzie. "Alveolar epithelial integrity in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 1537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.4.1537.

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The effect of incremental exercise to exhaustion on the change in pulmonary clearance rate ( k) of aerosolized99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) and the relationship between k and arterial Po 2 (PaO2 ) during heavy work were investigated. Ten male cyclists (age = 25 ± 2 yr, height = 180.9 ± 4.0 cm, mass = 80.1 ± 9.5 kg, maximal O2 uptake = 5.25 ± 0.35 l/min, mean ± SD) completed a pulmonary clearance test shortly (39 ± 8 min) after a maximal O2 uptake test. Resting pulmonary clearance was completed ≥24 h before or after the exercise test. Arterial blood was sampled at rest and at 1-min intervals during exercise. Minimum PaO2 values and maximum alveolar-arterial Po 2 difference ranged from 73 to 92 Torr and from 30 to 55 Torr, respectively. No significant difference between resting k and postexercise kfor the total lung (0.55 ± 0.20 vs. 0.57 ± 0.17 %/min, P > 0.05) was observed. Pearson product-moment correlation indicated no significant linear relationship between change in k for the total lung and minimum PaO2 ( r = −0.26, P > 0.05). These results indicate that, averaged over subjects, pulmonary clearance of99mTc-DTPA after incremental maximal exercise to exhaustion in highly trained male cyclists is unchanged, although the sampling time may have eliminated a transient effect. Lack of a linear relationship between k and minimum PaO2 during exercise suggests that exercise-induced hypoxemia occurs despite maintenance of alveolar epithelial integrity.

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Brietzke, Cayque, Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga, Raul Canestri, Márcio Fagundes Goethel, Ítalo Vínicius, Vitor de Salles Painelli, Tony Meireles Santos, Florentina Johanna Hettinga, and Flávio Oliveira Pires. "Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations." Brain Sciences 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080493.

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Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects. For example, carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse potentiates exercise performance and reduces effort sensation, likely through its effects on PFC activation. However, it is unknown if this centrally mediated effect of CHO mouth rinse may mitigate mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance. After a proof-of-principle study, showing a mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated MIT performance reductions in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of PFC alterations. When compared to placebo, mentally fatigued cyclists improved MIT performance by 2.24–2.33% when rinsing their mouth with CHO during MIT. However, PFC and motor cortex activation during MIT in both CHO and placebo mouth rinses were greater than in mental fatigue. Results showed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated the mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, but challenged the role of CHO mouth rinse on PFC and motor cortex activation.

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Hodgson, Michael D., Daniel A. Keir, David B. Copithorne, Charles L. Rice, and John M. Kowalchuk. "Power reserve following ramp-incremental cycling to exhaustion: implications for muscle fatigue and function." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2017.

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In ramp-incremental cycling exercise, some individuals are capable of producing power output (PO) in excess of that produced at their limit of tolerance (LoT) whereas others cannot. This study sought to describe the 1) prevalence of a “power reserve” within a group of young men ( n = 21; mean ± SD: age 25 ± 4 yr; V̇o2max 45 ± 8 ml·kg−1·min−1); and 2) muscle fatigue characteristics of those with and without a power reserve. “Power reserve” (ΔPReserve) was determined as the difference between peak PO achieved during a ramp-incremental test to exhaustion and maximal, single-leg isokinetic dynamometer power determined within 45 s of completing the ramp-incremental test. Between-group differences in pre- vs. postexercise changes in voluntary and electrically stimulated single-leg muscle force production measures (maximal voluntary contraction torque, voluntary activation, maximal isotonic velocity and isokinetic power; 1-, 10-, 50-Hz torque; and 10/50-Hz ratio), V̇o2max, and constant-PO cycling time-to-exhaustion also were assessed. Frequency distribution analysis revealed a dichotomy in the prevalence of a power reserve within the sample resulting in two groups: 1) “No Reserve” (NRES: power reserve <5%; n = 10) and 2) “Reserve” (RES: power reserve >15%; n = 11). At the LoT, all participants had achieved V̇o2max. Muscle fatigue was evident in both groups, although the NRES group had greater reductions ( P < 0.05) in 10-Hz peak torque (PT), 10/50 Hz ratio, and maximal velocity. Time to the LoT during the constant PO test was 22 ± 16% greater ( P < 0.05) in RES (116 ± 19 s; PO = 317 ± 52 W) than in NRES (90 ± 23 s; PO = 337 ± 71 W), despite similar ramp-incremental exercise durations and V̇o2max between groups. Compared with the RES group, the NRES group accrued greater peripheral muscle fatigue at the LoT, suggesting that the mechanisms contributing to exhaustion in a ramp-incremental protocol are not uniform. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the mechanisms associated with the limit of tolerance during ramp-incremental cycling exercise differ between those who are capable of generating power output in excess of that at exercise termination vs. those who are not. Those without a “power reserve” exhibit greater peripheral muscle fatigue and reduced muscle endurance, supporting the hypothesis that exhaustion occurs at a specific level of neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, those with a power reserve likely are limited by other mechanisms.

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Bouillod, Anthony, Julien Pinot, Flavien Soenen, Theo Ouvrard, and Frederic Grappe. "Dependence of the Nature of the Pedaling Activity on Maximal Aerobic Power in Cycling." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 1 (January 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0489.

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Purpose:To analyze the effect of the pedaling activity in different 4-min time trials (TT4s) (laboratory and field conditions) and compare TT4 and maximal aerobic power (MAP) determined from the classical incremental exercise test in laboratory. It was hypothesized that the exercises performed on the field would determine higher physical (power output [PO]) and mental involvements due to different environmental conditions.Methods:Sixteen male cyclists underwent an incremental test to exhaustion and 3 TT4s under different conditions: cycle ergometer (CE), level ground (LG), and uphill (UP).Results:Correlation was observed for PO with a trivial effect size and narrow limits of agreement between MAP and CE TT4 (r = .96, P < .001). The comparison between the CE, LG, and UP tests indicates that PO was significantly higher in UP than in CE (+8.0%, P < .001) and LG (+11.0%, P < .001).Conclusions:The results suggest that PO depends on the nature of the pedaling activity. Moreover, PO under CE TT4 is a relevant predictor of MAP. It seems important to measure MAP by taking into account the cycling conditions, considering that coaches and scientists use this parameter to assess the aerobic potential of athletes and determine the exercise intensities useful for monitoring adaptation to training.

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Gallagher, C. G., E. Brown, and M. Younes. "Breathing pattern during maximal exercise and during submaximal exercise with hypercapnia." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.238.

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During progressive exercise ventilation (VI) initially increases through increases in both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) but at high levels of exercise further increases in VI are almost completely due to increases in f and a VT plateau is seen. We wished to determine whether the presence of the VT plateau is due to a tachypneic influence related to very high levels of exercise or whether it represents a stereotypic response of the respiratory system at high levels of VI. We therefore compared breathing pattern in six subjects during maximal incremental exercise (ME) with that in the same subjects when similar levels of VI were obtained by a combination of submaximal exercise and hypercapnia (E/CO2). A VT plateau was seen in all ME and E/CO2 tests. There was no significant difference in the level of the VT plateau between the ME (2.93 +/- 0.17 liters) and E/CO2 (2.97 +/- 0.12 liters) tests. We conclude that the presence and level of the VT plateau during ME is not due to a tachypneic stimulus related to very high levels of exercise but is a function of the level of VI.

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Causer, Adam J., Janis K. Shute, Michael H. Cummings, Anthony I. Shepherd, Victoria Bright, Gary Connett, Mark I. Allenby, Mary P. Carroll, Thomas Daniels, and Zoe L. Saynor. "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing with supramaximal verification produces a safe and valid assessment of V̇o2max in people with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective analysis." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00454.2018.

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The validity and safety of using supramaximal verification (Smax) to confirm a maximal effort during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and/or those with severe disease has been questioned. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate these concerns in children, adolescents, and adults with mild-to-severe CF lung disease. Retrospective analysis of 17 pediatric and 28 adult participants with CF [age range: 9.2–62.9 y; forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 66.7% (range: 29.9%–102.3%); 30 men] who completed a routine ramp-incremental cycling test to determine peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) was studied. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) was subsequently confirmed by Smax at 110% of peak power output. All participants satisfied the criteria to verify a maximal effort during CPET. However, Smax-V̇o2peak exceeded ramp-V̇o2peak in 3/14 (21.4%) of pediatric and 6/28 (21.4%) adult exercise tests. A valid measurement of V̇o2max was attained in 85.7% of pediatric and 96.4% of adult exercise tests, as Smax-V̇o2peak did not exceed ramp-V̇o2peak by >9%. Adults ( n = 9) experienced a ≥5% reduction in arterial O2 saturation during CPET, 4 during both the ramp and Smax, 3 during only the ramp, and 2 during only Smax. Smax did not significantly worsen perceived breathing effort, chest tightness, throat narrowing, or exertion compared with ramp-incremental testing. Given the clinical importance of aerobic fitness in people with CF, incorporating Smax is recommended to provide a safe and valid measure of V̇o2max in children, adolescents, and adults who span the spectrum of CF disease severity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Incorporating supramaximal verification into cardiopulmonary exercise testing protocols did not increase the frequency of adverse events or perceived discomfort versus a single-phase incremental exercise test in people with mild-to-severe cystic fibrosis. Furthermore, a valid measure of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) was obtained from 85.7% of pediatric and 96.4% of adult exercise tests, whereas peak oxygen uptake underestimated aerobic fitness in comparison with V̇o2max in 21.4% of cases (by up to 24.4%).

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Stroud, Michael A., Dawn Holliman, Doug Bell, Allison L. Green, Ian A. Macdonald, and Paul L. Greenhaff. "Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Respiratory Gas Exchange and Blood Lactate Accumulation during Steady-State Incremental Treadmill Exercise and Recovery in Man." Clinical Science 87, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0870707.

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1. Oral creatine supplementation has been shown to increase muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations with consequent benefits on performance during short-term maximal exercise. However, recently there have been anecdotal reports that creatine supplementation can also influence the pattern of substrate utilization and improve performance during more prolonged, submaximal exercise, which, based on recent experimental evidence, may have some scientific justification. 2. Eight men performed a continuous incremental exercise test running at 10 km/h on a motorized treadmill at predetermined workloads from 50% to 90% of maximal oxygen uptake, before and after 5 days of creatine supplementation (4 × 5 g daily). Exercise was performed for 6 min at each workload to achieve a steady state, and respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate concentrations were measured during the last 30s at each workload. Measurements were also made at 5-min intervals for the first 15 min of recovery. 3. The results showed no measurable effect of creatine supplementation on respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate concentrations during either incremental submaximal exercise or recovery. This suggests that creatine supplementation does not influence substrate utilization during and after this type of exercise.

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Terblanche, E., and J. A. Wessels. "THE MAXIMAL EXERCISE RESPONSE OF CYCLISTS DURING INCREMENTAL AND FREE-RANGE EXERCISE IN THE LABORATORY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00133.

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Deruelle, Fabien, Jean-Marie Grosbois, Patrick Mucci, Frédéric Bart, Ghislaine Lensel, and Claudine Fabre. "Ventilatory Threshold Characterizations During Incremental Rowing and Cycling Exercises in Older Subjects." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 564–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h04-036.

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In order to individualize the intensity of an aerobic training program on different ergometers in healthy elderly subjects using a single test of muscular exercise, we analysed cardiorespiratory responses in 8 men (65.7 ± 4.5 yrs) and 10 women (63.3 ± 4.8 yrs). The heart rate corresponding to the ventilatory threshold was defined as individualised exercise intensity. All subjects carried out two incremental exercise tests on the cycle and rowing ergometers. For men, the results on the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer demonstrated that, at ventilatory threshold, heart rates were not significantly different (114.6 ± 13.7 and 115.6 ± 14.2 beats min−1, respectively), but ventilation was significantly higher in rowing (p < 0.05). At ventilatory threshold, heart rates for women were not significantly different between the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer (121.3 ± 12.4 and 125.1 ± 15.2 beats min−1, respectively), but ventilation was significantly higher in rowing (p < 0.01). At maximal exercise, maximal tidal volume for men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) was significantly higher in rowing. In spite of alterations of breathing patterns on the rowing ergometer, it is possible to design an individualized training program for healthy elderly subjects based on a single muscle evaluation exercise in order to diversify and optimize the cardiorespiratory benefits following an aerobic training program. Key words: aging, gas exchange, exercise testing, breathing pattern

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Korkmaz Eryılmaz, Selcen, and Metin Polat. "Correlation of maximal respiratory exchange ratio with anaerobic power and maximal oxygen uptake in anaerobic trained athletes." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0408.

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Background and Study Aim. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2) to the amount of oxygen uptake (VO2) is important. It indirectly informs about the predominant metabolic pathway to provide the energy needed during exercise. The relationship of maximal RER with aerobic and anaerobic capacity in athletes remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maximal RER and anaerobic power and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in anaerobic trained athletes. Material and Methods. Thirteen male alpine skiers (age 18.1 ± 3.1 years) competing in national and international competitions participated in the study. Athletes first performed an incremental treadmill run test to determine their VO2max (ml/kg/min), maximal RER (VCO2 / VO2) and maximal running speed (km/h). After 48 hours, the athletes performed the Wingate anaerobic test to determine peak power, mean power, minimum power, and fatigue index. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relations between variables. Results. Maximal RER was positively correlated with peak power (r = 0.587, p < 0.035), mean power (r = 0.656, p < 0.015) and minimum power (r = 0.674, p < 0.012). Maximal RER did not significantly correlate with fatigue index (p > 0.05). Maximal RER was negatively correlated with the VO2max (r = – 0.705, p < 0.007) and maximal running speed (r = – 0.687, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Maximal RER may be useful for evaluating anaerobic capacity in anaerobic-trained athletes. Measuring the maximal RER values of athletes during incremental exercise may provide information about physiological adaptations in response to physical training.

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Ooi, Cheong Hwa, Siew Kit Ng, and Eshaifol Azam Omar. "Acute ingestion of hydrogen-rich water does not improve incremental treadmill running performance in endurance-trained athletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 5 (May 2020): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0553.

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There is emerging evidence that hydrogen-rich water (H2-water) has beneficial effects on the physiological responses to exercise. However, few studies investigate its ergogenic potential. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of H2-water ingestion on physiological responses and exercise performance during incremental treadmill running. In a double-blind crossover design, 14 endurance-trained male runners (age, 34 ± 4 years; body mass, 63.1 ± 7.2 kg; height, 1.72 ± 0.05 m) were randomly assigned to ingest 2 doses of 290-mL H2-water or placebo on each occasion. The first bolus was given before six 4-min submaximal running bouts, and the second bolus was consumed before the maximal incremental running test. Expired gas, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded; blood samples were collected at the end of each submaximal stage and post maximal running test. Cardiorespiratory responses, RPE, and blood gas indices were not significantly different at each submaximal running intensity (range: 34%–91% maximal oxygen uptake) between H2-water and placebo trials. No statistical difference was observed in running time to exhaustion (618 ± 126 vs. 619 ± 113 s), maximal oxygen uptake (56.9 ± 4.4 vs. 57.1 ± 4.7 mL·kg−1·min−1), maximal HR (184 ± 7 vs. 184 ± 7 beat·min−1), and RPE (19 ± 1 vs. 19 ± 1) in the runners between the trials. The results suggest that the ingestion of 290 mL of H2-water before submaximal treadmill running and an additional dose before the subsequent incremental running to exhaustion were not sufficiently ergogenic in endurance-trained athletes. Novelty Acute ingestion of H2-water does not seem to be ergogenic for endurance performance. A small dose of H2-water does not modulate buffering capacity during intense endurance exercise in athletes.

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De Crée, Carl, Peter Ball, Bärbel Seidlitz, Gerrit Van Kranenburg, Peter Geurten, and Hans A. Keizer. "Plasma 2-hydroxycatecholestrogen responses to acute submaximal and maximal exercise in untrained women." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.364.

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De Crée, Carl, Peter Ball, Bärbel Seidlitz, Gerrit Van Kranenburg, Peter Geurten, and Hans A. Keizer. Plasma 2-hydroxycatecholestrogen responses to acute submaximal and maximal exercise in untrained women. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 364–370, 1997.—Exercise-induced menstrual problems are accompanied by an increase in catecholestrogen (CE) formation. It has been hypothesized that hypoestrogenemia may be secondary to an increased turnover from estrogens to CE, which then may disrupt luteinizing hormone release. In addition, the strong affinity of CE for the catecholamine-deactivating enzyme catechol- O-methyltransferase (COMT) has led to speculations about their possible role in safeguarding norepinephrine from premature decomposition during exercise. We investigated whether acute exercise on a cycle ergometer produces any changes in CE homeostasis. Nine untrained eumenorrheic women (body fat, 24.8 ± 3.1%) volunteered for this study. Baseline plasma CE averages for total 2-hydroxyestrogens (2-OHE) were 218 ± 29 (SE) pg/ml during the follicular phase (FPh) and 420 ± 58 pg/ml during the luteal phase (LPh). 2-Methoxyestrogens (2-MeOE) measured 257 ± 17 pg/ml in the FPh and 339 ± 39 pg/ml in the LPh. During incremental exercise, total estrogens (E) increased, but 2-OHE and 2-MeOE levels did not significantly change in either phase. The 2-OHE/E ratio (measure of CE turnover) decreased during exercise in both menstrual phases, whereas the 2-MeOE/2-OHE ratio (correlates with COMT activity) did not significantly change. These findings suggest that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that brief incremental exercise in untrained eumenorrheic females acutely produces increased CE formation.

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Raberin, Antoine, Elie Nader, Jorge Lopez Ayerbe, Patrick Mucci, Vincent Pialoux, Henri Meric, Philippe Connes, and Fabienne Durand. "Implication of Blood Rheology and Pulmonary Hemodynamics on Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia at Sea Level and Altitude in Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 31, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0013.

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This study aimed to investigate the changes in blood viscosity, pulmonary hemodynamics, nitric oxide (NO) production, and maximal oxygen uptake () during a maximal incremental test conducted in normoxia and during exposure to moderate altitude (2,400 m) in athletes exhibiting exercise-induced hypoxemia at sea level (EIH). Nine endurance athletes with EIH and eight without EIH (NEIH) performed a maximal incremental test under three conditions: sea level, 1 day after arrival in hypoxia, and 5 days after arrival in hypoxia (H5) at 2,400 m. Gas exchange and oxygen peripheral saturation (SpO2) were continuously monitored. Cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure, and total pulmonary vascular resistance were assessed by echocardiography. Venous blood was sampled before and 3 min after exercise cessation to analyze blood viscosity and NO end-products. At sea level, athletes with EIH exhibited an increase in blood viscosity and NO levels during exercise while NEIH athletes showed no change. Pulmonary hemodynamics and aerobic performance were not different between the two groups. No between-group differences in blood viscosity, pulmonary hemodynamics, and were found at 1 day after arrival in hypoxia. At H5, lower total pulmonary vascular resistance and greater NO concentration were reported in response to exercise in EIH compared with NEIH athletes. EIH athletes had greater cardiac output and lower SpO2 at maximal exercise in H5, but no between-group differences occurred regarding blood viscosity and . The pulmonary vascular response observed at H5 in EIH athletes may be involved in the greater cardiac output of EIH group and counterbalanced the drop in SpO2 in order to achieve similar than NEIH athletes.

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