Дисертації з теми "Mauro Boni"

Bone is porous and has a complex microstructure. This study considers the effect of microstructural morphology on the macrolevel mechanical properties of bone. Improved incorporation of such properties is required to advance current finite element approximations of bone behaviour. A technique to computationally generate realistic trabecular bone microstructures is developed. This provides the possibility of examining the effect of different microstructures on the macrolevel mechanical behaviour of bone. They would also permit direct incorporation of bone microstructure in macroscale finite element analyses without the prohibitive computational and experimental costs of donor-image based mesh generation. Micro- finite-element analyses are used for the first time to evaluate the macrolevel orthotropic elastic constants of cortical bone resulting from variations of microstructural morphology. It is concluded that the ratio of canal volume to tissue volume is the most powerful predictor of cortical bone elastic constants and that considerable periosteal-endosteal variations in these constants can develop with bone loss. The role of microstructure in cortical bone toughness is investigated using nano- finite-element analyses of murine cortical bone samples to simulate the initiation and propagation of microcracks. Results confirm the experimentally observed ability of canal and lacuna pores to act as stress raisers, thereby guiding the growth of microcracks. A novel and numerically efficient strain-based plasticity algorithm is presented which permits easy incorporation of strength anisotropy in finite element analyses of bone. The previously evaluated elastic properties of cortical bone are combined with the developed plasticity algorithm to conduct a detailed macro-finite-element investigation of external fixation of tibial midshaft fractures. Old patients are found to be at considerably higher risk of implant loosening under both unilateral and Ilizarov fixation, compared to younger patients.

Interactions between macroeconomic fundamentals and term structure of interest rates be stronger according to the way of changes in structure of worldwide economy. Combined macro-finance analysis determines the joint dynamics of term structure of interest rates and macroeconomic fundamentals. This thesis provides analysis of two existing macro-finance models and an original one. Parameter estimations for these three macro-finance term structure models are done for monthly Turkish data by use of an efficient recursive estimator Kalman filter. In spite of the small scale application the results are satisfactory except first model but with longer sets of macroeconomic variables and interest rate data models provide more encouraging results.

This doctoral thesis is a collection of four papers on the analysis of the term structure of interest rates with a focus at the intersection of macroeconomics and finance. "Risk in Macroeconomic Fundamentals and Bond Return Predictability" documents that factors related to risks underlying the macroeconomy such as expectations, uncertainty and downside (upside) macroeconomic risks are able to explain variation in bond risk premia. The information provided is found to be, to a large extent, unrelated to that contained in forward rates and current macroeconomic conditions. "Out-of-sample bond excess returns predictability" provides evidence that macroeconomic variables, risks in macroeconomic outcomes as well as the combination of these different sources of information are able to generate statistical as well as economic bond excess returns predictability in an out-of-sample setting. Results suggest that this finding is not driven by revisions in macroeconomic data. The term spread (yield curve slope) is largely used as an indicator of future economic activity. "Re-examining the predictive power of the yield curve with quantile regression" provides new evidence on the predictive ability of the term spread by studying the whole conditional distribution of GDP growth. "Modeling and forecasting the yield curve by extended Nelson-Siegel class of models: a quantile regression approach" deals with yield curve prediction. More flexible Nelson-Siegel models are found to provide better fitting to the data, even when penalizing for additional model complexity. For the forecasting exercise, quantile-based models are found to overcome all competitors.

Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2014. Introduction together with 4 papers.

Bone marrow oedema is a term used to define the appearance of regions of low signal on T1 weighted and high signal on T2 weighted fat-suppressed magnetic resonance images. The potential association between bone marrow oedema and prognosis in pathologies such as osteoarthritis is becoming increasingly recognised through clinical studies. A limited number of clinical studies have linked bone marrow oedema to altered bone density or altered bone marrow perfusion. The principal aims of this study were to investigate these findings in vitro, using the equine forelimb. The presence of bone marrow oedema within the equine forelimb was initially confirmed by undertaking magnetic resonance imaging scans. Bone samples were selected from 10 animals, 5 exhibiting the presence of bone marrow oedema-type abnormalities (BMOA) at the distal metacarpal. Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of bone and projection radiography to provide a measure of bone density. Micro computed x-ray tomography was undertaken on a subset of three bone samples exhibiting BMOA. A second component of the study utilised contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to enable comparison of perfusion to bone marrow with and without evidence of oedema. A saline flushing agent containing Evan’s blue was used so that subsequent sectioning of the bone would enable visualisation of the distribution of contrast agent as part of a histological examination of the oedematous region. An initial observation was that the majority of bone marrow oedema that was observed in the distal metacarpal appeared in a consistent location, namely the postero-inferior aspect of the bone, corresponding to the point of greatest load thereby suggesting a potential relationship to forces upon the joint. The principal observations were that there appears to be increased bone volume densities in those bone samples with evidence of bone marrow oedema. The Raman microspectroscopy did not demonstrate any statistically significant differences in the chemical composition of bone. Hence the overall impression is that bone marrow oedema is associated with a greater volume of bone, although of similar maturity and composition. There was limited evidence of increased perfusion (suggestive of increased vascularity and / or hyperpermeability) in those samples with bone marrow oedema. This work suggests that these particular bone marrow oedema lesions are associated with bone changes and potentially vascular changes although the aetiology is currently unclear. Further work is needed to determine the clinical significance and prognosis associated with these particular lesions, and whether these findings can be replicated for bone marrow oedema demonstrated at other anatomical locations.

In this thesis, I first investigate the relation between the aggregate unemployment rate and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows. To study this relationship, I use a panel data set that contains 45 (developed and developing) countries observed from 1987 through 2008, and I employ Arellano and Bonds generalized methods of moments (ABGMM) estimation method for dynamic panel data. My results show that FDI inflows and outflows are not determinants of the aggregate unemployment rate. In addition, in line with macroeconomic theory, the previous level of aggregate unemployment has a positive impact on the current level of aggregate unemployment. Again, as macroeconomic theory suggests, my results show that per capita real gross domestic product (RGDP) has a negative effect on the current level of aggregate unemployment. Second, I study the long-run relationship between exports and per capita gross domestic product (instrumented by total population) using a panel data set of 51 countries from 1970 through 2008. To study this relationship, I employ the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimation method. I find that the percentage of exports in nominal gross domestic products (GDP) is sensitive to changes in the populations of host countries and, hence, to the changes in their GDP. In addition, my results show that the agreement on trade related investment measures increased the percentage of exports in the nominal GDP of developed host countries more than it did in developing host countries.

Calcium Phosphate ceramics have been widely used in tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In the physiological environment, they are able to gradually degrade, absorbed and promote bone growth. Ultimately, they are capable of replacing damaged bone with new tissue. However, their low mechanical properties limit calcium phosphate ceramics in load-bearing applications. To obtain sufficient mechanical properties as well as high biocompatibility is one of the main focuses in biomaterials research. Therefore, the current project focuses on the preparation and characterization of porous tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic scaffolds. Hydroxapatite (HA) was used as the raw material, and normal calcium phosphate bioglass was added to adjust the ratio between calcium and phosphate. It was found that when 20% bioglass was added to HA and sintered at 1400oC for 3 hours, the TCP scaffold was obtained and this was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Test results have shown that by applying this method, TCP scaffolds have significantly higher compressive strength (9.98MPa) than those made via TCP powder (<3MPa). Moreover, in order to further increase the compressive strength of TCP scaffolds, the samples were then coated with bioglass. For normal bioglass coated TCP scaffold, compressive strength was 16.69±0.5MPa; the compressive strength for single layer mesoporous bioglass coated scaffolds was 15.03±0.63MPa. In addition, this project has also concentrated on sizes and shapes effects; it was found that the cylinder scaffolds have more mechanical property than the club ones. In addition, this project performed cell culture within scaffold to assess biocompatibility. The cells were well distributed in the scaffold, and the cytotoxicity test was performed by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay. The Alkaline Phosphatase (Alp) activity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell system (hBMSCs) seeded on scaffold expressed higher in vitro than that in the positive control groups in osteogenic medium, which indicated that the scaffolds were both osteoconductive and osteoinductive, showing potential value in bone tissue engineering.

Summary of the Thesis This thesis concerns the study of the Macro-Synthetic Fiber, with the main objective of analyzing the effect of fiber embedded length on interface bond properties regard to different concrete mix design parameters. In particular the effect of different fiber embedded length, Water-Cement ratio (W/C), Cement-Sand ratio (C/S) and Cement strength on interfacial bond properties will be studied. The research is carried on by means of experimental direct pull-out tests on crimped macro-synthetic fibers embedded for two different lengths in a cementitious matrix characterized by different mix design. The experimental program employed is a part of a bigger experimental campaign on macro fiber reinforced concrete behavior which is under investigation at the University of Bologna. This experimental campaign was done to contribute the overall understanding of the fiber reinforced concrete, with the main goal of the calibration of a constitutive debonding law through numerical model and codification of fiber reinforced concrete in future, which is discussed in details in 5 Chapters in this study.

The trend for designing of a titanium implant explored using different chemical compositions and crystallinity materials until people realized that the implant surface character was another important factor affecting the rate and extent of osseointegartion. Titanium received a macroporous titania surface layer by anodization, which contains open pores with average pore diameter around 5μm. An additional mesoporous titania top layer was created that followed the contour of the macropores and having 100–200 nm thickness and a pore diameter of 10 nm. Thus, a coherent laminar titania surface layer was obtained producing a hierarchical macro- and mesoporous surface. The interfacial bonding between the surface layers and the titanium matrix was characterized by a scratch test that confirmed a stable and strong bonding of the laminar titania surface layers upon titanium. The wettability to water and the effects on the osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2) proliferation and mineralization of the formed titania surface layers were studied systematically by cell culture and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A synergistic role of the hierarchical macro- and mesoporosities was revealed in terms of enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralization, when compared with the titania surface with solo porosity scale topography. For the in vivo results of the evaluation of osseointegration, an argon ion beam polishing technique was applied to prepare the cross sections of implants feasible for the high resolution SEM investigation. The interfacial microstructure between newly formed bone and implants with four modified surfaces including the new hierarchical macro- and mesoporous implant surface retrieved after in vivo tests were characterized. By this approach it has become possible to directly observe early bone formation, the increase of bone density, and the evolution of bone structure. The two bone growth mechanisms, distant osteogenesis and contact osteogenesis, can also be distinguished. These direct observations give, at microscopic level, a better view of osseointegration and explain the functional mechanisms of various implant surfaces for osseointegration.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Orientador: Elcio Marcantonio Junior
Resumo: Implantes com diferentes macro (CI-Implante Cilíndrico e HCI-Implante Cônico Híbrido) e microestruturas (NP-Jateamento+ataque ácido e AQ-Jateamento+ataque ácido+imersão em solução isotônica de cloreto de sódio 0,9 %) foram testados em áreas de osso nativo ou enxertadas prévia ou imediatamente com osso bovino desproteinizado associado ou não à medula óssea fresca (DBB e DBB/BM). Na primeira hipótese foi testado a estabilidade primária e o processo de osseointegração em implantes com diferentes macroestruturas (CI vs. HCI) na metáfise tibial de coelhos. 24 coelhos foram divididos em 3 períodos (2, 4 e 8 semanas). Cada animal recebeu bilateralmente 2 implantes de cada grupo. Todos os implantes foram avaliados quanto ao torque de inserção. Um dos implantes foi submetido ao torque de remoção e análise histológica e o outro foi utilizado para análise microtomográfica e histométrica (%BIC-Contato Osso-Implante). Os HCI apresentaram maior torque de inserção (32.93±10.61 Ncm vs. 27.99± 7.80Ncm) e maior %BIC no período de 8 semanas (79.08±11.31% vs. 59.72±11.29%) que CI. CI apresentaram maiores valores de torque de remoção que HCI no período de 8 semanas (91.05 ± 9.32 Ncm vs. 68.62 ± 13.70 Ncm). Não houve diferenças em relação aos dados microtomográficos. Na segunda e na terceira hipóteses, foi avaliado a influência de diferentes macros (CI vs. HCI) e microestruturas de implantes (NP vs. AQ) no processo de osseointegração em áreas previamente (metáfise tibial e seio maxilar) ou imediat... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2008
Inclui bibliografias
Introdução: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e comparar os parâmetros da rugosidade longitudinal e transversal da superfície do esmalte de dentes bovinos e, avaliar a influência desses parâmetros na resistência adesiva (RA). Métodos: Foram utiliza
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the longitudinal and transversal roughness parameters of the enamel surface of bovine teeth and evaluate the influence of these parameters on bond strength (BS). Methods: Ninety bovine incis

A estabilidade primária, após a instalação do implante, é uma condição essencial para a aplicação de carga imediata, situação clínica cada vez mais desejada por profissionais e pacientes. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade primária de cinco diferentes implantes instalados em bases ósseas padronizadas de osso suíno e blocos de poliuretano (modelos in vitro), por meio de ensaios biomecânicos e análise de imagens (microtomográficas e histomorfométricas). Para certificação e padronização dos cilindros de osso suíno, foram realizadas tomadas radiográficas digitais, determinando cilindros ósseos de alta e baixa densidades. Após a certificação, foram feitas microtomografias computadorizadas dos cilindros ósseos para análise tridimensional de imagens prévia à instalação dos implantes, avaliando os seguintes parâmetros: Densidade Óssea Tridimensional (BV/TV); Separação Trabecular (Tb.Sp); Porcentagem de Poros Abertos (Po.Op); Porcentagem de Poros Fechados (Po.Cl) e Porcentagem de Porosidade Total (Po.Tot). Esses parâmetros foram avaliados em quatro níveis ósseos (N1 interno às roscas do implante a ser instalado; N2 adjacente ao final das roscas até 0,5 mm destas; N3 distante 0,5 mm a 1,5 mm do final das roscas; N4 área óssea de 0 a 0,5mm da apical do implante). Depois disso, foram selecionados 50 implantes de 5 diferentes modelos, divididos em 5 grupos com 10 implantes cada: Grupo 1 (G1): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 2 (G2): implantes Ankylos inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 3 (G3): implantes Bone Level inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 4 (G4): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 5 (G5): implantes DriveCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5). A instalação de todos implantes seguiu o protocolo recomendado pelos fabricantes, sendo realizada a medida do torque de inserção (IT) e logo após a análise de Coeficiente de Estabilidade do Implante - ISQ (avaliação por Frequência de ressonância - RFA). Após a instalação dos implantes nos cilindros ósseos, estes foram submetidos a nova análise tridimensional com os mesmos parâmetros e níveis ósseos. Para as análises nos blocos de poliuretano, foram seccionados 50 blocos de alta e baixa densidade (D1 e D3, respectivamente), e inseridos 50 implantes individualmente nos blocos, utilizando 10 de cada e divididos em 5 grupos: Grupo 6 (G6): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 7 (G7): implantes Ankylos inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 8 (G8): implantes Bone Level inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes DriveCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5). Após a inserção dos implantes, estes também foram analisados com relação ao torque de inserção, frequência de ressonância e através do ensaio de arrancamento. Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que os implantes instalados no G4 (AlvimCM) e G5 (DriveCM) tiveram maior valores de IT e de RFA em ambas as bases ósseas suínas. Nos blocos de poliuretano, tiveram resultados semelhantes entre as bases ósseas para quase todos os implantes nos testes IT e RFA, havendo um maior valor no ensaio de arrancamento para os implantes Bone Level (G8). Os resultados para todas os parâmetros avaliados por MicroCT mostraram que as diferenças dos valores pós e pré-inserção dos implantes revelaram significância estatística principalmente para G4 e G5 em relação aos outros grupos. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maiores valores de compactação óssea e de Contato Osso-Implante (BIC) para G2, G4 e G5. Para todas as análises de imagem foi observada uma tendência de maior compactação nos N1, N2 e N4; no N3 não houve um aumento significativo da condensação óssea pós-inserção do implante. Concluiu-se que os implantes AlvimCM e DriveCM mostraram melhores resultados nos testes biomecânicos e em relação ao aumento da densidade óssea ao redor do implante, avaliada pelos métodos de imagem, e que estes resultados estiveram correlacionados à estabilidade primária exibida pós-inserção. Os resultados histomorfométricos confirmaram os resultados obtidos pela análise microtomográfica, demonstrando assim a validade do método 3D de análise por imagem.
The primary stability, after implant installation, is an essential condition for the application of immediate loading, clinical situation increasingly desired by professionals and patients. The present study has the objective of evaluating the primary stability of five different implants installed in standard bone bases of swine bone and polyurethane blocks (in vitro models), through biomechanical tests and image analysis (microtomographic and histomorphometric). For the certification and standardization of the swine bone cylinders, digital radiographs were taken, determining bone cylinders of high and low density. After the certification, computerized microtomographies of the bone cylinders were performed for three-dimensional analysis of images prior to implant installation, evaluating the following parameters: Three-dimensional Bone Density (BV / TV); Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percent of Open Pore (Po.Op); Percent of Closed Pores (Po.Cl) and Percentage of Total Porosity (Po.Tot). These parameters were evaluated in four bone levels (N1 - internal to the threads of the implant to be installed, N2 - adjacent to the end of the threads up to 0.5 mm of these, N3 - distant 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm from the end of the threads ; N4 - bone area 0 to 0.5 mm from the apical of the implant). After that, 50 implants of 5 different models were divided into 5 groups with 10 implants each: Group 1 (G1): Xive Plus implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) ; Group 2 (G2): Ankylos implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 3 (G3): Bone Level implants inserted into bone cylinders of high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5); Group 4 (G4): AlvimCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 5 (G5): DriveCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders. The implantation of all implants followed the protocol recommended by the manufacturers, and the measurement of the insertion torque (IT) and soon after the analysis of Implantation Stability Coefficient (ISQ (evaluation by Frequency of Resonance - RFA)). After the implants were installed in the bone cylinders, they were submitted to a new three-dimensional analysis with the same parameters and bone levels. 50 blocks of high and low density (D1 and D3, respectively), and 50 implants were inserted individually into the blocks, using 10 of each and divided into 5 groups: Group 6 (G6): implants Xive Plus inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 7 (G7): Ankylos implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 8 (G8): Bone Level implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): AlvimCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): DriveCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5). After insertion of the implants, these were also analyzed with respect to the insertion torque, resonance frequency and through the pullout test. The biomechanical tests showed that the implants installed in G4 (AlvimCM) and G5 (DriveCM) had higher IT and RFA values in both porcine bone bases. In the polyurethane blocks, similar results were found between the bone bases for almost all implants in the IT and RFA tests, with a higher value in the pullout test for Bone Level (G8) implants. The results for all the parameters evaluated by MicroCT showed that the differences in the post-insertion and pre-insertion values of the implants revealed statistical significance mainly for G4 and G5 in relation to the other groups. The histomorphometric analysis showed higher Bone Compaction and Bone Implant (BIC) compaction values for G2, G4 and G5. For all the image analyzes a tendency of greater compaction was observed in N1, N2 and N4; in N3 there was no significant increase in bone post-insertion implant condensation. It was concluded that the AlvimCM and DriveCM implants showed better results in the biomechanical tests and in relation to the increase of the bone density around the implant, evaluated by the imaging methods, and that these results were correlated to the primary stability exhibited post-insertion. The histomorphometric results confirmed the results obtained by the microtomographic analysis, thus demonstrating the validity of the 3D image analysis method.

Orientador: Eduardo Strachman
Banca: Rogério Gomes
Banca: Frederico Gonzaga Jayme Júnior
Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise, a partir de uma ótica pós-keynesiana, da trajetória do volume total de crédito e de títulos para o financiamento empresarial e, mais especificamente, para os macro-setores indústria, comércio e serviços, no Brasil, entre os anos 1996-2007. Esse período é dividido em dois (1996-2003 e 2004-2007) sendo o primeiro caracterizado pela estabilidade do volume e fluxo desses recursos e o último pela evolução consistente dos mesmos.
Abstract: This thesis analyses, through a post-keynesian perspective, the trajectory of the total volume of credit and bonds to finance business and, more specifically, for the industrial macro-sectors, commerce and service, in Brazil, between 1996-2007. The period is two folded (1996-2003 and 2004-2007), being the former characterized by the volume and flow of those resources and the later through its consistent evolution.
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise, a partir de uma ótica pós-keynesiana, da trajetória do volume total de crédito e de títulos para o financiamento empresarial e, mais especificamente, para os macro-setores indústria, comércio e serviços, no Brasil, entre os anos 1996-2007. Esse período é dividido em dois (1996-2003 e 2004-2007) sendo o primeiro caracterizado pela estabilidade do volume e fluxo desses recursos e o último pela evolução consistente dos mesmos.
This thesis analyses, through a post-keynesian perspective, the trajectory of the total volume of credit and bonds to finance business and, more specifically, for the industrial macro-sectors, commerce and service, in Brazil, between 1996-2007. The period is two folded (1996-2003 and 2004-2007), being the former characterized by the volume and flow of those resources and the later through its consistent evolution.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2008
Inclui bibliografias
O tabaco é considerado o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e pulmonares. Não há relatos na literatura que associem a eventual ação da nicotina no movimento dentário induzido. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar
Abstract: Tobacco is considered the main risk factor for developing cardiovascular and lung disease. There are no reports in the literature demonstrating the effect of nicotine on orthodontic movement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect o

Estabilidade primária adequada em densidades ósseas de resistências variadas é um dos fatores importantes para o sucesso da osseointegração. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a estabilidade inicial de diferentes tipos de implantes, utilizando cilindros ósseos padronizados de origem suína, de alta e baixa densidades, em modelo in vitro, por meio de Análises Tri-dimensionais (microtomografia computadorizada); Torque de Inserção e Ensaio de Arrancamento. Os cilindros ósseos foram preparados a partir de osso suíno, retirados do côndilo mandibular ou da cabeça do fêmur, e separados em 2 grupos: Grupo A: cilindros removidos da cabeça do fêmur (alta densidade óssea), e Grupo B: cilindros removidos do côndilo mandibular (baixa densidade óssea). Previamente aos procedimentos experimentais os cilindros ósseos foram certificados por meio de análises de imagens 2D e 3D, para garantir a uniformidade intra-grupos e distinção entre-grupos dos espécimes. Após a certificação, foram feitas microtomografias computadorizadas dos cilindros ósseos, para análise tridimensional de imagens prévia à instalação dos implantes, avaliando os seguintes parâmetros: Densidade Óssea Tridimensional (DOT); Separação Trabecular (STB); Porcentagem de Poros Abertos (PPA); Porcentagem de Poros Fechados (PPF) e Porcentagem de Porosidade Total (PPT). Esses parâmetros foram avaliados em três níveis ósseos (N1 interno às roscas do implante a ser instalado; N2 adjacente ao final das roscas até 0,5 mm destas; N distante 0,5 mm a 1,5 mm do final das roscas). Depois disso, foram selecionados 20 implantes (Titaniumfix®) de dois modelos, divididos em 4 grupos, cada um com 05 implantes: Grupo 1 (G1): Implante e-Fix HE instalado em cilindro ósseo de alta densidade; Grupo 2 (G2): Implante e-Fix HE instalado em cilindro ósseo de baixa densidade; Grupo 3 (G3): Implante e-Fix HE Silver instalado em cilindro ósseo de alta densidade; Grupo 4 (G4) : Implante e-Fix HE Silver instalado em cilindro ósseo de baixa densidade. A instalação dos implantes seguiu o protocolo recomendado pelo fabricante, e durante o procedimento foi feita a medida do torque de inserção. Após a instalação dos implantes, todos os cilindros ósseos foram submetidos a nova análise tridimensional com os mesmos parâmetros e níveis ósseos previamente descritos, e ao ensaio de arrancamento. Os resultados das análises tridimensionais mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes intra grupos nas situações pré- e pós-implantes para G3 e G4, em todos os níveis e para todos os parâmetros tomográficos. Observou-se também no Nível 2 diferenças estatisticamente significantes intra grupos para todos os grupos e todos os parâmetros. No nível 3, foi observado um comprometimento nos valores dos parâmetros DOT e PPA, eststisticamente significante para G1, G3 e G4, e numericamente pronunciado no G2 (Teste de Friedman, p<0,05). Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que os implantes instalados no G3 (e-Fix HE Silver) tiveram maior torque de inserção e maior resistência ao arrancamento quando comparados ao mesmo tipo de implante instalado no G4 e aos implantes do modelo e-fix HE instalados no G2 (teste de Friedman, p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a metodologia apresentada gera cilindros ósseos padronizados de alta e baixa densidades, o formato dos implantes e-Fix Silver mostrou melhores resultados nos testes biomecânicos e a densidade óssea radiográfica e tomográfica correlacionou-se à estabilidade primária.
This study comparatively evaluated the primary stability of two different implants, placed in standardized porcine bone cylinders of high and low density, analyzing 3D images (computerized micro tomography - micro-CT), insertion torque and pullout strength test. Bone cylinders were prepared from porcine bone and separated into 2 groups: cylinders removed from femur head (high density bone - HDB), and cylinders removed from mandibular condyle (low density bone - LDB). The bone cylinders were previously certificated to guarantee intra-groups standardization and between groups discrimination. Then, 3D analysis evaluated the following tomographic parameters of bone cylinders: Tridimensional bone density (BV/TV), Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percentage of closed pores (POcl); Percentage of open pores (POop); Percentage of total porosity (POtot). These parameters were evaluated in 3 bone levels (L1 - bone volume internal to the threads; L2 - immediately adjacent to the end of threads until 0.5 mm; L3 - 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm distant to the end of threads). Twenty implants (TitaniumFix®) from two different models were divided in 4 groups (5 implants each): Group 1 (G1) - e-Fix HE implant placed in HDB cylinder; Group 2 (G2) - e-Fix HE implant placed in LDB cylinder; Group 3 (G3) - e-Fix HE Silver implant placed in HDB cylinder; Group 4 (G4) - e-Fix HE Silver implant placed in LDB cylinder. During implant placement the insertion torque was recorded. Following implant installation, bone cylinders were evaluated by micro-CT, as previously described. After that, pullout strength test was performed. The results of 3D analysis showed pre- and post-implants intra-groups statistically significant differences for G3 and G4, in all evaluation levels and for all tomographic parameters. The analysis of L3 showed a significant decrease from pre to post-implant situation in BV/TV and PO.op for G1, G3 and G4. Group 3 showed the higher values for insertion torque and pullout strength test (for all analysis, Friedman Test, p<0.05). It was concluded that this methodology can produce standardized bone cylinders of high and low bone density, e-Fix Silver implants showed better results in biomechanical assays, and different implant designs can promote diverse effects, modifying the bone structure .

Mon étude concerne l’analyse des industries en matières dures d’origine animale dans les contextes prè-pastoraux et pastoraux de l’Est du Maghreb au début et au milieu de l’Holocène.Le Maghreb est riche d’une longue tradition de fabrication et utilisation des ces types des matières, cependant très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressé à la question depuis les années 60 et seulement au travers d’études typologiques, dont chacun connaît maintenant les limites. J’ai reprise l’étude des anciennes collections (Dra-Mta-el-M-Abiod; R’fane; Khanguet-Ain-Mouhaad ; Capéletti collection Rivière) dans la perspective d’une approche technologique, typologique et fonctionelle. Le but est reconstruire la séquence dynamique à la base de la production osseuses des groupes culturels de ces régions: de l’approvisionnement de la matière première (par chasse, abattage ou collecte) à la production des objets en reconstituant des schémas de fabrication et d'utilisation des outils par observation tracceologique et expérimentations. Cela a permis de définir leur rôle dans les activités menées par le groupe, en s’intéressant aussi à la maintenance des outils, y compris au recyclage, jusqu'à l’abandon de l’objet utilisé.En comparant les données issues des séries analyses des seriés pré-pastorale il a été possible d’observer, pour les procédés de fabrication un système normé très codifié et homogène, même avec quelques variantes. Ce système se reflète dans le choix de la matière première et des espèces animales, dans les caractéristiques morpho-métriques et stylistiques des produits finis et dans certains cas, dans le procédé et la méthode de débitage, enfin dans les techniques de fabrication.L’analyse technologique et fonctionelle de la série pastorale Rivière a révélé un changement partiel des les systèmes de production des objets en matières dures d’origine animale par rapport à la série pré-pastorale. Même si sur le plan stylistique il y a des tendences communs ou de continuité, dans la morpho-métrie, dans la typologie, les procédé et la méthodes de fabrication mises en oeuvre ou encore les techniques de fabbrication et leurs ordre d’application on peut observer des éléments nouveaux Tout ces aspects ont pu être mis en évidence uniquement grâce àl’approche technologique qui j’ai menée qui m’a permis de isoler des traits distinctifs et diagnostiqus particulièrement clairs pour les phases de production. Ces éléments de caractérisation très prometteurs méritent maintenat d’être vérifiés et d’être complétés par de nouvelles observations et par l’étude d’un corpus élargi à d’autres collections.L’approche combinée de la typologie, de la technologique e l’étude fonctionelle permettra certainement d’après des éléments de réponse à ces questions fondamentales dans les années à venir. J’espère par exemple de apporter de nouveaux arguments permettant de insérer l’étude des processus productive des matières dures d’origine animale sur le sujet de la relation de continuité ou discontinuité culturelle entre les société pré-pastoral du Capsien supérieur et les société pastorales du Néolithique de Tradition Capsienne en Algérie
During my Ph.D. research I have investigated the exploitation of hard faunal materials coming from some pre-pastoral and pastoral contexts of the Eastern Maghreb, defined as Capsian and Neolithic of Capsian Tradition. In particular, the materials coming from the first half of 20th century excavations by J. Morel, Debruge, Latapie and T. Riviére in the Tébessa and Aurés regions are the specific focus of my analyses. For the first time these collections have been investigated from a technological and functional perspective. The multidisciplinary approach I have applied involved the identification and characterization of the technological scars on the débitage products and their comparison with those visible on artefacts from an experimental reference collection.Each element underwent a progressive scale of observation: from the naked eye up to 130X magnification under a stereomicroscope. This allowed the identification of specific manufacturing techniques, processes of matrix partition and manufacturing methods for the production of certain morpho-types. In parallel, the study of the deformation of the tool’s active edge and the observation, under reflected-light microscope, of the micro-usewear allowed a better understanding of the types of materials with which some of the tools came in to contact.The reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire and, more generally, of the production processes of hard faunal materials coming from the analysed contexts, yielded a new contribution to the definition of the Eastern Maghreb food-producing communities. The synchronic analysis of the pre-pastoral contexts highlighted a certain degree of homogeneity in the technical and economic choices of the Eastern Maghreb human groups. At the same time, the diachronic analysis has highlighted the element of continuity and discontinuity between pre-pastoral and pastoral contexts.The application of this approach to other collections of worked bone artefacts coming from the Maghreb would provide new insights to the still-open debate about the relationship between the pre-pastoral Capsian and the so called pastoral Neolithic of Capsian Tradition groups
Il progetto di ricerca sviluppato all’interno della tesi verte sull’analisi di collezioni in materie dure di origine animale provenienti da alcuni contesti pre-pastorali e pastorali del Maghreb orientale, definiti come Capsiano e Neolitico di tradizione “Capsiana”, relativi all’antico e medio Olocene.Sebbene il largo impiego in queste aree di materie di origine animale per la produzione di manufatti, pochi ricercatori si sono interessati a questo tipo di studio, limitato quasi sempre ad un approccio eminentemente tipologico fondato sui lavori di Camps-Fabrer. Le collezioni sono state analizzate secondo un metodo tecnologico, tipologico e funzionale su base tracceologica e sperimentale.La ricostruzione della chaîne opératoire e più in generale dei processi di produzione delle materie dure di origine animale ha apportato un nuovo contributo nella definizione delle comunità pre-pastorali e pastorali che hanno occupato queste regioni del Maghreb orientale. L’analisi sincronica delle collezioni pre-pastorali ha consentito di mettere in risalto un certo grado di omogeneità nelle scelte tecniche ed economiche. Al contempo, una prima comparazione diacronica tecnologica, tipologica e funzionale tra le serie pre-pastorali e quella pastorale ha evidenziato un fenomeno di discontinuità nei processi produttivi forse derivata da nuovi contatti con le zone più settentrionali a loro volta al centro di possibili apporti dal Marocco ad Ovest oppure dal Vicino Oriente ad Est.In effetti, l’applicazione di un metodo di analisi come quello proposto per le collezioni analizzate ad un campione di studio più ampio potrebbe effettivamente convalidare la possibile rottura nei processi produttivi e apportare nuovi elementi al dibattito ancora aperto sulla relazione che intercorre tra i gruppi capsiani e quelli pastorali definiti in queste aree di “tradizione capsiana”

We report the application of a novel optical Raman-based measurement technique for the simultaneous determination of the progress of mixing on the micro- and on the macro-scale. The introduced measurement technique is applicable to mixing systems containing one compound, which potentially can form hydrogen bonds, such as water, alcohols or amines, and does not rely on the addition of traces of indicator compounds. Here we demonstrate its applicability by analyzing the lag of micro-mixing behind macro-mixing when liquid ethanol is injected into a supercritical bulk environment mainly composed of carbon dioxide (CO2). While the degree of mixing on the macro-scale is determined from the ratio of the intensities of characteristic Raman signals of ethanol and CO2, the degree of mixing on the micro-scale is determined from the shape of the OH stretching vibration Raman signal of ethanol, which is a function of the development of hydrogen bonds.

碩士
國立中正大學
國際經濟研究所
103
The main purpose of this study was to pass through Taiwan's financial variables on US quantitative easing of impulse response function, Taiwan's fixed-income funds overall stress testing, using vector error correction model on empirical methods to view the US quantitative easing of Taiwan's financial variables. On the other hand, using asset pricing model to net asset value as the market risk factor and Taiwan bond index as a risk factor driving the engine. In this study, four different methods to calculate risk values ​​and verified, four methods were Delta-Normal method, historical simulation method, moving window method and Monte Carlo simulation method, and the risk value calculated mainly based mutual fund net rate of return, after using back-testing method to verify the calculated risk value. In the calculation of performance in this study, we use four index such as Shape Index, Sortino index, Information indicators. Shape index which is most commonly used as fund performance measurement tools but Shape index using standard deviation be the risk is not close to the real. Because it considers the fluctuation of rise and fall, investors worried about the falling prices, terms of standard deviation to measure risk values ​​can not truly capture Downside risks. This study considers the other two indicators, hoping to correctly measure the performance of the Fund.

Sowohl der Diabetes mellitus als auch die Osteoporose sind chronische Erkrankungen, die auf Grund Ihrer Häufigkeit eine sehr hohe soziale und medizinische Bedeutung haben. Eine Bewertung der Beziehung zwischen Osteoporose- und DM-Risiko ergab, dass ein hohes und sehr hohes Risiko für Diabetes mellitus mit einem hohen und sehr hohen Risiko für die Entwicklung von Osteoporose kombiniert ist (Drobot et al., 2010). Bei hoher Hyperglykämie und Insulininsuffizienz verschlechtern sich die Mineralisierungsprozesse des Knochengewebes und die Synthese von Protein und Kollagen, was sich negativ auf die Prozesse der Knochenbildung auswirkt. Trotz der bedeutenden Fortschritte bei der Erforschung der Ätiologie und Pathogenese sind die detaillierte Wirkung des DM auf die Mineralzusammensetzung des Knochengewebes nach wie vor unklar (Hofbauer et al., 2007). Somit war es das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen, die strukturellen Veränderungen und die Veränderungen der Mineralzusammensetzung im Knochengewebe im Zusammenhang mit dem DM am etablierten Streptozotocin-Diabetes-Modell der Ratte zu analysieren.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Treino Desportivo para Crianças e Jovens apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
Physical activity plays a crucial role in bone mass acquisition during life cycle, with weight-bearing and high-impact sport activities being more beneficial. This study was aimed at examining the impact of different sports activities on bone mineral density and content in males. Sixty-four adults (aged 18-34 years) including 34 soccer players and 30 non-soccer players (athletes from other sports) participated in the current study. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Standardized reports were analyzed and regions of interest (ROI) were defined. Soccer players had significantly higher BMD (whole body: mean differences = 0.124g.cm-2, p < 0.001, d = 1.44; trunk: mean differences = 0.119g.cm-2, p < 0.001, d = 1.32; total lower-limbs: mean differences = 0.220g.cm-2, p < 0.001, d = 2.05; ROI right thigh: mean differences = 0.263g.cm-2, p < 0.001, d = 1.32; ROI left thigh: mean differences = 0.159g.cm-2, p = 0.006, d = 0.72; ROI lumbar spine: mean differences = 0.091g.cm-2, p = 0.006, d = 0.72 and proximal femur: mean differences between 0.264 and 0.330g.cm-2, p < 0.001, d varying between 1.97 and 2.39) and BMC (whole body: mean differences = 413g, p < 0.001, d = 1.17; trunk: mean differences = 181g, p < 0.001, d = 1.15; total lower-limbs: mean differences = 233g, p < 0.001, d = 1.65; and all ROI outputs: mean differences between 11 and 35g, p values from < 0.001 and 0.033 and d values varying between 0.59 and 1.81) than counter peers. Data suggest that soccer, as a weight-bearing and high-impact sport, may improve bone health.
A atividade física desempenha um papel fundamental na aquisição de massa óssea durante o ciclo de vida, sendo as modalidades de elevada carga/impacto as mais benéficas. O presente estudo visa estudar o impacto de diferentes modalidades desportivas na densidade e conteúdo mineral ósseo em adultos masculinos. Sessenta e quatro indivíduos (idade: 18-34 anos), incluindo 34 jogadores de futebol e 30 atletas de outras modalidades, participaram no estudo. A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e o conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) foram avaliados através da absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia (DEXA). Foram analisados os relatórios padronizados e definiram-se regiões de interesse (ROI). O grupo de futebolistas apresentou valores superiores de DMO (corpo inteiro: diferença de médias = 0,124g.cm-2, p < 0,001, d = 1,44; tronco: diferença de médias = 0,119g.cm-2, p < 0,001, d = 1,32; membros inferiores (total): diferença de médias = 0,220g.cm-2, p < 0,001, d = 2,05; ROI coxa direita: diferença de médias = 0,263g.cm-2, p < 0,001, d = 1,32; ROI coxa esquerda: diferença de médias = 0,159g.cm-2, p = 0,006, d = 0,72; ROI coluna lombar: diferença de médias = 0,091g.cm-2, p = 0,006, d = 0,72 e fémur proximal: diferença de médias variou entre 0,264 e 0,330g.cm-2, p < 0,001, d oscilou entre 1,97 e 2,39) e de CMO (corpo inteiro: diferença de médias = 413g, p < 0,001, d = 1,17; tronco: diferença de médias = 181g, p < 0,001, d = 1,15; membros inferiores (total): diferença de médias = 233g, p < 0,001, d = 1,65; e todas as ROI: diferença de médias entre 11 e 35g, valores de p entre < 0,001 e 0,033 e os valores de d variaram entre 0,59 e 1,81) quando comparados com atletas de outras modalidades. Estes resultados sugerem que o futebol, como modalidade de elevada carga/impacto tem um impacto positive na saúde óssea.

This thesis provides an update to the Aboriginal and environmental histories of the ‘high country’ in southeastern Australia from the terminal Pleistocene to the recent past. Its focus is the Namadgi Ranges, representing the northern-most outliers of the Australian Alps. The study combines archaeological excavations of rock shelter sites – from Wee Jasper in the north to the southern Namadgi valleys – with environmental reconstructions from adjacent peatlands. In a context of changing local environments, the findings provide new perspectives on when and how Aboriginal people were active in the mountains, and allow for a re-evaluation of existing archaeological models of occupation and technological change. AMS radiocarbon dates, sediment geochemistry, quantitative stone artefact analyses and other proxies contribute to solidifying the chronology and characteristics of high country habitation. Evidence of terminal Pleistocene activities is found at Wee Jasper in the Namadgi foothills, but remains elusive at higher elevations (> 1000 m). The revised datasets also reveal a previously unidentified period of low-intensity habitation across the ranges from the early to mid Holocene period (8000 to 5000 BP), possibly in response to a Holocene ‘climatic optimum’. The new evidence suggests that people may have largely abandoned the high country from 5000 or 4500 BP. From 2000 BP, however, evidence of habitation reappears, culminating in evidence for a maximum of occupation during the past 1000 years. In combination with an evaluation of known archaeological data from the high country and around its margins, the findings presented herein contradict several existing occupational and technological models, and also caution against the application of broad-scale cultural models across southeastern Australia. A regional environmental history is constructed by analyses of sediments that started to build up 16,000 years ago as the climate warmed. Fire event reconstruction based on charcoal, stratigraphic clues in peat sediments, geochemical signatures of landscape productivity and instability, and a faunal record from Wee Jasper provide a detailed record of change. Comparison of the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental datasets reveals a potential link in these two records, in the form of a tentatively identified signal of anthropogenic burning during the early to mid Holocene. More generally, the environmental history provides a backdrop of changing climates and landscape processes to which Aboriginal people adapted and responded over thousands of years.