Статті в журналах: "Matrices de MEMS"

1

Daneshmand, M., and R. R. Mansour. "RF MEMS Satellite Switch Matrices." IEEE Microwave Magazine 12, no. 5 (August 2011): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2011.941417.

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2

Fomani, A. A., and R. R. Mansour. "Monolithically Integrated Multiport RF MEMS Switch Matrices." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 57, no. 12 (December 2009): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2033850.

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3

Gong, Liang, King Yuk Chan, Yi Yang, and Rodica Ramer. "RF MEMS for Reconfigurable RF Front-End: Research in Australia." Advanced Materials Research 901 (February 2014): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.901.105.

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This paper reviews some ground breaking development of RF MEMS technology in Australia at the UNSW, over the past decade. It presents some unique and novel designs using RF MEMS switches to achieve reconfigurable RF front-end circuits. These designs include multiport RF MEMS switches, switch matrices, reconfigurable filters and antennas. The resulting devices achieved RF performance that is unmatched by any existing RF andmicrowave technologies.

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4

King Yuk Chan, M. Daneshmand, R. R. Mansour, and R. Ramer. "Scalable RF MEMS Switch Matrices: Methodology and Design." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 57, no. 6 (June 2009): 1612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2020839.

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5

Daneshmand, Mojgan, and Raafat R. Mansour. "Redundancy RF MEMS Multiport Switches and Switch Matrices." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 16, no. 2 (April 2007): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2007.892891.

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6

Figur, Sascha A., Erika Meniconi, Ulrich Prechtel, Volker Ziegler, Roberto Sorrentino, Larissa Vietzorreck, and Bernhard Schoenlinner. "Modular Ka-band switch matrices using two RF MEMS technologies." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 3 (April 3, 2013): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871300024x.

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This paper presents the design and measurement of two different switch matrix modules based on Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical System (RF MEMS) switches. The operational frequency range is between 25.5 GHz and 26.5 GHz for data links between a Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) relay satellite and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The switch matrix implements a key functionality for tracking the incident signals of the LEO satellites on the receive feed antenna array of the GEO satellite's reflector antenna. Two different technologies are used to build simplified switch matrix modules suitable for realizing the full functionality switching matrix. Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with commercially available RF MEMS is used to build the first module, while EADS in house RF MEMS are integrated in Rogers Ultralam 3850 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) for the second module. Maximum insertion losses of 8.5 dB and 10.2 dB have been measured for the Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 and the LCP module, respectively. Isolation is higher than 45 dB and a minimum return loss of 15 dB is shown. Finally, the measured losses in the LCP module are analyzed and suitable improvements are discussed.

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7

Zhou, Weiwei, Wexing Sheng, Jie Cui, Yubing Han, Xiaofeng Ma, and Renli Zhang. "SR‐Crossbar topology for large‐scale RF MEMS switch matrices." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2018.5317.

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8

Xiangjuan, Bian, Youping Gong, Chen Guojin, and Lv Yunpeng. "A New MEMS Stochastic Model Order Reduction Method: Research and Application." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/125621.

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Modeling and simulation of MEMS devices is a very complex tasks which involve the electrical, mechanical, fluidic, and thermal domains, and there are still some uncertainties that need to be accounted for during the robust design of MEMS actuators caused by uncertain material and/or geometric parameters. According to these problems, we put forward stochastic model order reduction method under random input conditions to facilitate fast time and frequency domain analyses; the method makes use of polynomial chaos expansions in terms of the random input variables for the matrices of a finite element model of the system and then uses its transformation matrix to reduce the model; the method is independent of the MOR algorithm, so it is seamlessly compatible with MOR method used in popular finite element solvers. The simulation results verify the method is effective in large scale MEMS design process.

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9

Williams, Justin C., Matthew M. Holecko, Stephen P. Massia, Patrick Rousche, and Daryl R. Kipke. "Multi-site incorporation of bioactive matrices into MEMS-based neural probes." Journal of Neural Engineering 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2005): L23—L28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/2/4/l03.

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10

Kaunisto, R., K. Reimann, K. Boyle, J. Krogerus, Z. Liu, P. G. Steeneken, and J. Ollikainen. "2.0–2.7 GHz programmable bandpass filter with RF-MEMS capacitance matrices." Electronics Letters 45, no. 14 (2009): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2009.1198.

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11

Di Nardo, S., P. Farinelli, T. Kim, R. Marcelli, B. Margesin, E. Paola, D. Pochesci, L. Vietzorreck, and F. Vitulli. "Design of RF MEMS based switch matrix for space applications." Advances in Radio Science 11 (July 4, 2013): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-11-143-2013.

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Abstract. RF MEMS based switch matrices have several advantages compared to the mechanical or solid-state switch based ones for space applications. They are compact, light and less lossy with a high linearity up to high frequency. In this work, a 12 × 12 switch matrix with RF MEMS and LTCC technologies is presented based on the planar Beneš network. The simulated performance of the 12 × 12 switch matrix is below −12 dB IL (Insertion Loss) up to C band and −15 dB RL (Return Loss) up to Ku band. Moreover, it has a good isolation better than −50 dB. A 4 × 4 switch matrix with the same design process and technologies is fabricated and measured to verify the 12 × 12 switch matrix design process. The measured performance agrees very well to the simulations.

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12

Popovici, D., Veronica Paltanea, Gheorghe Paltanea, and Gabi Jiga. "A FEM Model to Analyze the Structural Mechanical Problem in an Electrostatically Controlled Prestressed Micro-Mirror." Applied Mechanics and Materials 61 (June 2011): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.61.9.

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In many industrial and biomedical applications (laser scanning displays, optical switch matrices and biomedical imaging systems) the sensing and actuation components are realized using micro-mirrors fabricated by MEMS technology. In this paper is evaluated, through numerical methods, the structural mechanical properties of the actuation mechanism of a ring shape micro-mirror. For the lift-off of the structure there are used four springs simulating a prestressed cantilever beam.

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13

Sushchenko, Olha, Yurii Bezkorovainyi, and Volodymir Golitsyn. "Research of Precision of Non-collinear Inertial Measurement Devices." Electronics and Control Systems 1, no. 67 (May 12, 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/1990-5548.67.15610.

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The non-collinear measurement devices based on the inertial triaxial devices, and structural units such as the triangular, and quadrangular polyhedrons are presented. The corresponding matrices of guide cosines are obtained. In contrast to the known non-collinear measurement devices, the measurements of all sensors that are part of the triaxial devices are taken into account. A description of the relative position of the measurement axes of the individual sensors in the proposed measurement devices is given. Theoretical estimation of non-collinear measurement devices of MEMS-sensors on the basis of uniaxial and triaxial angular velocity meters using correlation matrices of measurement errors is obtained. The obtained results are useful because they are aimed at providing high-precision and reliable measurements that is important for unmanned aerial vehicles, which are currently widely used in Ukraine.

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14

Tavana, Babak, and Aicheng Chen. "Determination of Drugs in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Outlook." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041592.

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All pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, cosmetic products, and many medical breakthroughs must first be approved through clinical research and trials before advancing to standard practice or entering the marketplace. Clinical trials are sets of tests that are required to determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, drugs, and treatments. There is one pre-phase and four main clinical phase requirements that every drug must pass to obtain final approval. Analytical techniques play a unique role in clinical trials for measuring the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in biological matrices and monitoring the conditions of patients (or volunteers) during various clinical phases. This review focuses on recent analytical methods that are employed to determine the concentrations of drugs and medications in biological matrices, including whole blood, plasma, urine, and breast milk. Four primary analytical techniques (extraction, spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical) are discussed, and their advantages and limitations are assessed. Subsequent to a survey of evidence and results, it is clear that microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based electrochemical sensor and biosensor technologies exhibit several notable advantages over other analytical methods, and their future prospects are discussed.

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15

del Val, Lara, Alberto Izquierdo, Juan J. Villacorta, and Luis Suárez. "Comparison of Methodologies for the Detection of Multiple Failures Using Acoustic Images in Fan Matrices." Shock and Vibration 2020 (August 10, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5816050.

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This paper presents the comparison of three methodologies to detect if some fans in a matrix are not working properly. These methodologies are based on detecting fan failures by analysing acoustic images of the fan matrix, obtained using a planar array of MEMS microphones. Geometrical parameters of these acoustic images for different frequencies are then used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, in order to detect the fan failures. One of the methodologies is based on the detection of the faulty fan in the matrix, under the hypothesis that only one fan can fail. Other methodology is based on the detection of the specific working situation of the matrix. And finally, the third methodology that is compared is based on determining individually if each of the fans of the matrix is working properly or not. The comparison shows that this third methodology is the most reliable.

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16

Cammarata, Alessandro, Pietro Davide Maddio, Rosario Sinatra, and Nicola Pio Belfiore. "Direct Kinetostatic Analysis of a Gripper with Curved Flexures." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122172.

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Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) extensively employed planar mechanisms with elastic curved beams. However, using a curved circular beam as a flexure hinge, in most cases, needs a more sophisticated kinetostatic model than the conventional planar flexures. An elastic curved beam generally allows its outer sections to experience full plane mobility with three degrees of freedom, making complex non-linear models necessary to predict their behavior. This paper describes the direct kinetostatic analysis of a planar gripper with an elastic curved beam is described and then solved by calculating the tangent stiffness matrix in closed form. Two simplified models and different contributions to derive their tangent stiffness matrices are considered. Then, the Newton–Raphson iterative method solves the non-linear direct kinetostatic problem. The technique, which appears particularly useful for real-time applications, is finally applied to a case study consisting of a four-bar linkage gripper with elastic curved beam joints that can be used in real-time grasping operations at the microscale.

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17

Gaona, Elvis, Paulo Gaona, and Carlos Montenegro. "Dispositivos de conmutación óptica en redes de nueva generación." Ingenium Revista de la facultad de ingeniería 14, no. 27 (January 28, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/01247492.2592.

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Este documento muestra las funcionalidades de dos tipos de conmutadores ópticos: OXC y OADM, utilizando una herramienta de software que simula el comportamiento de cada uno de estos dispositivos desarrollada en Matlab. Se realiza un análisis comparativo entre los diferentes tipos de interruptores ópticos enfatizando en los interruptores ópticos MEMS (2-D y 3D). Se muestran las diferentes configuraciones para las matrices de conmutación en una sola celda, junto con sus principales características, también se muestran los principales problemas de diseño en relación con las cualidades del interruptor óptico: el rendimiento óptico y las funcionalidades electromecánicas. En el caso del diseño óptico, se analiza la pérdida de inserción inducida por la desalineación de la fibra, la reflexión de Fresnel y aspectos relacionados con el micro-espejo, incluido el material de recubrimiento, el grosor, la rugosidad de la superficie, el efecto del espejo en diferentes longitudes de onda y la pérdida de la polarización-dependiente (PDL).

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18

González Hernández, Jesús. "Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial." Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencia y Nanotecnología 9, no. 16 (August 22, 2016): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2016.16.56908.

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RESUMEN: CIDESI es un centro de ingeniería, perteneciente al Sistema de Centros Públicos del CONACyT, fundado hace 33 años. Está organizado en 4 direcciones adjuntas, 6 direcciones temáticas y 5 sedes: Querétaro, Nuevo León, Estado de México, Baja California y Campeche. En el periodo 2009-2015, obtuvo 137 proyectos autorizados del Programa de Estímulos a la Innovación, ubicándose en cuarto lugar de los Centros Públicos. Ha incursionado en la nanotecnología con el diseño, instalación y puesta en operación de plantas piloto para la síntesis de nanopartículas de TiO2, óxidos metálicos y nanotubos de carbono. Actualmente, se buscan nuevas propiedades en fibras de carbono, baterías de litio, adhesivos y matrices poliméricas por incorporación de diversos nanomateriales. Cuenta con dos programas de maestría y uno de doctorado en el Padrón del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad, 21 investigadores en el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores y es incubadora del Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación en Tecnologías del Frío, el Centro Nacional de Tecnologías Aeronáuticas y el Laboratorio para el Diseño y Fabricación de Sistemas Microelectromecánicos (MEMS).

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19

Nasisi, Salvatore, Michael Valášek, and Tomáš Vampola. "AN INTERPOLATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FREQUENCIES OF PARAMETERIZED LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES." Acta Polytechnica 55, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2015.55.0407.

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Parametric Model Order Reduction (pMOR) is an emerging category of models developed with the aim of describing reduced first and second-order dynamical systems. The use of a pROM turns out useful in a variety of applications spanning from the analysis of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to the optimization of complex mechanical systems because they allow predicting the dynamical behavior at any values of the quantities of interest within the design space, e.g. material properties, geometric features or loading conditions. The process underlying the construction of a pROM using an SVD-based method [18] accounts for three basic phases: a) construction of several local ROMs (Reduced Order Models); b) projection of the state-space vector onto a common subspace spanned by several transformation matrices derived in the first step; c) use of an interpolation method capable of capturing for one or more parameters the values of the quantity of interest. One of the major difficulties encountered in this process has been identified at the level of the interpolation method and can be encapsulated in the following contradiction: if the number of detailed finite element analyses is high then an interpolation method can better describe the system for a given choice of a parameter but the time of computation is higher. In this paper is proposed a method for removing the above contradiction by introducing a new interpolation method (RSDM). This method allows to restore and make available to the interpolation tool certain natural components belonging to the matrices of the full FE model that are related on one side, to the process of reduction and on the other side, to the characteristics of a solid in the FE theory. This approach shows higher accuracy than methods used for the assessment of the system’s eigenbehavior. To confirm the usefulness of the RSDM a Hexapod will be analyzed.

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20

Tran, Linh T., David Bolst, Benjamin James, Vladimir Pan, James Vohradsky, Stefania Peracchi, Lachlan Chartier, et al. "Silicon 3D Microdosimeters for Advanced Quality Assurance in Particle Therapy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010328.

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The Centre for Medical Radiation Physics introduced the concept of Silicon On Insulator (SOI) microdosimeters with 3-Dimensional (3D) cylindrical sensitive volumes (SVs) mimicking the dimensions of cells in an array. Several designs of high-definition 3D SVs fabricated using 3D MEMS technology were implemented. 3D SVs were fabricated in different sizes and configurations with diameters between 18 and 30 µm, thicknesses of 2–50 µm and at a pitch of 50 µm in matrices with volumes of 20 × 20 and 50 × 50. SVs were segmented into sub-arrays to reduce capacitance and avoid pile up in high-dose rate pencil beam scanning applications. Detailed TCAD simulations and charge collection studies in individual SVs have been performed. The microdosimetry probe (MicroPlus) is composed of the silicon microdosimeter and low-noise front–end readout electronics housed in a PMMA waterproof sheath that allows measurements of lineal energies as low as 0.4 keV/µm in water or PMMA. Microdosimetric quantities measured with SOI microdosimeters and the MicroPlus probe were used to evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions and protons delivered by pencil-beam scanning and passive scattering systems in different particle therapy centres. The 3D detectors and MicroPlus probe developed for microdosimetry have the potential to provide confidence in the delivery of RBE optimized particle therapy when introduced into routine clinical practice.

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21

Woo, Rinara, Eun-Ju Yang, and Dae-Wha Seo. "A Fuzzy-Innovation-Based Adaptive Kalman Filter for Enhanced Vehicle Positioning in Dense Urban Environments." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051142.

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In this paper, a fuzzy-innovation based adaptive extended Kalman filter (FI-AKF)is proposed to improve the performance of the GNSS/INS fusion system, which is degradeddue to satellite signal cutoff and attenuation and inaccurate modeling in dense urbanenvironments. The information used for sensor fusion is obtained from real-time kinematic (RTK),micro-electro-mechanical system based inertial measumrement unit (MEMS-IMU), and on-boarddiagnostics (OBD). The fuzzy logic system is proposed to adaptively update the measurementcovariance matrix of the RTK according to the position dilution of precision (PDOP), the numberof receivable satellites, and the innovation of the extended Kalman filter (EKF). In addition, thedriving state of the vehicle is defined as stop, straight run, left/right turn, and the like. To reduce theheading estimation error of the Kalman filter, the estimated heading is corrected according to thedriving state. Also, the measurement covariance matrices of IMU and OBD are applied adaptivelyconsidering the characteristics of each sensor according to the driving state. In order to analyze theperformance of the proposed FI-AKF positioning system in a dense urban environment, a computersimulation is performed. The proposed FI-AKF is compared to the performance of the existingextended Kalman filter and the innovation-based adaptive extended Kalman filter. In addition, weconduct a performance comparison experiment with a commercial positioning system in the field test.Through each experiment, it is confirmed that the proposed FI-AKF system has higher positioningperformance than the comparison positioning systems in a dense urban environment.

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22

Statnik, Eugene S., Semen D. Ignatyev, Andrey A. Stepashkin, Alexey I. Salimon, Dilyus Chukov, Sergey D. Kaloshkin, and Alexander M. Korsunsky. "The Analysis of Micro-Scale Deformation and Fracture of Carbonized Elastomer-Based Composites by In Situ SEM." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030587.

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Carbonized elastomer-based composites (CECs) possess a number of attractive features in terms of thermomechanical and electromechanical performance, durability in aggressive media and facile net-shape formability, but their relatively low ductility and strength limit their suitability for structural engineering applications. Prospective applications such as structural elements of micro-electro-mechanical systems MEMS can be envisaged since smaller principal dimensions reduce the susceptibility of components to residual stress accumulation during carbonization and to brittle fracture in general. We report the results of in situ in-SEM study of microdeformation and fracture behavior of CECs based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) elastomeric matrices filled with carbon and silicon carbide. Nanostructured carbon composite materials were manufactured via compounding of elastomeric substance with carbon and SiC fillers using mixing rolling mill, vulcanization, and low-temperature carbonization. Double-edge notched tensile (DENT) specimens of vulcanized and carbonized elastomeric composites were subjected to in situ tensile testing in the chamber of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) Tescan Vega 3 using a Deben microtest 1 kN tensile stage. The series of acquired SEM images were analyzed by means of digital image correlation (DIC) using Ncorr open-source software to map the spatial distribution of strain. These maps were correlated with finite element modeling (FEM) simulations to refine the values of elastic moduli. Moreover, the elastic moduli were derived from unloading curve nanoindentation hardness measurements carried out using a NanoScan-4D tester and interpreted using the Oliver–Pharr method. Carbonization causes a significant increase of elastic moduli from 0.86 ± 0.07 GPa to 14.12 ± 1.20 GPa for the composite with graphite and carbon black fillers. Nanoindentation measurements yield somewhat lower values, namely, 0.25 ± 0.02 GPa and 9.83 ± 1.10 GPa before and after carbonization, respectively. The analysis of fractography images suggests that crack initiation, growth and propagation may occur both at the notch stress concentrator or relatively far from the notch. Possible causes of such response are discussed, namely, (1) residual stresses introduced by processing; (2) shape and size of fillers; and (3) the emanation and accumulation of gases in composites during carbonization.

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23

Le Bruyn, Lieven. "Trace rings of generic 2 by 2 matrices." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 66, no. 363 (1987): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/0363.

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Curto, Raúl E., and Lawrence A. Fialkow. "Flat extensions of positive moment matrices: recursively generated relations." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 136, no. 648 (1998): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/0648.

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25

Chuang, Chih-Yun, Ting-Fang Lee, Fu-Tsun Wei, and Jing Yu. "Brandt matrices and theta series over global function fields." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 237, no. 1117 (September 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/1117.

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Chen, Xing, Da Fu Cui, H. Li, H. Y. Cai, J. H. Sun, and L. L. Zhang. "Microfluidic Device for Fluorescence Immunoassays by Using Porous Matrix." Advanced Materials Research 216 (March 2011): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.645.

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The present work presents the availability of using porous matrix in microfluidic devices as a solid phase matrix for immunoassays. Porous matrixes on the surface of the microchannels were microfabricated by MEMS technology and electrochemical etching technology, which were coated on the wall of the rectangular microchannel in the microdevices to provide a surface-enlarging matrix. The microfabrication process of porous matrixes was investigated and optimized. Then the surface morphology of the porous matrixes was characterized by SEM. Both direct method and dual-antibody sandwich method were used for fluorescence immunoassays. Using sandwich immunoassay, 6.25μg/mL - 25μg/mL human IgG in real samples have been detected with a correlation coefficient of 0.9773. These porous microdevices have shown some advantages over its large-scale counterparts, including lower sample and reagent consumption, lower cost, less analytical time and so on, which enables detection for clinical testing.

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Bouchaala, Courau, Bonnaud, and Galy. "W-element RLGC matrices calculation for power distribution planes modeling using MCTL matrix method." IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine 5, no. 3 (2016): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memc.0.7764252.

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28

Male, Camille. "Traffic Distributions and Independence: Permutation Invariant Random Matrices and the Three Notions of Independence." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 267, no. 1300 (September 2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/1300.

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Vieira, Thiago Bernardi, Leandro Schlemmer Brasil, Naiara Raiol Torres, Tatiana Lima de Melo, Elto Aparecido Moreira, Rogério Pereira Bastos, and Karina Dias-Silva. "Fish in the matrix: effects of landscape on community-structure patterns of the ichthyofauna of streams in Cerrado." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 9 (2020): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19281.

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This study aims to identify species richness and composition patterns of the ichthyofauna in different landscape matrices (forest, pasture and eucalypt crops) and to evaluate the variation of species composition in different matrices, identifying possible indicator species. We selected 21 streams; 7 were surrounded by native vegetation, 9 surrounded by pasture and 5 by eucalypt crops. We tested whether there was difference in the composition and species richness. In addition, we used the indicator value (IndVal) to verify if there were species faithful and specific to some land use and land cover. Streams located in forest presented the highest estimated species richness, followed by streams in pasturelands and eucalypt matrices. There was no difference between the composition of fishes in different matrices, but we observed a relationship between Phenacorhamdia somnians (Mees, 1974) and pasture matrix. The results indicated that the change in land use may benefit some generalist species such as Phenacorhamdia somnians.

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Vieira, Thiago Bernardi, Leandro Schlemmer Brasil, Naiara Raiol Torres, Tatiana Lima de Melo, Elto Aparecido Moreira, Rogério Pereira Bastos, and Karina Dias-Silva. "Corrigendum to: Fish in the matrix: effects of landscape on community-structure patterns of the ichthyofauna of streams in Cerrado." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 9 (2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19281_co.

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This study aims to identify species richness and composition patterns of the ichthyofauna in different landscape matrices (forest, pasture and eucalypt crops) and to evaluate the variation of species composition in different matrices, identifying possible indicator species. We selected 21 streams; 7 were surrounded by native vegetation, 9 surrounded by pasture and 5 by eucalypt crops. We tested whether there was difference in the composition and species richness. In addition, we used the indicator value (IndVal) to verify if there were species faithful and specific to some land use and land cover. Streams located in forest presented the highest estimated species richness, followed by streams in pasturelands and eucalypt matrices. There was no difference between the composition of fishes in different matrices, but we observed a relationship between Phenacorhamdia somnians (Mees, 1974) and pasture matrix. The results indicated that the change in land use may benefit some generalist species such as Phenacorhamdia somnians.

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31

Babbitt, Donald G., and V. S. Varadarajan. "Deformations of nilpotent matrices over rings and reduction of analytic families of meromorphic differential equations." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 55, no. 325 (1985): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/0325.

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32

Fulman, Jason, Peter M. Neumann, and Cheryl E. Praeger. "A generating function approach to the enumeration of matrices in classical groups over finite fields." Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 176, no. 830 (2005): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/memo/0830.

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33

Rivin, Daniil, and Olga Shcherbakova. "Understanding of comical texts in people with different types of attitudes towards humour." European Journal of Humour Research 9, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2021.9.2.456.

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This study aimed to test a hypothesis about the correlation between levels of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes as a specific form of humour. Participants were 45 native speakers of Russian (aged 18 – 30; 73,3 % female). The levels of Internet memes understanding were assessed independently by two judges with the use of criteria based on the results of a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism were assessed with PhoPhiKat <30> questionnaire. J. Raven’s “Standard Progressive Matrices” test was used to control the level of psychometric intelligence. Concordance of judges’ scores for the understanding of memes was assessed with Kendall’s W and ranged from 0.71 to 0.84. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the main hypothesis. We found no correlation between the scores for gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes. Presumably, the type of attitude towards humour does not play a significant role in the understanding of comical texts. The qualitative content analysis of the interview protocols revealed some specific features of cognitive mechanisms of Internet memes understanding. Namely, successful participants with higher levels of understanding of Internet memes reflected more on their thinking process than those with lower levels of understanding of Internet memes, easily switched from an abstract level of reasoning to a concrete one, and tended to consistently develop detailed mental representations of the memes.

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34

Ondeck, Matthew G., Aditya Kumar, Jesse K. Placone, Christopher M. Plunkett, Bibiana F. Matte, Kirsten C. Wong, Laurent Fattet, Jing Yang, and Adam J. Engler. "Dynamically stiffened matrix promotes malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells via collective mechanical signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 9 (February 12, 2019): 3502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814204116.

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Breast cancer development is associated with increasing tissue stiffness over years. To more accurately mimic the onset of gradual matrix stiffening, which is not feasible with conventional static hydrogels, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were cultured on methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogels whose stiffness can be dynamically modulated from “normal” (<150 Pascals) to “malignant” (>3,000 Pascals) via two-stage polymerization. MECs form and remain as spheroids, but begin to lose epithelial characteristics and gain mesenchymal morphology upon matrix stiffening. However, both the degree of matrix stiffening and culture time before stiffening play important roles in regulating this conversion as, in both cases, a subset of mammary spheroids remained insensitive to local matrix stiffness. This conversion depended neither on colony size nor cell density, and MECs did not exhibit “memory” of prior niche when serially cultured through cycles of compliant and stiff matrices. Instead, the transcription factor Twist1, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and YAP activation appeared to modulate stiffness-mediated signaling; when stiffness-mediated signals were blocked, collective MEC phenotypes were reduced in favor of single MECs migrating away from spheroids. These data indicate a more complex interplay of time-dependent stiffness signaling, spheroid structure, and soluble cues that regulates MEC plasticity than suggested by previous models.

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35

Yan, Yongyi, Jumei Yue, and He Deng. "Matrix Formulation of EISs of Graphs and Its Application to WSN Covering Problems." Journal of Mathematics 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526532.

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In this paper, the problem of formulating and finding externally independent sets of graphs is considered by using a newly developed STP method, called semitensor product of matrices. By introducing a characteristic value of a vertex subset of a graph and using the algebraic representation of pseudological functions, several necessary and sufficient conditions of matrix form are proposed to express the externally independent sets (EISs), minimum externally independent sets (MEISs), and kernels of graphs. Based on this, the concepts of EIS matrix, MEIS matrix, and kernel matrix are introduced. By these matrices’ complete characterization of these three structures of graphs, three algorithms are further designed which can find all these kinds of subsets of graphs mathematically. The results are finally applied to a WSN covering problem to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed results.

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36

CHEN, R. M., FALCON F. M. LIU, and JEFFREY J. P. TSAI. "A SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR FINDING MOTIFS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 15, no. 03 (June 2005): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194005002440.

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In the era of post-genomics, almost all the genes have been sequenced and enormous amount of data have been generated. Hence, to mine useful information from these data is a very important topic. In this paper, we present a software architecture for finding motifs using genetic algorithm (GA). The new approach can find potential motifs in the regions located from the -2000 bp upstream to +1000 bp downstream of transcription start site (TSS). The mutation in the genetic algorithm is performed using position weight matrices to reserve the completely conserved positions. The crossover in the GA is implemented with specially-designed gap penalties to produce an optimal child pattern. We also present a rearrangement method based on position weight matrices to avoid the presence of a very stable local minimum that may be difficult for operators to generate the optimal pattern. The predicted results obtained from our approach are more accurate than that of Gibbs sampler and we spend less computation time than MEME.

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37

Yuan, Rui, Yong Lv, Di Yang, and Zhiwen Lu. "A new strategy to eliminate interference of varying operating conditions during multivariate signal processing-based fault diagnosis approach." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2184, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2184/1/012016.

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Abstract Multivariate signal acquisition and processing of faulty mechanical components extract more fault characteristic information, contributing to comprehensive and accurate fault diagnosis. Multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) is an effective approach in the field of multivariate signal processing. While nuisance attribute projection (NAP) can be used to filter out the components of nuisance attributes caused by varying operating condition. This paper proposes a new strategy for eliminating interference during multivariate signal processing- based fault diagnosis approach. MEMD is used to decompose multivariate signal of faulty rolling bearing into multivariate IMFs depicting dynamical properties, with extracting quantitative features of multivariate IMFs. Then, NAP is used to eliminate nuisance attributes of varying operating conditions in the constructed feature matrices. To illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed new strategy, the extracted features are presented by t-distribution stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE). The dimensionalities of feature vectors are reduced to 3 on account of the visualization simplicity. The comparison analysis during application researches can validate the superiority of the proposed novel strategy.

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38

Kashkin, K. N. "Looking for Tumor Specific Promoters In Silico." Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 48, no. 6 (December 2022): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1068162022060127.

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Abstract— Previously we demonstrated the tumor-specific activity of several human native and chimeric promoters. Here we have analyzed the DNA sequences of experimentally tested tumor-specific promoters for the presence of recognition matrices of transcription factors and for de novo motif discovery. CiiiDER and MEME Suite software tools were used for this purpose. A number of transcription factor matrices have been identified, which are present more often in tumor-specific promoters than in the promoters of housekeeping genes. New promoter–TF regulatory relationships have been predicted by pathway analysis. A motif of 44 bp characteristic of tumor-specific promoters but not of housekeeping gene promoters has been discovered. The search through 29 598 human promoters from the EPDnew promoter database has revealed a series of promoters with this motif, their genes being associated with unfavorable prognoses in cancer. We suppose that some of these promoters may possess a tumor specific activity. In addition, a close similarity in nucleotide motifs between the promoters of the BIRC5 and MCM2 genes has been shown. The results of the study may contribute to understanding the peculiarities of gene transcription in tumors, as well as to searching for native tumor-specific promoters or creating artificial ones for cancer gene therapy, as well as in the development of anticancer vaccines.

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39

Lin, Xie Zhao, Ji Ying, and Jian Meng Huang. "Transient Pull-In Analysis of Micro-Plate with Fluid-Structure Interactions." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.637.

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Electrostatic micro-devices are simple but important for MEMS applications. Precise dynamic descriptions of these devices are often hard to obtain due to the electrostatic nonlinearity and the fluid-structure interactions in devices. Here we present a comprehensive electrostatic-mechanical-fluidic coupling transient analysis for the pull-in process of two ends fixed micro-plate device. The numerical results are compared with the published experiment works of other researchers available in the literature, and thus the model had been validated. After that the proper orthogonal decomposition approach is performed for the snapshot matrixes which are sampled from an ensemble of the fully finite element results. The resulted spatial distribution modes of pressure show a higher spatial frequency toward the middle of the micro-plate, which indicates that the pressures at the moving edges of the plate are not equal to ambient pressure. Due to the increasing demands for simulation accuracy, the electrostatic-mechanical interactions and the nonlinear features of viscous loss from the surrounding fluid have to be taken into account in details.

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40

Mielli, Murilo Z., Alex L. Barros, Alexandre T. Lopes, and Marcelo Carreño. "Fabrication of Silicon Microtips with Integrated Electrodes." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 3, no. 2 (November 18, 2008): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v3i2.288.

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This paper describes a simple method to fabricate silicon microtips with integrated self-aligned polarization electrodes for development of MEMS and electron field emission devices. The method is based on the wet bulk micromachining of the silicon substrate in KOH solutions and utilizes low stress PECVD SiOxNy films obtained at low temperatures (320°C) as structural material for both mechanical support and electrical insulation of the electrodes. For the electrodes sputtered Cr films were utilized. The microtip formation process was studied by optical and electronic microscopy to analyze tip geometry and the characteristic etch rate of the different stages during the tips formation. The fabricated devices were matrixes with different numbers of microtips, each with a typical height of 52 μm and with diameter at the apex below 1 μm. In the best case, the distance between the apex of the tips and the metallic electrode was lower than 5 μm. The results also show that the low stress SiOxNy film is essential to attain the necessary flatness required by the process.

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41

Krishnamoorti, Ramanan. "Strategies for Dispersing Nanoparticles in Polymers." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 4 (April 2007): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.233.

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AbstractControlling the dispersion of nanoparticles in polymeric matrices is the most significant impediment in the development of high-perform ance polymer nanocomposite ma te rials and results primarily from the strong interpar ticle interactions between the nanopar ticles. This review examines the theoretical and experimental strategies employed in developing appropriate chemical and physical methods to achieve controlled dispersion of nanopar ticles. Methods to characterize the state of dispersion, including force and electron micros copy, and scattering, electrical, and mechanical spectroscopy, are considered with special emphasis on achieving quantitative meas ures of the dispersion. Some of the outstanding issues, such as long-term aging and the implication for the dispersion of nanopar ticles, development of high-throughput methods for rapid screening, and methods for in-line monitoring, are also discussed.

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42

Zhang, Hongmei, Huaqing Zhang, Guangyan Xu, Hao Liu, and Xin Liu. "Attitude anti-interference federal filtering algorithm for MEMS-SINS/GPS/magnetometer/SV integrated navigation system." Measurement and Control 53, no. 1-2 (January 2020): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019882965.

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The attitude measurement systems composed of magnetic, angular rate and gravity sensors in the navigation system of an unmanned aerial vehicle are vulnerable to disturbed magnetic field observations. In this paper, an anti-interference integrated navigation federal Kalman filter is designed with fusing the information of microelectromechanical-system-based strapdown inertial navigation system, gravity field, geomagnetic field and solar vector (direction of sun). The filter works in the mode of fusion reset or no reset according to environmental conditions or manual setting. In addition, the characteristic is discovered that disturbed magnetic field observations can interfere with the state estimation covariance matrixes of quaternions, which in turn affect the fusion update of estimated quaternions in no reset mode of the federal filter. In order to eliminate the effect of magnetic field observations on the attitude information of pitch and roll angles, a method of correction update for a yaw angle component in quaternions using the magnetometer is designed, and an Euler angle information fusion method is developed by constructing a pseudo-covariance matrix of Euler angels in fusion update of the filter. Thus, when there exist disturbed magnetic field observations and the filter is in no reset mode, the estimated pitch and roll angles of the main filter after fusion update are not affected, and the yaw angle estimation errors of the main filter decrease relative to the estimation errors of the sub-filter which is corrected by a magnetometer. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated by a numerical simulation and a semi-physical simulation.

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43

Bellavite, P., M. Semizzi, P. Musso, R. Ortolani, and G. Andrioli. "Medicina ufficiale e terapie non convenzionali: dal conflitto all’integrazione?" Medicina e Morale 50, no. 5 (October 31, 2001): 877–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2001.735.

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La distinzione tra medicina ufficiale e medicine alternative (più propriamente denominate non-convenzionali o complementari) va inquadrata sul piano storico ed epistemologico, come parte di un continuo e mai concluso confronto tra diversi paradigmi scientifici e medici. Il ricorso a pratiche mediche di origine orientale o comunque di matrice extra-scientifica è in espansione in tutti i Paesi europei e negli Stati Uniti e ciò pone un’ampia serie di problemi sociosanitari, deontologici, etici, metodologici. La crisi attuale della medicina occidentale deriva sostanzialmente dalla difficoltà di conciliare il progressivo dominio dell’approccio scientifico-molecolare e tecnologico con la crescente necessità di riscoprire gli aspetti più personali ed individualizzati della cura, che sono particolarmente importanti nelle malattie croniche e multifattoriali. Le medicine non convenzionali possono probabilmente contribuire a colmare alcune lacune metodologiche e concettuali lasciate dalla super-specializzazione e dal prevalere del pensiero razionalista rispetto a quello empirico negli ultimi secoli e particolarmente negli ultimi decenni. Il modo più corretto di guardare al fenomeno è quello di esaminarne le ragioni d’essere, individuarne le molte possibili distorsioni, sfruttarne le potenziali positività in vista di una possibile integrazione di diversi approcci terapeutici. Tale eventuale integrazione di alcune pratiche non convenzionali richiede un maggiore impegno nella ricerca scientifica e nella qualifica delle varie figure professionali.

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44

Wang, C., L. N. Ma, X. G. Ma, T. Wang, Z. Y. Jiang, L. A. Dobrzański, and J. W. Zhao. "Effect of rolling reduction on the microstructure of the copper/aluminum composite strip produced by micro flexible rolling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012064.

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Copper/aluminum (Cu/Al) laminated composite has been extensively applied in the fields of batteries, electronics and electrochemistry owing to its cost reduction, light weight, good conductivity and resistance to corrosion. The Cu/Al composite strips produced by micro flexible rolling consist of three regions based on different thickness, i.e. the thicker, the transition and the thinner zones, and have a broad application prospect, especially in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). In this study, the effect of rolling reduction on the coordinated deformation of the Cu/Al interface and the microstructure of Cu/Al matrixes at three regions were investigated. The microstructure of the specimens was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and the thickness of thin strips with varying thickness (TSVT) were measured by laser scanning microscope to explore the mechanism of microstructural evolution. The results show that the increase of rolling reduction gives a rise to the proportion of deformation occurred in the Al matrix, and the fracture of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) is observed at the interface, which plays a significant role of transmitting and releasing stress during plastic deformation.

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45

Price, Heather E., and Christian Smith. "Procedures for Reliable Cultural Model Analysis Using Semi-structured Interviews." Field Methods 33, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x20982725.

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To identify the dominant cultural models among parents transmitting faith to their children, we find few methodological guidelines to guide coding and analysis of semi-structured interviews. We thus developed a three-phase procedure for our research team. Phase-one follows Campbell et al. by unitizing on meanings rather than words/pages, including creating decision rules documents, keyword lists, and summary memos. We provide empirical support for the reliability of those procedures and contribute by adding final validity checks into phase one and a new set of second-order coding procedures as phase two and phase three, as suggested by Miles and Huberman, to transform theme analysis into patterned findings. Phase two codes the latent patterns underlying the phase-one thematic codes. Phase three quantifies phase-two codes into matrices. Although time intensive, other researchers can apply these procedures to produce transparent, auditable findings.

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46

Guth, M., C. Pilorget, M. Lefevre, A. Coste, B. Dananché, O. Perol, B. Fervers, and B. Charbotel. "Évaluation des expositions professionnelles par application des matrices emplois–expositions (MEEs), élaboration méthodologique à partir de l’étude cas-témoins TESTISPRO." Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 83, no. 6 (December 2022): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admp.2022.10.033.

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47

Grisales Posada, Ana Margarita, Natalia Mejía Restrepo, Sandra Milena Toro Ocampo, and Luz Dary Ruiz Botero. "giro epistemológico en las prácticas docentes de educación para la paz." Kénosis 5, no. 9 (December 3, 2018): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.47286/23461209.126.

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Анотація:

La necesidad de ampliar la comprensión de la educación para la paz desde las prácticas docentes y la existencia de un vacío epistemológico en el abordaje de estas prácticas, hacen parte de los hallazgos de la revisión de literatura académica de la que se ocupa este artículo. La información de la producción académica en el tema, que sustenta este texto, corresponde a la última década. Su organización se hace en fichas bibliográficas y matrices de relaciones, las interpretaciones se esbozan en memos analíticos con el propósito de precisar relaciones de educación para la paz y práctica docente. El artículo se estructura en dos partes, la primera enfatiza en las concepciones de la práctica docente y la educación para la paz, mientras la segunda se ocupa de la configuración de estas prácticas en función de la educación para la paz y es allí donde se argumenta la necesidad del giro epistemológico para mejor comprensión del tema. A lo largo del texto se plantean seis retos de las prácticas docentes de educación para la paz desde las que se hilvana la escritura y se pretende argumentar los sentidos del giro epistemológico.

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48

Kumar, Amit, Krishna Katuri, Piet Lens, and Dónal Leech. "Does bioelectrochemical cell configuration and anode potential affect biofilm response?" Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (November 21, 2012): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120130.

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Electrochemical gradients are the backbone of basic cellular functions, including chemo-osmotic transport and ATP synthesis. Microbial growth, terminal respiratory proteins and external electron transfer are major pathways competing for electrons. In BESs (bioelectrochemical systems), such as MFCs (microbial fuel cells), the electron flow can be via soluble inorganic/organic molecules or to a solid surface. The flow of electrons towards a solid surface can be via outer-membrane cytochromes or electron-shuttle molecules, mediated by conductive protein nanowires or extracellular matrices. In MECs (microbial electrolysis cells), the anode potential can vary over a wide range, which alters the thermodynamic energy available for bacteria capable of donating electrons to the electrode [termed EAB (electroactive bacteria)]. Thus the anode potential is an important electrochemical parameter determining the growth, electron distribution/transfer and electrical activity of films of these bacteria on electrodes. Different optimal applied potentials to anodes have been suggested in the literature, for selection for microbial growth, diversity and performance in biofilms on electrodes. In the present paper, we review the effects of anode potentials on electron-transfer properties of such biofilms, and report on the effect that electrochemical cell configuration may have on performance.

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49

Proskurina, Anna. "Eschatological Expectations in the Early Christian Anglo-Saxon Tradition." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (March 2022): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.1.8.

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This article is devoted to the problem of interdisciplinary study of linguacultural transfer based on the material of the Old English poem Judgment Day (I), included in the Exeter manuscript dating back to the 10 th century, considered in the aspect of eschatological expectations in the early Christian Anglo-Saxon tradition. The comprehensive understanding of the end of the world, as shown in the work, is reflected already in the early written tradition. The reference to natural disasters, which lead to the apocalypse, is inherently characteristic of Christian texts. Linguacultural transfer is understood in this article as the transfer of information in time, which is considered in two ways: the momentary transfer of information is communication, while handing the information down the generations is a transfer. The article deals with the issues of information transfer in time and space. As an example of rethinking the values of one culture in the tradition of another, the author cites the memetic theory of religion. The article also shows that the theory of linguacultural transfer can be considered and described from the standpoint of cultural matrices, as well as memes (and memetic complexes). The author emphasizes that the vitality of religious beliefs is precisely due to the linguacultural transfer of information within one generation or through the generations.

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50

Kotroni, Eleftheria, Eleftheria Simirioti, Stefanos Kikionis, Ioannis Sfiniadakis, Aggeliki Siamidi, Vangelis Karalis, Andreas Vitsos, et al. "In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Electrospun Micro/Nanofibrous Patches Loaded with Pinus halepensis Bark Extract on Hairless Mice Skin." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162596.

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Skin inflammation is the most common symptom in dermatological diseases. It is usually treated by topically applied products, such as creams, gels and lotions. Skin dressings offer a promising alternative as they are endowed with more controlled administration conditions. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of electrospun alginate micro/nanofibrous dressings loaded with the aqueous extract of Pinus halepensis bark (PHBE) was evaluated in vivo in mice. The upper back skin of SKH-1 female hairless mice was exposed to a single dose of ultraviolet radiation (3 MEDs) and the inflamed area was treated daily by the direct application of a nanofibrous patch. The condition of the skin was evaluated primarily on the basis of clinical observation, photo-documentation and histopathological assessment, while measurements of the erythema, hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and sebum production were also taken into account. The results showed that the topical application of alginate micro/nanofibrous dressings loaded with PHBE on UV-inflamed skin significantly attenuated inflammation damage, reducing the healing period. Increase of the loading dose of PHBE resulted in a proportional reduction of the extent, the density and the depth of skin inflammation. With the steadily increasing interest of the skin dressing industry towards nanofibrous matrices, electrospun nonwovens could serve as ideal candidates for the development of multifunctional anti-inflammatory care systems.

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