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Статті в журналах з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Pine, A. P., N. S. Jessop, G. F. Allan, and J. D. Oldham. "Maternal protein reserves and their influence on lactational performance in rats 4. Tissue protein synthesis and turnover associated with mobilization of maternal protein." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 6 (December 1994): 831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes in muscle protein turnover involved in the rapid mobilization of protein in rats subjected to severe protein restriction during lactation. Estimates of mammary gland and liver protein synthesis were also made during lactation. Multiparous female Sprague-Dawley rats, caged individually following mating, were offered a high-protein diet (H; 215 g crude protein (N - 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM)) ad lib. until parturition. Following parturition, half the females continued to receive diet H, whilst the remainder were offered a diet low in protein (L; 90 g CP/kg DM) ad lib. On days 2, 4, 8 and 12 of lactation, groups of females were used in the estimation of tissue protein synthesis (flooding dose of [3H]phenylalanine) immediately after a milk sample had been obtained. Rates of muscle protein synthesis were unchanged during lactation in group H. The feeding of diet L during lactation reduced the muscle protein synthesis on day 12 to rates that were lower than group H and also the rate on diet L on day 2 (P 0·01). However, this fall in muscle protein synthesis was not rapid and muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was different from group H only from day 8 (P 0·05). Estimated rates of mammary protein synthesis appeared to be generally unchanged by dietary treatment or stage of lactation. Liver FSR was also unchanged by dietary protein supply or stage of lactation. The effect of dietary protein restriction on liver size and protein content during lactation influenced liver absolute synthesis rate (ASR), and on days 8 and 12 of lactation liver ASR was lower in group L than in group H (P 0·001). The loss of muscle protein in rats fed on diet L during lactation (133 mg) occurred mainly between days 2 and 8 of lactation and was primarily associated with a dramatic increase in degradation (13·0% per d), with the decline in synthesis having a much smaller role. A decline in muscle protein degradation during the latter half of lactation was part of the mechanism that prevented excessive muscle protein catabolism. It is thought that the estimation of mammary protein synthesis in the present study was impaired by the milk sampling procedure previously used.
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Forsido, Sirawdink Fikreyesus, Frehiwot Tadesse, Tefera Belachew, and Oliver Hensel. "Maternal dietary practices, dietary diversity, and nutrient composition of diets of lactating mothers in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Optimal nutrition during lactation is essential for the well-being of the mother and the infant. Studies have shown that access to nutrient-rich foods during lactation is critical as minimal stores of nutrients can have adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, composition, and nutrient adequacy of diets of lactating mothers in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in three districts of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, in February 2014. A stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select 558 lactating mothers. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) was computed from a single 24-h recall. A cut off value of 5 was used to classify the dietary diversity into achieving MDD-W or not. The proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions of 12 commonly consumed foods were analysed using standard methods. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of these foods were estimated. Results The mean (±SD) dietary diversity score (DDS) of the study participants was 3.73±1.03. Meeting MDD-W was positively associated with agricultural production diversity (P = 0.001) and educational level of the women (P = 0.04). Conversely, district of the study (P = 0.003) and place of residence (P = 0.019) were negatively associated with meeting MDD-W. The proximate composition (g/100g) of the sampled foods ranged between 24.8–65.6 for moisture, 7.6–19.8 for protein, 2.1–23.1 for crude fat, 2.0–27 for crude fibre, 1.0–21.2 for total ash, and 0.9–45.8 for total carbohydrate content. The calorific value ranged between 124.5–299.6 Kcal/100g. The mineral contents (mg/100g) ranged between 9.5–52.5 for iron, 2.2–4.2 for zinc, 42.6–318.2 for calcium, and 150.7–379.9 for phosphorus. The content of anti-nutritional factors (mg/100g) ranged between 11.1–178.9 for phytate and 3.7–315.9 for tannin. All the commonly consumed maternal foods were not sufficient to meet the energy, fat and protein requirements, (NAR<1). However, all diets provided adequate iron and most of the cereal-based foods provided adequate carbohydrate and minerals. The overall nutrient adequacy was below the cut-off point for all food types. Conclusions The diets of lactating mothers in Southwest Ethiopia lack diversity and nutrient adequacy. A community-based nutrition education program on the importance of diet diversity and nutrient intake during lactation based on a multi-sectoral approach is needed.
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Bell, Alan W., Winfield S. Burhans, and Thomas R. Overton. "Protein nutrition in late pregnancy, maternal protein reserves and lactation performance in dairy cows." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 1 (February 2000): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Empirical evidence suggests that prolonged underfeeding of protein to late-pregnant dry cows can have modest negative carry-over effects on milk volume and/or protein yield during early lactation, and may also cause increased incidence of metabolic diseases associated with fatty liver. However, assessment of requirements is hampered by lack of information on relationships between dietary intake of crude protein (N × 6·25) and metabolizable protein supply during late pregnancy, and by incomplete understanding of the quantitative metabolism of amino acids in maternal and conceptus tissues. Inability of the postparturient cow to consume sufficient protein to meet mammary and extra-mammary amino acid requirements, including a significant demand for hepatic gluconeogenesis, necessitates a substantial, albeit transient, mobilization of tissue protein during the first 2 weeks of lactation. Ultimately, much of this mobilized protein appears to be derived from peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscle and, to a lesser extent, skin, through suppression of tissue protein synthesis, and possibly increased proteolysis. In the shorter term, soon after calving, it is likely that amino acids required for hepatic glucose synthesis are diverted from high rates of synthesis of splanchnic tissue and export proteins, including serum albumin. The prevailing endocrine milieu of the periparturient cow, including major reductions in plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I, together with insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, must permissively facilitate, if not actively promote, net mobilization of amino acids from these tissues.
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Kroeske, Kikianne, Ester Arévalo Sureda, Julie Uerlings, Dieter Deforce, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Marc Heyndrickx, Sam Millet, Nadia Everaert, and Martine Schroyen. "The Impact of Maternal and Piglet Low Protein Diet and Their Interaction on the Porcine Liver Transcriptome around the Time of Weaning." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100233.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maternal diet during early gestation affects offspring phenotype, but it is unclear whether maternal diet during late gestation influences piglet metabolism. We evaluated the impact of two dietary protein levels in sow late gestation diet and piglet nursery diet on piglet metabolism. Diets met or exceeded the crude protein and amino acid requirements. Sows received either 12% (Lower, L) or 17% (Higher, H) crude protein (CP) during the last five weeks of gestation, and piglets received 16.5% (L) or 21% (H) CP from weaning at age 3.5 weeks. This resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial design with four sow/piglet diet treatment groups: HH and LL (match), HL and LH (mismatch). Piglet hepatic tissues were sampled and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by RNA sequencing. At age 4.5 weeks, 25 genes were downregulated and 22 genes were upregulated in the mismatch compared to match groups. Several genes involved in catabolic pathways were upregulated in the mismatch compared to match groups, as were genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation. The results show a distinct interaction effect between maternal and nursery diets, implying that sow late gestation diet could be used to optimize piglet metabolism.
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Yang, Min, Lun Hua, Zhengyu Mao, Yan Lin, Shengyu Xu, Jian Li, Xuemei Jiang, De Wu, Yong Zhuo, and Jiankui Huang. "Effects of Dietary Fiber, Crude Protein Level, and Gestation Stage on the Nitrogen Utilization of Multiparous Gestating Sows." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121543.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To investigate the effects of dietary fiber (DF), crude protein (CP) level, and gestation stage on nitrogen utilization, 28 Landrace-Yorkshire cross gestating sows at parity two were randomly divided into four dietary treatments with seven duplicates of one pig with a repeated-measures design. The diets comprised one with normal crude protein (CP) of 13.3%, one with a low CP diet of 10.1%, and two diets, one with dietary fiber (DF) supplementation of inulin and cellulose at the ratio of 1:1 and one without DF. The total litter size, litter size alive, and newborn birthweight of piglets did not differ between treatment groups. Sows that received high DF levels had greater nitrogen output in feces, lower urinary nitrogen, and increased nitrogen retention. Sows that received a low CP diet had reduced nitrogen excretion in feces and urine, lower nitrogen retention, and an unchanged nitrogen retention ratio. Sows at the late stage of gestation on days 95 to 98 had lower nitrogen excretion in urine and greater nitrogen retention than in the early stage of gestation on days 35 to 38, associated with a significant decrease in serum amino acids in late gestation. Maternal protein deposition was increased by high DF, decreased by low CP, and lower in late gestation compared with early gestation. Collectively, DF improved nitrogen utilization by decreasing urine nitrogen output, and nitrogen utilization increased as gestation advanced.
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Houdijk, Jos G. M., Neil S. Jessop, David P. Knox, and Ilias Kyriazakis. "Secondary infection ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisin lactating rats is sensitive to dietary protein content." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 4 (April 2005): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lactating mammals usually exhibit a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they have larger worm burdens than their non-lactating counterparts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a secondary infection withNippostrongylus brasiliensisin lactating rats is sensitive to dietary protein content. We also tested whether this infection affects host food intake. Rats either remained uninfected throughout the study or were given a single infection before mating (primary infection) and re-infected on day 2 of lactation (secondary infection) with 1600 infective larvae. Infected rats were fed foods during lactation formulated to supply 100 (low protein; LP), 200 (medium protein; MP) or 300 (high protein; HP) g crude protein per kg DM; non-infected rats were fed either the LP or HP food. Litter size was standardized to ten pups between parturition (day 0) and secondary infection (day 2). Ten days after secondary infection, MP and HP rats had excreted fewer nematode eggs, and had fewer adult nematodes in their small intestine and nematode eggs in their colon than the LP rats. Primary infection increased food intake in late pregnancy, and increased maternal body weight and litter size at parturition. Secondary infection did not affect mean food intake, maternal and litter weight, although food intake was reduced for 1 d following infection. These results support the view that a secondary infection withN. brasiliensisis sensitive to dietary protein content, and that the latter infection does not impair lactational performance. Future studies may focus on elucidating the nutritional sensitivity of immune responses underlying the reduced secondaryN. brasiliensisinfection.
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Pine, A. P., N. S. Jessop, and J. D. Oldham. "Maternal protein reserves and their influence on lactational performance in rats 3. The effects of dietary protein restriction and stage of lactation on milk composition." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 6 (December 1994): 815–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of severe protein restriction following parturition on the changes in rat milk composition during lactation were investigated using multiparous female Sprague-Dawley rats caged individually following mating and offered a high-protein diet (H; 215 g crude protein (N × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM)) ad lib. until parturition. Following parturition, half the females continued to receive diet H, whilst the remainder were offered a diet low in protein (L; 90 g CP/kg DM) ad lib. On days 2, 4, 8 and 12 of lactation groups of females from both dietary treatments were used to provide a milk sample. Milk samples were analysed for their lactose (enzymically), protein (binding to Coomassie blue), lipid (gravimetrically) and mineral (spectrophotometrically) contents. The milk lactose concentration of group H increased with stage of lactation (r2 0·85, P < 0·001). Such an increase was prevented by diet L, and from day 8 of lactation the milk lactose of group L was lower (P < 0·05) than in group H. Group H milk protein concentration did not change during lactation and averaged 90·7 mg/g. Dietary protein restriction reduced the milk protein concentration of group L so that on days 2, 4 and 12 of lactation it was lower (P < 0·05) than that of group H. On day 8 of lactation the milk protein concentration of group L had increased (P < 0·05) and was comparable with that of group H. For group H, milk lipid averaged 166·8 mg/g and was generally unchanged during lactation. Diet L increased (P < 0·01) the milk lipid concentration (205·5 mg/g) compared with diet H and this was also significant on days 4 and 8 of lactation (P < 0·05). Group L milk lipid concentration also increased between days 4 and 8 of lactation (P < 0·05). Milk Na concentration declined during lactation in both dietary groups (P < 0·01) but was unaffected by dietary treatment. Both milk Ca and P concentrations increased (P < 0·01) during lactation in both dietary groups, whilst protein restriction also increased the Ca and P concentrations (P < 0·05). Milk K and Mg concentrations were unaffected by dietary treatment or stage of lactation. This significant alteration in the milk composition of severely protein-restricted dams, while possibly favouring the disposal of greater quantities of energy-yielding nutrients, suggests that equations developed for the estimation of milk production in rats cannot be used under such conditions. Laction: Milk composition: Feed intake: Dietary protien: Rat
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Mullins, D. E., C. B. Keil, and R. H. White. "Maternal and paternal nitrogen investment in Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera; Blattellidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 162, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162.1.55.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The investment of nitrogenous materials by female and male German cockroaches Blattella germanica (L.) into their progeny was examined. Adult females maintained on dog food invested 34% of their dry mass and 26% of their nitrogen into an oothecae during their first gonadotrophic cycle. Females maintained on a low- (5%) protein diet and injected simultaneously with [3H]leucine and [14C]hypoxanthine incorporated less [3H]leucine-derived radiolabel in their oothecae than those on a dog food diet (25% crude protein). Females on the low-protein diet incorporated more [14C]hypoxanthine-derived material (primarily as [14C]urates) into their oothecae than they retained in their bodies. Stored [14C]urates were metabolized more readily by females on the low-protein diet. Oothecae obtained from females provided with an [15N]urate-amended diet contained at least four 15N-enriched amino acids, which supports the hypothesis that urates are utilized as a nitrogen resource in these insects. Dietary effects on paternal investment were also found to be significant. Females fed a low-protein diet and their oothecae contained 63% of the radiolabel made available to them at mating when paired with males injected simultaneously with [3H]leucine and [14C]hypoxanthine, whereas dog-food-fed females and their oothecae contained only 17% of the total radiolabel made available to them at mating.
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Dudele, A., S. Lund, N. Jessen, G. Wegener, G. Winther, J. Elnif, S. Frische, T. Wang, and D. Mayntz. "Maternal protein restriction before pregnancy reduces offspring early body mass and affects glucose metabolism in C57BL/6JBom mice." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 3, no. 5 (May 21, 2012): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174412000347.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dietary protein restriction in pregnant females reduces offspring birth weight and increases the risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite these grave consequences, few studies have addressed the effects of preconceptional maternal malnutrition. Here we investigate how a preconceptional low-protein (LP) diet affects offspring body mass and insulin-regulated glucose metabolism. Ten-week-old female mice (C57BL/6JBom) received either an LP or isocaloric control diet (8% and 22% crude protein, respectively) for 10 weeks before conception, but were thereafter fed standard laboratory chow (22.5% crude protein) during pregnancy, lactation and offspring growth. When the offspring were 10 weeks old, they were subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), and sacrificed after a 5-day recovery period to determine visceral organ mass. Body mass of LP male offspring was significantly lower at weaning compared with controls. A similar, nonsignificant, tendency was observed for LP female offspring. These differences in body mass disappeared within 1 week after weaning, a consequence of catch-up growth in LP offspring. GTTs of 10-week-old offspring revealed enhanced insulin sensitivity in LP offspring of both sexes. No differences were found in body mass, food intake or absolute size of visceral organs of adult offspring. Our results indicate that maternal protein restriction imposed before pregnancy produces effects similar to postconceptional malnutrition, namely, low birth weight, catch-up growth and enhanced insulin sensitivity at young adulthood. This could imply an increased risk of offspring developing lifestyle-acquired diseases during adulthood.
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Adeyemo, Adedayo Akinade, Olusola Joshua Odutayo, Adeola Justina Adeyemo, Olajide Ayorinde Adeyemi, Olajide Mark Sogunle, and Adeyemi Mustapha Bamgbose. "Impact of maternal feed rationing during pregnancy on meat quality attributes of rabbit offspring." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2022-0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Young rabbits does fed ad libitum diets often show parturition problems such as dystocia and abnormal presentation, resulting in reduced numbers of kits. This can be linked to excessive fatness of the does. Several studies have documented the effect of feed restriction on rabbits, but only limited information exist on the carryover effect of maternal feed restriction exerts on meat quality attributes of the offspring produced from such restriction. This study evaluated the influence of maternal feed restriction and vitamin E inclusion during pregnancy on meat quality of rabbit kits. Seventy-five rabbits, consisting of sixty 20-week-old does and 15 mature bucks, were used in the experiment. Treatments consisted of two levels of feed restriction (0 and 15 %) applied at three different periods during pregnancy (15 – 19, 20 – 24, or 25 – 29 days) with or without vitamin E dietary inclusions (0 and 300 mg/kg). The pregnant does were divided into twelve treatment groups, each containing five replicates of one rabbit each. The experiment was in a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial layout in a completely randomised design. After kindling (between days 28 – 31 of pregnancy) the resulting kits (a total of 180 kits) were arranged on treatment basis of their mothers and managed for a period of 56 days; that is 15 kits per treatment, each replicated 5 times (each replicate contained 3 kits). After 56 days of experiment, the data were collected on meat pH, total cholesterol, crude fat, crude protein, thermal shortening and refrigeration loss. Feed restriction during pregnancy with or without dietary vitamin E (no addition and 300 mg/kg) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) influence on meat quality attributes of growing rabbits as total cholesterol (555.00 ± 6.06) decreased in the meat of rabbits whose mothers were feed-restricted during pregnancy. On the other hand, maternal feed rationing with or without vitamin E did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the crude protein and thermal shortening of their slaughtered offspring. In conclusion, maternal feed rationing during pregnancy can be adopted as a feeding strategy in manipulating meat quality indicators of growing rabbits as total cholesterol concentrations decreased which is a good indicator that the meat is safer and better for consumers in order to prevent health-related challenges.
Дисертації з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Lehman, Regina N. Moran Edwin T. "The effect of gelatin and dietary crude protein level on broilers vaccinated for coccidiosis." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Poultry_Science/Thesis/Lehman_Regina_58.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Viana, Gabriel da Silva. "Responses to reduction on dietary crude protein and suppementation of non-essential nitrogen; dietary essential to no-essential nitrogen optimum ratio for white commercial." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/12401.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Foram conduzidos dois ensaios experimentais com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da redução da proteína bruta em dietas, suplementadas ou não com nitrogênio não essencial (experimento I), e de diferentes relações dietéticas de nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio não essencial (experimento II) para poedeiras leves. Em ambos ensaios, o período experimental teve duração de 112 dias, sendo subdividido em 4 períodos de coleta de dados de 28 dias cada. No experimento I, 240 galinhas poedeiras Hy-Line W-36 aletoriamente distribuídas a 40 unidades experimentais, divididas em cinco grupos de tratamentos com 48 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de 3 rações com os níveis de proteína bruta de 170.0, 150.0 e 130.0g de proteína/kg de dieta com as relações nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio não essencial de 37/63, 42/58 e 47/53, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, as duas rações contendo os níveis de proteína bruta de 150.0 e 130.0g de proteína/kg de dieta, foram suplementadas com 37.60 e 60.80g de ácido glutâmico/kg de dieta, respectivamente, com objetivo de igualar a relação nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio não essencial da dieta de maior nível proteico (37/63). A redução dietética da proteína bruta de 170.0g/kg para 150.0g/kg resultou na redução do peso e massa de ovos, enquanto a redução para 130.0g/kg além de acarretar piora das variáveis antes descritas, também piorou a conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, reduziu o consumo de ração e o peso de albumen. Não observou-se diferenças no desempenho e qualidade de ovos de aves alimentadas com dietas em que o conteúdo de proteína foi reduzido. A suplementação de ácido glutâmico em dietas contendo 150.0g de proteína/kg promoveu mesmo desempenho das aves alimentadas com 170.g de proteína/kg, enquanto em dietas contendo 130.0g de proteína/kg a inclusão de ácido glutâmico resultou nas piores médias de desempenho e qualidade de ovos em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Os resultados demonstram que o déficit de nitrogênio não essencial resulta em piora no desempenho de galinhas poedeiras e revela potencial de utilização de ácido glutâmico como fonte de nitrogênio não essencial, desde que utilizado em baixas concentrações. No experimento II, 360 galinhas Hy-Line W-36 foram distribuídas em seis tratamentos, com dez repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram obtidos a partir da suplementação gradativa da mistura de L-alanina, L-glicina e ácido glutâmico (proporção 60%/20%/20%) em uma dieta basal com reduzida proteína bruta e relação nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio não essencial de 55/45 com objetivo de produzir as relações entre nitrogênios de 55/45, 52/48, 48/52, 44/56 e 41/59. Uma sexta dieta com maior teor de proteína bruta, denominada grupo controle, foi formulada com relação nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio total de 41/59. As relações de 55/45 e 52/48 resultaram em menor peso de ovo e pior conversão alimentar por massa de ovos em comparação ao grupo controle. Observou-se redução nos valores de massa de ovos somente no grupo de aves alimentado com a relação de 55/45. Baseado nos resultados, recomenda-se que a relação dietética de nitrogênio essencial:nitrogênio não essencial para poedeiras leves não ultrapasse o valor de 48/52
Two trials were performed in order to evaluate laying hen responses to reduction on dietary crude protein supply and non-essential nitrogen supplementation (Experiment I) and to determine the essential to non-essential nitrogen ratio, which warrants optimum performance, and egg quality of laying hens (Experiment II). Both trials lasted 112 days, being divided in four 28-day intervals. In experiment I, a total of 240 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, eight replicates with six hens each. The treatments consisted diets containing 170g (control diet), 150 and 130g crude protein/kg, which corresponded to the essential nitrogen to non-essential nitrogen ratios of 37/63, 42/58 and 47/53, respectively. The other two treatments consisted of the same diets containing 150 and 130g crude protein/kg, but supplemented with 37.60 and 79.15g glutamic acid/kg respectively in replacement to cornstarch to equal the essential nitrogen to non-essential nitrogen ratio in control diet (37/63). Reduction on dietary crude protein by 20g/kg elicited a decrease in egg weight and egg mass, whereas the reduction on dietary crude protein by 40g/kg decreased feed intake, egg weight, egg mass and albumen weight, beyond worsening feed conversion ratio per kilogram of eggs. Layers fed diets with 150 and 130g crude protein/kg had similar performance and egg quality. Glutamic acid-added diets with 150g crude protein/kg maintained similar layer performance and egg quality to that observed in layers fed control diet. However, when added to diets with 130g crude protein/kg, glutamic acid impaired layer performance and egg quality, leading to the lowest means for variables assessed herein when compared with all treatments. Based on results, the lack of non-essential nitrogen compromises layer productivity and glutamic acid may be considered as a potential source of non-essential nitrogen when added in low concentration to low-protein diets. In experiment II, 360 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, eight replicates with six hens each. Experimental diets were obtained through the graded supplementation of a mixture of L- alanine, L-glycine and glutamic acid, at the proportion of 60%,20% and 20% respectively, in a low protein diet with the essential nitrogen to non-essential nitrogen ratio of 55/45. Four more diets with the ratios of 52/48, 48/52, 44/46 and 41/59 were produced from the aforementioned low-protein diet. Additionally, a diet with a higher crude protein content was formulated to contain the essential nitrogen to non-essential nitrogen ratio of 41/59. Layers given dietary essential to non-essential nitrogen ratios of 55/45 and 52/48 had lower egg weight and worsen feed conversion ratio per kilogram of eggs compared with layers fed control diet. Egg mass was impaired only when essential to non-essential nitrogen ratios reached the 55/45. Egg quality was unaffected by dietary treatments. Based on results, the dietary essential to non-essential nitrogen ratio for laying hens must not reach 48/52
O título contido no resumo em inglês não confere com a ficha catalográfica
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Tebbe, Alexander W. "Effects of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids and Their Labile Stores in Dairy Cows." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594142379004042.
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Van, Niekerk Natasha. "The interaction between dietary crude protein and amino acid levels in weaner pigs in an antibiotic-free environment with or without Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interaction between dietary crude protein and amino acid levels in weaner pigs in an antibiotic-free environment with or without Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation
Natasha van Niekerk
High crude protein (CP) diets cause a myriad of digestive problems in weaner pigs due to incomplete digestion. This is caused by an immature digestive system at weaning. These problems present themselves as increased diarrhoea and reduced growth performance in weaner pigs. Many of the negative consequences could in the past be rectified through the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). However, AGPs are becoming more closely scrutinised by the general public and government officials and it is therefore imperative that alternative feed additives and dietary strategies are explored so that weaner pig performance is not impaired in the face of AGP bans.
The effect of a 3% dietary CP reduction and 10% elevation of lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine and/or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was investigated in weaner pigs of 28 days old. The experiment was performed on 162 pigs with six dietary treatments; comprising of two CP levels (21% or 18% in the pre-starter diets and 18% or 15% in the starter diets), two amino acid levels (recommended amino acid level or elevated by 10%) and with or without the supplementation of a probiotic additive (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens). The total trial period was 42 days, divided into a pre-starter phase and starter phase, both of 21 days each. Growth performance and faecal score was measured for the entire trial period. In addition, after 21 days of the trial, 54 pigs were humanely euthanised to determine the gut health effects of the dietary treatments.
Crude protein level resulted in significant effects on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G: F) in both the pre-starter and starter phase. The pigs consuming the HP diets had increased (p <0.05) BW at day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and higher ADG (p <0.01) between days 7-14 and 7-21. In addition, high CP diets resulted in increased (p <0.05) G: F in the periods 7-14, 7-21, 21-42 and 7-42. This was due to the negative impact incurred as a result of deficiencies in certain essential AA and the standard ileal digestible (SID) Lys to CP ratio (SID Lys: CP) of 6.9% being exceeded when CP was reduced, and supplemental AA increased. The reduction in CP resulted in improved faecal scores. The supplementation of the probiotic did not result in any significant effects on performance but did exert a positive synergistic effect with the low CP diet on gut health, as observed through improved faecal score.
Ileal villi height was significantly increased in high CP diets, possibly indicative of increased nutrient availability in the high CP diets. Crypt depth was also increased in the high CP diets, indicative of increased cell proliferation. There were no significant dietary effects on the pH and ammonia content of caecal digesta, or the presence and enumeration of Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in ileal and caecal digesta. Interestingly, the supplementation of the probiotic increased the relative liver weights of the pre-starter pigs.
Results of the study suggest that in order for the strategy of reducing CP in weaner pig diets to be successful, no deficiencies in essential or non-essential amino acids should be present. In addition, low CP diets in conjunction with a probiotic can improve faecal scores of weaner pigs, providing an effective solution to replacing AGPs.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric) Animal Nutrition
Unrestricted
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Silva, Leandro Diego da. "Evaluation of silage crop and dietary crude protein levels for beef cattle and selection of Lactobacillus buchneri from corn silage for use as inoculant." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9208.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Capítulo 1 - Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar os efeitos de tipo silagem e níveis de proteína bruta (PB) na dieta de bovinos Nelore. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas por silagem de Stylosanthes (SSt) ou silagem de milho (SM) com dois níveis de PB, 110 e 130 g PB/kg de dieta na matéria seca (MS). A relação volumoso: concentrado foi de 50:50 com base na MS. No Experimento 1, foram utilizados quatro bovinos com média de peso corporal inicial de 450 ± 37,9 kg, canulados no rúmen e abomaso. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 × 4, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com quatro períodos de 16 dias. Neste experimento, foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal, digesta abomasal, fezes, urina e sangue. Além disso, foram estimados os parâmetros cinéticos de degradação da MS, PB e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). No Experimento 2, 40 bovinos com média de peso corporal inicial de 374 ± 16,5 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com dez repetições. O experimento teve duração de 99 dias, dividido em um período inicial de 15 dias de adaptação e um período de 84 dias de coleta de dados. No Experimento 2, foram avaliados o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais. As frações potencialmente degradáveis da MS, PB e FDN da SSt foram inferiores em relação a SM (P<0,004). As dietas contendo SSt apresentaram menor digestibilidade ruminal da matéria orgânica (MO) e menor digestibilidade total da MO, PB e FDN em comparação com as dietas contendo SM (P<0,050). As dietas contendo SSt apresentaram valores mais elevados de pH ruminal em comparação com dietas contendo SM (P=0,010). A concentração ruminal de N-NH 3 foi mais elevada para o nível de 130 g PB/kg de dieta, em comparação com 110 g PB/ kg de dieta (P<0,001). Os níveis de PB das dietas afetaram o nitrogênio ureico no sangue (P<0,001) e na urina (P=0,017), e em ambas as dietas contendo SSt e SM foram superiores para o nível de 130 g de PB/kg de dieta. As dietas contendo SSt apresentaram maior consumo de MS, MO, PB, FDN e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) em comparação dietas contendo SM (P<0,008). No entanto, a quantidade de nutrientes digeridos (kg/dia) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos (P>0,050). O tipo de silagem e nível de PB na dieta não apresentaram efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo (P>0,050), porém as dietas contendo SSt tenderam a diminuir a eficiência alimentar (P=0,085). Contudo, a SSt e o nível de 110 g PB/kg de dieta podem ser utilizados para alimentação na terminação de bovinos confinados. Capítulo 2 - Foram isoladas cento e cinquenta e uma cepas de bactérias do acido lático (BAL) da silagem de planta inteira de milho. As identificações foram baseadas na análise da sequência de rDNA 16S. As espécies predominantes foram Lactobacillus plantarum 53,0%, Pediococcus pentosaceus 11,9%, Lactobacillus buchneri 9,9%, Lactobacillus pentosus 5,3%, Weissella cibaria 4,6%, e Lactobacillus brevis 4,0%. As estirpes de Lactobacillus buchneri foram predominantes no dia 56 de ensilagem. Oito estirpes de L. buchneri foram pré-selecionadas de um total de 15 estirpes com base na taxa de crescimento e na produção de metabólitos. As estirpes selecionadas foram avaliadas na fermentação e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho e cana-de-açúcar. Não houve melhoria no teor de MS, população de mofo e leveduras, perdas de MS e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de milho (P>0,050) inoculadas com as estirpes 56.22, 56.27, 56.28, e 56.29. Enquanto as estirpes 56.1, 56.4 e a comercial 40788, quando inoculadas em silagem de cana-de-açúcar, apresentaram os maiores teores de MS e menores de perda de MS em comparação com a silagem contole (P<0,050). A estirpe comercial apresentou a menor população de mofos e leveduras após 90 dias de ensilagem (P = 0,024). No entanto, a estabilidade aeróbia não foi afetada. Após a exposição ao ar, todas as silagens deterioram e apresentaram elevada população de mofos e leveduras. A pré- seleção de estirpes de L. buchneri com base na produção de ácido acético apresentou os melhores resultados no processo de ensilagem. Assim, as estirpes 56.1 e 56.4 são promissoras para utilização como inoculante para silagem de cana-de-açúcar.
Chapter 1 - Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of silage crop and levels of dietary crude protein (CP) in Nellore beef cattle. The experimental diets consisted of Stylosanthes (StS) or corn silage (CS) with two levels of dietary CP, 110 and 130 g CP/kg diet on dry matter (DM) basis. The forage to concentrate ratio was 50:50 on a DM basis. In Experiment 1, four bulls were used, with an average initial body weight (BW) of 450 ± 37.9 kg, surgically cannulated in the rumen and abomasum. The bulls were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial design of treatments, and four 16-day periods. In this experiment, we collected ruminal fluid, abomasal digesta, feces, urine, and blood. In addition, the kinetic parameters of DM, CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation were estimated. In Experiment 2, 40 bulls with an average initial BW of 374 ± 16.5 kg were distributed into a 2 × 2 factorial in a randomized design with ten replicates. The trial lasted 99 days and was divided into a 15-day period for adaptation and an 84-day period for data collection. The intake and digestibility of nutrients, as well as animal performance were evaluated in Experiment 2. The potentially degradable fractions of DM, CP, and NDF of StS were lower than CS (P<0.004). The diets containing StS showed lower ruminal digestibility of organic matter (OM) and lower total digestibility of OM, CP, and NDF than diets containing CS (P<0.050). The StS-based diets showed higher values for ruminal pH in comparison with CS-based diets (P=0.010). The ruminal NH 3 -N concentration was higher for the level of 130 g CP/kg diet in comparison with 110 g CP/kg diet (P<0.001). The dietary CP level affected urea nitrogen in blood (P<0.001) and urine (P=0.017), which in the diets containing StS and CS were higher at the level of 130 g CP/kg diet. The diets containing StS showed higher intake of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) than diets containing CS (P<0.008). However, the amount of digested nutrients (kg/d) was similar between treatments (P>0.050). The silage crop and dietary CP levels had no effect on productive performance (P>0.050), but the StS-based diet tended to decrease feed efficiency (P=0.085). Thus, StS, as well as the level of 110 g CP/kg diet, can be used to feed finishing beef cattle. Chapter 2 - One hundred and fifty-one LAB strains were isolated from whole-plant corn silage in tropical weather. Their identifications were based on sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. The predominant species were Lactobacillus plantarum 53.0%, Pediococcus pentosaceus 11.9%, Lactobacillus buchneri 9.9%, Lactobacillus pentosus 5.3%, Weissella cibaria 4.6%, and Lactobacillus brevis 4.0%. Lactobacillus buchneri strains were predominant at day 56 of ensiling. Eight L. buchneri strains from a total of 15 were preselected, based on growth rate and metabolites production. The strains selected were evaluated on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and sugarcane silages, four strains in each crop. There was no improvement of the inoculation with the strains 56.22, 56.27, 56.28, and 56.29 on the DM content, yeast and molds population, DM losses, and aerobic stability of corn silage (P > 0.050). Inoculated silages had lower concentration of acetic acid and higher ethanol in comparison with the control silage (P < 0.050). While the strains 56.1, 56.4, and 40788 showed highest DM content, and lowest DM losses when applied in sugarcane silage. At day 90 of ensiling, the commercial strain showed lowest population of yeasts and molds in sugarcane silage. However, the aerobic stability was not affected. After air exposure, all silages deteriorate and had high population of yeast and molds. Preselection of L. buchneri strains based on acetic acid production showed the best results on silage fermentation. Thus, the strains 56.1 and 56.4 are promising for use as an inoculant in sugarcane silages.
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Menezes, Ana Clara Baião. "Use of 15 N to estimate microbial contamination and protein degradation of concentrate feeds and the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein on methane emission and nitrogen losses in Nellore bulls." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7955.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido baseado em 2 experimentos conduzidos no confinamento experimental do laboratório animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, e os resultados são mostrados em dois capítulos. O objetivo do primeiro experimento foi utilizar o 15 N para estimar a contaminação microbiana (CM) das seguintes frações da proteína bruta (PB): fração solúvel (a), insolúvel potencialmente degradável (b) e a taxa de digestão da fração b (kd). Assim como determinar os tempos de incubação necessários para estimar a proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) de concentrados energéticos e proteicos, considerando duas taxas de passagem (0,05 h -1 e 0,08 h -1 ). Doze alimentos foram avaliados, sendo seis concentrados energéticos (farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, fubá de milho, sorgo moído, milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo e casca de soja) e seis concentrados proteicos (farelo de algodão 38% PB, farelo de soja, feijão moído, farelo de amendoim, farelo de girassol e farelo de glúten de milho). Os alimentos foram divididos e quatro grupos e incubados no rúmen de quatro touros fistulados. Os alimentos foram incubados por 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Para determinar a CM dos resíduos incubados, as bactérias ruminais foram marcadas com 15 N através de infusões ruminais contínuas de 15 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Digesta ruminal foi coletada para isolamento de bactéria antes da primeira infusão de 15 N, durante o período de adaptação, e após a infusão de 15 N nos períodos de coleta. Não foi observada diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros a, b e kd corrigidos e sem correção para todos os alimentos avaliados. Todos os alimentos seguiram um modelo exponencial de degradação, exceto o glúten de milho. Provavelmente porque o tempo máximo de incubação utilizado (72 horas) não foi longo o suficiente para permitir uma estimativa acurada do perfil de degradação. A análise cluster (R2 = 0.944) permitiu agrupar os alimentos em três diferentes grupos de acordo com o tempo necessário parra estimar a PDR. O primeiro grupo foi formado por concentrados energéticos com alto teor de amido (15.4 ± 0.46 h), o segundo por concentrados energéticos com baixo teor de amido (6.8 ± 0.60 h) e o terceiro por concentrados proteicos (9.9 ± 0.41), considerando taxa de passagem de 0,05 h -1 . Como conclusão, a contaminação microbiana foi baixa e não significativa, assim a correção da degradação proteica torna-se irrelevante para os concentrados utilizados neste estudo. No entanto a composição química dos alimentos resultou em diferentes tempos de incubação para estimar o conteúdo de PDR, e isto precisa ser levado em consideração nas técnicas utilizadas para estimar a digestibilidade ruminal e intestinal da PB. O objetivo do segundo experimento foi avaliar se a redução nos níveis de proteína bruta (PB) da dieta afeta o desempenho animal, exigências de energia e proteína, perdas nitrogenadas e emissão de metano entérico em machos Nelore não castrados na fase de terminação. Vinte e seis animais com idade média de 20 ± 1 mês e peso corporal inicial de 296 ± 8,1 kg foram utilizados neste experimento. Quatro animais foram designados ao grupo referência, sendo abatidos ao início do experimento. Quatro animais foram alimentados a nível de mantença, enquanto dezoito animais foram divididos em três grupos (n = 6 em cada grupo), e foram aleatoriamente designados a tratamentos consistindo de três níveis de PB na dieta: 10, 12 e 14% de PB. Ao final do experimento todos os animais foram abatidos para determinação de sua composição química corporal, exigências de energia e proteína e características de carcaça. Foi observado efeito linear do nível de PB da dieta sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da PB, onde os maiores valores foram obtidos para animais alimentados com 14%PB. O metabolismo do nitrogênio foi afetado pelos níveis de PB, onde animais alimentados com 12 e 14 % PB tiveram maior excreção urinaria de N que aqueles alimentados com 10% PB. Não houve efeito do nível de PB dietético sobre retenção de N, desempenho animal e características de carcaça, e também não foi observado efeito do nível de PB da dieta sobre a eficiência microbiana e emissão de CH 4 . Este estudo mostrou que para bovinos em terminação o nível de PB da dieta não influencia a deposição muscular e a emissão de gases do efeito estufa. A redução do nível de PB das dietas não afetou o consumo de MS, desempenho e características de carcaça, sugerindo que o uso de 10% PB em dietas de terminação reduz o impacto ambiental devido a menor excreção urinária de N que dietas de 12 e 14% PB. Animais alimentados com 10, 12 e 14% de PB nas dietas tiveram emissões de 3.893, 3.755 e 4.255 g/d de equivalente CO 2 respectivamente e não foram observadas diferenças entre as dietas. Além disso a emissão de metano não foi afetada por níveis de PB da dieta variando entre 10 e 14%, sendo em média igual a 16,3 g/kg do consumo de MS. Este estudo mostrou que a redução do nível de PB da dieta não influenciou o desempenho animal e reduziu as perdas nitrogenadas nas fezes e urina sem afetar a emissão de metano. Porém é importante destacar que mais estudos são necessários para confirmar esses resultados.
This study was developed based on two experiments conducted on the feedlot and Animal Laboratory of Animal Science Department of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, and the results are shown in two chapters. The aim of the first study was to use 15 N to estimate the microbial contamination (MC) of crude protein (CP) fractions that were soluble (a) as well as insoluble but potentially degradable (b), and the digestion rate of fraction b (kd), as well as to determine the incubation time necessary to estimate the rumen degradable protein (RDP) of energy and protein feeds when considering two outflow rates (0.05 h -1 and 0.08 h -1 ). Twelve types of feeds were evaluated, with six energy concentrates: wheat bran, rice meal, ground corn, ground sorghum, ground corn cob, and soybean hulls; and six protein concentrates: cottonseed meal 38% CP, soybean meal, ground bean, peanut meal, sunflower meal, and corn gluten meal. The feeds were divided into 4 groups and were incubated in the rumens of 4 crossbred bulls. The feed samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h. To determine the MC of the incubated residues, ruminal bacteria were labeled with 15 N via continuous intraruminal infusion of 15 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Ruminal digesta were collected for the isolation of bacteria before the first infusion of 15 N during the acclimation period, and after the infusion of 15 N during the collection period. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the parameters a, b, and kd, corrected and uncorrected, for all feeds that were evaluated. All of the feed tests followed an exponential model of degradation and the model fitted well to the data, except for corn gluten meal, probably because the maximum incubation time that was used (72 h) was not long enough to allow for an accurate estimation of the degradation profile. The cluster analysis (R2 = 0.944) allowed for the grouping of feeds into three different groups according to the necessary incubation time to estimate RDP. The first was formed by the high-starch energy concentrates (15.4 ± 0.46 h), the second by the low-starch energy concentrates (6.8 ± 0.60 h), and the third by the protein concentrates (9.9 ± 0.41) while considering a kp of 0.05h -1 . In conclusion, the microbial contamination was low and non-significant; therefore, correction of ruminal protein degradation is irrelevant with regards to the concentrate that was studied. However, the chemical composition of this feeds resulted in different incubation times to estimate RDP content, and this has to be taken into account in the techniques that are used to determine CP digestibility in the rumen and intestines. The aim of the second experiment was to evaluate whether a reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) content affects animal performance, energy and protein requirements, N losses, and enteric methane emission in finishing Nellore bulls. Twenty-six animals, with an average age of 20 ± 1.0 months and initial body weight (BW) of 296 ± 8.1 kg were used in this experiment. Four animals were used as baseline reference animals and were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. Four animals were fed at maintenance level (MAIN), whereas 18 bulls were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 in each group) and were randomly assigned to the treatments consisting of three levels of CP in the diets: 10, 12, and 14% of CP. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered to evaluate their chemical body composition, energy and protein requirements, and carcass characteristics. A linear effect was observed for dietary CP level on CP intake and digestibility, while greater values were obtained for animals that were fed 14% CP. Nitrogen metabolism was affected by CP levels, where animals that were fed 12 and 14% CP had greater urinary N losses than those that were fed 10% CP. There was no effect of CP level on retained N, animal performance, and carcass characteristics among diets, and there was no effect of CP level on microbial efficiency and CH 4 emissions. Thus, this study showed that for finishing bulls, the level of dietary CP did not interfere with muscle deposition and greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction of CP content in diets does not affect DM intake, animal performance, and carcass characteristics, thereby suggesting that the use of 10% of CP in diets for finishing bulls reduces their environmental impact due to a lower urinary N excretion than 12 and 14% CP-based diets. Animals that were fed 10, 12, and 14% CP diets had emissions equivalent to 3,893; 3,755; and 4,255 g d -1 of CO 2 , respectively, and no difference was observed among diets. Furthermore, methane emission is not affected by CP levels ranging between 10 to 14% which, on average, is 16.3 g kg -1 of DM intake. Our study found that a decreased CP level did not influence animal performance, but it did decrease N losses in manure without affecting methane emissions. However, it is important to highlight that more studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Rossi, Johnny E. "Effects of dietary crude protein and energy concentration on performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass chemical composition in Feedlot Cattle fed to achieve step-wise increases in rate of gain /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202678773968.
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Williams, Scott Matthew. "Utilization of distiller’s dried grains with solubles in swine diets." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4627.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Joe D. Hancock
Six experiments were completed to determine factors influencing the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 105 nursery pigs were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets with CP concentrations of 22.5, 25, and 27.5%. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by increasing CP (P > 0.19). In Exp. 2, 105 nursery pigs were fed excess CP from SBM and DDGS. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F for pigs fed the control diet were not different from those fed the high CP treatments (P > 0.12). However, pigs fed the DDGS treatment had lower G:F than pigs fed the corn-soy diet with similar CP content (P < 0.04). For Exp. 3, 176 finishing pigs were fed diets with CP concentrations increasing from 12 to 18%. Increasing CP had no effect (P > 0.20) on ADG, ADFI, G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW). For Exp. 4, 180 finishing pigs were fed excess dietary CP from SBM and DDGS. Pigs fed diets with high CP had lower ADG, ADFI, and HCW, but these results were caused by the diet with 40% DDGS (SBM vs DDGS, P < 0.001). For Exp. 5, 224 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of extrusion processing on the nutritional value of DDGS. Overall ADG and ADFI were greater for pigs fed the corn-soy control compared to the DDGS treatments (P < 0.02). Extruding the DDGS did not improve ADG or G:F (P > 0.11), but DM and GE digestibility were greater for diets with extruded DDGS vs. unprocessed DDGS (P < 0.04). In Exp. 6, 200 finishing pigs were fed DDGS-based diets formulated for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids. Feeding DDGS lowered ADG (P < 0.09) and ADFI (P < 0.05). Formulating for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids needs improved ADG and G:F (P < 0.002) to that of the corn-soy control diet. In conclusion, moderate excesses of dietary CP does not impact growth performance. Also, extruding DDGS can improve the nutritional value of diets for nursery pig and formulating for ME, NE and digestible amino acid needs can improve growth performance of finishing pigs fed diets with high levels of DDGS.
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Copping, Katrina Joan. "Fetal programming in cattle: the effects of varying maternal protein intake in adolescent beef heifers on fetal and postnatal growth and development of the calf." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/114261.
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Numerous studies, including those in agriculturally important species, have shown that maternal nutritional status during gestation influences the fetal development, postnatal growth pathways and metabolism and reproductive development of the offspring. Wide variation in pasture quality and quantity available for the cow herd throughout the breeding season and during gestation is common in extensive grass-fed beef production systems. In the northern Australian rangelands, protein, rather than energy, is the major limiting nutrient for cattle in dry-season pastures with protein supplementation of breeding heifers an animal husbandry requirement.
Few studies in cattle have specifically evaluated the effects of maternal protein restriction and/or supplementation on the fetal and postnatal development of the offspring. This thesis investigates the effect of low and high protein intake in nulliparous beef heifers during the peri-conception and first trimester of gestation upon feto-placental growth and the subsequent postnatal growth and reproductive development of the male offspring. Furthermore, the impact of maternal nutrition on appetite, feedlot performance and carcass traits was evaluated in the male offspring.
The outcomes of the first three chapters of this thesis highlight the importance of the peri-conception period and first trimester upon fetal and placental development. We have demonstrated that protein restriction (125 % versus 70 % of requirement) during the peri-conception period and first trimester decreased early fetal growth in the bovine in a sex-specific manner in association with maternal endocrine perturbations, and may contribute to early embryonic loss. Furthermore, we show that protein restriction during the peri-conception period and first trimester alters placenta parameters and produces asynchronous organ development in the bovine by 98 days post-conception. After feeding to meet nutritional requirements (but not realimentation) during the second and third trimester, the observed differences in fetal and gross placenta parameters measured at 98 days post-conception were not present at birth. Intriguingly, the sex-related differences apparent at 98 days post-conception and normally observed in birth weight in the neonate were disrupted. This suggests sex- specific catch-up growth to term dependent upon early gestational dietary treatment. We propose that placental adaptations and an accelerated growth response in the restricted female fetus reduced the observed differences in fetal weight apparent at 98 days post-conception after the nutritional treatment ceased, thereby disrupting the normal disparity in birth weight between heifer and bull calves. However, as indicated by the differing fetal organ measures at the end of the first trimester, similarity in birth weight does not preclude that developmental programming of the structure and/or function of the fetal organs and tissues has already occurred following nutritional stress in early gestation. On the contrary, prior studies have shown that birth weight is not a satisfactory indicator of intrauterine growth restriction and that suboptimal maternal nutrition may have lasting effects on the post-natal growth and development and health of the offspring.
The second component of this study, which forms the final two chapters of the thesis, examined the post-natal growth and reproductive development of the non-castrated male offspring through to slaughter at 598 days of age. We demonstrated in the developing bull, that low dietary protein during the peri-conception period lowered sperm quality parameters during pubertal development with a concomitant delay in age of puberty. These effects were subsequent to lower FSH concentrations in this low peri-conception group. The circulating hormone data suggest that the peri-conception diet may have altered the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis and the corresponding receptivity to circulating hormones. These male offspring underwent a 70-day residual feed intake feedlot test commencing at 528 days of age. Offspring from heifers that had a change in diet at the end of the peri-conception period from high protein to low protein, and visa versa, had 9% daily higher feed intake on test than offspring of mothers that remained on a constant low protein diet throughout the peri- and post-conception period. Offspring liveweight, feed efficiency and carcass weight were not different among bulls, however dressing percentage, estimated retail beef yield and eye muscle (longissimus dorsi) area were all lower in offspring of heifers fed a low protein diet during the first trimester.
Significantly, these findings on the sex-specific effects of peri-conceptional dietary perturbations in cattle represent the first such data in a mammalian species with ovary structure, embryonic development and gestational length similar to the human. In combination, this work represents the first study to highlight the importance of maternal dietary protein intake during the peri-conception period and first trimester upon fetal and postnatal development in beef cattle. In a pasture-based production system where variation in feed quality through breeding and gestation occurs, quantification of these effects upon long term productivity of the progeny and elucidation of the causal mechanisms remains an important area of study.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, 2018
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Stering, Kimberly Gruwell. "Dietary crude protein and lysine in broiler chicken nutrition." 2002. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/sterling%5Fkimberly%5Fg%5F200212%5Fphd.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Blauwiekel, Ruth. The effect of excess dietary crude protein on reproduction and energy metabolism in dairy cattle. 1985.
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H. Tajudeen, A. Hosseindoust, S.H. Ha, J. Moturi, J.Y. Mun, C.B. Lee, J.W. Park, A. Lokhande, S.L. Ingale, and J.S. Kim*. Effects of dietary level of crude protein and supplementation of protease on performance and gut morphology of broiler chickens. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2022.355.
Повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Bernardini, D., S. Segato, G. Marchesini, A. L. Stefani, G. Gerardi, and I. Andrighetto. "Changes in the Metabolic Profile and Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Two Dietary Crude Protein Concentrations." In Trends in Veterinary Sciences, 125–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4_23.
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Vertiprakhov, Vladimir, Alena Grozina, Irina Kislova, Natalia Ovchinnikova, and Maria Koshcheeva. "Age Dynamics of the Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Broilers as Affected by the Level of Dietary Crude Protein." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 992–1000. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91405-9_112.
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Gillespie, Bronwen. "Nutritional Status and the Risk of Preterm Birth." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 41–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_6.
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AbstractA woman’s body mass index and nutritional status should be assessed in the antenatal period. The evidence indicates that maternal anemia is a risk factor for preterm birth. Ensuring adequate levels of iron and folic acid is essential for general pregnancy health and outcomes. To reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, daily calcium supplementation for populations with low dietary calcium intake may be advised, although negative interactions between iron and calcium supplements may occur so these two nutrients should be administered several hours apart. In undernourished populations, balanced energy and protein supplementation should also be recommended for pregnant women (though not specifically linked to a reduction in preterm birth). For populations at risk of vitamin D deficiency, possible benefits for general pregnancy outcomes may be gained from vitamin D supplementation. Where dietary zinc is low, it has been suggested that zinc supplementation may reduce the risk of preterm birth. However, further research is required to clarify the benefits of supplementation. For example, vitamin D in combination with calcium may increase the risk of preterm birth. In the antenatal period, the most important focus should be on promoting a good quality diet in general, rather than a specific supplementation regime.
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Rashid, Nowsheeba, Ifra Ashraf, and Shazia Ramzan. "Impacts of Food Industrial Wastes on Soil and Its Utilization as Novel Approach for Value Addition." In Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security, 652–69. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch034.
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Among the various agro-industries, food processing industries are the second prime generator of wastes after domestic sewage. In the current epoch of the rapid budding world, the wastes are mounting, which robustly sway the health of ecosystems and eventually the human population. For that reason, each agro-industrial sector has critical stipulation toward the secure utilization of agro-materials all the way through recycling of wastes. A crude disposal and littering of these waste materials frequently signifies a problem that is additionally provoked by different legal restrictions. Inadequate management of these solid waste constituents could lead to drastic change in physico-chemical properties of soils. The waste product, which is discarded into the environment, is loaded with valuable compounds. They are new, innate, and monetary sources of colorants, protein, dietary fiber, flavoring, antimicrobials, and antioxidants, which can be utilized in the food industry as a basis of natural food additives.
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Rashid, Nowsheeba, Ifra Ashraf, and Shazia Ramzan. "Impacts of Food Industrial Wastes on Soil and Its Utilization as Novel Approach for Value Addition." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 226–43. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0031-6.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the various agro-industries, food processing industries are the second prime generator of wastes after domestic sewage. In the current epoch of the rapid budding world, the wastes are mounting, which robustly sway the health of ecosystems and eventually the human population. For that reason, each agro-industrial sector has critical stipulation toward the secure utilization of agro-materials all the way through recycling of wastes. A crude disposal and littering of these waste materials frequently signifies a problem that is additionally provoked by different legal restrictions. Inadequate management of these solid waste constituents could lead to drastic change in physico-chemical properties of soils. The waste product, which is discarded into the environment, is loaded with valuable compounds. They are new, innate, and monetary sources of colorants, protein, dietary fiber, flavoring, antimicrobials, and antioxidants, which can be utilized in the food industry as a basis of natural food additives.
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Chukwudi Aguihe, Paschal, Ibinabo Imuetinyan Ilaboya, and Deji Abiodun Joshua. "Impact of Glycine Supplementation to Dietary Crude Protein Reduction in Broiler Chickens." In Dietary Supplements - Challenges and Future Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106786.
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A 21-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary reduction of crude protein (CP) concentrations with graded levels of supplemental glycine (Gly) on growth performance of broiler chickens. Day-old chicks (n = 250) were randomly divided into five treatment groups which were divided into five replicates of ten chicks each in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: T1 comprised of the control group with a standard CP diet (SCPD; 3100 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP) while T2, T3, T4 and T5 comprised of groups fed reduced CP diets (RCPD; 3100 kcal ME/kg and 19% CP) with supplemental Gly at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% graded levels, respectively. Weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) data was collected on a weekly basis. Final body weight and weight gain of birds fed control and 0.8% Gly diets were similar and higher (P < 0.05) than those fed other treatment diets. A similar FCR was recorded among birds fed control, 0.6% and 0.8% Gly diets but lower (P < 0.05) than other treatment groups. Therefore, a minimum level of 0.6% Gly supplementation is necessary to optimized performance of broilers (21-d old) fed RCPD.
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Kumar, Jitendra. "Microbial Hydrolysed Feather Protein as a Source of Amino Acids and Protein in the Diets of Animals Including Poultry." In Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96925.
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Feathers are hard waste products, mainly composed of hard β-keratin, and are produced in large quantities in commercial poultry processing plants. Therefore, their industrial utilization is important economically as well as environmentally. Feathers degradation through keratinolytic microorganisms has been considered as an important method for efficient bioconversion, nutritional enhancement and eco-friendliness. The use of crude keratinase significantly increased the amino acid digestibility of raw feathers and commercial feather meal. This enzyme increased the digestibility of commercial feather meal and could replace as much as 7% of the dietary protein for growing chicks. However, feathers are currently utilized on a limited basis as a dietary protein supplement for animal feed because feather meal production is an expensive process, requiring significant amounts of energy. This review paper explains the nutritive value of feathers which makes suitable and inexpensive animal and poultry feed.
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W. Maynard, Craig, and Michael T. Kidd. "Broiler Amino Acid Research: Then and Now." In Broiler Industry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101896.
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The interconnected nature of the amino acids in broiler nutrition pose an interesting quandary for poultry nutritionists. Two primary antagonisms exist in poultry, that among lysine and arginine and the branched-chain amino acids. Throughout the discovery and investigation into these amino acids, researchers have questioned the existence of these antagonisms as well as their impact on practical formulation. The lysine-arginine antagonism was the first discovered in poultry and was largely solved when protein formulation shifted from crude protein requirements to formulation based on amino acid levels. In contrast, while branched-chain amino acid antagonism was discovered over 50 years ago, increased refinement of dietary amino acid profiles has allowed for this antagonism to become a reemerging concern. These antagonisms and the interplay of amino acids on dietary requirements will continue to challenge researchers for years to come and innovative formulation strategies will need to be developed in order to optimize broiler diets and production.
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"TABLE 2U.S. Grade Requirements for Sorghum' TABLE 3 Typical Composition of Sorghum Grain Broken kernels Number Damaged kernel and foreign Mean Range of samples Heat-material Minimum Proximate analysis test weight Total damaged Total F.M. Protein (N x 6.25), % 11.6 8.1-16.8 1463 Grade (lb/bu) (%) (%) (%) (%) Ether extract, % 3.41.4-6.2 1462 U.S. No. 1 57.0 2.00.24.01.5 Crude fiber, % 2.70.4-7.3 1383 U.S. No. 2 55.0 5.00.57.02.5 Ash, % 2.21.2-7.1 1436 U.S. No. 3b 53.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 3.5 Nitrogen-free U.S. No. 4 51.0 15.0 3.0 13.0 4.5 extract%a 79.5 65.3-81.0 1372 Fiber, % Dietary insoluble 7.26.5-7.92 Dietary soluble 1.11.0-1.22." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 169–76. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-19.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Bandigamapalage, Wasana, Thilini Chandrasir, and Kolitha Wijesekara. "Preparation of a Low Cost Nutrient Bar Incorporated with Underutilized Seeds as a Convenient and Functional Meal Replacement Alternative D." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/amfm1789.
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People with busy lifestyles routinely consume fast food as an easy alternative for main meal. Consequently, they prone to suffer from non-communicable diseases such as diabetics. The purpose of this research was to develop a nutritious bar as a meal replacement under the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) using underutilized seeds such as pumpkin, winged beans, watermelon, corn, mung beans, and rice flakes. The proximate analysis, physicochemical properties, sensory attributes and microbiological parameters were evaluated using the Association of Official Agricultural Chemist standards (AOAC), Human Research Ethics Committee standards (Brazil), and Sri Lanka Standards Institution (SLS 516: 1991) respectively. Developed mung based (321), rice flake based (123) and commercial nutrient bar (801) revealed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in attributes except mouthfeel in the sensory evaluation. A mold and a package was designed with an effective packaging material. The shelf-life was evaluated after adding the permitted preservative (E211-Sodium benzoate) to developed mung based (321), rice flake based (123) bars which had a self-life of one-month. The mung based nutrient bar revealed an average of 1.7±0.1 % moisture, 0.9±0.7% fat, 9.7±0.1% ash, 21.8±2.5% crude fibre, 36.6±0.0 % protein, 29.2±8.3% carbohydrates, and the rice flake bar contained an average of 2.2±0.3% moisture, 2.7±0.2% fat, 7.9±0.2 % ash, 11.4±1.4 % crude fibre, 31.9±0.0 % protein, 43.8±0.0 carbohydrates. The commercial nutrient bar had 1.5±0.1% moisture, 1.5±0.0% fat, 7.8±0.0% ash, 0.5±0.5% crude fibre, 32.5±0.0 % protein, and 56.3±3.9% carbohydrates on average. The energy content (kcal) in rice flakes based, mung based and commercial bars were 327.1, 271.3, and 360 respectively. The finding ascertained that the developed nutrient bars (123, 321) directly fulfill the recommended dietary allowance as a meal replacement concerning European Union Commission Regulations and substantiate that the same nutrient profiles in the commercial nutrition bars could be obtained from the developed samples with a lesser processing cost. KEYWORDS: Commercial nutrient bar, meal replacement, recommended dietary allowance, underutilized seeds
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Syamalakumar Pandrangi, David B. Parker, L. Wayne Greene, Lal K. Almas, Marty B. Rhoades, and N. Andy Cole. "Effect of Dietary Crude Protein on Ammonia Emissions From Open-Lot Beef Cattle Feedyards." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13889.
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Tebbe, A., and W. Weiss. "Effects of oscillating dietary crude protein concentration on production, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_12.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Maternal dietary crude protein"
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Pluk, Patricia, and Marinus van Krimpen. Effect of reducing dietary crude protein in hog finisher barrows and gilts on technical performance. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/458060.
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Geppert, Taylor C., and Patrick J. Gunn. Effect of Excess Dietary Crude Protein from Corn Gluten Meal or Soybean Meal on Reproductive Function of Beef Cows Consuming Low Quality Forage. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1271.
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