Дисертації з теми "Matériaux en terre"
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Meukam, Pierre. "Valorisation des briques de terre stabilisées en vue de l'isolation thermique de batiments." Cergy-Pontoise, 2004. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/04CERG0287.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, an experimental study was carried out in order to determine the properties of local materials used as construction materials. The thermal properties of lateritic soil based materials were deterrnined. The effect of addition of natural pozzolan or sawdust in lateritic soil brick on the thermal properties is examined. It was shown that the effect of incorporation of natural pozzolan or sawdust is the decreasing of the thermal conductivity and density. The moisture content of these materials can modify their thermal performance. Thus a study of the influence of the water content on the thermal conductivity L and the thermal diffusivity a is presented. The effect of the increasing of cement content is to increase the thermal conductivity and to decrease the thermal diffusivity. The composite materials used for building shielding present sufficient mechanical strength and are suitable for constructions. The analysis is developed for the prediction of the temperature, relative humidity and water content behaviour within the walls. A numerical model HMtrans, developed for prediction of heat and rnoisture transfer in multi-Iayered building cornponents, is used to simulate the temperature, moisture content and humidity profiles within the building envelopes. The results allow the prediction of the duration of the exposed building walls to the local weather conditions. There is therefore minimum possibility of water condensation in the materials studied. The durability of buiIding envelopes made of lateritic soil bricks with incorporation of natural pozzolan or sawdust is not strongly affected by the climate conditions in tropical and equatorial regions
Dendani, Hédi. "Comportement de matériaux de barrages en terre : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPG0030.
Повний текст джерелаNégrier, Matthieu. "Nanostructures à forte anisotropie magnétique élaborées par dépôt d'agrégats mixtes métal de transition - terre rare." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10265.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Fgaier Faycal. "Conception, production et qualification des briques en terre cuite et en terre crue." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0023/document.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, the reduction of energy consumption in buildings industry represents a major issue in industrialized countries’ policies. In France, the building sector consumes about 43% of final energy and accounts for nearly a quarter of the national emissions of greenhouse gas emissions [ADEME]. It is considered as a key factor to overcome the environmental challenges we have to face.In front of these significant challenges, the thermal regulations requirements were seriously intensified during the last 40 years until the notification of the thermal regulation 2012. This latter enable the construction of low energy buildings (BBC) whose consumption is equivalent to 50 kWh/m² per year on average. This new regulation provides a strong incentive for innovation of materials, products and envelope systems. Under these conditions, improving hygrothermal performance of building materials will allow a substantial economic and environmental benefits. This work was conducted in this context. It aims to study and improve the performance of the company Briqueteries du Nord (BdN) products. It is divided in two main axis: the first consists on studying the thermal inertia and hygroscopic capacity of unfired clay bricks. However, the second axis aims to develop possible solutions for improving the thermal resistance of fired clay bricks. This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Ecole Centrale de Lille with close collaboration with the University of Artois and the BdN company
Le, Ny Françoise. "La Production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite en Gaule romaine : Synthèse." Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN10056.
Повний текст джерелаAbdallah, Rafik. "Comportement au feu des briques de terre comprimée." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3065.
Повний текст джерелаThe present PhD thesis addresses the high temperature behavior of a compacted raw earth material and a cement stabilized earth material, both of which are likely to be used in fire-prone buildings.A complete campaign of laboratory tests was carried out on the two materials. Residual tests, which included mechanical, thermal and permeability tests were performed after slowly heating at a rate of 2 °C.min-1 using an electric furnace to attain temperatures of 80 °C, 120 °C, 200 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C. Then, fire tests were performed, which allowed for the exposure of these materials' bricks to a high heating rate using a mobile gas furnace designed to follow an ISO 834-1 fire curve in order to simulate a real-life fire accident in a building.Besides the effect of the material composition on the high temperature behavior, the effect of the water content on this behavior was also studied after subjecting the samples of the two materials to different relative humidities (RH): dry condition, 50 % RH, 75 % RH and 100 % RH, at an ambient temperature of 23 °C. As a result, the behavior of these materials is better characterized, allowing for a better understanding of real-world applications in a variety of environments.The material's composition and water content influence significantly its behavior at high temperatures. Following the fire tests, the samples were classified into two categories based on their composition and water state: thermally stable and unstable. The observed differences in behaviors have been ascribed to thermomechanical phenomena. They are caused, on the one hand, by the formed thermal gradients induced as a result of the consequent thermal stresses, which decrease as the water content increases, and, on the other hand, by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the materials (which decrease with the water content). These factors were subsequently demonstrated to play a major role in the material's fire behavior and load-bearing capacity at high temperatures, as assessed by mechanical loading of the samples during fire tests
Pelé, Anne-Laure. "Conversion d'énergie dans des matériaux dopés terre-rares pour capteur tout optique de gaz." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2033.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is devoted to the study of rare earth ions doped low phonon energy chalcogenide glasses for the all optical gas sensor development using an IR signal conversion to a near IR or visible signal. The principle of the sensor is as follow: a diode pumped Dy3+ doped chalcogenide fiber first produces the infrared signal, which is then sent to the gas cell to probe the gas absorption at 4. 4µm. The probe IR signal is then converted to 810 nm by excited state absorption within a diode-pumped Er3+ doped chalcogenide fiber making possible to transport the probe signal through a silica optical fiber over large distances considerably increasing the scope of possible applications. The spectroscopic study of Dy3+ doped GeGaSbS fibers has brought to light the 6H11/26H13/2 transition potential as IR source at 4. 4µm. The corresponding IR source at the absorption wavelength of the CO2 at 4. 4µm is based on the Dy3+ doped GeGaSbS fibers and has been developed in the laboratory of Caen in collaboration with the “Verre et Céramiques” team of the ISCR of Rennes. In order to optimize the luminescent fiber in the IR, a simulation of the generated power has been realized and the impact of various parameters involved in the Dy3+ emission has been studied in detail. Model results have been validated successfully by comparison with experimental measurements. The energy conversion mechanism from 4. 4µm to 810 nm has been successfully implemented in Er3+ doped GeGaSbS chalcogenide fibers because of their simultaneous excitation at 980 nm and 4. 4µm. A fluorescence intensity of the 810 nm signal simulation in function of the experimental set-up parameters and the fiber characteristics has also been developed. This simulation permits to determine the optimal parameters for a fluorescence as effective as possible but also to describe in detail the physical phenomena taking place during the conversion. In fact, in addition to the essential excited state absorption process, energy transfers occur, involving a parasitic upconversion signal at 810 nm in competition with the conversion. The conversion of a signal at 3. 4µm to a signal at 665 nm have also been demonstrated into Er3+ doped sulfide glasses as well as the conversion of a 4. 4µm signal to a 810 nm signal into an Er3+ doped KPb2Cl5 crystal. Finally, the conversion of a distant-range IR signal at 10µm has been explored in a Sm3+ doped KPb2Cl5 crystal
Dandrau, Alain. "La construction en terre dans le monde égéen protohistorique : les matériaux et leurs propriétés." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010615.
Повний текст джерелаThe most part of the protohistoric aegean sites has given a lot of pieces of earth architecture (pieces of bricks or daub, wall or floor-plasters. . . ). These are usually ignored by the archaeologist. This work, placed between archaeology and archaeometry, want to demonstrate that these construction materials can serve as a source of information of the past societies. The archaeological fragments came from Dikili Tash in Macedonian Greece (5th millenium bc), and from Malia in Crete (2000-1100 bc). The materials used give us informations about architectural structures, technics of building and relations between men and the environment. The analysis have proven that the clay was choosen because of special physical characteristics (waterproof properties for roofs and floors, cohesive earth for walls. . . ). For wall-plasters, physico-chemical analysis were indispensable complements for stylistic and iconographic studies. A typology of plasters, based on function and composition, bring up technological and chronological informations
Cruz, Diaz Jorge Ignacio. "Etude des murs de contreventement en maçonnerie d'éléments de terre cuite." Marne-la-Vallée, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MARN0132.
Повний текст джерелаVinceslas, Théo. "Caractérisation d'éco-matériaux terre-chanvre en prenant en compte la variabilité des ressources disponibles localement." Thesis, Lorient, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORIS538.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis aims to understand the behaviour and measure the performance of thermal insulating eco-materials consisting in hemp shiv and raw earth, in order to produce a lowenvironmental- impact material. The first issue of this study is the representativeness of the results, with regard to the variability of the constituents. 28 earth, collected across Brittany and Normandy, and three hemp shiv, were characterized. The characterization parameters are studied using several methods that will be compared. From these 28 earths, 6 were chosen to represent the whole and produce samples. Then, the slip, a mixture of earth and water, is studied in order to establish links between the earth constituents and its rheological behaviour. To understand this rheological behaviour allows us to propose on-field tests. Finally, the manufactured samples allow to study the influence of material variability on the mechanical performances in compression and on the hygrothermal storage and transfer (heat/water vapour) performances of the earth-hemp. The thesis project is part of a larger research project entitled ECO-TERRA. The study of the links between material variability and performances of the insulation is intended, through ECO-TERRA, to enable the development of locally available resources
Michrafy, Abderrahim. "Modélisation et calcul pour certains types de matériaux composites endommageables." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10616.
Повний текст джерелаGuiheneuf, Simon. "Formulation et renforts de blocs en matériau terre pour une utilisation structurelle." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ISAR0007.
Повний текст джерелаIn the actual context of accelerated climate change and increase in global population, the building industry must face crucial challenges: decrease its environmental impact while offering housing solutions for the humankind. To answer it, the development of new bio-based and local building materials appears to be a much-needed ecological alternative to cementitious materials that presents significant environmental footprint. This PhD work aims to develop earth-based blocks with guaranteed mechanical properties in order to build 3-storey buildings. These earths, stabilized using bio-based additions but without any cement or lime, are locally sourced. Therefore, three earths that represent the local variability of resources are first characterised. Then, the rheological behaviour of each type of earth mix is assessed in order to adapt earth mix-design to each studied forming process (compaction, vibro-compaction, casting and extrusion. Mechanical performances at the dry state and in-service life of each earth mix-design are measured for all studied processing routes. Finally, some durability properties of the Britanysourced earth-based materials are described: capillary absorption, erosion and immersion resistance. Obtained results show that produced blocks are as performant as cementstabilized earth materials and allow to consider the semi-industrial development of earth-based blocks fabrication units for structural purpose with limited environmental footprint
Crisan, Ovidiu Alexandru. "Etude structurale et magnétique d'alliages amorphes et nanocristallisés - influence d'éléments terre rare." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES078.
Повний текст джерелаAouba, Laila. "Caractérisation et conception de nouveaux matériaux et produits à base de terre cuite et d'agro-ressources." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30275.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is part of a collaborative project named " Bioclay ". The aim of this work is to develop new materials and products that are high performance while being fabricated by the most ecofriendly manufacturing process. The scope of " Bioclay " is to develop a high-performance fired clay brick through the incorporation of agricultural by-products. The development of innovative building materials has to comply with the legislations and requirements in "RT2012" concerning environmental impacts by reducing the energy consumption to 50 kWhEP/m²/year through the building component. The goal of this project is to predict the hygrothermal and mechanical behavior of bio-based fired clay bricks by means of numerical simulations involving models corresponding to our materials. First of all, fired clay specimens are made at the laboratory scale, through the same process used for industrial bricks, and tested at various parameters in order to develop hygrothermal and mechanical numerical models based on the results. Furthermore, a battery of tests and experimental iterations (e.g., nature and grain size of agricultural by-products, water and sand quantity...) were carried out on bio-based samples to predict thermal and mechanical resistances of the new commercial bricks. Additionally, numerous simulations were conducted with varying thermal conductivity of solid phase and bricks geometries to provide large application ranges while highlighting the effects of " Bioclay " formulations. Moreover, this work has provided several physical and geometrical configurations for the end product, allowing the manufacturer to choose the most appropriate response for their design requirements
Chavoutier, Marie. "Cristallogenèse, caractérisation spectroscopique et potentialité laser de borates et d’oxyborates de terre rare dopés ytterbium." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14091/document.
Повний текст джерелаBy the mean of InGaAs diode, trivalent ytterbium ions can give rise to an interestinginfrared emission for laser applications. Numerous compounds are in study. Among them,borates are stable, UV-transparent compounds and they have a high damage threshold. Thusthey are good candidates for optical applications. From a structural point of view, they exhibita diversity of host sites for the rare earth which allows to modulate emission withcomposition.We carry out an elaboration and characterization study on a borate and two oxyboratecompounds of formula Li6Ln(BO3)3 ; LiGd6O5(BO3)3 ; Na3La9O3(BO3)8.Crystal growth, by Czochralski or flux method depending on the meltingcharacteristic, enable us to obtain centimetric sized crystals with large transparent areas.Ytterbium ion spectroscopy study enables us to estimate energy levels splitting and to locaterare earth ions in these matrices. Several thermal, mechanical and optical characterizations were also performed on the crystals to estimate laser parameters. Finally, first laser tests werecarried out and have shown the potentiality of these materials as amplifier media
Boucly-Norotte, Véronique. "Evolution des caractéristiques mécaniques et de la perméabilité de matériaux argileux sous l'effet de sollicitations thermiques." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ENPC9123.
Повний текст джерелаMougin, Alexandra. "Nanosystèmes magnétostrictifs de TRFe2(110) (TR=terre rare) : croissance, morphologie et propriétés magnétiques." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0122_MOUGIN.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаWolde-Mariam, Assefa. "L'offre et la demande d'habitat en Ethiopie : l'utilisation des matériaux locaux comme élément de réponse." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0038.
Повний текст джерелаThe demand and supply of housing in Ethiopia is analyzed based on the existing statistical information. Special emphasis has been given on issues like urban population growth and housing policy in order to comprehend the factors which act as constraints to the housing production. The shortage of Housing in Ethiopia, as in any other under developed country, is one of the most dominant problem to be solved. This paper, therefore, contributes to the global reflection on the housing problem and focuses on modern earth construction technology as the major alternative to resorb the current housing deficit. Earth, an abundant indigenous, economic material can be used to produce compressed earth blacks. To increase the compressive strength of earth blocks and reduce its sensitivity to water, we recommend the use of pouzzolanic binders for stabilization. The elaboration of the binders is conceived, by mixing a finely ground local volcanic scorias with Portland cement or lime (Ca(OH)2). A total stabilization of 4% mix of "cement/pouzzolana" or "lime/pouzzolana", not only assures acceptable physical perfo1mance, but maintains the excellent thermophysical behavior and aesthetic value as well. The thermal comfort analysis on a model house and the feasibility study, put in evidence the considerable economic and comfort advantages of compressed earth blacks as building material. Housing construction based on the proposed proportion of stabilization and investigation methodology could bring a significant economic benefit, where classical building materials fail to shelter the low income group
Chavoutier, Marie. "Cristallogenèse, caractérisation spectroscopique et potentialité laser de borates et d'oxyborates de terre rare dopés ytterbium." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627755.
Повний текст джерелаGrellier, Adèle. "Des fines de brique de terre cuite comme liants de substitution dans les ciments et les matériaux alcali-activés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0013.
Повний текст джерелаThe construction industry today produces an enormous amount of waste, especially during the deconstruction and demolition of buildings. Terracota brick, which is the subject of our study, represents a significant part of this inert waste in some regions. The recycling of bricks is already carried out in the form of aggregates used for example in road embankments. But this constitutes what is called a "downcycling" operation. The investigated way is a valorization with higher added value via the elaboration of mixed hydraulic binders based on brick fines which are not presently recycled.The first way of valorization is the substitution of Portland cement composite based with reference brick fines with three granulometries (D50 of 3µm, 20 µm and 180 µm) on the hand and fines brick from demolition sites (D50 = 20 µm) on the other hand. The second valorization way is their use in alkali-activated materials, by means of substitution of blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by brick fines with a grain size of D50 = 20 µm.The objective of the study is to understand the impact of the incorporation of brick fines in these two binders. The approach is a chemical, physical and mechanical characterization over time of the new binders. Valorization in cement is conclusive when substitutions rates up to 20%: the performance of the material is equivalent to that of the control cement. For alkali-activated materials, it is shown that brick fines can be a precursor equivalent to GGBFS and thus lead to mechanical performances equivalent to control even up to 50% substitution rate in brick fines. Under certain conditions of alkali-activated solution concentration, the addition of 30% brick fines can greatly improve workability time. This actually leads to a decrease in mechanical performance, but it is still in accordance with the construction needs
Guille, Antoine. "Étude de matériaux convertisseurs de fréquence appliqués au photovoltaïque." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10294.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to increase the efficiency of solar cells with limited costs, several solutions worth considering. One of them consists in the deposition a down conversion thin film in front of a silicon solar cell. This layer should convert each incident photon from the UV-blue range of the solar spectrum into two infrared photons, both able to generate an electron hole pair. This work is about the synthesis and the characterization of a down converting materials for silicon solar cells. We study the possibility to use a quantum-cutting mechanism within the Pr3+- Yb3+ couple. We give evidence of this phenomenon in CaYAlO4 and NaLaF4 matrices. Moreover, in order to make it suitable for thin film application, we also study sensitization of 3Pj levels of Pr3+ ion with Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions
Pousthomis, Marc. "De la synthèse chimique de nanoparticules aux matériaux magnétiques nano-structurés : une approche pour des aimants permanents sans terre rare." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0012/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe production of nano-structured permanent magnets is a promising alternative to rare earth magnets, which induced geopolitical and environmental issues. In order to elaborate such materials, we followed a bottom-up approach based on chemical methods. A first objective consisted in synthesizing hard magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) as building blocks for nano-structured magnets. The properties of cobalt nanorods (Co NRs) synthesized by the polyol process have been systematically studied. Coercive fields could be raised from 3 to 7 kOe by decreasing the diameter and improving the structural aspect ratio. Micro-magnetic simulations showed that a magnetization reversal following a nucleation and domain-wall propagation process could explain the experimental results. Bi-metallic FePt and tri-metallic FePtX (X = Ag, Cu, Sn, Sb) exhibiting the FCC structure were synthesized following two routes based on the reduction of an organometallic Fe precursor or of metallic acetylacetonates. Annealing at high temperatures (650°C for FePt, 400°C for FePtX) allowed the phase transition FCC L10 to occur, leading to high coercive fields (>12 kOe). A multi-steps process, involving the protection of FePt NPs with an MgO shell and an annealing at 850°C, was optimized to produce L10 FePt NPs with a mean size of 10 nm and a coercivity up to 27 kOe. In the second part of our study, we worked on assemblies of NPs with different magnetic anisotropies. Two systems were studied : FCC FePt+BCC FeCo, L10 FePt+HCP Co NRs. In both cases, the contact between the two types of NPs was favored by the presence of a bi-functional ligand followed by an annealing step. Concerning the FePt+FeCo system, the high temperature annealing (650°C), required to get the L10 FePt phase, led to the inter-diffusion of the phases and to the dissolution of the BCC FeCo phase. For the FePt+Co system, a spring magnet behavior has been clearly evidenced, the two phases being efficiently coupled The inter-diffusion of the phases was limited thanks to the fairly low annealing temperature (400°C). A coercive field of 10 kOe was measured for a Pt content as low as 25%at., eventhough the Co NRs anisotropic morphology was lost
Wardeh, George. "Les phénomènes de gel-dégel dans les matériaux à base de terre cuite et les conséquences sur leur durabilité : expériences et modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30200.
Повний текст джерелаBez, Riadh. "Nouveaux aimants nanocomposites à base d'intermetallique de terre rare." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1162.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the synthesis and the study of new hard / soft nanocomposites. These nanocomposites exhibit interesting magnetic properties thanks to their high remanence combined with a high coercivity Hc. This allows a huge increase of the specific energy of the magnet. In this context, we have developed and studied new nanocomposites based on the out of equilibrium hard phases Sm (Fe, Si) 9C and Sm (Fe, Ga) 9C and soft phases _-Fe and FeCo. For the intrinsic nanocomposites SmFeSiC /_-Fe, we have shown by transmission electron microscopy, an average grain size of about 20 nm for the studied samples. The maximum value of (BH) max is obtained for the nanocomposite with about 15 % of _-Fe, it is equal to 11.7 MGOe (93.6 kJ/m3). For the extrinsic nanocomposites SmFeSiC/FeCo et SmFeGaC/FeCo, we have shown that the energy product (BH) max reaches a maximum and then decreases with increasing the rate of FeCo. The maximum values obtained are about 13.5 MGOe (108 kJ/m3) and 12.4 MGOe (99.2 kJ/m3) for SmFeGaC / 20% FeCo and SmFeSiC/ 10% FeCo samples, respectively. Finally, we have investigated the local structure of Pr2 (Co,Fe) 7 alloys by EXAFS spectroscopy and we have shown that the preferential site Fe in these compounds is the 12k site
Camara, Nimbo. "Croissance cristalline et étude par spectroscopie Raman des orthochromites de terres rares RCr03 (R=terre rare)." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4003/document.
Повний текст джерелаMultiferroics are materials exhibiting in the same phase, at least two ferroics orders such as magnetism and ferroelectricity, which is furthermore extended when these orders are coupled (magnetoelectric coupling). This multifunctionality is scientifically and technologically promising, and makes multiferroics more attractive, especially since the magnetization can be controlled by the application of an electric field, or the polarization can be controlled by a magnetic field. From a technological point of view, these materials open pathways for many applications in spintronics, magnetoelectric sensors, data storage memories, ... From a scientific point of view, their attractiveness is explained by the fact that many fundamental questions related to the mechanisms of the occurrence of ferroelectricity in a magnetic material, are still unanswered
Kenmogne. "Dégradation des matériaux de construction : contribution à l'étude de la faisabilité des terres argileuses en construction." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10068.
Повний текст джерелаAhmat, Charfadine Mahamat. "Etude expérimentale des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux locaux du Tchad : application au confort thermique de l'habitat." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10021.
Повний текст джерелаDeeb, Maha. "Influence des plantes, des vers de terre et de la matière organique sur la structure de technosols construits." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1014.
Повний текст джерелаConstructed Technosols are mixtures of technogenic materials used to create a new soil dedicated to growing plants. Constructed Technosols provide an opportunity to recycle and optimally use urban waste, and are an alternative to the use of agricultural soils for producing urban soils. This work is assessing in particular the influence of the OM levels and interactions with earthworms and plants on the physical properties of Constructed Technosols. The materials used to build our Technosols are compost and excavated deep horizons. In a first experiment, we tested the influence of OM rates on hydrostructural properties of Technosols, realizing 6 Mixtures of increasing volume proportions of compost (0 to 50%). The shrinkage and retention curves show that the hydrostructural properties of Technosols are similar to those of natural soils. Increasing the amount of organic material is accompanied with a positive effect on micro and macro porosity, as well as on the water available for plants.Secondly, these mixtures were incubated in a growth chamber with or without earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) and with or without plants (Lolium perenne). After 5 month of experiment, we measured hydrostructural properties, aggregation, and distribution of carbon in each fraction. The presence of plants and / or earthworms explains 19% of the variance of hydrostructural properties of the soil, and compost dose affects 14%. The interaction between organisms and compost further explains the variance (40%) than the effects of these individual factors. Compost and plants play a positive role in the available water by acting on both macroporosity and microporosity, while earthworms play a positive role only on the latter. Furthermore, the proportion of aggregates >3 mm is more important in the treatments control and earthworms, while the proportion of aggregates <3mm is greater in the presence of plants, regardless of the presence of earthworms. Organisms have a stronger effect on the structural stability (77%) than compost (4%). All have a positive effect on the amount of Corg in the different fractions of aggregates. Finally, mineralization of Corg increases in the presence of worms or compost, but decreases in the presence of plants. Our results demonstrate the interest of enhancing urban materials such as excavated deep horizons and compost to build Technosols. A summary of the results allows us to recommend a volume content of compost between 20 and 30% for a good structure, without increasing much the cost induced by compost. Noting the positive effect of earthworms, plants and earthworms/plants interactions on porosity, structural stability and carbon storage, it seems appropriate to favor the presence of organisms
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066/document.
Повний текст джерелаPreservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
Bigorgne, Emilie. "Ecotoxicité des nanoparticules et des sous produits d'altération de dioxyde de titane sur le ver de terre, Eisenia fetida." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ034S/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe amount of nanomaterials produced annually is constantly increasing and this trend may result in a strong input of manufactured nanoparticles in air, water, soils, and therefore in contact with organisms. Among the manufactured nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been produced massively for their photocatalytic properties and UV absorption ability. Surprisingly, ecotoxicological risks associated with TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 byproducts resulting from the alteration and aging of nanomaterials are poorly documented on terrestrial organisms. The potential toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 byproducts on the earthworm Eisenia fetida has been evaluated, using different approaches: the first with in vitro assay to determine toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles (1 to 25 µg/ml), the second with in vivo exposure of earthworm to liquid medium contaminated by TiO2 byproducts (0.1 to 10 mg/l) and the third with in vivo exposure to artificial soil contaminated by TiO2 nanoparticles (2 to 200 mg/kg) or TiO2 byproducts (2-20 mg/kg). Ecotoxicity of TiO2 nanomaterials was determined using a battery of biomarkers at different biological levels: survival and reproduction at individual level, cell viability (MTT and LDH assay), phagocytosis and apoptosis at cellular level, mRNA expression of detoxification (metallothioneins, GST), antioxidant (SOD, CAT) and immunes genes (CCF and fetidins) by RT-qPCR at molecular level. Our results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles were internalized by immune cells (in vitro assay) and titanium was bioaccumulated by worms exposed to TiO2 byproducts in artificial exposure assay (liquid medium). Molecular biomarkers (metallothioneins, CCF and fetidins) were sensitive to TiO2 nanoparticles after in vitro exposures, while both molecular (metallothioneins and SOD) and cellular (phagocytosis, apoptosis) biomarkers were sensitive to TiO2 byproducts in liquid medium after only 24 hours of exposure. In contrast, in more realistic conditions of exposure, no effect on life-history traits or molecular biomarker were noticed on earthworms exposed to soils contaminated by TiO2 nanoparticles or byproducts. A low bioavailability of TiO2 nanomaterials in soil matrixes could explain the lack of effect at the concentrations tested. These results underline the necessity to evaluate mobility, behaviour and bioavailability of nanomaterials in soil matrixes before their ecotoxicity assessment
Deligne, Philippe. "Etude comparative de différents modes de sollicitations mécaniques (statique, quasi-statique, cyclique) sur le comportement d'un acier inoxydable austhénitique en milieu chloruré chaud." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10548.
Повний текст джерелаPinel, Alban. "Transition liquide-solide dans des dispersions d'argiles contrôlée par un biopolymère : Application à la construction en terre." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI063/document.
Повний текст джерелаDeveloping raw earthen construction is nowadays a major environmental issue, due to its low embodied energy compared to Portland cement. A solution would be to use a similar process as cement-based concrete, by casting into formworks. Nevertheless, this is limited by technical difficulties, owing to the fact that earth is not a hydraulic binder. In that perspective, this work focuses on inducing a liquid-solid transition to an earth suspension without waiting for drying, similar to cement-based materials. The approach explored to meet this challenge is inspired by the technique of Gelcasting used in the field of technical ceramics. This relies on the gelation of polymers previously introduced into a ceramic slurry to induce a rapid and homogeneous liquid-solid transition. A bibliographic study supplemented by preliminary tests led to the selection of alginate, a biosourced polymer that is non-toxic. Its gelation is allowed at ambient temperature, via addition of multivalent cations such as calcium ions. This polymer proved to be very promising. It made it possible to produce mortar specimens which could be unmoulded 24 hours after casting. A wet compressive strength close to 0.1 MPa could be reached, theoretically sufficient for a wall of 3 meters high to stand under its own weight. A proof of concept at the concrete scale was then realized as a low wall of 40 cm high casted and vibrated and then unmoulded in 24 hours. Mechanical and hygrothermal performances of the dry material were validated, and the presence of the gelled polymer could improve the resistance to erosion. Initial trials showed that the process could be adapted to low calcareous soils
Kim, Ka young. "Etude d’une céramique de niobate dopée terre rare, Y3NbO7, pour applications optiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0416/document.
Повний текст джерелаEmitting materials and all solid state lasers are widely used in the field of optical applications and materials science as a source of excitement, instrumental measurements, medical applications, metal shaping…Recently promising laser efficiencies were recorded on transparent ceramics which results from a cheaper and faster ways to obtain crystallized materials.This investigation is focused on the cubic Eu3+ doped Y3NbO7 matrix. The synthesis route is optimized in order to obtain a pure phase which presents a homogeneous morphology of spherical grains. Several SPS parameters as heating rate, temperature, duration time and pressure are adjusted in order to increase the densification of the pellets. Luminescence spectroscopy of trivalent europium ions is used to optimize these parameters. The emission data coupled with X-Ray diffraction analysis and electronic diffraction microscopy highlight the existence of several distorted environments of the doping element in the defective fluorite type Y3NbO7 host lattice. Indeed, the fast and high crystallization rate obtained after SPS coupled with the ionic conductivity of the matrix make possible a phase composition splitting into two fluorites. The final composition of the pellet is driven by the ratio between niobium and yttrium elements
Ouedraogo, Kouka Amed Jérémy. "Stabilisation de matériaux de construction durables et écologiques à base de terre crue par des liants organiques et/ou minéraux à faibles impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30199.
Повний текст джерелаIn the climate change mitigation context, unfired earth materials are a valuable alternative to cement concrete for reducing the construction sector related CO2 emission. However, this millenary construction material still has to meet current standards on mechanical and water resistance requirements. Hence, most industrial applications and papers on unfired earth stabilization use cement and lime for the stabilization of earth. But (Van Damme et al., 2017) pointed out the fact the high embodied energy of mineral binders and the high amount used for earth stabilization lead to doubt about the environmental friendliness of those solutions given their low improvement of the mechanical strengths. Yet, ancient earthen buildings and vernacular construction techniques in the worldwide showed the stabilization potential of some biopolymers. The so-called organic binders are food industry byproducts, which use for ancient earthen building renovation and vernacular techniques are recently revealed in some studies. Our study aims to propose a stabilization of earth for modern buildings with a good compromise between mechanical and water resistance performance on the one hand, and environmental impact on the other hand. A discussion on the relevance of proposing unfired earth bricks stabilized with cement and hydrated lime as an alternative to hollow concrete blocks led to limit the binder's content to 4% wt. of the dry soil. Preliminary tests on nine biopolymers have identified a few promising organic binders upstream, including ovalbumin (egg white protein), which does not require pre-activation. Thus, this organic binder as well as Portland cement and hydrated lime were used at 0, 2, and 4% to stabilize two soils (B and N) from the Occitanie region with different mineralogical characteristics. The results on compressive strength showed that the curing is necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the mineral binders. In addition, the increase in manufacturing dry density at least equal to that of unstabilized soils' ones considerably improves the effectiveness of the stabilization. The improvement in dry compressive strength is greater on soil B, which is mainly composed of kaolinite, than on soil N, which is composed of montmorillonite and chlorite. However, on water resistance (wet compressive strength), it is the soil N that is better. Overall the formulations, those with 4% cement and ovalbumin at a manufacturing density equal to that of the soils alone, comply with the minimum resistance criteria both in the dry and wet state given in the French standard (XP P 13-901, 2001) standard. The surprise of this study is that ovalbumin gives much better mechanical performances and better durability (water resistance) than cement and lime for the same contents. In terms of hygrothermal performance, we have observed that the addition of binders reduces the hygroscopic capacities of soils. But they remain good according to the Nordtest criterion up to 4% addition of binder. It's worth mentioning that ovalbumin reduces soil hygroscopy much more than other binders. The thermal conductivity measured on mixtures with densities equal to the density of soils alone does not change. This confirms the observations made in the literature about the correlation between the dry density of materials and their thermal conductivities. Classical mineralogical analysis techniques (XRD, IR spectroscopie, and TGA) were used in order to explain the mechanisms of the stabilizations. But they only highlighted the well-known mechamisms of the stabilization with mineral binders unlike the ones of ovalbumin for which further investigations are still required
Laibi, Babatounde. "Comportement hygro-thermo-mécanique de matériaux structuraux pour la construction associant des fibres de kénaf à des terres argileuses." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC265/document.
Повний текст джерелаTraditional Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) in the Republic of Benin have poor mechanical properties, this justifies why people rely on relatively expensive cement blocks; the use of which greatly affects resources such as water and energy. In this work we have proposed ways to enhance CEB properties for eco-construction by adding plant fibers to locally used construction's soils. This strategy makes it possible to value mineral and vegetable raw materials in a field of an activity that is common to a large part of the population. At first, a soil was chosen according to its chemical composition, its physical, mechanical and technological properties. The choice of kenaf fiber for the reinforcement of the mineral matrix isjustified by its excellent specific mechanical properties and its availability at very low cost. The effects of fibers on soil behavior at young age and on the mechanical and hygrothermal behavior of consolidated materials under 5 MPa (pressure applicable with equipment readily available in Benin) were studied for three mass content of fibers relatively to the soil (0.5% 1% and 1.5%) and different lengths (5, 10, 20 and 30 mm). The results indicated a remarkable improvement in the mechanical behavior of kenaf-reinforced CEBs in terms of flexural and compressive strengths and tolerance to damage. The highest results were obtained with 0.5% of fibers 30 mm long. The addition of a binder (3, 5 and 7% of cement) or (3-5% and 5-10% of cement and blast furnace slag mix) allowed an important reduction in water uptake. The best mechanical results were obtained for a biocomposite made up with BAK soil, 0.5% of flax fibers 30 mm long and a mix of 5% cement and 10% blast furnace slag. Measurements carried out in a biclimatic chamber made it possible to characterize the hydric and thermal behavior of the soil-based materials. The addition of a binder decreases the phase shift and increases the attenuation of the material. These different results show that it is possible to produce in Benin with the available equipment, CEB with mechanical and hygrothermal properties sufficient enought for the construction of type R + 1 habitat
Dadda, Abdelali. "Étude mécanique et microstructurale des sols bio-cimentés : application aux ouvrages hydrauliques en terre." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI103.
Повний текст джерелаThe biocementation process is considered as a promising technique for strengthening loose and weak soils. This technique has shown very good efficiency for several types of soil through laboratory tests and large scale models. On the other hand, it has shown a high sensitivity to the treatment conditions such as reactant concentrations, bacteria, injection rate, type of soil, temperature, etc…. These factors influence mainly the spatial distribution of the precipitated calcite, its shape and morphology, which subsequently influences the effective properties of the treated soils. This thesis is part of the French research project BOREAL, which aims at reinforcing old dykes and earth dams with this technique against internal erosion of the core and liquefaction of foundations. The objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of the physical and mechanical properties of biocemented sands (permeability, mechanical strength) by performing mechanical tests and permeability measurements in the laboratory and linking this evolution to microstructural changes by using quantitative 3D X-ray imaging tools. To do this, this work began with biocementation tests on Fontainebleau sand to verify the feasibility of the biocementation process in the laboratory. After these feasibility tests, drained triaxial tests have been carried out on the biocemented sand in order to estimate the evolution of its resistance parameters such as cohesion and friction angle. Small sub-samples of biocemented sand with different calcite contents have been then extracted and observed using X-ray micro-tomography at ESRF at a very high resolution (0.65 μm / pixel). Quantitative methods of 3D imaging have been developed to compute mean microstructural properties (amount of calcite, porosity, specific surface area and specific surface area of calcite) and contact properties (contact surface area, coordination number, type of contacts, contact orientation, etc…) for the different observed sub-samples. This study has shown a strong evolution of the resistance of biocemented sand (non-linear evolution of the cohesion, quasi-linear evolution of the friction angle, a slight increase of the residual resistance, etc...) and a decrease of the permeability by the precipitation of the calcite inside the sample. The quantitative study of the evolution of the microstructure has shown a stability of the specific surface area of the calcite beyond a certain level of calcification, a strong quasi-linear evolution of the cohesive contact surface between the grains as well as a slight evolution the coordination number (creation of new contacts). The comparison of these evolutions with those obtained considering a simple cubic periodic arrangement using two precipitation scenarii (uniform and localized at the contact) has shown that the precipitation of the calcite mainly occurs in the zones of inter-granular contact. This microstructural information have4 been then used successfully in micromechanical models to estimate the effective properties of biocemented sand (cohesion, permeability, elastic moduli). Finally, the same tools have been used to study the chemical durability of biocemented sand. This study has shown a degradation of sand resistance by dissolving calcite within the samples. The quantitative measurements on the 3D images have shown a degradation of the contact surface area without hysteresis with respect to the evolution of these contact surfaces during the biocementation process
Gimbert, Florent. "Mécanique de la banquise Arctique et des matériaux granulaires : deux milieux, deux approches." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846380.
Повний текст джерелаCôté, Stéphane. "Critères de stabilité interne pour des matériaux de faible plasticité soumis à l'écoulement de l'eau." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27459/27459.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKouta, Nathalie. "Comportement mécanique et caracterisation : durabilité de nouveaux matériaux a base d'argile." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0260.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, the use of ecological and sustainable materials has become a necessity. This is due to the depletion of natural resources and to the large amounts of CO2 emissions generated by the construction sector. Raw earth, composed essentially of fine particles like clay, has been used as a building material for thousands of years in various forms. The low cost and the high availability of this material, in addition to its ecological and hygrothermal properties, have been the reasons for its usage in the construction industry.During the last years, several studies have been realized to develop more common and easy methods to apply in the construction field, which has led to the designation of earth concrete. This concrete is constituted of clay soil treated with small quantities of one or more hydraulic binders and can be poured like ordinary concrete. However, the diversity presented in these materials makes them very complex and difficult to use. In addition, the presence of fine particles makes them very sensitive to plastic shrinkage and consequently increases the risk of cracking due to the low resistance of this concrete at early age. In this study, the mechanical behavior and durability of an earth concrete composed of an artificial soil stabilized with cement and lime have been evaluated. In order to overcome the cracking sensitivity, flax fibers have been added and the effect of different percentages and lengths of fibers has been studied.First, the behavior of earth concrete at early age was studied. Plastic shrinkage was measured in parallel with the weight loss, the capillary pressure and the temperature. In addition, the effect of flax fibers on cracking at early age was studied using the digital image correlation technique. A reduction in plastic shrinkage and a better resistance to cracking were observed with the addition of fibers due to different transfer mechanisms and stress redistribution.Secondly, the effect of flax fibers on the mechanical behavior of soil concrete was studied. Compression and flexural tests have been realized at different curing ages and monitored simultaneously with the digital image correlation and the acoustic emission techniques. These tests allowed to monitor and better understand the damage evolution. An increase in the acoustic emission activity was observed with the addition of fibers indicating additional damage mechanisms and an improved ductility.Finally, the durability of earth concrete was evaluated. An experimental investigation of damage evolution during drying was realized with a continuous monitoring using the acoustic emission technique. The effect of curing conditions and wetting/drying cycles on the mechanical properties of earth concrete was also evaluated. The results showed visible cracks on the surface of the specimens with a clear degradation of the mechanical properties
Abjaghou, Halima. "Valorisation des déchets de bois pour l'amélioration des performances ThERmiques des BRIques de terre cuite." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2a1b1d80-0a98-43b0-81bf-245a31f69b84/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0080.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNew regulations for the thermal requirements of buildings implies greater energy efficiency in order to decrease primary energy consumption. In this context, improving thermal insulation of building materials is necessary. The BRITER project, financed by the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Carnot MECD institute, aims at developing innovative fired clay bricks, through addition of wooden furniture wastes, with low thermal conductivity and mechanical properties compatible with current norms on building materials. Wood wastes were selected and mixed as pore formers with raw clay materials MA. The effect of the size and the amount of wooden furniture wastes on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired products was investigated. The addition of wooden furniture wastes into the clay mixture enabled a significant improvement of the thermal insulation. Results showed that addition of 10 wt.% wood wastes led to decrease by 45 % in the thermal conductivity of the material based on the clay matrix MA. The addition of wooden furniture waste also yielded decrease of the mechanical properties which can be directly related to the amount and the size. However, mechanical properties remain within the standard values of clay building materials. This project also examined for energy saving and environmental impact linked to the firing process of clay/wood wastes mixtures. The final study examined the use of lamellar pore-forming agent to develop fired clay porous materials shaped by pressing. Results showed that 80 % of pores were perpendiculary oriented to the pressing direction and thus the thermal conductivity was reduced by 54 %
Alhaik, Ghaith. "Influence de l'amidon sur les propriétés rhéologiques, mécaniques et multiphysiques de formulations terre-paille." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0205/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe eco-construction responds to the need to reduce the environmental footprint in the sector of construction through the use of proximity resources (e.g. earth, straw, etc.), without energy-intensive transformation and through the thermohydric regulation capacity of walls. Raw earth alone or in association with straw is a symbol. But variable characteristics according to its origin, a long drying time and low mechanical strengths are brakes to its use. Earth material in association with biosourced admixtures such as starch, already used in the manufacturing of plasterboard, represents an interesting way to improve its performances.The thesis aims to study the influence of starch on the physico-mechanical behavior of the earth alone or with straw. The intended application of the study is the prefabrication of non-load-bearing construction products. The designed mixes include quarry fines (QF), hemp or flax straw and various starches.The first part of this work deals with earth-starch mixes. Viscometer tests were defined modified Bingham as the rheological behavior of mixes and showed an increase in thixotropy. In hardened state, the mechanical strengths are better with starch.The second part deals with earth-straw-starch mixes. Starch improves the workability and the mechanical strengths measured under different storage conditions. At the scale of a block, the mechanical, thermal and acoustic performances of some mixes are comparable to those of plaster blocks
Laou, Lamyaa. "Evaluation du comportement mécanique sous sollicitations thermohydriques d'un mur multimatériaux (bois, terre crue, liants minéraux) lors de sa construction et de son utilisation." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0066/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal climate problems push us to design energy-saving constructive systems. The use of walls made of eco-materials (wooden frame with a filling of brick of raw earth and assembled by mineral mortar) appears as an interesting alternative solution being in linewith the objectives in terms of sustainable development. In order to use a numerical simulation approach to this type of constructive system, a thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling tool was developed. On the one hand, it aims to predict the wall's ability to regulate the ambient hygrothermal conditions during day / night alternations according to the different ventilation assumptions and, on the other hand, to identify the various scenarios described in terms of temperature which can induce the appearance of cracks in the wall, both during construction and operating conditions. The originality of the work carried out on the properties of the raw earth make us able to develop a multidisciplinary experimental campaign to characterize the thermal, hydric and mechanical properties under different humidity conditions. These properties feed the numerical model with the necessary adaptations presented. The results present both the impact on hygrothermal comfort and to the effect of humidity changes on the mechanical durability of the wall
Nègre, Valérie. "L'ornement en série : le monde du bâtiment et la standardisation des produits en terre cuite et des matériaux de construction au XIXe siècle dans le Midi toulousain." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA083720.
Повний текст джерелаThe widespread use of mass-produced decoration and building materials as early as the beginning of the nineteenth-century is a phenomenon of considerable importance wihch as not yet been seriously researched. The present work attempts to shed light on the question by concentrating on the specific case of terracotta products in the region of Toulouse. We show how, despite their derivative classical style, the first mass-produced items are in fact a new form of building material which, in their form and size, create combinations which call into question both the skill of the construction workers and the conceptual imagination of the architects. The carefull attention paid here to the commercial catalogues which accompanied the appearance of mass-produced elements has revealed a curious ambiguity in their status. The simple and straightforward appearance of these publications belies the substantial change that they brought to the way in which buildings were designed and constructed. Contrary to the image, usually conveyed by historians, of an architectural milieu hostile to industrial innovation, the individuals responsible for these new products came mostly from a traditional background. Architects are seen to occupy pride of place among the innovators of the time, a finding which sheds new light on the question of the extend of the creative contribution of both artists and artisans. Our study is base upon a carefull analysis of the context in which this mass-produced elements appeared, in particular the building traditions connected with brickwork, especially the way bricks were cut, a practice which the introduction of decoration threatened to render obsolete. We identify the areas of innovation – the nature, construction and comercial production of the articles – and emphasize the importance of the reappearance in the nineteenth-century of the practice of moulding baked clay and of the part played in this domain by public and private collections of antique terracotta objects
Courtois, Noémie. "Etude du vieillissement de boues de papeterie utilisées pour la fabrication de briques de terre cuite : influence des produits de dégradation sur les caractéristiques céramiques des matériaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCD003.
Повний текст джерелаPaper sludge can be incorporated in industrial clayey mixtures used in fired-clay bricks formulation. This incorporation has several aims and benefits, especially for drying optimization of the products, due to hydrophilic effect of paper fibers, and creating porosity which improves the fired brick thermal insulation. However, some drawbacks may occur such as brick cracking or efflorescence (bleaching of brick surfaces), in particular when the added paper sludge presents a significant ageing. The purpose of this thesis consists in identifying the parameters responsible for cracks and efflorescence on the bricks and defining the conditions preventing the defects occurrence. Therefore, the ageing of paper sludges as well as their incorporation into clayey mixtures were studied. Several paper sludges of different compositions and degradation states were tested, and their impacts on the formulated bricks characteristics (physico-chemical and ceramic parameters) were investigated. Volatile Fatty Acids produced during paper sludge ageing were identified as key parameters to explain defect formations on the bricks, with a threshold value of 10 mg VFA/g of paper sludge, incorporated at 12% in the clay phase. Depending on the fibrous paper sludge characteristics (fiber length, cellulose/lignin ratio), VFAs have an influence on the water diffusivity and drying of the bricks. Finally, suggestions are made for the optimization of storage conditions of paper sludges before utilization and brick/paper sludge formulation. This would result in significant reduction of production defects
Dutfoy, Cécile. "Optimisation et caractérisations de poudres de nickelates de terre rare et leur application pour la furtivite infrarouge." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4038/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe rare – earth nickelats exhibit a sharp metal – insulator transition whose temperature depends on the composition. This transition is responsible, in the infrared range, of the . This work deals with the validation of nd0,3Sm0,7NiO3 powders like active pigments for the infared furtivity. The first part consists of the optimisations of synthesis process by reducting the oxygen pressure during the annealing. We have characterized the structural properties of each batch synthetized. The second part presents the thermo – optical properties of …. The last part proposes some simulations of the optical behaviour of Nd0,3Sm0,7NiO3 in various matrix
Charlier, Fabrice. "Technologie des tuiliers gallo-romains (Gaules et Germanies) : analyse comparative et régressive des structures de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite de l'époque contemporaine à l'Antiquité." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1006.
Повний текст джерелаThis research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing
Bouthegourd, Emilie. "Mobilité moléculaire et amplitude des mouvements coopératifs à la transition vitreuse : effets de la pression pour des matériaux issus de bio ressources." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES001.
Повний текст джерелаVercueil, Didier. "Etude de la liquéfaction de matériaux composites sols-géotextiles : application au génie parasismique." Grenoble 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10237.
Повний текст джерелаGuetari, Rim. "Intermétalliques à base de terre rare et de métaux de transition : propriétés structurales, magnétiques et magnétocaloriques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1021.
Повний текст джерелаThe intermetallic compounds based on rare earth and transition metals present interesting magnetic properties for technological applications (permanent magnets, high density magnetic recording, magnetic refrigeration ...).This work is dedicated to the study of structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric of Pr2Fe17 compounds Th2Zn17-type structure. The intrinsic magnetic properties of these compounds are improved due to the substitution (iron and aluminum by praseodymium by dysprosium) and / or the insertion of a light element (carbon). Intermetallic nanomaterials are prepared by high energy milling and subsequent annealing, which could lead to non-equilibrium phases. The homogeneity of these alloys was checked by X-ray diffraction and by transmission electron microscopy. The results have showed that single-phase can be obtained by milling and annealed during 30 min instead of 7 days annealing for bulk compounds. This represents a considerable saving of time. From the magnetic measurements, all compounds exhibit a second order phase transition. Their Curie temperature increases with the rate of Al and Dy as the entropy change slightly decreases. Moreover, the insertion of interstitial atoms such as carbon was achieved. We notice a significant improvement of the transition temperature. It appears from this study that these compounds are of great interest in the search for future magnetocaloric materials for magnetic refrigeration at room temperature
Nauleau, Élodie. "Évolution au cours du temps des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires d'un puit géothermique basse énergie." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920098.
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