Дисертації з теми "Matériaux en bois/bambou"
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He, Qian. "Étude sur le mécanisme d'activation du bois/bambou/adhésif et amélioration du collage induit par le champ électrique à haute tension." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0147.
In this study, the advanced equipments were selected in order to investigate the effects of HVEF on the physicochemical properties of wood and bamboo, the effects of HVEF on the chemical structure and rheological properties of adhesives under a series of HVEF parameters. The aggregation effect of adhesive at bonding interface induced by HVEF has also been revealed and the micro-mechanical prediction model is established.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:1.After HVEF treatment, the surface activity of wood and bamboo increased significantly. Moreover, with the increase of voltage/time, the surface free radicals, O/C ratio and the number of oxygen groups increased significantly while the contact angle decreased. Under the condition of 60kV, the surface activity highly increased. The increment of free radicals was 26%, the decrease of initial contact angle was 22%, the decrease of equilibrium contact angle was 23%, the increment of free energy component was 43% ~ 75%, the increment of O/C ratio was 34%, the increment of oxygen-containing groups were 39% (C‒OH), 149% (C‒O or C=O) and 97% (O‒C=O), respectively. Therefore, under HVEF treatment, the physical and chemical properties of wood and bamboo can be significantly improved, which is conducive to improving the interphase properties of composite materials.2.With the increase of voltage/time, significantly improved inter-molecular reactions of urea formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin were obtained. After 60kV/8 min treatment, significant increment of the characteristic peaks of C‒O groups were obtained. Under HVEF treatment, the temperature/frequency dependence of the rheological behaviors of the two resins changed significantly. Therefore, the degree of inter-molecular polymerization of phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde resin can be significantly improved and the viscoelasticity of the resin can be improved under HVEF treatment.3.After HVEF treatment, the distribution of adhesive at the bonding interphase was continuous and uniform. The penetration depth was significantly reduced. The density and bonding strength at the bonding interphase were significantly increased, and the delamination rate was reduced. After treatment, the maximal density at interphase is 1081 kg/m3, which was 32% higher than the control. The bonding strength increased from 0.66MPa to 1.25MPa and the wood breaking rate increased to 85%, and the delamination rate decreased to 5.97%. For bamboo material, the bonding strength was significantly improved after HVEF treatment. The bonding strength of bamboo skin and bamboo skin was 9.51MPa, and the bamboo failure ratio was 60%. In the combination of bamboo pith and bamboo pith, the maximum bamboo failure ratio was 85%, which was increased by 70%. Therefore, under HVEF treatment, the continuous and uniform distribution of bonding interphase adhesives can be obtained, which can significantly improve the bonding performance of wood bamboo composite, and is conducive to the efficient utilization of wood bamboo composite.4. According to the vertical density profile at the bonding interface, the laminated stiffness and stress distribution model of the bonding interface has been established. The results showed that the relative error was less than ±15%. Based on the distribution model, the macroscopic mechanical properties of composite are predicted with the combination of composite mechanics and laminated plate theory, including elastic modulus, bending strength, shear modulus and shear strength. The results showed that the prediction error of mechanical properties is less than 30%. With the stiffness and strength distribution model, the effect of HVEF treatment can be quantitatively characterized and the mechanical properties of HVEF treated composites can be predicted. As a result, strengthening mechanism of bonding interphase can be revealed with the the stiffness and strength distribution model
Do, Quang minh. "Etude des matériaux composites de matrices polymères issues de ressources renouvelable et fibres de bambou." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS015/document.
In this study, poly 3,4 hydroxy butyrate (P34HB)/bamboo fibers and polybutylene succinate (PBS)/bamboo fibers composites were prepared by internal mixer and compression molding. P34HB and PBS were characterized with mechanical and thermal methods while bamboo fibers were modified with chemical treatments. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus and thermal properties were investigated. For both 2 kinds of composites (from P34HB and PBS), it was found that the modulus was significantly improved, however, the strength of the composite was slightly decreased and the elongation at break was a lower than the neat polymer suggesting that the adhesion between matrix and reinforcement should be improved more. The study reveals that modifying the fibers with both silane and acetic acid would improve the adhesion, resulting to the better mechanical properties of the material, compared with composites reinforced with untreated fiber or fiber treated with other methods. Also, 20 % of fiber content is regarded as the good composition of fiber to guarantee the good mechanical, water absorption and thermal properties.By taking advantage of P34HB, PBS and bamboo fibers, we aim to produce the material which is environmental friendly. Moreover, the abundant bamboo fibers can be used and these bamboo fibers will reduce the cost of the material. Within this work, we focus on the modification of bamboo fibers to reach our goal of improving the overall properties of the composites, compared with composites reinforced with untreated fibers. To achieve the better adhesion between fibers and matrix, coupling agent and compatibilizer may be used and studied in our future study
Kirsch, Franck. "Fatigue-fluage du bois." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Kirsch.Franck.SMZ9835.pdf.
Ismail, Rached. "Bois et contact alimentaire : de la méthodologie d’extraction des microorganismes à partir du bois à l’évaluation du transfert microbiologique aux aliments cibles." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT065F.
In France, the wood material is authorized for food contact by the decree of 1945, reinforced by the information note DGCCRF N°. 2012-93 “Wood material” (Directorate General for Consumer Affairs, Competition and Fraud Control), setting the positive list of wood species permitted for food contact. Although previous studies have shown the hygienic quality of wooden cutting boards and bacteriostatic quality of ripening shelves, work is still needed to microbiological characterization of the wooden surface. In this context, three recovering methods of microorganisms were compared and validated for three types of wood (dry or wet) used by the French sector of wood packaging suppliers. Three microbiological hazards for sectors which use wooden packaging were tested
Sahmim, Wissem. "Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300/document.
Within the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
Sahmim, Wissem. "Modification chimique des extractibles de bois : application à la protection du bois et des matériaux métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0300.
Within the framework of this thesis, we are interested in the design, synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical properties of lipophilic derivatives of wood extractives. We have thus considered modifying the structure of three flavonoids whose resource is important from different wood species: catechin, mesquitol and naringenin to incorporate additional functionalities. The applications reported here mainly deal with the protection of materials like wood and corrodible metals. With respect to wood preservation, it seems possible to consider different strategies to inhibit the wood degradation related to fungi on wood. Impregnation of antioxidant compounds such as lipophilic polyphenols on wood can limit the effects of radicals or other oxidants used and generated by rots. The second intended application is the protection of metallic materials. Indeed, the use of natural antioxidants as a corrosion inhibitor replace inorganic inhibitors or organic molecules (polyamines, imidazole...), because their production is expensive and toxic. The grafting of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain on polyphenols which have antioxidant properties allows the formation of protective films on the material
Coureau, Jean-Luc. "Renforcement local d'éléments de structures bois par des matériaux composites." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12508.
Do, Thi Vi Vi. "Matériaux composites à fibres naturelles / polymère biodégradables ou non." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENA012/document.
Natural fibers have recently attracted the attention of scientists because of their properties of low-cost, low density, renewable, biodegradable and nonabrasive. In this study, three types of bamboo fibers are prepared. Chemical modification of fibers by alkali is used to remove hemicellulose and lignin. Then, fiber surface is modified by acetylation and silane before processing composite materials with polypropylene. As expected, the mechanical properties of the composites increase with the average fibre diameter. Tensile strength and Young's modulus increase when using a coupling agent. Starch/PVA blends are also prepared with glycerol and water as plasticizer. The composite prepared by citric acid crosslinking has excellent mechanical properties. Tensile strength and elongation at break of starch/ PVA composite increase with the content of PVA. The presence of clay and fiber are both found to have considerable effect on the mechanical properties of the composites
Li, Hang. "Utilisation de matériaux bois intelligents pour la gestion durable des infrastructures." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30288/document.
For fifteen years, we restart to construct with wood, and particularly with glulam to respond to the new challenges imposed by the issues of sustainable development. However, degradation issues related to moisture content (MC) or wetting/drying cycles limit the development of timber structures. As a result, the MC monitoring in timber structures becomes a critical issue. Today, several solutions exist but they do not allow a local monitoring in the lamellas of glulam. Such a solution would improve the prediction of the service life of timber structures. In the light of this observation, we proposed to transform glulam into "smart material" by embedding a MC monitoring system in the lamellas, and this, considering the major constraints of fabrication of this material (small glue line thickness, important bonding pressure, etc.). To achieve this, we have conducted a bibliographic research, in order to select the monitoring methods which can satisfy these constraints. According to this research, two technologies turn out to be interesting: the electrical measurements and the ultrasonic measurements. Several measurement configurations were proposed and tested in this PhD work. Thereafter, we conducted preliminary tests to make sure of the good functionality of these measurement configurations, and also to verify the behavior of sensors throughout the glulam fabrication process. Afterwards, we moistened the specimens with two different moistening protocols in order to verify the feasibility of MC monitoring with embedded sensors. Results showed that all the measurement configurations are operational for the MC monitoring in glulam specimens. Moreover, for electrical measurements, our results show that we can adopt almost the same calibration models for the MC monitoring by resistive measurements, no matter the type of sensors used. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain complementary information by the realization of the resistive and capacitive measurements at the same time, using surface electrodes. Regarding the ultrasonic measurements, we have obtained the sensibility curves in frequency of several families of piezoelectric film sensors. On the other hand, the influence of bonding pressure and of sensor distance on the electrical/ultrasonic measurements was also investigated in this study. Future studies will consist in using these measurement configurations to perform in situ monitoring in timber structures, and also to establish a link between the durability of glulam structures and the wetting/drying cycles in order to predict the service life of timber structures
Mathis, Damien. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux de haute inertie thermique à base de bois et matériaux à changement de phase biosourcés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33718.
Les Matériaux à Changement de Phase (MCP), par stockage de chaleur latente, peuvent améliorer l’efficacité énergétique des bâtiments. En saison froide, ils peuvent emmagasiner de la chaleur durant le jour pour qu’elle soit relâchée durant la nuit, réduisant le besoin en chauffage. En saison chaude, ils peuvent permettre, moyennant une ventilation nocturne adaptée, de réduire la surchauffe des bâtiments. Afin d’optimiser le bénéfice énergétique, l’intégration de MCP doit être minutieusement réfléchie. Ce travail de thèse présente trois grands axes dédiés à l’étude de matériaux hybrides bois/MCP. Le premier axe traite de la mise en forme et de la caractérisation de panneaux décoratifs intérieurs de haute inertie thermique. Le second axe a pour objectif d’évaluer la performance de ces panneaux à l’aide de deux maisonnettes expérimentales instrumentées et placées sur le campus de l’Université LAVAL. Le troisième axe étudie l’imprégnation de la couche de surface d’une Lame de Plancher d’Ingénierie (LPI) avec des microcapsules de MCP. Dans le premier axe, des panneaux intérieurs décoratifs ont été mis en oeuvre. Ils sont constitués de MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard), HDF (High Density Fiberboard) et de différents MCP biosourcés. Les MCP ont été macroencapsulés dans des sachets de polyéthylène avant d’être placés dans les panneaux. Leur stockage de chaleur latente a été mesuré avec un débitmètre thermique selon la méthode Dynamic Heat Flux Meter Apparatus (DHFMA). Les panneaux stockent une chaleur latente maximale de 57.1 J/g, ce qui est comparable à des solutions existantes de panneaux embarquant des MCP. Leur comportement thermique a été comparé au comportement des MCP purs testés par DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) et des différences significatives ont été observées. Le comportement hygromécanique des panneaux a été évalué et s’est révélé être une question d’importance en vue d’une d’industrialisation. Dans le deuxième axe, deux maisonnettes expérimentales en ossature légère de bois ont été conçues puis placées sur le campus de l’Université LAVAL. Une maisonnette a été équipée de panneaux en bois standards tandis que l’autre contenait les panneaux bois/MCP. Grâce à l’instrumentation embarquée, la performance insitu des panneaux formulés dans le premier axe a pu être étudiée. Les résultats montrent, en saison de chauffe, une réduction de la consommation en chauffage pour la maisonnette équipée de MCP. Cette réduction atteint un maximum de 41 % pour le mois de mai. Pour le confort d’été, les panneaux permettent généralement d’améliorer le confort thermique, en réduisant la surchauffe. Leur efficacité a cependant été révélée limitée par la solidification limitée du MCP pendant la nuit. Malgré une ventilation importante, lors des nuits les plus chaudes, le matériau n’était pas en mesure de se solidifier. Dans le troisième axe, des couches de surface de Lames de Planchers d’Ingénierie (LPI) ont été imprégnés avec des microcapsules de MCP biosourcés. De l’eau distillée a été utilisée comme solvant. Deux essences de bois ont été choisies : le chêne rouge et l’érable à sucre. Le gain de masse thermique s’est révélé significatif pour le chêne rouge mais négligeable pour l’érable à sucre. Pour le chêne rouge, un bénéfice de masse thermique de 77% a été mesuré. Les microcapsules ont été observées dans le bois par microscopie réflective. Elles se sont révélées être principalement présentes, formant des amas, dans les larges vaisseaux du bois initial pour le chêne rouge. Des microcapsules étaient également présentes dans les vaisseaux de l’érable à sucre, en plus petite quantité. Des tests d’adhésion ont été menés sur des lames de planchers vernis et ces tests n’ont révélé aucune influence significative de l’imprégnation sur la tenue d’un vernis.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are able to store a high amount of latent heat, which can improve buildings energy efficiency. During the heating season, solar energy can be stored during the day to be released at night, reducing the heating needs. During summer, daily maximum peak temperature can be reduced. In order to maximize the energy benefits, PCMs have to be implemented carefully. This thesis presents three major axes of research about wood/PCMs hybrid materials. The first axis is about manufacturing and characterizing woodbased decorative panels of high thermal mass. The second axis aims to evaluate the performance of such panels with two instrumented wood-frame test huts placed on LAVAL University Campus. The third axis is about impregnating the lamella of Engineering Wood Flooring (EWF) with PCM microcapsules. For the first axis, interior wood-based decorative panels containing PCMs were manufactured. Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), was used as the main component and High Density Fiberboard (HDF) was used for the inner side of the panel. Several bio-based PCMs were chosen to load the panels. A macroencapsulation of the PCMs was achieved using polyethylene bags. The latent heat storage of the panels was assessed with a thermal flow meter using a Dynamic Heat Flux Meter Apparatus (DHFMA) method. A maximum latent heat storage of 57.1 J/g has been measured, which is comparable to existing panels containing PCMs. Thermal behavior of pure PCMs has been assessed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and then compared to the panels behavior. Significant differences have been revealed. Hygromechanical behavior of the panels has been evaluated, compared to a reference, and has been revealed of importance in case of industrialization. For the second axis, two experimental timber-frame test-huts have been implemented and were placed on the LAVAL University campus. One hut was equipped with standard wood panels whereas the other one was equipped with wood-based panels containing PCMs such as manufactured in the first axis. The in-situ performance of the panels was assessed over several seasons. In winter, the panels induced a reduction of the heating consumption. This reduction reached a maximum of 41% in May. During summer, the panels are generally able to reduce the daily peak temperature. However, their performance was found limited by the solidification of the PCM, which was hard to achieve during hottest nights. For the third axis, lamellas of Engineered Wood Flooring (EWF) have been impregnated with bio-based PCM microcapsules, using water as a solvent. Two wood species were chosen: red oak and sugar. A significant thermal mass enhancement of 77% was measured for the red oak. Impregnation of sugar maple was found harder to achieve and thus its thermal mass enhancement was lower. Reflective microscopy allowed to observe the microcapsules filling red oak initial wood big vessels, forming aggregates. Some microcapsules were also observed in the sugar maple vessels but in lower quantity. Red oak was varnished with a 100 % UV solid wood coating and submitted to pull-off adhesion tests. These tests did not reveal any significant effect of an impregnation on the varnish adherence.
Lacroix, Simon. "Étude du renforcement de poutres en bois scié avec des matériaux composites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0030/MQ67293.pdf.
Augeard, Eric. "Expérimentation et modélisation du comportement mécanique de structures multi-matériaux bois-béton." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1167/document.
The objective of this project is to develop composite structures. These kinds of structures are made with wood, concrete, adhesive and rebar. The purpose is to take advantages of each material in order to improve the mechanical behavior of the hybrid structure. New bonding systems are proposed and studied to offer innovating solutions in Civil Engineering.The first part is dedicated to the study of the liaison between wood and concrete by gluing. An experimental analysis is done with push out tests in order to determine the best configurations to connect wood and concrete. Two constructive methods have been retained: a dry way and a humid way.The second step consists to test these methods of fabrication in real condition. An experimental campaign on beams and panels is launched with 4 points bending tests and under static loading to characterize the mechanical behavior of eleven beams. The interest of such hybrid sections is confirmed: gain of the bearing capacity and rigidity. The gluing and the new system of bonding are both performing and avoid slip between materials. Tests on panels show a security margin compared to classic loads in construction, for both limit states.The last stage of the thesis focuses on the study of cyclic loading of hybrid panels where 4 points bending test is used to load panels for one million cycles between 4 and 20 kN. These loads correspond respectively to the dead load on the unloaded panels and the panels loaded with regulatory live loads. After cyclic tests are performed, a bending test to the rupture is conducted.In parallel, an analytical study to model the instantaneous mechanical behavior of composite structure is proposed. This model is based on an iterative calculation by studying the deformation of the section and by equilibrating internal forces. The mechanical behavior of each material is takes into account with their non-linearity. This modelling is developed for static loads and was adapted to take in consideration creep of materials and thus obtain the differential behavior of wood-concrete structures
Lacroix, Simon. "Étude du renforcement de poutres en bois scie avec des matériaux composites." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1105.
Do, thi Vi vi. "Matériaux composites à fibres naturelles / polymère biodégradables ou non." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652477.
Tahani, Najat. "Modélisation des contraintes internes dans les matériaux orthotropes cylindriques : séchage d'un billon soumis à un gradient radial d'humidité." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10225.
Augier, Laurent. "Étude de l'élaboration de matériaux composites PVC/Bois à partir de déchets de menuiserie : formulation, caractérisation, durabilité et recyclabilité." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. https://hal.science/tel-04595420.
The study of the elaboration of PVC-wood composites showed that the manufacturing process, the wood fibres amount, size and species had more influence on the mechanical properties of the material than any coupling agent previously studied. A new coupling agent was introduced: gallic acid, polyphenol present in some wood species. Its use improved the fibre/matrix interfacial adhesion and the mechanical properties of the material. It was found that the composite weathering resistance was decreased by the wood fibres leading to surface colour change and loss of the mechanical properties (due to water action). The incorporation of some pigments decreased the UV degradation and the addition of gallic acid decreased the degradation by water. But, neither of them stopped the degradation. Five cycles of thermo-mechanical ageing did not modify the mechanical properties of these composites. Thus, it is possible to recycle the PVC/wood composite as it is
Na, Bin. "Fluage des colles polyuréthanes monocomposant pour collage du bois vert." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10127.
Creep and temperature-dependent creep, characteristic of one component polyurethane adhesives for green structural wood glueing such as glulam are two different parameters. Testing of the best standards-approved commercial polyurethane adhesive for this purpose showed that while ambient temperature creep is limited this is not the case for temperature-dependent creep. The commercial adhesives characteristics that minimize or enhance ambient temperature and temperature-dependent creep were identified. The work encompass the correlation of structure, creep and temperature-dependent creep for polyurethanes for structural wood application. This was done to establish basic principles in order to formulate and to reformulate the existing “creeping” formulations so that the problem can be eliminated or at least minimized. Basic principles on the structure of simple polyurethane adhesives influencing temperature-dependent creep were also identified and discussed
Toussaint, Pascal. "Application et modélisation du principe de la précontrainte sur des assemblages de structure bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10014/document.
In a pre-stressed fastener, forces are transmitted between two elements by friction which is made possible by the application of transversal compression forces. The aim of this work was to apply this principle to timber fasteners. Thanks to former results, a preliminary experimental study was done on stubbles of bamboo. This “grass” has a higher transversal compression resistance than wood. In order to transpose the principle of pre-stress from bamboo to timber, it was necessary to increase the compression resistance of timber. The idea proposed here is the densification of wood by localised cold compression beyond its elastic limit. Picea abies was characterized in transversal compression beyond its elastic limit. This analysis gave stress-strain curves which depend on the density of the wood. The influence of the densification on the resistance in longitudinal tension was also measured. This resistance is constant and then it decreases rapidly from a critical densification rate function of the density of the wood. The pre-stress of the tested timber and bamboo fasteners was modelled by a finite elements model. The anisotropy of the materials was taken into account by the superposition of a crushable foam model (non linear behaviour in transversal direction) and beams (longitudinal direction). This structural mesoscopic model allowed simulating the densification, the loading and unloading of the fasteners until their failure which lead to an optimization of the connectors
Eyma, Florent. "Caractérisation des efforts de coupe de différentes essences de bois à l'aide de leurs paramètres mécaniques." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10186.
For wood industries, a better knowledge of material behaviour during machining became an obligation for economical and productive reasons : with equipment adapted to manufactures needs. Woodworking machinery and tools manufacturers, as well as their users, urgently require reliable information on the main factors influencing wood cutting and above all on the magnitude of the force required to separate a chip, i. E the cutting force and its variations in different cases. In fact, the control of cutting forces during wood machining is something absolutely essential : to estimate wood behaviour and surface quality; to work in respect of tool capability; to optimised cutting conditions. However, today, to estimate cutting forces, a factor remains difficult to take in consideration : the influence of wood species. The aim of this study is to approach the influence of "the wood species" factor on cutting forces involved during machining, to give more precision to the relation. These investigations deals with the study of fourteen exotics wood species in the 90-0 cutting process. The influence of mechanical characteristics generally described in the literature and involved in this cutting process (hardness, tenacity, compression and shearing parallel to the grain) was studied and some formulations was obtained which allowed to estimate more precisely strains involved and general behaviour of wood during machining (with an explanation of more than 80% of the variation of cutting forces). These mechanical characteristics seems to be an easy solution to understand the general mechanical behaviour of each wood species studied during machining. In addition of this work, another method was used to estimate easily and quickly cutting forces involved during machining : Chardin's pendulum. Results obtained are promising but give less precision than mechanical parameters. Finally, in the fourth part of this memory, an application of all these results to the methodology of the Couple Tool Material (COM) was realised, and allowed to give more precision in the estimation of good cutting conditions and in the optimisation of machining parameters
Saifouni, Omar. "Modélisation des effets rhéologiques dans les matériaux : application au comportement mécanosorptif du bois." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069026.
Marchetti-Georges, Véronique. "Méthodologie de transformation chimique du bois : étude des propriétés des nouveaux matériaux modifiés." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0258_MARCHETTI_GEORGES.pdf.
Gaudin, Solène. "Etude de la durabilité photochimique de composites bois-polymères biodégradables." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730997.
Le, Naour Frédéric. "Une méthode de reconnaissance mécanique du bois : le perçage." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10633.
Pignolet, Olivier. "Optimisation de la durabilité de bois d'oeuvre (classe d'emploi 4) à l'aide d'anhydrides alkényles succiniques d'origine végétale." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7207/1/pignolet.pdf.
Choffel, Denise. "Classement automatique des bois de structure par capteurs micro-ondes." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10005.
Ratte, Julien. "Modélisation d'un réacteur de pyrolyse lente de bois pollué." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3019.
The slow pyrolysis is a solution of elimination and valuation of waste waste, that they are treated or not. It is an environment-friendly solution of treatment based on the thermal degradation of the organic matter. A mathematical model including the transfers of heat and mass and the chemical reactions of thermal degradation of a wooden particle was built. A spherical particle is warmed by a convective stream of nitrogen. The overall process is characterized by three big stages: 1) Drying of the sample; 2) Heating of the sample until the reactions of pyrolysis start; 3) Pyrolysis and production of char and volatile matters. The mathematical model is based on the concept of the method of volume averaging and allows to describe the internal profiles of several variables (temperature, moisture, wood concentration). This last one is then injected in a global model of industrial reactor. The final purpose is to build a tool to assist in designing and optimizing of industrial unit of wood waste
Lei, Hong. "Résines à base de matériaux naturels et synthétiques destinées aux adhésifs pour le bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10046/document.
Environment-friendly tannin/lignin and soy protein-based wood adhesive were studied. The feasibility and mechanism to use glyoxal to substitute formaldehyde in relevant formulations was analyzed. The suitable addition percentage was determined. The lab-prepared particleboard procedure was optimized too. The results shown in this work confirmed few aspects: Lignin-based adhesives and glyoxalated soy-based wood adhesives mixed with pMDI and mimosa tannin satisfying the requirements of relevant international standards for the manufacture of wood particleboard were obtained. These lignin-based or soy-based wood adhesives did not use any formaldehyde in their formulation. The performance of these formulations is determined to a great degree by the amount or proportion of the pMDI used. The results proved that the reaction between lignin and glyoxal, soy protein and glyoxal. But for the latter, the hydroxy groups that resulted couldn’t condense to a cross-linked structure. Some work has been done on the study of the influence of nano-montmorillonite (MMT) on urea-formaldehyde resin and phenolic resin adhesives. The level of exfoliation of the MMT being mixed with these resins was determined. Some conclusions can be drawn: Na-MMT is completely exfoliated when mixed with UF resins, while it only has some degree of intercalation when added to PF and PUF resins. The addition of small percentages of Na-MMT does not appear to improve much the resins dry performance, while it seems to increase the water resistance of the UF-bonded and phenolic-bond panels
Lhumeau, Fanny. "Développement d’un traitement de préservation pour la protection du bois en usage extérieur." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH8512.
When wood is used outdoors with repeated or continuous exposures to moisture, degradation by biotic factors is high. Consequently, resorting to systems of protection is essential to ensure an optimal service life. However, some of the traditional wood preservatives, used for decades for wood protection and regarded as the most effective, are currently subjected to severe restrictions in Europe because of their toxicity. The FUI TIMBIRDE project aimed to develop formulations allowing the grafting of non-biocidal polymers on the natural components of wood to limit water uptake and enhance dimensional stability. The grafting of compounds on wood will limit their potential release into the environment and reduce the wood porosity by filling the wood matrix with polymers. In a first step, identification and optimization of grafting functions was performed on cellulose as model compound of wood. Then, hydrophobic polymers were functionalized with these specific functions in order to graft polymers on wood. In this study, wood specimens were treated with selected formulations by vacuum/pressure impregnation in lab autoclave. Thus, a reduction up to 50% of water uptake was observed for wood treated with polymer latex compared to untreated wood
Bouafif, Hassine. "Effets des caractéristiques intrinsèques des fibres de bois et des procédés de mise en forme sur la performance des matériaux composites bois / thermoplastique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005671.
Zahri, Sofia. "Analyse quantitative et qualitative des substances chimiques responsables des durabilités naturelle et conférée des bois de chêne européen (Quercus robur et Quercus petraea) et de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) par la spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3024.
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in conjunction with multivariate analysis, could be a suitable technique to assess chemical substances responsible of natural and conferred wood durability. For natural durability, European oak extractives were studied by using NIRS. First, near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected from both axial and radial planes of solid oak samples. Then, these planes were cut and ground in order to take NIR spectra from oak sawdust, before and after phenol extraction. Concerning the study of artificial durability, wood strips were selected from heartwood and sapwood of Maritime pine and prepared for impregnation by two groups of active components and at three concentrations. The first group concerns industrial wood preservatives which contain boric acid, copper, cypermethrin, IPBC, permethrin, propiconazol, and tebuconazol. The second one includes pure solutions prepared with boric acid, cypermethrin, IPBC, permethrin, propiconazol, and tebuconazol. Calibrations were developed by using Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to separate between treated and untreated Maritime pine wood and also between the different preservation products. NIR information was enhanced by using the pre data processing procedures: first and second derivatives (1st D, 2nd D), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and also their combinations: 1st D. MSC, 1st D. SNV, 2nd D. MSC and 2nd D. SNV. PLS models displayed excellent correlations between calculated and predicted values by NIRS, accompanied by high correlation coefficient (r²) and weak calibration and prediction error (SEC, SEP). This study illustrates that the NIRS technique when it is used in conjunction with multivariate analysis could give reliable, quick and non-destructive assessment of European oak extractives content and the retention Maritime pine preservation products. Our findings show also the potential of NIRS technique to distinguish, on one hand between treated and untreated Maritime pine wood and on the other hand between different industrial preservation products
El, Houjeyri Imane. "Expérimentation et modélisation du comportement des assemblages en bois réalisés par des tourillons en bois densifié sous des charges monotones et cycliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0236.
It is a question of working on multi-layered beams (or cross-laminated wood panels assembled mechanically by densified wood dowels) Traditionally, this type of beam, called laminated beam, is obtained by gluing wooden laminates. which ensures a "perfect" connection thus leading to a multi-layer beam (or Panels) whose characteristics can be obtained by homogenization. In this work, it proposed to replace the glue by the densified wood dowels to make the assemblies. The viability of beams (or panels) assembled by densified wood dowels (more ecological) is not yet fully demonstrated and therefore remains exploratory. The analysis of this type of structure (static or dynamic) must consider the fact that the connection between the wood parts is semi-rigid. therefore, it is precisely planned to characterize this type of structure experimentally and on a large scale. The main objective of the proposed thesis is to evaluate the structural response under monotonic and cyclic loads. More particularly, the response under cyclic load is obviously a key parameter for the validation of this type of assembly under seismic load. As part of this study, it is envisaged to use numerical simulation (use of Abaqus) to reduce expensive experimental tests and optimize the chosen design choices
Goyeneche, Martine. "Étude du transport d'humidité par écoulement de film lors du séchage d' un milieu capillaro-poreux." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12409.
Chassagne, Pierre. "Contribution à la prédiction des conséquences mécaniques des phénomènes thermo-hydriques couplés." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0069/these.pdf.
The effects of variable climatic conditions, combined to a mechanical loading, lead in some materials to delayed accumulations of stresses and strains. Recent advances in mechanics aims at bringing a better comprehension of the material behaviour, and to develop mathematical laws capable of integrating coupled multiphysics mechanisms. The main aim of this work consists in developing a numerical tool capable of bringing a contribution for the prediction of the mechanical behaviour for a complex material such as wood, in order to optimize the use, the service and forming, manufacturing or assembly processes. The first part is a state of the art of the knowledge on wood physics and mechanical behaviour. A reminder of the main notions on its hygroscopic characteristics is essential for a good understanding of the various phenomena developing in the material. Many macroscopic numerical models developed these last two decades allow us to bring important features for the comprehension of the mechanical behaviour of wood and the associated heat and mass transfer phenomena. These tools have mainly been developed for the study of mechanosorptive phenomena occurring in the longitudinal direction or in the transverse directions. The second part deals with the development of a 3D thermo-hydro-viscoelastic orthotropic numerical tool taking into account the different parameters controlling the material response (hygroscopic variation rate, history of these variations, equivalent stress level according to a 3D criterion). The model is based on two modules partially coupled. Finally, in the third part, the numerical tools developed in this work are evaluated. The evaluation of the mechanosorptive parameters of the model is based on various applications
Alberto, Mario Michaque Miguel. "Faisabilité de composites bois-ciment destinés à la construction de maisons au Mozambique." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10059.
Bennini, Souad. "Mise au point d'une méthode d'analyse des mécanismes de pyrolyse du bois à haute température à l'aide de matériaux marqués." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30147.
Mougel, Éric. "Mise au point d'un composite ciment-bois dont les variations dimensionnelles vis-à-vis des variations d'humidité sont contrôlées." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10405.
Bendahmane, Mohamed. "Etude du comportement mécanique du bois avec nœuds : simulation numérique." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10626.
Andrade, Gerardo. "Quelques considérations non-linéaires sur la flexion de poutres en bois renforcées de matériaux composites." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1277.
Edou, Engonga Prosper. "Greffage de chaînes hydrocarbonées et perfluorées sur le bois et étude des propriétés conférées aux nouveaux matériaux." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10023.
Moulin, Jean-Michel. "Etude d'un nouveau composite à base de bois renforcé par fibre de verre : le L.C.R. (lamellé-collé renforcé)." Metz, 1989. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1989/Moulin.J_M.SMZ8911.pdf.
Biotteau, Emilie. "Caractérisation d'un milieu poreux réactif soumis à de forts flux de chaleur : application au bois Redwood." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2327.
The major purpose of this study is a better understanding of mechanisms involved in thermal degradation of porous medium (wood for instance). Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out. A non linear coupled differential set of equations had to be solved to describe heat and mass transfer, pyrolysis reaction and the induced solid matrix transformation. Inclusion of anisotropy has been performed using 2D-simulation. Two experimental set up have been used to investigate pyrolysis under inert and ambient atmosphere. The reactive zone has been found to be very thin compared to slab length and to propagate into the sample as time proceeds. A pyrolysis front velocity has been defined experimentally and numerically. A detailed analysis of heat and mass transfer in the sample provided an improved understanding of the front propagation mechanism. Heat conduction has been found to play a major role in the heat balance whereas chemical reactions contribution has been shown to be negligible. Under oxidative atmosphere, smoldering combustion occurs at the irradiated surface and has been shown to supply three times more heat than incident heat flux so that pyrolysis starts at lower incident heat fluxes. Inclusion of structure anisotropy leads to a paradox: pyrolysis front propagates more rapidly across than along the fibres (although heat conductivity is lower across than along fibres)
Guy-Plourde, Samuel. "Utilisation du lambris de bois en construction non résidentielle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28213.
Traditionnellement, le bois est utilisé comme parement extérieur en construction résidentielle pour ses avantages d’ordre économique, esthétique et environnemental. Cependant, la structure actuelle du marché non résidentiel fait en sorte que les produits de lambris en bois sont freinés dans leur accession au marché non résidentiel. Le marché non résidentiel est pourtant stratégique étant donné sa taille et sa croissance. De plus, une utilisation accrue du bois diminue l’impact environnemental des bâtiments. Ainsi, l’objectif du projet est d’explorer le potentiel d’utilisation du parement bois en construction non résidentielle. Le contexte pluridisciplinaire de l’étude amène à utiliser une approche systémique s’appuyant sur un éventail de méthodes, dont les entrevues semi-dirigées, l’enquête en ligne, et l’analyse de sites web. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les produits actuels de lambris en bois ne sont pas adaptés à ce segment de marché. Dans un premier temps, l’étude représente et organise les différents aspects qui contribuent à la sélection d’un parement en construction non résidentielle. Le projet considère les différents acteurs impliqués (clients, architectes, entrepreneurs, sous-traitants) et les différentes étapes d’un projet de construction, de l’analyse des besoins jusqu’à l’entretien du parement. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude confirme les barrières à l’utilisation du bois : l'entretien récurrent, la règlementation, l’offre de produit et les problèmes techniques reliés aux détails de construction et à l’installation. La juxtaposition des résultats précédents a permis de mettre en évidence un décalage entre les besoins des acteurs et les produits de lambris actuellement présents sur le marché. Il a ainsi été possible d’émettre des recommandations pour favoriser l’utilisation du bois. Les recommandations s’organisent autour de trois axes : communication, adaptation et développement. Ultimement, les recommandations aideront les manufacturiers de lambris de bois non seulement dans la mise en marché, mais également dans le développement de produits.
Traditionally, wood is used as an exterior cladding material in residential construction for its economic, aesthetic and environmental benefits. However, the current structure of the non-residential market means that wood paneling products are hampered in the non-residential market access. The non-residential market is nevertheless strategic given its size and growth. Moreover, increased use of wood in the construction sector reduces the environmental impact of buildings. Thus, the objective of the project is to explore the potential use of wood in non-residential construction. The multidisciplinary context of the study leads to the use of a systemic approach based on a range of methods including semi-directed interviews, online surveys, and websites analysis. The results of the study show that current wood cladding products are not suitable for the non-residential market. First, the study organizes the various aspects that contribute to the selection of a cladding for non-residential buildings. The project considers the various stakeholders involved (clients, architects, contractors, subcontractors) and the life cycle of a project from identification of the needs to maintenance of the cladding. Secondly, the study confirms the barriers to the use of wood: recurring maintenance, regulations, product offer and technical problems related to construction details and installation. The juxtaposition of the previous results revealed a discrepancy between the needs of the stakeholders and the cladding products currently on the market. Thus, it was possible to provide recommendations to promote the use of wood. The recommendations are organized around three axes: communication, adaptation and development. Ultimately, the recommendations will help wood cladding manufacturers not only in marketing but also in product development.
Tran, Trong Tuan. "Comportement au feu des structures bois assemblées par des tourillons en bois densifié." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0298.
As part of a European project, a new assembly using densified dowels to hold wooden slats is currently being validated at the structural level. This type of assembly has the advantage of not using glues and of making it possible to manufacture large-sized structures consisting only of wood. The principle consists of positioning the wooden planks as desired, then drilling and inserting densified dowels: under the effect of moisture absorption, the densified dowels swell and block the assembly, making the structure rigid.The use of this type of assembly requires a multitude of sizing and behavior checks under various stresses, including thermomechanical variations. Thus, within the framework of this thesis work, the objective will be to characterize the behavior of wood lamellar assemblies by densified dowels subjected to significant thermo-hydric stresses, in particular during the fire. To do this, we propose an approach coupled with experiments and numerical modeling. The experiments will first allow the acquisition of the basic data to develop the model. Numerical modeling will then make it possible to better understand the mechanisms involved in the fire of these types of structures in order to improve their performance. This will also reduce the number of expensive trials. The model will be validated by temperature measurements at different depths in the section of the lamellae, but also within the densified dowels. These results will then be compared to experimental tests for validation on a few fire tests under mechanical stress.This model can then be used to estimate the behavior of more complex structures subjected to fire and to provide basic data for the sizing of complete buildings. The results can also serve as a basis for amending regulatory texts such as Eurocode 5
Ramananantoandro, Tahiana. "Implications tactiles et visuelles de la rugosité du bois et des matériaux dérivés du pin maritime." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793158.
Yahyaoui, Imen. "Contribution au suivi par émission acoustique de l'endommagement des structures multi-matériaux à base de bois." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30266/document.
The application of wood-concrete-composite hybrid materials in a mechanical structure is increasing day after day. These multi-material structures are both original and mechanically promising. Nevertheless, their use is still recent. This results are in a certain lack of knowledge about their behavior and in particular with regard to the presence of damage which may lead to the degradation of their mechanical properties. In this context, acoustic emission (AE) may be an appropriate non destructive method for the inspection and control of these structures. In order to characterize the evolution of damage in multi-material structures, it is essential to characterize the damage of each constituent material. This work presents the first part of the project for assessment of hybrid structures. It concerns the characterization by acoustic emission of the damage of wood material. One of the difficulties associated with acoustic emission monitoring of wood is the variability and the complexities in its response, because the AE response depends on the structure of the wood specie and the loading condition. In this study, under different mechanical loading (standard tensile, compression and bending tests), damage of three wood species (Douglas fir, Silver fir and poplar) is characterized by the technique of acoustic emission. Results obtained show that the acoustic emission is efficient for the early detection of the damage of the wood material. It also allows to refine the damage scenarios and to differentiate the acoustic signatures of different mechanisms by means of unsupervised pattern recognition algorithms. Moreover, the results confirm that the acoustic response is dependent on the wood specie but also on the loading condition
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157/document.
The growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
The growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Thiebaud-Roux, Sophie. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques : obtention de nouveaux matériaux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7362/1/thiebaud.pdf.
Enab, Tawakol. "Analyse théorique et expérimentale du comportement des poutres stratifiées bois et composites piezoélectriques." Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAMS016.
This study is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to determining the equivalent moduli in torsion {GJ} and in shearing K/{GS} for a wood based composite (Kerto®). Two finite element FEM approaches in displacement (upper bounds) and stress (lower bounds) are developed to study any type of heterogeneous crosssection beams. In order to validate these two approaches we carried out comparisons with the values obtained from torsion experiments at specimens taken directly from the panels provided by Finnforest, furthermore with the results obtained with the commercial FEM code ANSYS®. The developed programs make it possible to clearly locate the position of the torsion center and to calculate the equivalent moduli in torsion {GJ} and in shearing K/{GS} while taking into account the effect adhesive film layers. The second part is devoted to the development of manufacturing process and modeling of the piezoelectric fibers composites. This part was conceived with two objectives. The first objective is to develop the manufacturing process of piezoelectric fiber composite inserts. The developed method leads to a unidirectional segmented composite, where the segments are separated by an epoxy joint. This technique makes it possible to control with precision the various characteristics of the piezocomposite, such as the volume fraction
Clair, Bruno. "Enquête sur le comportement paradoxal du bois de tension." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818173.