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1
Bhuiyan, Mohammad, Nunzia Ferrara, Amin Hashemi, Sarang Thombre, Michael Pattinson, and Mark Dumville. "Impact Analysis of Standardized GNSS Receiver Testing against Real-World Interferences Detected at Live Monitoring Sites." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
GNSS-based applications are susceptible to different threats, including radio frequency interference. Ensuring that the new applications can be validated against the latest threats supports the wider adoption and success of GNSS in higher value markets. Therefore, the availability of standardized GNSS receiver testing procedures is central to developing the next generation of receiver technologies. The EU Horizon2020 research project STRIKE3 (Standardization of GNSS Threat reporting and Receiver testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation) proposed standardized test procedures to validate different categories of receivers against real-world interferences, detected at different monitoring sites. This paper describes the recorded interference signatures, their use in standardized test procedures, and analyzes the result for two categories of receivers, namely mass-market and professional grade. The result analysis in terms of well-defined receiver key performance indicators showed that performance of both receiver categories was degraded by the selected interference threats, although there was considerable difference in degree and nature of their impact.
2
Yousif, Tasneem, and Paul Blunt. "Interference Mitigation for GNSS Receivers Using FFT Excision Filtering Implemented on an FPGA." Eng 3, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng3040032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
GNSS receivers process signals with very low received power levels (<−160 dBW) and, therefore GNSS signals are susceptible to interference. Interference mitigation algorithms have become common in GNSS receiver designs in both professional and mass-market applications to combat both unintentional and intentional (jamming) interference. Interference excision filters using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) have been proposed in the past as a powerful method of interference mitigation. However, the hardware implementations of this algorithm mostly limited their use to military GNSS receivers where greater power and resources were available. Novel implementation of existing FPGA technology should make interference mitigation feasible with limited hardware resources. This paper details the practicalities of implementing excision filters on currently available FPGAs trading off the achievable performance against the required hardware resources. The hardware implementation of the FFT excision mitigation algorithm is validated with the GNSS software receiver. The results indicate that the desired performance of the developed algorithm has achieved the expectations and can provide significant improvement on mitigation techniques in current GNSS receiver hardware. Two hardware implementation designs (fixed-point and float-point data type format) are developed and compared to achieve the optimal design that can provide the best performance with the possible minimum hardware resources.
3
Dabove, Paolo, Vincenzo Di Pietra, and Marco Piras. "GNSS Positioning Using Mobile Devices with the Android Operating System." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The access and the use of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) pseudo-range and carrier-phase measurements mobile devices as smartphones and tablets with an Android operating system has transformed the concept of accurate positioning with mobile devices. In this work, the comparison of positioning performances obtained with a smartphone and an external mass-market GNSS receiver both in real-time and post-processing is made. Particular attention is also paid to accuracy and precision of positioning results, also analyzing the possibility of estimating the phase ambiguities as integer values (fixed positioning) that it is still challenging for mass-market devices. The precisions and accuracies obtained with the mass-market receiver were about 5 cm and 1 cm both for real-time and post-processing solutions, respectively, while those obtained with a smartphone were slightly worse (few meters in some cases) due to the noise of its measurements.
4
Pham, Khai Cong, Hai Van Nguyen, and Nghia Viet Nguyen. "Investigation in designing and developing the GNSS positioning instrumentation used in measurement and mapping by CORS/RTK technology." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(1).06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, in addition to GNSS receivers manufactured by foreign companies and imported into Vietnam, there are some domestically produced products with lower prices on the market. This paper presents an investigation on the design and development of a low-cost and high-precision GNSS device, used for CORS/RTK measurement in establishing topographic and cadastral maps. The developed GNSS device consists of a GNSS satellite antenna, a receiver, and an electronic field-book (using a smartphone device) installed with a self - developed software. The GNSS receiver is developed based on the technology and equipment of Drotek company (France). The components of the GNSS receiver have been selected and designed with functionality for both dynamic and static measurement modes. The GNSS receiver and electronic field-book are connected wirelessly via the Bluetooth module, allowing convenient operation with the receiver. Experiments were conducted to measure the parallel points of an established geodetic network using GPS technology. The possitioning data was measured by two receivers, South’s S82 (China) and self-developed KX20-R, using RTK method with a single CORS station installed at the University of Mining and Geology. The results showed that the developed GNSS positioning device provides an accuracy of centimeters and completely meet the requirements of large-scale topographic and cadastral surveying and mapping.
5
Hernández-Pajares, Manuel, Germán Olivares-Pulido, Victoria Graffigna, Alberto García-Rigo, Haixia Lyu, David Roma-Dollase, M. de Lacy, et al. "Wide-Area GNSS Corrections for Precise Positioning and Navigation in Agriculture." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 3845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163845.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper characterizes, with static and roving GNSS receivers in the context of precision agriculture research, the hybrid ionospheric-geodetic GNSS model Wide-Area Real-Time Kinematics (WARTK), which computes and broadcasts real-time corrections for high-precision GNSS positioning and navigation within sparse GNSS receiver networks. This research is motivated by the potential benefits of the low-cost precise WARTK technique on mass-market applications such as precision agriculture. The results from two experiments summarized in this work, the second one involving a working spraying tractor, show, firstly, that the corrections from the model are in good agreement with the corrections provided by IGS (International GNSS Services) analysis centers computed in post-processing from global GNSS data. Moreover, secondly and most importantly, we have shown that WARTK provides navigation solutions at decimeter-level accuracy, and the ionospheric corrections significantly reduce the computational time for ambiguity estimation: up to convergence times for the 50%, 75% and 95% of cases equal or below 30 s (single-epoch), 150 s and 600 s approximately, vs. 1000 s, 2750 s and 4850 s without ionospheric corrections, everything for a roving receiver at more than 100 km far away from the nearest permanent receiver. The real-time horizontal position errors reach up to 3 cm, 5 cm and 12 cm for 50%, 75% and 95% of cases, respectively, by constraining and continuously updating the ambiguities without updating the permanent receiver coordinates, vs. the 6 cm, 12 cm and 32 cm, respectively, in the same conditions but without WARTK ionospheric corrections.
6
Marcinek, Krzysztof, and Witold A. Pleskacz. "GNSS-ISE: Instruction Set Extension for GNSS Baseband Processing." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020465.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work presents the results of research toward designing an instruction set extension dedicated to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baseband processing. The paper describes the state-of-the-art techniques of GNSS receiver implementation. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Against this background, a new versatile instruction set extension for GNSS baseband processing is presented. The authors introduce improved mechanisms for instruction set generation focused on multi-channel processing. The analytical approach used by the authors leads to the introduction of a GNSS-instruction set extension (ISE) for GNSS baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE is simulated extensively using PC software and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) emulation. Finally, the developed GNSS-ISE is incorporated into the first-in-the-world, according to the authors’ best knowledge, integrated, multi-frequency, and multi-constellation microcontroller with embedded flash memory. Additionally, this microcontroller may serve as an application processor, which is a unique feature. The presented results show the feasibility of implementing the GNSS-ISE into an embedded microprocessor system and its capability of performing baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE can be implemented in a wide range of applications including smart IoT (internet of things) devices or remote sensors, fostering the adaptation of multi-frequency and multi-constellation GNSS receivers to the low-cost consumer mass-market.
7
Tunini, Lavinia, David Zuliani, and Andrea Magrin. "Applicability of Cost-Effective GNSS Sensors for Crustal Deformation Studies." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The geodetic monitoring of the continuous crustal deformation in a particular region has traditionally been the prerogative of the scientific communities capable of affording high-price geodetic-class instruments to track the tiny movements of tectonic plates without losing precision. However, GNSS technology has been continuously and rapidly growing, and in the last years, new cost-efficient instruments have entered the mass market, gaining the attention of the scientific community for potentially being high-performing alternative solutions. In this study, we match in parallel a dual-frequency low-cost receiver with two high-price geodetic instruments, all connected to the same geodetic antenna. We select North-East Italy as testing area, and we process the data together with the observations coming from a network of GNSS permanent stations operating in this region. We show that mm-order precision can be achieved by cost-effective GNSS receivers, while the results in terms of time series are largely comparable to those obtained using high-price geodetic receivers.
8
Dimc, Franc, Polona Pavlovčič-Prešeren, and Matej Bažec. "Robustness against Chirp Signal Interference of On-Board Vehicle Geodetic and Low-Cost GNSS Receivers." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 5257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Robust autonomous driving, as long as it relies on satellite-based positioning, requires carrier-phase-based algorithms, among other types of data sources, to obtain precise and true positions, which is also primarily true for the use of GNSS geodetic receivers, but also increasingly true for mass-market devices. The experiment was conducted under line-of-sight conditions on a straight road during a period of no traffic. The receivers were positioned on the roof of a car travelling at low speed in the presence of a static jammer, while kinematic relative positioning was performed with the static reference base receiver. Interference mitigation techniques in the GNSS receivers used, which were unknown to the authors, were compared using (a) the observed carrier-to-noise power spectral density ratio as an indication of the receivers’ ability to improve signal quality, and (b) the post-processed position solutions based on RINEX-formatted data. The observed carrier-to-noise density generally exerts the expected dependencies and leaves space for comparisons of applied processing abilities in the receivers, while conclusions on the output data results comparison are limited due to the non-synchronized clocks of the receivers. According to our current and previous results, none of the GNSS receivers used in the experiments employs an effective type of complete mitigation technique adapted to the chirp jammer.
9
Wang, Shengliang, Xianshu Dong, Genyou Liu, Ming Gao, Wenhao Zhao, Dong Lv, and Shilong Cao. "Low-Cost Single-Frequency DGNSS/DBA Combined Positioning Research and Performance Evaluation." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030586.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, low-cost single-frequency GNSS receivers have been widely used in many fields such as mass navigation and deformation monitoring; however, due to the poor signal quality of low-cost patch antennae, it is difficult for carrier phase real-time kinematic (RTK) technology to fix the integer ambiguity. Differential GNSS (DGNSS) positioning with pseudorange can effectively meet the high robustness and reliability requirements for the submeter to the meter level positioning accuracy of UVA/vehicle/aerospace users. To improve the DGNSS positioning accuracy and reliability of low-cost single-frequency GNSS receivers in complex environments, we propose a differential barometric altimetry (DBA)-assisted DGNSS positioning algorithm, which solves the DGNSS observation equations jointly and rigorously with the Earth ellipsoidal constraint equations constructed by the DBA altitude. The DBA altitude accuracy at different baseline lengths was evaluated in detail, and the DGNSS positioning performance of the single-frequency low-cost u-blox receiver NEO-M8T with a patch antenna and DGNSS/DBA combined positioning performance with the BMP280 barometer was analyzed by several sets of static and dynamic experiments under different environments. The results show that the single-frequency NEO-M8T receiver with patch antenna DGNSS positioning accuracy is submeter level in the static environment and drops to meter level in the dynamic environment. GPS+BDS dual system has higher positioning accuracy than single GPS or single BDS. DGNSS/DBA combination has higher positioning accuracy than DGNSS, especially the root mean square error (RMSE) can be improved by 30% to 80% in the U direction and slightly improved in the N and E directions. This study can provide an effective solution reference for various applications of low-cost sensor fusion positioning in the mass consumer market.
10
Ding, Wei, Wei Sun, Yang Gao, and Jiaji Wu. "Carrier Phase-Based Precise Heading and Pitch Estimation Using a Low-Cost GNSS Receiver." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Attitude and heading estimation methods using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are generally based on multi-antenna deployment, where the installation space and system cost increase with the increase in the number of antennas. Since the single-antenna receiver is still the major choice of the mass market, we focus on precise and reliable heading and pitch estimation using a low-cost GNSS receiver. Carrier phase observations are precise but have an ambiguity problem. A single difference between consecutive epochs can eliminate ambiguity and reduce the measurement errors. In this work, a measurement model based on the time-differenced carrier phases (TDCPs) is utilized to estimate the precise delta position of the antenna between two consecutive epochs. Then, considering the motion constraint, the heading and pitch angles of a moving land vehicle can be determined by the components of the estimated receiver delta position. A threshold on the length of the delta position is selected to avoid large errors in static periods. To improve the reliability of the algorithm, the Doppler-aided cycle slip detection method is applied to exclude carrier phases with possible cycle slips. A real vehicular dynamic experiment using a low-cost, single-frequency GNSS receiver is conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of providing precise vehicular heading and pitch estimates, with both the root mean square errors being better than 1.5°. This also indicates that the cycle slip exclusion is indispensable to avoid unexpected large errors.
11
Semler, Q., L. Mangin, A. Moussaoui, and E. Semin. "DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST CENTIMETRIC GNSS POSITIONING SOLUTION FOR ANDROID APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-309-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. With the smartphone boom, positioning oneself on the Earth's surface has become something common. Everyone know how to uses their smartphone to get their location or finding their way. However, achieve centimetric accuracy on positioning still a topical issue that arouses considerable interest. Geodetic GNSS antennas are currently used for this field, but their price is incompatible with the mass market applications (autonomous cars, drones, machine automation, photogrammetry, etc.). In this paper, an approach to improve the Android smartphone positioning is presented using low-cost GNSS receiver. Requested by Syslor, a start-up working in buried networks, the society want to enhance its customer services. The purpose of this study is to present a method to reach centimetric localisation of smartphones for augmented reality and as-built 3D plans applications.
12
Fortunato, Marco, Michela Ravanelli, and Augusto Mazzoni. "Real-Time Geophysical Applications with Android GNSS Raw Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The number of Android devices enabling access to raw GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) measurements is rapidly increasing, thanks to the dedicated Google APIs. In this study, the Xiaomi Mi8, the first GNSS dual-frequency smartphone embedded with the Broadcom BCM47755 GNSS chipset, was employed by leveraging the features of L5/E5a observations in addition to the traditional L1/E1 observations. The aim of this paper is to present two different smartphone applications in Geoscience, both based on the variometric approach and able to work in real time. In particular, tests using both VADASE (Variometric Approach for Displacement Analysis Stand-alone Engine) to retrieve the 3D velocity of a stand-alone receiver in real-time, and VARION (Variometric Approach for Real-Time Ionosphere Observations) algorithms, able to reconstruct real-time sTEC (slant total electron content) variations, were carried out. The results demonstrate the contribution that mass-market devices can offer to the geosciences. In detail, the noise level obtained with VADASE in a static scenario—few mm/s for the horizontal components and around 1 cm/s for the vertical component—underlines the possibility, confirmed from kinematic tests, of detecting fast movements such as periodic oscillations caused by earthquakes. VARION results indicate that the noise level can be brought back to that of geodetic receivers, making the Xiaomi Mi8 suitable for real-time ionosphere monitoring.
13
Garzia, Fabio, Johannes Rossouw van der Merwe, Alexander Rügamer, Santiago Urquijo, and Wolfgang Felber. "HDDM Hardware Evaluation for Robust Interference Mitigation." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 6492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Interference can significantly degrade the performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. Therefore, mitigation methods are required to ensure reliable operations. However, as there are different types of interference, robust, multi-purpose mitigation algorithms are needed. This paper describes the most popular state-of-the-art interference mitigation techniques. The high-rate DFT-based data manipulator (HDDM) is proposed as a possible solution to overcome their limitations. This paper presents a hardware implementation of the HDDM algorithm. The hardware HDDM module is integrated in three different receivers equipped with analog radio-frequency (RF) front-ends supporting signals with different dynamic range. The resource utilization and power consumption is evaluated for the three cases. The algorithm is compared to a low-end mass-market receiver and a high-end professional receiver with basic and sophisticated interference mitigation capabilities, respectively. Different type of interference are used to compare the mitigation capabilities of the receivers under test. Results of the HDDM hardware implementation achieve the similar or improved performance to the state of the art. With more complex interferences, like frequency hopping or pulsed, the HDDM shows even better performance.
14
Dabove, Paolo. "The usability of GNSS mass-market receivers for cadastral surveys considering RTK and NRTK techniques." Geodesy and Geodynamics 10, no. 4 (July 2019): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2019.04.006.
Повний текст джерела
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Hohensinn, Roland, Raphael Stauffer, Marcus Franz Glaner, Iván Darío Herrera Pinzón, Elie Vuadens, Yara Rossi, John Clinton, and Markus Rothacher. "Low-Cost GNSS and Real-Time PPP: Assessing the Precision of the u-blox ZED-F9P for Kinematic Monitoring Applications." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 5100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the availability of low-cost, mass-market dual-frequency GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers, standalone processing methods such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP) are no longer restricted to geodetic-grade GNSS equipment only. However, with cheaper equipment, data quality is expected to degrade. This same principle also affects low-cost GNSS antennas, which usually suffer from poorer multipath mitigation and higher antenna noise compared to their geodetic-grade counterparts. This work assesses the quality of a particular piece of low-cost GNSS equipment for real-time PPP and high-rate dynamic monitoring applications, such as strong-motion seismology. We assembled the u-blox ZED-F9P chip in a small and light-weight data logger. With observational data from static experiments—which are processed under kinematic conditions—we assess the precision and stability of the displacement estimates. We tested the impact of different multi-band antenna types, including geodetic medium-grade helical-type (JAVAD GrAnt-G3T), as well as a low-cost helical (Ardusimple AS-ANT2B-CAL) and a patch-type (u-blox ANN-MB) antenna. Besides static tests for the assessment of displacement precision, strong-motion dynamic ground movements are simulated with a robot arm. For cross-validation, we collected measurements with a JAVAD SIGMA G3T geodetic-grade receiver. In terms of precision, we cross-compare the results of three different dual-frequency, real-time PPP solutions: (1) an ambiguity-float solution using the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) open-source software, (2) an ambiguity-float and an AR (ambiguity-resolved) solution using the raPPPid software from TU Vienna, and (3) and a PPP-RTK solution using the u-blox PointPerfect positioning service. We show that, even with low-cost GNSS equipment, it is possible to obtain a precision of one centimeter. We conclude that these devices provide an excellent basis for the densification of existing GNSS monitoring networks, as needed for strong-motion seismology and earthquake-early-warning.
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Pavlovčič-Prešeren, Polona, Franc Dimc, and Matej Bažec. "A Comparative Analysis of the Response of GNSS Receivers under Vertical and Horizontal L1/E1 Chirp Jamming." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jamming is becoming a serious threat to various users of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Therefore, live monitoring tests are required to estimate the sensitivity range of GNSS receivers under jamming. This study analyses the response of some mass-market and professional-grade receivers to intentional interferences based on different 3D jammer positions. First, the vertical jamming was investigated, followed by a horizontal experiment where the receivers were placed at three locations while the jammer was moving within a triangular area. The aim was to determine a fingerprint of the influence of the L1/E1 chirp jammer on receivers used in the research. The results show that low-cost receivers are much more susceptible to interference, while the latest generation of GNSS geodetic receivers are much more resilient. It is encouraging that positioning in the presence of jamming could be achieved on a larger scale, especially by using professional receivers. An attempt to position the jammer will be left for trials when a more frequency stable device is applied.
17
Gonzalez, Rodrigo, and Paolo Dabove. "Performance Assessment of an Ultra Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit for Ground Vehicle Navigation." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 3865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, navigation systems are becoming common in the automotive industry due to advanced driver assistance systems and the development of autonomous vehicles. The MPU-6000 is a popular ultra low-cost Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) inertial measurement unit (IMU) used in several applications. Although this mass-market sensor is used extensively in a variety of fields, it has not caught the attention of the automotive industry. Moreover, a detailed performance analysis of this inertial sensor for ground navigation systems is not available in the previous literature. In this work, a deep examination of one MPU-6000 IMU as part of a low-cost navigation system for ground vehicles is provided. The steps to characterize the performance of the MPU-6000 are divided in two phases: static and kinematic analyses. Besides, an additional MEMS IMU of superior quality is also included in all experiments just for the purpose of comparison. After the static analysis, a kinematic test is conducted by generating a real urban trajectory registering an MPU-6000 IMU, the higher-grade MEMS IMU, and two GNSS receivers. The kinematic trajectory is divided in two parts, a normal trajectory with good satellites visibility and a second part where the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal is forced to be lost. Evaluating the attitude and position inaccuracies from these two scenarios, it is concluded in this preliminary work that this mass-market IMU can be considered as a convenient inertial sensor for low-cost integrated navigation systems for applications that can tolerate a 3D position error of about 2 m and a heading angle error of about 3 °.
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Li, Y., L. Wang, J. Liu, P. Zhang, and Y. Lu. "ACCURACY EVALUATION OF MULTI-GNSS DOPPLER VELOCITY ESTIMATION USING ANDROID SMARTPHONES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-3/W1-2022 (April 22, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-3-w1-2022-89-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The number of smartphone users has increased dramatically as smartphones have become more widely available. The mass-market urgently requires the deployment of low-cost GNSS chips in smartphones to achieve continuous, high-precision velocity and location services. Currently, most GNSS velocity determination research relies on traditional geodetic receivers and focuses on comparing velocity determination methods and analyzing velocity determination influencing factors, while research into the direction of multi-GNSS velocity determination for smartphones is insufficient. To solve this problem, we study the differences in velocity determination accuracy of Android smartphones with single-constellation, dual-constellation and multi-constellation focusing on BDS-2 and BDS-3. The results show that the accuracy of velocity determination differs significantly between different mobile phone models. The velocity determination accuracy of BDS is the highest in all single constellations, and the accuracy of BDS-2, BDS-3 and GPS are not much different. The velocity determination accuracy of dual-constellation and multi-constellation is better than single-constellation. In static velocity determination, the Huawei nova5 quad-constellation velocity determination error is in the cm/s level, while the Redmi K40 error is in the dm/s level. In kinematic velocity determination, the Huawei nova5’s quad-constellation velocity determination error in horizontal and vertical directions is 1.06 dm/s and 1.77 dm/s respectively; The Redmi’s quad-constellation velocity determination error in horizontal and vertical directions is 3.76 dm/s and 4.59 dm/s respectively.
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Geng, Jianghui, Enming Jiang, Guangcai Li, Shaoming Xin, and Na Wei. "An Improved Hatch Filter Algorithm towards Sub-Meter Positioning Using only Android Raw GNSS Measurements without External Augmentation Corrections." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In May 2016, the availability of GNSS raw measurements on smart devices was announced by Google with the release of Android 7. It means that developers can access carrier-phase and pseudorange measurements and decode navigation messages for the first time from mass-market Android-devices. In this paper, an improved Hatch filter algorithm, i.e., Three-Thresholds and Single-Difference Hatch filter (TT-SD Hatch filter), is proposed for sub-meter single point positioning with raw GNSS measurements on Android devices without any augmentation correction input, where the carrier-phase smoothed pseudorange window width adaptively varies according to the three-threshold detection for ionospheric cumulative errors, cycle slips and outliers. In the mean time, it can also eliminate the inconsistency of receiver clock bias between pseudorange and carrier-phase by inter-satellite difference. To eliminate the effects of frequent smoothing window resets, we combine TT-SD Hatch filter and Kalman filter for both time update and measurement update. The feasibility of the improved TT-SD Hatch filter method is then verified using static and kinematic experiments with a Nexus 9 Android tablet. The result of the static experiment demonstrates that the position RMS of TT-SD Hatch filter is about 0.6 and 0.8 m in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. It is about 2 and 1.6 m less than the GNSS chipset solutions, and about 10 and 10 m less than the classical Hatch filter solution, respectively. Moreover, the TT-SD Hatch filter can accurately detect the cycle slips and outliers, and reset the smoothed window in time. It thus avoids the smoothing failure of Hatch filter when a large cycle-slip or an outlier occurs in the observations. Meanwhile, with the aid of the Kalman filter, TT-SD Hatch filter can keep continuously positioning at the sub-meter level. The result of the kinematic experiment demonstrates that the TT-SD Hatch filter solution can converge after a few minutes, and the 2D error is about 0.9 m, which is about 64%, 89%, and 92% smaller than that of the chipset solution, the traditional Hatch filter solution and standard single point solution, respectively. Finally, the TT-SD Hatch filter solution can recover a continuous driving track in this kinematic test.
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Hurskainen, Heikki, Elena Simona Lohan, Xuan Hu, Jussi Raasakka, and Jari Nurmi. "Multiple Gate Delay Tracking Structures for GNSS Signals and Their Evaluation with Simulink, SystemC, and VHDL." International Journal of Navigation and Observation 2008 (May 21, 2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/785695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate delay tracking in multipath environments is one of the prerequisites of modern GNSS receivers. Several solutions have been proposed in the literature, both feedback and feedforward. However, this topic is still under active research focus, especially for mass-market receivers, where selection of lowcomplexity, nonpatented methods is preferred. Among the most encountered delay tracking structures implemented in today's receivers, we have the narrow correlator and the double-delta correlators. Both are heavily covered by various patents. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new, generic structure, called multiple gate delay (MGD) structure, which covers also the patented correlators but offers much more flexibility in the design process. We show how the design parameters of such a structure can be optimized, we argue the performance of this structure via detailed simulation results based on various simulators, such as Matlab/Simulink-based tool, GRANADA, and we test the implementation feasibility of MGD structures on actual devices, via SystemC and FPGA prototyping. One of the main advantages of the proposed structure is its high degree of flexibility, which allows the designer to choose among, to the authors' knowledge, nonpatented solutions with delay tracking accuracy comparable with that of the current state-of-art trackers.
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Farooq, Salma Zainab, Dongkai Yang, and Echoda Ngbede Joshua Ada. "A Cycle Slip Detection Framework for Reliable Single Frequency RTK Positioning." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Single frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning is expected to be the leading implementation platform for a variety of emerging GNSS mass-market applications. During RTK positioning, the most common source of measurement errors is carrier-phase cycle slips (CS). The presence of CS in carrier-phase measurements is tested by a CS detection technique and correspondingly taken care of. While using CS prone measurement data, positioning reliability is an area of concern for RTK users. Reliability can be linked with the CS detection scheme through a least squares (LS) adjustment process. This paper proposes a CS detection framework for reliable RTK positioning using single-frequency GNSS receivers. The scheme uses double differenced measurements for CS detection via LS adjustment using a detection, identification, and adaptation approach. For reliable positioning, the procedure to link the detection and identification stages is described. Through tests conducted on kinematic data, internal and external reliability are theoretically determined by calculating minimal detectable bias (MDB) and marginally detectable errors, respectively. After introducing CS, the actual values of MDB are found to be four cycles, which are higher than the theoretically obtained values of one and two cycles. Although CS detection for reliable positioning is implemented for single-frequency RTK users, the proposed procedure is generic and can be used whenever CS are detected through statistical tests during LS adjustment.
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Przybilla, H. J., M. Bäumker, T. Luhmann, H. Hastedt, and M. Eilers. "INTERACTION BETWEEN DIRECT GEOREFERENCING, CONTROL POINT CONFIGURATION AND CAMERA SELF-CALIBRATION FOR RTK-BASED UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-485-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are enjoying increasing popularity in the photogrammetric community. The Chinese supplier DJI is the market leader with about 70% of the global consumer UAV market. The Phantom model has been available for more than 10 years and its current version "RTK" is equipped with a 2-frequency GNSS receiver, as a basis for direct georeferencing of image flights, using RTK or PPK technologies.In the context of the paper, different case studies are investigated, which allow statements on the geometric accuracy of UAV image flights as well as on the self-calibration of the camera systems.In the first example, four DJI Phantom 4 RTK systems are examined, which were flown in a cross flight pattern configuration on the area of the UAV test field "Zeche Zollern" in Dortmund, Germany. The second example analyses the results of an open moorland area where the establishment of GCPs is extremely difficult and expensive, hence direct georeferencing offers a promising way to evaluate deformations, soil movements or mass calculations. In this example a DJI Matrice 210 v2 RTK drone has been used and the results of two different software packages (Agisoft Metashape and RealityCapture) are analysed. The third example presents a reference building that has been established by the Lower Saxony administration for geoinformation in order to evaluate UAV photogrammetry for cadastral purposes. Here again a DJI Phantom 4 RTK has been tested in a variety of flight configurations and a large number of high precision ground control and check points.The case studies show that the RTK option leads to sufficient results if at least 1 GCP is introduced. Flights without any GCPs lead to a significant height error in the order of up to 30 GSD.
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Aicardi, I., P. Dabove, A. Lingua, and M. Piras. "Sensors integration for smartphone navigation: performances and future challenges." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3 (August 11, 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-9-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays the modern smartphones include several sensors which are usually adopted in geomatic application, as digital camera, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers, inertial platform, RFID and Wi-Fi systems. <br><br> In this paper the authors would like to testing the performances of internal sensors (Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU) of three modern smartphones (Samsung GalaxyS4, Samsung GalaxyS5 and iPhone4) compared to external mass-market IMU platform in order to verify their accuracy levels, in terms of positioning. Moreover, the Image Based Navigation (IBN) approach is also investigated: this approach can be very useful in hard-urban environment or for indoor positioning, as alternative to GNSS positioning. <br><br> IBN allows to obtain a sub-metrical accuracy, but a special database of georeferenced images (Image DataBase, IDB) is needed, moreover it is necessary to use dedicated algorithm to resizing the images which are collected by smartphone, in order to share it with the server where is stored the IDB. Moreover, it is necessary to characterize smartphone camera lens in terms of focal length and lens distortions. <br><br> The authors have developed an innovative method with respect to those available today, which has been tested in a covered area, adopting a special support where all sensors under testing have been installed. Geomatic instrument have been used to define the reference trajectory, with purpose to compare this one, with the path obtained with IBN solution. First results leads to have an horizontal and vertical accuracies better than 60 cm, respect to the reference trajectories. IBN method, sensors, test and result will be described in the paper.
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Shevchuk, Stanislav, Vadim Ponomarev, and Elena Cheremisina. "DEVELOPING GNSS-RECEIVER FOR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-36-43.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In article the concept of geodetic GNSS-receiver adopted for scientific consumer’s purposes is given. Main trends of GNSS technologies and market are considered. Scientific aims which require specialized GNSS-receivers are overwieved.
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Shevchuk, Stanislav O., Konstantin V. Petrov, and Elena S. Cheremisina. "DOMESTIC HIGH-PRECISE GNSS RECEIVERS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-1-2-119-127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the article an overview of GNSS receivers produced in Russian Federation is given. The problem of determining the manufacturer’s country is considered with the analysis of Russian domestic GNSS-receivers market. The main conclusion about small number of domestic manufactured devices with Russian-made technical elemental-base is made. Also the analysis of the technical specifications of the receivers led to the conclusion about the low-level of the domestic receivers performance if compared with foreign ones. Other problems of domestic-made devices are considered including the high prices, low competition, focus on the special consumer and also insufficient number of those devices in the market. The next-generation receiver announced last years must solve or minimize all those problems and bring the domestic GNSS-devices market to the new level of quality. The main conclusion about optimistic trend of Russian high-precise domestic GNSS-receivers market is made.
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Januszewski, Jacek. "GNSS Receivers, Theirs Features, User Environment And Applications." Annual of Navigation 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2015-0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSince many years the coordinates of the position can be obtained with the use of satellite navigation and augmentation systems, SNS and SBAS, respectively. All these systems are called GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems). The main task of the user segment is to transform the products delivered by the GNSS infrastructure into services that users are mainly interested in. That's why GNSS receiver selection depends on user application. Nowadays several hundred different receivers provided by more than one hundred manufacturers are available on the world market. The review of the performance parameters of GNSS receivers accessible in 2014 and last three years is presented in this paper. Additionally the paper gives the reply to some important questions as: for how many applications the given model is destined, which is the percentage of the receivers designed for marine and navigation users, which equipment features of the receiver are the most important for given application, which satellite signals apart from GPS signals can be tracked in the receiver?
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Waelchli, Grégoire, Marcel Baracchi-Frei, Cyril Botteron, and Pierre-André Farine. "Distributed Arithmetic for Efficient Base-Band Processing in Real-Time GNSS Software Receivers." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/180296.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growing market of GNSS capable mobile devices is driving the interest of GNSS software solutions, as they can share many system resources (processor, memory), reducing both the size and the cost of their integration. Indeed, with the increasing performance of modern processors, it becomes now feasible to implement in software a multichannel GNSS receiver operating in real time. However, a major issue with this approach is the large computing resources required for the base-band processing, in particular for the correlation operations. Therefore, new algorithms need to be developed in order to reduce the overall complexity of the receiver architecture. Towards that aim, this paper first introduces the challenges of the software implementation of a GPS receiver, with a main focus given to the base-band processing and correlation operations. It then describes the already existing solutions and, from this, introduces a new algorithm based on distributed arithmetic.
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Khomsin, Ira Mutiara Anjasmara, Danar Guruh Pratomo, and Wahyu Ristanto. "Accuracy Analysis of GNSS (GPS, GLONASS and BEIDOU) Obsevation For Positioning." E3S Web of Conferences 94 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199401019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global Navigation Satellite System called GNSS is a term used for the entire global navigation that already operate or are in the planning for the future. Some of the satellite that can be used are GPS (Global Positioning System) operated by USA, GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) operated by Rusia and BeiDou/Compass operated by China. Many errors and biases that occur when measuring with GNSS in the field. Theoritically, there are some errors and biases that can be eliminated or subtracted by strength of satellite geometric. One factor to get a good satellite geometric is to increase the number of satellites received by receiver. In general, the more number of satellites received, the better the geometric satellites received by receivers. The development of receiver technology is currently able to capture GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou signals at one time. Thus the receiver can receive many satellites and finally the shape of geometric satellite becomes better. HiTarget V30 is one of the latest GNSS technology on the market today. This receiver is capable of receiving GPS signals, GLONASS and BeiDou at one time of observation. This research will compare the accuracy of positioning using GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou satellite.
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Wilk, Andrzej, Cezary Specht, Władysław Koc, Krzysztof Karwowski, Jacek Skibicki, Jacek Szmagliński, Paweł Dąbrowski, et al. "Determination of the tram track axis using a multi receiver GNSS measurement system." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2020, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_20_04_01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article refers to research, that has been conducted by an interdisciplinary research team from the Gdańsk University of Technology and the Maritime University in Gdynia since 2009. These investigation concerns the determination of a railway track axis using the mobile satellite measurement technique. Following the dynamic development of GNSS techniques, that could be seen in the last decade, the team carried out further experiments aimed at developing an effective measurement method. Using the acquired experience in this period, another measurement campaign was carried out on the tram tracks in Gdansk. The main goal of these measurements was to check how the new assumptions regarding the method of mounting the antennas as well as their placement on the measuring platform will work in various field conditions. For this purpose, ten sets of GNSS receivers offered by two independent manufacturers – currently market leaders – were used. The choice of testing track section made it possible to analyze the repeatability of results obtained from multiple measurements in conditions of varying GNSS signal availability. The article presents in a synthetic way the course of this research and the obtained results. Keywords: Tram track; Satellite measurements; Accuracy analysis
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Navarro, J., M. E. Parés, I. Colomina, G. Bianchi, S. Pluchino, R. Baddour, A. Consoli, et al. "A REDUNDANT GNSS-INS LOW-COST UAV NAVIGATION SOLUTION FOR PROFESSIONAL APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (August 19, 2015): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-299-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the current results for the FP7 GINSEC project. Its goal is to build a pre-commercial prototype of a low-cost, accurate and reliable system for the professional UAV market. <i>Low-cost</i>, in this context, stands for the use of sensors in the most affordable segment of the market, especially MEMS IMUs and GNSS receivers. <i>Reliability</i> applies to the ability of the autopilot to cope with situations where unfavourable GNSS reception conditions or strong electromagnetic fields make the computation of the position and / or attitude of the UAV difficult. <i>Professional</i> and <i>accurate</i> mean that, at least using post-processing techniques as PPP, it will be possible to reach cm-level precisions that open the door to a range of applications demanding high levels of quality in positioning, as precision agriculture or mapping. To achieve such goal, a rigorous sensor error modelling approach, the use of redundant IMUs and a dual-GNSS receiver setup, together with close-coupling techniques and an extended Kalman filter with self-analysis capabilities have been used. Although the project is not yet complete, the results obtained up to now prove the feasibility of the aforementioned goal, especially in those aspects related to position determination. Research work is still undergoing to estimate the heading using a dual-GNNS receiver setup; preliminary results prove the validity of this approach for relatively long baselines, although positive results are expected when these are shorter than 1 m – which is a necessary requisite for small-sized UAVs.
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Martín, Angel, Sara Ibáñez, Carlos Baixauli, Sara Blanc, and Ana Belén Anquela. "Multi-constellation GNSS interferometric reflectometry with mass-market sensors as a solution for soil moisture monitoring." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 3573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3573-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Per capita arable land is decreasing due to the rapidly increasing population, and fresh water is becoming scarce and more expensive. Therefore, farmers should continue to use technology and innovative solutions to improve efficiency, save input costs, and optimise environmental resources (such as water). In the case study presented in this paper, the Global Navigation Satellite System interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique was used to monitor soil moisture during 66 d, from 3 December 2018 to 6 February 2019, in the installations of the Cajamar Centre of Experiences, Paiporta, Valencia, Spain. Two main objectives were pursued. The first was the extension of the technique to a multi-constellation solution using GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO satellites, and the second was to test whether mass-market sensors could be used for this technique. Both objectives were achieved. At the same time that the GNSS observations were made, soil samples taken at 5 cm depth were used for soil moisture determination to establish a reference data set. Based on a comparison with that reference data set, all GNSS solutions, including the three constellations and the two sensors (geodetic and mass market), were highly correlated, with a correlation coefficient between 0.7 and 0.85.
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Pagliari, D., L. Pinto, M. Reguzzoni, and L. Rossi. "INTEGRATION OF KINECT AND LOW-COST GNSS FOR OUTDOOR NAVIGATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-565-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since its launch on the market, Microsoft Kinect sensor has represented a great revolution in the field of low cost navigation, especially for indoor robotic applications. In fact, this system is endowed with a depth camera, as well as a visual RGB camera, at a cost of about 200$. The characteristics and the potentiality of the Kinect sensor have been widely studied for indoor applications. The second generation of this sensor has been announced to be capable of acquiring data even outdoors, under direct sunlight. The task of navigating passing from an indoor to an outdoor environment (and vice versa) is very demanding because the sensors that work properly in one environment are typically unsuitable in the other one. In this sense the Kinect could represent an interesting device allowing bridging the navigation solution between outdoor and indoor. In this work the accuracy and the field of application of the new generation of Kinect sensor have been tested outdoor, considering different lighting conditions and the reflective properties of the emitted ray on different materials. Moreover, an integrated system with a low cost GNSS receiver has been studied, with the aim of taking advantage of the GNSS positioning when the satellite visibility conditions are good enough. A kinematic test has been performed outdoor by using a Kinect sensor and a GNSS receiver and it is here presented.
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Pagliaria, D., L. Pinto, M. Reguzzoni, and L. Rossi. "INTEGRATION OF KINECT AND LOW-COST GNSS FOR OUTDOOR NAVIGATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-565-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since its launch on the market, Microsoft Kinect sensor has represented a great revolution in the field of low cost navigation, especially for indoor robotic applications. In fact, this system is endowed with a depth camera, as well as a visual RGB camera, at a cost of about 200$. The characteristics and the potentiality of the Kinect sensor have been widely studied for indoor applications. The second generation of this sensor has been announced to be capable of acquiring data even outdoors, under direct sunlight. The task of navigating passing from an indoor to an outdoor environment (and vice versa) is very demanding because the sensors that work properly in one environment are typically unsuitable in the other one. In this sense the Kinect could represent an interesting device allowing bridging the navigation solution between outdoor and indoor. In this work the accuracy and the field of application of the new generation of Kinect sensor have been tested outdoor, considering different lighting conditions and the reflective properties of the emitted ray on different materials. Moreover, an integrated system with a low cost GNSS receiver has been studied, with the aim of taking advantage of the GNSS positioning when the satellite visibility conditions are good enough. A kinematic test has been performed outdoor by using a Kinect sensor and a GNSS receiver and it is here presented.
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Wang, Shengliang, Xianshu Dong, Genyou Liu, Ming Gao, Gongwei Xiao, Wenhao Zhao, and Dong Lv. "GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA Fusion Positioning Method and Its Performance Evaluation." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 5928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235928.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a significant space–time infrastructure, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides high-precision positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) information to users all over the world. However, GNSS real-time kinematic (RTK) mobile receiver signal attenuation is obvious in complex environments such as under trees, urban canyons, and indoors, among others, and it is incapable of meeting the demand of multi-level mass users for indoor and outdoor seamless positioning applications. The goal of this study was to address the limitations and vulnerabilities of the GNSS RTK positioning above-mentioned. First, we propose a GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA fusion positioning model and provide detailed algorithm steps for various types of observations. The performance of the GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA fusion positioning under various occlusion environments is then thoroughly evaluated using static and dynamic cart experiments. The experiment results show that as the elevation mask angle increases, the number of available GNSS satellites decreases and the ambiguity resolution success rate decreases; in comparison to GNSS RTK, the proposed GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA fusion positioning model can significantly improve the spatial geometry distribution of observations, reduce the position dilution of precision (PDOP) value, and improve the ambiguity resolution success rate. At an elevation mask angle of 50 degrees, GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA combination positioning can improve the ambiguity resolution success rate by 20% to 60%, and a positioning error less than 5 cm by 20% to 50%. It also indicates that the GNSS RTK/UWB/DBA fusion positioning model has higher positioning accuracy and can effectively improve the availability and reliability of GNSS RTK in a local harsh environment.
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Akhmetov, R., G. Makhmetova, E. Orynbassarova, A. Baltiyeva, A. Togaibekov, K. Roberts, and A. Yerzhankyzy. "THE STUDY OF KINEMATIC GNSS SURVEYING FOR BIM GEOREFERENCING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-5/W1-2022 (February 3, 2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-7-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Building Information Modeling is a tool for creating, presenting and managing building data. The use of BIM has the advantage of obtaining greater detail and fidelity in design, construction and operation, increases efficiency, and serves as a digital transformation of the construction industry. As BIM continues to evolve and integrate, needs accurate spatial georeferencing is needed as a way to correctly display a model without changing the underlying data. The great common tool for referencing is GNSS. Having in mind tight surveying conditions for urban territories. It is preferable to use kinematic surveying mode. This study is an analysis of field measurements aimed at investigating the problem of GNSS accuracy under various adverse operating conditions. Every year, new updated receiver models and software versions appear on the geodetic market, so it is necessary to study their effectiveness and given accuracy. This paper shows information about a kinematic survey performed in a canopy, multipath and in an open area to evaluate the performance of the user segment of various manufactures.
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Zhu, Feng, Xianlu Tao, Wanke Liu, Xiang Shi, Fuhong Wang, and Xiaohong Zhang. "Walker: Continuous and Precise Navigation by Fusing GNSS and MEMS in Smartphone Chipsets for Pedestrians." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The continual miniaturization of mass-market sensors built in mobile intelligent terminals has inspired the development of accurate and continuous navigation solution for portable devices. With the release of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from the Android Nougat system, smartphones can provide pseudorange, Doppler, and carrier phase observations of GNSS. However, it is still a challenge to achieve the seamless positioning of consumer applications, especially in environments where GNSS signals suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio and severe multipath. This paper introduces a dedicated android smartphone application called Walker that integrates the GNSS navigation solution and MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) sensors to enable continuous and precise pedestrian navigation. Firstly, we introduce the generation of GNSS and MEMS observations, in addition to the architecture of Walker application. Then the core algorithm in Walker is given, including the time-differenced carrier phase improved GNSS single-point positioning and the integration of GNSS and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR). Finally, the Walker application is tested and the observations of GNSS and MEMS are assessed. The static experiment shows that, with GNSS observations, the RMS (root mean square) values of east, north, and up positioning error are 0.49 m, 0.37 m, and 1.01 m, respectively. Furthermore, the kinematic experiment verifies that the proposed method is capable of obtaining accuracy within 1–3 m for smooth and continuous navigation.
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Mwenegoha, Hery, Terry Moore, James Pinchin, and Mark Jabbal. "Model-Based Autonomous Navigation with Moment of Inertia Estimation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dominant navigation system for low-cost, mass-market Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is based on an Inertial Navigation System (INS) coupled with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). However, problems tend to arise during periods of GNSS outage where the navigation solution degrades rapidly. Therefore, this paper details a model-based integration approach for fixed wing UAVs, using the Vehicle Dynamics Model (VDM) as the main process model aided by low-cost Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) inertial sensors and GNSS measurements with moment of inertia calibration using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). Results show that the position error does not exceed 14.5 m in all directions after 140 s of GNSS outage. Roll and pitch errors are bounded to 0.06 degrees and the error in yaw grows slowly to 0.65 degrees after 140 s of GNSS outage. The filter is able to estimate model parameters and even the moment of inertia terms even with significant coupling between them. Pitch and yaw moment coefficient terms present significant cross coupling while roll moment terms seem to be decorrelated from all of the other terms, whilst more dynamic manoeuvres could help to improve the overall observability of the parameters.
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Zhou, Xin-kai, Jie Chen, Peng-bo Wang, Hong-cheng Zeng, Yue Fang, Zhi-rong Men, and Wei Liu. "An Efficient Imaging Algorithm for GNSS-R Bi-Static SAR." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242945.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) based Bi-static Synthetic Aperture Radar (BSAR) is becoming more and more important in remote sensing, given its low power, low mass, low cost, and real-time global coverage capability. Due to its complex configuration, the imaging for GNSS-R BSAR is usually based on the Back-Projection Algorithm (BPA), which is very time consuming. In this paper, an efficient and general imaging algorithm for GNSS-R BSAR is presented. A Two Step Range Cell Migration (TSRCM) correction is firstly applied. The first step roughly compensates the RCM and Doppler phase caused by the motion of the transmitter, which simplifies the SAR data into the quasi-mono-static case. The second step removes the residual RCM caused by the motion of the receiver using the modified frequency scaling algorithm. Then, a cubic phase perturbation operation is introduced to equalize the Doppler frequency modulation rate along the same range cell. Finally, azimuth phase compensation and geometric correction are completed to obtain the focused SAR image. A simulation and experiment are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, showing that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the BPA, without causing significant degradation in imaging quality.
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Kleinherenbrink, Marcel, Riccardo Riva, and Thomas Frederikse. "A comparison of methods to estimate vertical land motion trends from GNSS and altimetry at tide gauge stations." Ocean Science 14, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-187-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Tide gauge (TG) records are affected by vertical land motion (VLM), causing them to observe relative instead of geocentric sea level. VLM can be estimated from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) time series, but only a few TGs are equipped with a GNSS receiver. Hence, (multiple) neighboring GNSS stations can be used to estimate VLM at the TG. This study compares eight approaches to estimate VLM trends at 570 TG stations using GNSS by taking into account all GNSS trends with an uncertainty smaller than 1 mm yr−1 within 50 km. The range between the methods is comparable with the formal uncertainties of the GNSS trends. Taking the median of the surrounding GNSS trends shows the best agreement with differenced altimetry–tide gauge (ALT–TG) trends. An attempt is also made to improve VLM trends from ALT–TG time series. Only using highly correlated along-track altimetry and TG time series reduces the SD of ALT–TG time series by up to 10 %. As a result, there are spatially coherent changes in the trends, but the reduction in the root mean square (RMS) of differences between ALT–TG and GNSS trends is insignificant. However, setting correlation thresholds also acts like a filter to remove problematic TG time series. This results in sets of ALT–TG VLM trends at 344–663 TG locations, depending on the correlation threshold. Compared to other studies, we decrease the RMS of differences between GNSS and ALT–TG trends (from 1.47 to 1.22 mm yr−1), while we increase the number of locations (from 109 to 155), Depending on the methods the mean of differences between ALT–TG and GNSS trends vary between 0.1 and 0.2 mm yr−1. We reduce the mean of the differences by taking into account the effect of elastic deformation due to present-day mass redistribution. At varying ALT–TG correlation thresholds, we provide new sets of trends for 759 to 939 different TG stations. If both GNSS and ALT–TG trend estimates are available, we recommend using the GNSS trend estimates because residual ocean signals might correlate over long distances. However, if large discrepancies ( > 3 mm yr−1) between the two methods are present, local VLM differences between the TG and the GNSS station are likely the culprit and therefore it is better to take the ALT–TG trend estimate. GNSS estimates for which only a single GNSS station and no ALT–TG estimate are available might still require some inspection before they are used in sea level studies.
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Zuliani, David, Lavinia Tunini, Marco Severin, Michele Bertoni, Cristian Ponton, and Stefano Parolai. "LZER0: A Cost-Effective Multi-Purpose GNSS Platform." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 8314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent advances in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology have made low-cost sensors available to the mass market, opening up new opportunities for real-time ground deformation and structure monitoring. In this paper, we present a new product developed in this framework by the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics–OGS in collaboration with a private company (SoluTOP SAS): a cost-effective, multi-purpose GNSS platform called LZER0, suitable not only for surveying measurements, but also for monitoring tasks. The LZER0 platform is a complete system that includes the GNSS equipment (M8T single-frequency model produced by u-blox) and the web portal where the results are displayed. The GNSS data are processed using the RTKLIB software package, and the processed results are made available to the end user. The relative positioning mode was adopted both with real-time and post-processing RTKLIB engines. We present three applications of LZER0—cadastral, monitoring, and automotive—which demonstrate that it is a flexible, multi-purpose platform that is easy to use in terms of both hardware and software, and can be easily deployed to perform various tasks in the research, educational, or professional sectors.
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Fernandez-Prades, Carles, Letizia Lo Presti, and Emanuela Falletti. "Satellite Radiolocalization From GPS to GNSS and Beyond: Novel Technologies and Applications for Civil Mass Market." Proceedings of the IEEE 99, no. 11 (November 2011): 1882–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2158032.
Повний текст джерела
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Hamza, Veton, Bojan Stopar, and Oskar Sterle. "Testing the Performance of Multi-Frequency Low-Cost GNSS Receivers and Antennas." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost multi-frequency receivers are argued as an alternative to geodetic receivers for many applications. Calibrated low-cost antennas recently became available on the market making low-cost instruments more comparable with geodetic ones. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the noise of low-cost GNSS receivers, to compare the positioning quality from different types of low-cost antennas, and to analyze the positioning differences between low-cost and geodetic instruments. The results from a zero baseline test indicated that the u-blox multi-frequency receiver, namely, ZED-F9P, had low noise that was at the sub-millimeter level. To analyze the impact of the antennas in the obtained coordinates, a short baseline test was applied. Both tested uncalibrated antennas (Tallysman TW3882 and Survey) demonstrated satisfactory positioning performance. The Tallysman antenna was more accurate in the horizontal position determination, and the difference from the true value was only 0.1 mm; while, for the Survey antenna, the difference was 1.0 mm. For the ellipsoid height, the differences were 0.3 and 0.6 mm for the Survey and Tallysman antennas, respectively. The comparison of low-cost receivers with calibrated low-cost antennas (Survey Calibrated) and geodetic instruments proved better performance for the latter. The geodetic GNSS instruments were more accurate than the low-cost instruments, and the precision of the estimated coordinates from the geodetic network was also greater. Low-cost GNSS instruments were not at the same level as the geodetic ones; however, considering their cost, they demonstrated excellent performance that is sufficiently appropriate for various geodetic applications.
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Guo, Lei, Fuhong Wang, Jizhang Sang, Xiaohu Lin, Xuewen Gong, and Wanwei Zhang. "Characteristics Analysis of Raw Multi-GNSS Measurement from Xiaomi Mi 8 and Positioning Performance Improvement with L5/E5 Frequency in an Urban Environment." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040744.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Achieving continuous and high-precision positioning services via smartphone under a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-degraded environment is urgently demanded by the mass market. In 2018, Xiaomi launched the world’s first dual-frequency GNSS smartphone, Xiaomi Mi 8. The newly added L5/E5 signals are more precise and less prone to distortions from multipath reflections. This paper discusses the characteristics of raw dual-frequency GNSS observations from Xiaomi Mi 8 in urban environments; they are characterized by high pseudorange noise and frequent signal interruption. The traditional dual-frequency ionosphere-free combination is not suitable for Xiaomi Mi 8 raw GNSS data processing, since the noise of the combined measurements is much larger than the influence of the ionospheric delay. Therefore, in order to reasonably utilize the high precision carrier phase observations, a time differenced positioning filter is presented in this paper to deliver continuous and smooth navigation results in urban environments. The filter first estimates the inter-epoch position variation (IEPV) with time differenced uncombined L1/E1 and L5/E5 carrier phase observations and constructs the state equation with IEPV to accurately describe the user’s movement. Secondly, the observation equations are formed with uncombined L1/E1 and L5/E5 pseudorange observations. Then, kinematic experiments in open-sky and GNSS-degraded environments are carried out, and the proposed filter is assessed in terms of the positioning accuracy and solution availability. The result in an open-sky environment shows that, assisted with L5/E5 observations, the root mean square (RMS) of the stand-alone horizontal and vertical positioning errors are about 1.22 m and 1.94 m, respectively, with a 97.8% navigation availability. Encouragingly, even in a GNSS-degraded environment, smooth navigation services with accuracies of 1.61 m and 2.16 m in the horizontal and vertical directions are obtained by using multi-GNSS and L5/E5 observations.
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Chiang, Kai-Wei, Yu-Hua Li, Li-Ta Hsu, and Feng-Yu Chu. "The Design a TDCP-Smoothed GNSS/Odometer Integration Scheme with Vehicular-Motion Constraint and Robust Regression." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is widely regarded as the primary positioning solution for intelligent transport system (ITS) applications. However, its performance could degrade, due to signal outages and faulty-signal contamination, including multipath and non-line-of-sight reception. Considering the limitation of the performance and computation loads in mass-produced automotive products, this research investigates the methods for enhancing GNSS-based solutions without significantly increasing the cost for vehicular navigation system. In this study, the measurement technique of the odometer in modern vehicle designs is selected to integrate the GNSS information, without using an inertial navigation system. Three techniques are implemented to improve positioning accuracy; (a) Time-differenced carrier phase (TDCP) based filter: A state-augmented extended Kalman filter is designed to incorporate TDCP measurements for maximizing the effectiveness of phase-smoothing; (b) odometer-aided constraints: The aiding measurement from odometer utilizing forward speed with the lateral constraint enhances the state estimation; the information based on vehicular motion, comprising the zero-velocity constraint, fault detection and exclusion, and dead reckoning, maintains the stability of the positioning solution; (c) robust regression: A weighted-least-square based robust regression as a measurement-quality assessment is applied to adjust the weightings of the measurements adaptively. Experimental results in a GNSS-challenging environment indicate that, based on the single-point-positioning mode with an automotive-grade receiver, the combination of the proposed methods presented a root-mean-square error of 2.51 m, 3.63 m, 1.63 m, and 1.95 m for the horizontal, vertical, forward, and lateral directions, with improvements of 35.1%, 49.6%, 45.3%, and 21.1%, respectively. The statistical analysis exhibits 97.3% state estimation result in the horizontal direction for the percentage of epochs that had errors of less than 5 m, presenting that after the intervention of proposed methods, the positioning performance can fulfill the requirements for road level applications.
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Cina, Alberto, Ambrogio Maria Manzino, and Iosif Horea Bendea. "Improving GNSS Landslide Monitoring with the Use of Low-Cost MEMS Accelerometers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 5075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Observation and monitoring of landslides and infrastructure is a very important basis for land planning, human activities, and safety. Geomatic techniques for deformation monitoring have usually involved GNSS and total station measurements or, more generally, expensive geodetic instruments, but other techniques, such as SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), can be efficiently applied. Using low-cost sensors could be an interesting alternative solution if the accuracy requirements can be satisfied. This paper shows the results obtained for tilt measurements using MEMS accelerometers, which were combined with mass-market GNSS sensors for monitoring five sites located on landslides. The use of a MEMS-like inclinometer requires an important calibration process to remove bias and improve the solution’s accuracy. In this paper, we explain the MEMS calibration procedure employed, with a simple and cheap solution. The results indicate that with a simple calibration, it is possible to improve measurement accuracy by one order of magnitude, reaching an angular accuracy of a few hundredths of a degree, verified by an independent technique.
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Sun, Yueqiang, Bowen Wang, Xiangguang Meng, Xinchun Tang, Feng Yan, Xianguo Zhang, Weihua Bai, et al. "Analysis of Orbital Atmospheric Density from QQ-Satellite Precision Orbits Based on GNSS Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163873.
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Atmospheric drag provides an indirect approach for evaluating atmospheric mass density, which can be derived from the Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. A method was developed to estimate nongravitational acceleration, which includes the drag acceleration of the thermospheric density model and empirical force acceleration in the velocity direction from the centimeter-level reduced-dynamic POD. The main research achievements include the study of atmospheric responses to geomagnetic storms, especially after the launch of the spherical Qiu Qiu (QQ)-Satellite (QQ-Satellite) with the global navigation system satellite (GNSS) receiver onboard tracking the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Beidou System (BDS) data. Using this derivation method, the high-accuracy POD atmospheric density was determined from these data, resulting in better agreement among the QQ-Satellite-derived densities and the NRLMSISE-00 model densities. In addition, the POD-derived density exhibited a more sensitive response to magnetic storms. Improved accuracy of short-term orbit predictions using derived density was one of the aims of this study. Preliminary experiments using densities derived from the QQ-Satellite showed promising and encouraging results in reducing orbit propagation errors within 24 h, especially during periods of geomagnetic activity.
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Nordin, Nor Azme, Noraishah Mustapa, and Asiah Abdul Satar. "Ability of RTK-Based GPS Measurement Method in High Accuracy Work in Geomatics Study." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Insfrastructure development require significant changes and transformation in Geomatics field for the upcoming decade. The use of new technology in Geomatics and surveying is essential and can be leveraged in many survey application that will help on building the nation towards a sustainable future. In the last 5 years, GNSS technology has been widely used and practiced to replace total station for survey work. Main factors that contributes to this busniness changes are the availability of much cheaper equipment with good technical capability in the market that helps surveyor to perform their work faster and more efficient. Global navigation satellite system services for accurate positioning has also rapidly increased and provide many option and solution for industry player or surveyor to choose. Combination of multiple global navigation satellite system providers such as GPS, GALILEO,GLONASS and BeiDOU has developed good satellite networks and increased numbers of available satellites for observation that improve absolute position accuracy. CHC i70 is among the best selling GNSS model on the market right now. The receiver can receive signal from GPS,GALILEO,GLONASS and BeiDOU simultaneously. This study will outline and focus on the capability of the RTK-Based method ( 30 second to 1 minute observation period) using CHC i70 instrument in high-precision measurement work. The research was done using the GPS calibration test site at Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS) and was also practiced in the actual work for establishment of Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) along Jalan Melor to Ketereh, Kelantan. The result of the study found that RTK-Based method can meet the precision work that is permitted under 2cm accuracy. Studies show that the method of using RTK- Based is suitable for high precision work and improve the measurement time and work duration at field.
Keywords : Beidou, Chc and RTK-Based GPS and PDOP
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Magalhães, Américo, Luísa Bastos, Dalmiro Maia, and José Alberto Gonçalves. "Relative Positioning in Remote Areas Using a GNSS Dual Frequency Smartphone." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of GPS positioning and navigation capabilities in mobile phones is present in our daily lives for more than a decade, but never with the centimeter level of precision that can actually be reached with several of the most recent smartphones. The introduction of the new GNSS systems (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), the European system Galileo, is opening new horizons in a wide range of areas that rely on precise georeferencing, namely the mass market smartphones apps. The constant growth of this market has brought new devices with innovative capabilities in hardware and software. The introduction of the Android 7 by Google, allowing access to the GNSS raw code and phase measurements, and the arrival of the new chip from Broadcom BCM47755 providing dual frequency in some smartphones came to revolutionize the positioning performance of these devices as never seen before. The Xiaomi Mi8 was the first smartphone to combine those features, and it is the device used in this work. It is well known that it is possible to obtain centimeter accuracy with this kind of device in relative static positioning mode with distances to a reference station up to a few tens of kilometers, which we also confirm in this paper. However, the main purpose of this work is to show that we can also get good positioning accuracy using long baselines. We used the ability of the Xiaomi Mi8 to get dual frequency code and phase raw measurements from the Galileo and GPS systems, to do relative static positioning in post-processing mode using wide baselines, of more than 100 km, to perform precise surveys. The results obtained were quite interesting with RMSE below 30 cm, showing that this type of smartphone can be easily used as a low-cost device, for georeferencing and mapping applications. This can be quite useful in remote areas where the CORS networks are not dense or even not available.
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Girod, Luc, Christopher Nuth, Andreas Kääb, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Jack Kohler. "Terrain changes from images acquired on opportunistic flights by SfM photogrammetry." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-827-2017.
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Abstract. Acquiring data to analyse change in topography is often a costly endeavour requiring either extensive, potentially risky, fieldwork and/or expensive equipment or commercial data. Bringing the cost down while keeping the precision and accuracy has been a focus in geoscience in recent years. Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetric techniques are emerging as powerful tools for surveying, with modern algorithm and large computing power allowing for the production of accurate and detailed data from low-cost, informal surveys. The high spatial and temporal resolution permits the monitoring of geomorphological features undergoing relatively rapid change, such as glaciers, moraines, or landslides. We present a method that takes advantage of light-transport flights conducting other missions to opportunistically collect imagery for geomorphological analysis. We test and validate an approach in which we attach a consumer-grade camera and a simple code-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver to a helicopter to collect data when the flight path covers an area of interest. Our method is based and builds upon Welty et al. (2013), showing the ability to link GNSS data to images without a complex physical or electronic link, even with imprecise camera clocks and irregular time lapses. As a proof of concept, we conducted two test surveys, in September 2014 and 2015, over the glacier Midtre Lovénbreen and its forefield, in northwestern Svalbard. We were able to derive elevation change estimates comparable to in situ mass balance stake measurements. The accuracy and precision of our DEMs allow detection and analysis of a number of processes in the proglacial area, including the presence of thermokarst and the evolution of water channels.
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Zhang, Yuan Liang, Jong Ho Park, Nam O. Sel, and Kil To Chong. "Robot Navigation Using a DR/GPS Data Fusion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dead Reckoning (DR) is one of the frequently used navigation system for a mobile robot. It provides short term navigation information but its error can accumulate over time without limit. The Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used for localization and navigation outdoors wherein the removal of the SA Policy improved the accuracy of the GPS for civilian use but the error is still quite large. Standard Differential GPS (DGPS) can be used to achieve an error of less than one meter but the costs are prohibitive in terms of commercializing it into the mass market. In this research study, a cheap GPS receiver was used for the navigation system of a mobile robot outdoors in which a new Kalman-filter based DR/GPS data fusion method was utilized. This proposed method is based on the characteristics of the GPS receiver. Fusing the data from the GPS receiver and the DR system provided precise navigation information for the mobile robot. Simulation was performed to check and validate the effectiveness of the proposed fusion method and good results showed its potential for mobile robot navigation outdoors.