Статті в журналах: "Masonry mechanics"

1

Liu, Xi Jun, Lin Xiang Liu, and Yu Mei Wang. "Based on Experiment of Constitutive Model of Load-Bearing Insulation Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1089.

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In order to obtained the constitutive equations of thermal insulation masonry, the four masonry with different angles has pressed. Study on thermal insulation of masonry compressive mechanical parameters of constitutive equation and two-stage by compression stress-strain curves obtained in the servo press machine tests and data processing. The Basic mechanics parameters can be provided for finite element analysis of thermal insulation composite wall. The experiments showed that the constitutive model is discretization and the maximum stress and strain by press machine testing is different from brick masonry. The constitutive model is close with curve by press machine testing. The performance of mechanics in thermal insulation wall can be application by the stress-strain curves of thermal insulation of masonry. The stress-strain curves based experiments can be used finite element analysis of thermal insulation wall.

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2

McNary, W. Scott, and Daniel P. Abrams. "Mechanics of Masonry in Compression." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 4 (April 1985): 857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:4(857).

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3

Kawa, Marek. "Failure Criterion for Brick Masonry: A Micro-Mechanics Approach." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 36, no. 3 (February 28, 2015): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0025.

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Abstract The paper deals with the formulation of failure criterion for an in-plane loaded masonry. Using micro-mechanics approach the strength estimation for masonry microstructure with constituents obeying the Drucker-Prager criterion is determined numerically. The procedure invokes lower bound analysis: for assumed stress fields constructed within masonry periodic cell critical load is obtained as a solution of constrained optimization problem. The analysis is carried out for many different loading conditions at different orientations of bed joints. The performance of the approach is verified against solutions obtained for corresponding layered and block microstructures, which provides the upper and lower strength bounds for masonry microstructure, respectively. Subsequently, a phenomenological anisotropic strength criterion for masonry microstructure is proposed. The criterion has a form of conjunction of Jaeger critical plane condition and Tsai-Wu criterion. The model proposed is identified based on the fitting of numerical results obtained from the microstructural analysis. Identified criterion is then verified against results obtained for different loading orientations. It appears that strength of masonry microstructure can be satisfactorily described by the criterion proposed.

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4

Gilbert, Matthew, and Claudia Casapulla. "Editorial: Mechanics of masonry gravity structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering and Computational Mechanics 174, no. 2 (June 2021): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jencm.2021.174.2.64.

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5

Hu, Di, and Akenjiang Tuohuti. "Masonry Homogenization Micro-Mechanics Analysis Model." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2242.

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Micro-mechanics models of masonry basic cell were established to obtain homogenized Young's module and Poissons ratio, according to the finite element homogenization analysis (FEA) results in x, y, z. Model results demonstrate that relatively small errors (less than 6%) occur compare with exact solution.The paper concentrates on the issue of linear homogenization, therefore, it can be used as effective estimates for homogeneous material stiffness degradation of nonlinear range. Through linear superposition principle, homogenization material yield criterion obtained from mechanics models, which can be used as the lower limit of cell bearing capacity.

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6

Sacco, Elio, Daniela Addessi, and Karam Sab. "New trends in mechanics of masonry." Meccanica 53, no. 7 (March 5, 2018): 1565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-018-0839-x.

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7

Romano, Alessandra, and John A. Ochsendorf. "The Mechanics of Gothic Masonry Arches." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 4, no. 1 (November 16, 2009): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583050902914660.

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8

Wang, Shu Hong, Chun An Tang, Juan Xia Zhang, and Wan Cheng Zhu. "Implementation of a Mesoscopic Mechanical Model for the Shear Fracture Process Analysis of Masonry." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1025.

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This short paper will present a two-dimensional (2D) model of masonry material. This mesoscopic mechanical model is suitable to simulate the behavior of masonry. Considering the heterogeneity of masonry material, based on the damage mechanics and elastic-brittle theory, the new developed Material Failure Process Analysis (MFPA2D) system was brought out to simulate the cracking process of masonry, which was considered as a three-phase composite of the block phase, the mortar phase and the block-mortar interfaces. The crack propagation processes simulated with this model shows good agreement with those of experimental observations. It has been found that the shear fracture of masonry observed at the macroscopic level is predominantly caused by tensile damage at the mesoscopic level. Some brittle materials are so weak in tension relative to shear that tensile rather than shear fractures are generated in pure shear loading.

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9

Wang, Shu Hong, Yong Bin Zhang, Chun An Tang, and Lian Chong Li. "Numerical Study on Cracking Process of Masonry Structure." Advanced Materials Research 9 (September 2005): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.9.117.

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Masonry structure is heterogeneous and has been widely used in building and construction engineering. The study on cracking pattern of masonry structure is significant to engineering design. Many previous investigations on the failure process of masonry structure are usually based on the homogenization technique by selecting a typical unit of masonry to serve as a representative volume. This kind of numerical analysis neglects the mesoscopic heterogeneous structure, which cannot capture the full cracking process of masonry structures. The cracking process of masonry structure is dominantly affected by its heterogeneous internal structures. In this paper, a mesoscopic mechanical model of masonry material is developed to simulate the behavior of masonry structure. Considering the heterogeneity of masonry material, based on the damage mechanics and elastic-brittle theory, the new developed Material Failure Process Analysis (MFPA2D) system was put forward to simulate the cracking process of masonry structure, which was considered as a two-phase composite of block and mortar phases. The crack propagation processes simulated with this model shows good agreement with those of experimental observations. The numerical results show that numerical analysis clearly reflect the modification, transference and their interaction of the stress field and damage evolution process which are difficult to achieve by physical experiments. It provides a new method to research the forecast theory of failure and seismicity of masonry. It has been found that the fracture of masonry observed at the macroscopic level is predominantly caused by tensile damage at the mesoscopic level.

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10

Brencich, Antonio, and Renata Morbiducci. "Masonry Arches: Historical Rules and Modern Mechanics." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 1, no. 2 (May 31, 2007): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583050701312926.

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11

Huerta, Santiago. "Mecánica de las bóvedas de fábrica: el enfoque del equilibrio." Informes de la Construcción 56, no. 496 (April 30, 2005): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.2005.v57.i496.496.

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12

Ghiassi, Bahman. "Mechanics and durability of lime-based textile reinforced mortars." RILEM Technical Letters 4 (February 26, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.99.

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Application of lime-based textile-reinforced mortars (TRMs) for strengthening of masonry structures have received a growing attention in recent years. An extensive effort has been devoted to understanding of the performance of these composites and their effectiveness in improving the seismic safety of existing masonry structures. Nevertheless, several aspects regarding the durability and mechanics of these composites still remain unknown. This letter is an effort on highlighting those aspects considering both experimental and numerical modelling approaches.

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13

Liu, Wei, Li Ping Tong, and Peng Xu. "Study of Constitution Relationship Model for Masonry under Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.762.

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Based on the study of the unclear mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of masonry components in high axial compression after Wenchuan Earthquake, the thesis analysis the failure mechanism of masonry in compression in microscopic hierarchy process level with the damage mechanics and probability and statistics method. Aimed at making up the shortage of that it is difficult for the previous constitution relationship model to identify the difference between the stress decrease of the material when loading during strain softening stage and the stress decrease of the material when unloading during the elastic stage, the thesis studies the constitution relationship model for masonry in strain space and describes the strain hardening and softening phenomena during the force process of the components with a uniform loading and unloading standard, and avoids the uncertain description on the strain softening stage. Approved by the experiments, the model can show the characters of the compressive masonry experiment, and give a reasonable explanation for the deformation principle of masonry in compression at the micro-level, also fit the experiment results well.

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14

Raj, Gaddam Pruthvi, and Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam. "Experimental Investigation on Strengthening of Soft Clay Brick Masonry Columns under Compression with Fiber-Reinforced Inorganic and Organic Matrixes." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4l0u65.

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Masonry made with soft clay brick is commonly used in gravity load bearing of construction in India. The masonry piers and walls typically fail by vertical splitting. The purpose of this study is to improve the strength of masonry columns under compression using wrapping for additional confinement. The compressive load carrying performance and capacity of masonry columns wrapped with fiber reinforced composites in organic and inorganic matrixes are compared. For the purpose of overall improvements in cost and durability, glass and basalt fiber reinforcement is used. 30-40% improvement in the compressive performance of masonry prisms was achieved for both Organic and Inorganic matrixes. However, the specimens with inorganic matrixes were found to exhibit higher ductility compared to organic matrixes. Glass fibers were found to be more effective in wrapping masonry specimens compared to Basalt fiber specimens owing to its higher fiber count per unit length. Analytical models for predicting the compressive capacity of masonry columns with wrapping are verified against the experimental results.

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15

Calabrese, Angelo Savio, Tommaso D'Antino, Pierluigi Colombi, and Carlo Poggi. "Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical and Bond Properties of GFRP Anchors Adopted in FRCM-Masonry Strengthening." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-rc6p75.

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The strengthening and retrofitting of existing masonry built heritage has become an increasingly important issue in the last decades. Among the innovative solutions developed by the construction industry, the application of externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites attracted a great interest, proving to be an easy, effective, and cost-efficient strengthening/retrofitting technique. FRCM composites were shown to be particularly suitable for applications on masonry due to the good compatibility between the composite inorganic matrix and the masonry substrate, which also promotes their durability.A crucial point for the effectiveness of externally bonded FRCM is the bond within the composite strip and between the composite and substrate. Indeed, composite debonding is the commonly observed failure mode. In order to improve the bond with the substrate, connectors (anchors) can be used to improve the bond capacity of the FRCM composite.In this paper, the mechanical and bond properties of a glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) anchor spike, designed for FRCM strengthening, are investigated. First, tensile tests are performed to determine the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the anchor. Then, the anchor-masonry bond behavior is experimentally investigated using pull-out tests. Three different masonry substrates, namely a solid clay brick masonry, a tuff block masonry, and a stone masonry were adopted in the pull-out tests. The results show the influence of the substrate type on the anchor-masonry bond capacity and failure mode observed.

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16

Boem, Ingrid, and Natalino Gattesco. "Rehabilitation of Masonry Buildings with Fibre Reinforced Mortar: Practical Design Considerations Concerning Seismic Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 898 (August 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.898.1.

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Historic masonry buildings experience a high seismic vulnerability: innovative intervention strategies for strengthening, based on the use of fibre-based composite materials are gradually spreading. In particular, the coupling of fibre-based materials with mortar layers (Fibre Reinforced Mortar technique - FRM) evidenced a good chemical and mechanical compatibility with the historical masonry and proved to be effective for the enhancement of both in-plane and out-of-plane performances of masonry, contrasting the opening of cracks and improving both resistance and ductility. The resistant mechanisms that arise in FRM strengthened masonry walls subjected to in-plane horizontal actions are analyzed in the paper and a practical design approach to evaluate their performances is illustrated, evidencing the dominant collapse mode at the varying of the masonry characteristics. Some masonry walls are analyzed numerically and analytically, as “case study”.

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17

Ni, Yu Shuang, Wei Jun Yang, and Yao Hua Jiang. "Analyses of the Elastic Modulus Values of Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.889.

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Abstract: The elastic modulus values of masonry were studied by using homogenization with microscopic mechanics. The formulate of the elastic modulus of brick masonry were derived from the formulae of the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of brick and mortar. The calculated results according to the methods agreed better with our current national codes and the frequently-used formulas. This has paved the way for the study of the failure mechanism of masonry ,and make the analysis of masonry structure more accurate more and convenient.

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18

Sandoli, Antonio, Gian Piero Lignola, Bruno Calderoni, and Andrea Prota. "A Design-Oriented Stress-Strain Constitutive Model for Clay-Brick Masonry Columns Confined by FRP." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-653xvs.

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Experimental tests proved that the external confinement of masonry columns through Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP) induces increment of axial strength and ductility. Contrary to FRP-confined concrete, for which reliable unified theoretical stress-strain models are available in literature or included in the codes, to develop easy-to-use constitutive models valid for whatever type masonry represents a difficult challenge. In fact, several parameters influence the axial stress-strain response of confined masonry, such as the relative mortar-to-stones strength, masonry texture, deformation capacity of materials, type of reinforcement ad its arrangement. In this paper, a design-oriented stress-strain model devoted to describe the compressive behavior of FRP-confined clay-brick masonry columns is presented. The main scope of the research consists of providing an easy-to-use predictive model, applicable both in the research field and design practice. The stress-strain response of the confined masonry has been idealized in a parabola-rectangular behavior described by Lam and Teng’s equations - originally developed for FRP-confined concrete - adapted to masonry elements. The equations are ruled by the mechanical properties of confined and unconfined masonry, those of composite material and by a parameter that takes into account the dispersion of the experimental data (i.e., variability of materials properties, different stone arrangements and masonry textures). The entire stress-strain behavior has been calibrated by means of the least-squares optimization criterion, based on a sufficient number of experimental results available in the literature. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical stress-strain curves show good accordance of the results. The design-oriented model is able to capture the experimental response of the confined masonry, in terms of initial elastic stiffness, ductility ad maximum confinement pressure.

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19

Fagone, Mario, Giovanna Ranocchiai, Tommaso Rotunno, and Ernesto Grande. "Predictive Capability of a Finite Element Micro-Mechanical Model for Masonry Elements Reinforced Using CFRP." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jco79d.

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Different commercial Finite Element Codes proved to be able to describe the mechanical behavior of masonry materials externally reinforced by means of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP); the behavior of fracturing materials, characterized by low tensile strength, with adhered strips can be reproduced relying on parameters based on fracture mechanics and the theories of adhesion.In this report the comparison is made of previous experimental test results with numerical analysis, carried out on masonry panels reinforced with CFRP strips and subjected to out of plane actions. The comparison is especially addressed to the evaluation of the post peak branch; in addition to the slopes of the diagram in the pre-critic phase, available kinematic ductility and energy shares both prior and after the peak load were considered in order to interpret the capability of the micro-mechanical model implemented in the FEM Code to account for the local phenomena influencing the interaction between masonry and FRP strengthening systems.

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20

Liu, Hong Biao. "Earthquake Damage Forms of Multi-Story Brick Masonry Structure and their Mechanical Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1408.

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In order to know seismic damage characteristics of multi-story brick masonry structure and improve its seismic capability, five kinds of earthquake damage or collapse forms of multi-story masonry brick structure are summed up based on earthquake disaster survey, each of which is analyzed with mechanics. And the failure mechanism of each seismic damage form of multi-story brick masonry structure are proposed, which provides effective engineering experience for the seismic or anti-collapse design of multi-story masonry brick structure. The research has the important significance in improving the seismic capacity of multi-story brick masonry structure and reducing the earthquake casualties.

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21

Raposo, Patricia, André Furtado, António Arêde, Humberto Varum, and Hugo Rodrigues. "Mechanical characterization of concrete block used on infill masonry panels." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2017-0030.

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Purpose The infill masonry walls in recent worldwide earthquakes have shown that it is necessary to conduct further studies to characterize the behavior of existing buildings and, in particular, of infill masonry walls under seismic activity. The lack of characterization studies of infill walls made by concrete blocks justifies the investigation reported herein, which includes experimental tests on sample sets to evaluate the mechanical properties of masonry components (units and mortar) and assemblages (wallets) made with masonry units from Faial. For the later, normal compressive, diagonal tensile/shear and out-of-plane flexural strengths were obtained according to standard procedures, the results of which are presented in the manuscript. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach One experimental campaign was conducted with the aim to mechanically characterize concrete blocks masonry samples. Several experimental tests were carried out in full-scale masonry concrete wallets according to the constructive methodology used. Findings Based on the data obtained from the mechanical characterization tests of the concrete masonry blocks, it can be seen that under simple compression, the masonry specimens’ average resistance is about 6 times superior than the average resistance to diagonal shear/tension, while the stiffness is almost doubled. In simple compression tests, it was observed that the masonry specimens cracked in areas of higher drilling of the blocks. In the tensile tests by diagonal compression, it was found that the test specimens were mainly fissured by the block/mortar joint interfaces, following the delineation of settlement and top joints. Originality/value There are no experimental results available in the literature for this type of bricks that can contribute to the development of numerical studies.

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22

Tripathy, Dattatreya, Akshay Gupta, and Vaibhav Singhal. "Experimental Investigation on Flexural Performance of Masonry Wallettes Strengthened with Cementitious Matrix Grid." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lr473l.

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A large experimental study was conducted at IIT Patna, India to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of cementitious matrix grids (CMGs) in improving the flexural performance of unreinforced masonry specimens. Four types of masonry wallettes: brick-lime mortar, brick-cement mortar, brick-mud mortar and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block masonry were prepared in the laboratory. In this study, eleven different CMG comprising of glass fabric and steel wire meshes embedded in the five different grades of cementitious matrix were used to strengthen the masonry assemblages. The aim of this study is to understand the role of various parameters such as tensile strength of CMG, compressive strength of masonry and cementitious matrix in influencing the efficiency of the strengthening scheme. In total 130 specimens with failure plane-parallel and perpendicular to the bed joint were prepared and tested under quasi-static displacement control loading. Considering the ease of installation, the fabric was directly placed on the masonry wallette using mechanical anchors and then covered with a thick layer of cementitious matrix.Test results highlights that all strengthening schemes are effective and can significantly enhance the flexural moment capacity in the range of 2.5 - 63.0 times the flexural moment of the respective control specimens. These strengthening schemes effectively mitigate the brittle behaviour of masonry wallettes and improved the deformation capacity by 1.2 - 18.1 times when compared to the respective control specimens. The study also illustrated that the strength of cementitious matrix can play an important role in contributing to the strength and deformability of the masonry specimens strengthened with CMG. For low strength cementitious matrix, debonding failure was commonly observed, whereas, for high strength cementitious matrix, the failure/rupture of reinforcement was noticed. In addition, the shear failure of masonry or debonding failure of reinforcing mesh was observed for specimens in which CMG had higher percentage of reinforcement.

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23

Yang, Chun Xia, Ji Mei Shen, Wei Jun Yang, Sai Jiang Zhou, and Ya Ying Wu. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Cavity Heat Insulation Walls Out-Of-Plane Loaded." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.897.

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The cavity heat insulation walls as a major form of multiple thermal insulation walls is the development of the energy-efficiency building materials. Attention is taken to describe the mechanics properties of cavity walls under out-of-plane load. In this paper, Mechanical model is developed for masonry walls out-of-plane loaded, and the analytical expressions about the internal force and deflection are abtained using the orthotropic theory. Limit deflection of interior walls under vertical and horizontal loads is calculated by mathematical software (MATLAB) and is simulated based on finite element analysis software (ANSYS) respectively. Finally, the results indicate that vertical loads and elastic modulus have great impact on the maximum deflection of masonry walls. Numerical computations show that the shell element of SHELL63 is well used in analysis of the internal force and deflection of masonry walls out-of-plane loaded.

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24

Alexakis, Haris, and Nicos Makris. "Minimum thickness of elliptical masonry arches." Acta Mechanica 224, no. 12 (July 10, 2013): 2977–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-013-0906-2.

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25

Aziz, Fauziah, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, and Hazrina Mansor. "The Effect of Biaxial Interlocking Block to the Masonry Wall Properties under Uniaxial Compression Load." Materials Science Forum 1041 (August 4, 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1041.107.

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Biaxial Interlocking Block (BIB) is a new interlocking block system introduced in this research work. BIB was designed and expected to have the capacity to resist the biaxial load. In this research, the production of BIB was introduced, and the properties of BIB as the individual and walling unit was identified. The features of BIB in terms of density, compressive strength and MOE was identified. To define the impact BIB to the masonry wall capacity, nine walls panel and nine prisms including Solid Block (SB) and cement sand brick (CSB) have been constructed and tested under concentric compressive load. From the data obtained, the BIB walling system was calculated and identified. All the properties values of BIB masonry obtained compared with SB and CSB masonry values. The relationship of masonry properties by different types of masonry unit was also identified and discuss. From all the data and analysis carried out, it is found that the features of masonry unit have influenced the walling properties of the constructed wall. The higher compressive strength of masonry unit will enhance the capacity of the masonry walls. From this research, it is also found that BIB is having excellent properties as a walling unit as compare to SB and CSB wall. A linear relationship between the compressive strength of the samples regardless of the changing in masonry unit compressive strength has been found appropriate with the same slenderness ratio. This work offers valuable data of BIB to the masonry walls properties under compressive load.

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26

Wenzel, Fritz, and Helmut Maus. "Repair of masonry structures." Meccanica 27, no. 3 (1992): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430047.

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27

Masiani, Renato, Nicola Rizzi, and Patrizia Trovalusci. "Masonry as structured continuum." Meccanica 30, no. 6 (December 1995): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00986573.

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28

Nerilli, Francesca, and Barbara Ferracuti. "Shear Transfer Mechanisms of FRCM-Masonry Systems: A Critical Analysis of an Extended Database." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-z5k66l.

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In the context of the mechanical behaviour of FRCM (Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix) composites as strengthening materials for masonry structures, an important issue is the evaluation of the shear transfer mechanisms between the FRCM material and the masonry. In this work a wide database of more than 500 experimental results of shear bond tests on FRCM-masonry specimens is collected. The data concern specimens made with different masonry supports and various FRCM materials. The data are subdivided into homogeneous classes. The occurrence of the different failure modes is studied and some considerations are assessed. Furthermore, the average peak shear stress and its variability is evaluated and a critical analysis is performed. Finally, a comparison among the failure tensile stress in the yarns obtained by i) the tensile tests on the dry textile meshes, by ii) the tensile tests on the FRCM specimens, and by iii) the bond tests on FRCM-masonry panel is provided.

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29

Zhao, Tian Lin, Xuan Wang, Zi Hua Zhang, Zhe Jin, and Yi Jia Wang. "Mesoscale Modelling of Normal Bond Behaviour between FRP and Masonry Substrate: Effect of Mortar Joint." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0p330a.

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Fibre-reinforced polymers have been widely used to strengthen masonry structures which owning to their high strength-weight ratio and good durability. The interfacial strength between masonry substrate and FRP plays an essential role in the structural bearing capacity. Plenty of experiments have revealed that interfacial failure typically occurs within a thin layer of masonry near the bond line. The mortar joint's location in the masonry substrate sample influences the bond strength and failure mode and has not been thoroughly investigated. This work focuses on the effect of mortar joints on the normal bond strength and damage process in the pull-off test. The two-dimensional mesoscale finite element model is set up, and zero thickness cohesive elements (cohesive zone model) are inserted into the inner and interface between different materials. The numerical result shows that the mortar joint in the middle of the masonry substrate sample shows the largest normal bond strength, and next to the groove is the smallest.

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30

La Tegola, Antonio, and Walter Mera. "Characterization of Cementitious Mortar Reinforced with NFRC for Load-Bearing Masonry." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5a8vgc.

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Анотація:

The latest seismic events in Ecuador have allowed to verify some damage typologies on masonry panels of reinforced concrete buildings with frame resistant structures. Therefore, some theoretical and experimental research have been carried out to justify the intervention for repairing the damage to the masonry walls to give them a certain degree of shear ductility to provide for compatibility of the lateral deformations of the structure and of the masonry panels.

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31

Accornero, Federico, and Giuseppe Lacidogna. "Safety Assessment of Masonry Arch Bridges Considering the Fracturing Benefit." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103490.

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The evolutionary analysis of the fracturing process is an effective tool to assess of the structural bearing capacity of masonry arch bridges. Despite their plain basic assumptions, it must be remarked that elastic analysis and plastic or limit analysis can hardly be used to describe the response and predict damage for moderate or service load levels in masonry arch bridges. Therefore, a fracture mechanics-based analytical method with elastic-softening regime for masonry is suitable in order to study the global structural behaviour of arch bridges, highlighting how the arch thrust line is affected by crack formation, and the maximum admissible load evaluated by means of linear elastic fracture mechanics is larger than the load predicted by elasticity theory. Such an increment in terms of bearing capacity of the arch bridge can be defined “fracturing benefit”, and it is analogous to the “plastic benefit” of the plastic limit analysis. The fracturing process, which takes into account the fracture initiation and propagation in the masonry arch bulk, occurs before the set-in of the conditions established by means of the plastic limit analysis. In the present paper, the study of the elastic-fracture-plastic transitions is performed for three monumental masonry arch bridges with different shallowness and slenderness ratios. This application returns an accurate and effective whole service life assessment of masonry arch bridges, and more in general it can be suitable for a great number of historical masonry structures still having strategic or heritage importance in the infrastructure systems.

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32

Wang, Xuan, Chi Chiu Lam, Zi Hua Zhang, and Yao Hong Zhu. "Experimental Investigation on the Bond Behaviour of Masonry Element Strengthened with Carbon-TRM and Steel-TRM." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-o4d3ik.

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Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) composites are an innovative solution for strengthening existing structures. TRM composites are produced with high-strength textile embedded in inorganic mortar matrices, demonstrating compatibility with existing masonry. As TRM is externally bonded to the surface of the structure, the bond behaviour between TRM and masonry substrate is a critical issue to investigate. In this study, experimental research aims to deeply understand the bond behaviour of TRMs for strengthening masonry structures. The experiments mainly consist of a series of single-lap shear bond tests on TRMs to masonry substrates. Two types of textiles (carbon and steel textile) combined with two mortar matrices (cement and lime-based mortar) were used to construct TRM. The effect of the textile and mortar matrix is presented. The test results are discussed in terms of the full range of load-slip responses and failure modes. The result showed that TRM with steel textile and cement-based mortar matrix offers better bond behaviour, but the risk of masonry damage should also be considered.

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33

Zampieri, Paolo, Riccardo Piazzon, Bartolomeo Pantò, and Carlo Pellegrino. "A Simplified Modelling Approach for the In-Plane Analysis of Masonry Structures Strengthened by FRCMs." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8w2kfo.

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Among the many strengthening techniques introduced for the seismic retrofitting of the masonry structures, FRCM strategies, based on the application of fibre-reinforced composite materials on the masonry surface through inorganic mortar layers, has become object of research due to their good performances in terms of physic and mechanic compatibility with historical substrate, low invasiveness and capacity to improve both the in-plane and the out of plane masonry behaviour increasing the capacity and the ductility of the structure. In this paper, a simplified discrete model is proposed to simulate the in-plane behaviour of masonry panels strengthened by FRCM systems. The proposed modelling approach is based on the DMEM model, whose numerical configuration can adapt to encompass the properties of the externally bonded strengthening system. According to the proposed strategy, the masonry support and the FRCM layers are simulated by an equivalent homogeneous material, discretized by a mesh of shear-deformable articulated quadrilaterals interacting along their edges by means of cohesive-friction links. The model is implemented in OpenSees and validated by simulating experimental shear-diagonal tests, available in literature.

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34

Borri, Anatonio, Giulio Castori, and Marco Corradi. "Design Criteria for Masonry Reinforcement with Composite Reinforced Mortars (CRM)." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k031gd.

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Анотація:

There is an emerging need to upgrade historic masonry buildings and infrastructures which are most vulnerable to earthquakes. An objective of a long-term research program at Perugia University, Italy was developing design criteria for masonry reinforcement using a new class of materials, using Composite Reinforced Mortars (CRM). These are typically made of fiberglass meshes embedded into a cementitious or lime mortar, which offers higher sustainability features, in terms of vapour permeability and compatibility with masonry, lower costs, and better performance at high temperatures, compared to more traditional steel rebar jacketing or epoxy-bonded composites. These design criteria have been based on a comprehensive experimental and numerical research plan that included a study of the influence of reinforcing material, coating and wall thickness, and associated masonry strength and elastic properties, and the interaction of different stress states on bond behavior at interface masonry-to-coating. A design equation suitable for ultimate load design has been developed. Finally, analytical models regarding the lateral capacity of shear walls are briefly discussed.

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35

D'Antino, Tommaso, Angelo Savio Calabrese, Marco Andrea Pisani та Carlo Poggi. "Design of FRCM Strengthened Masonry Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading According to CNR-DT 215: Discussion of the α Coefficient". Key Engineering Materials 916 (7 квітня 2022): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-879af4.

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Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are largely employed in Italy to improve the mechanical behavior of masonry members. Many different matrices and fiber textiles are available on the market, which entails for a large number of available composites, each with peculiar mechanical and physical properties. Among the possible applications, FRCM are often externally bonded to masonry walls to increase the wall shear capacity or to prevent possible wall out-of-plane failure. Up to date, only two guidelines are available for the design of FRCM strengthened masonry members, namely the American ACI 549.6R and the Italian CNR-DT 215. In the Italian guideline, the bending strength of an FRCM strengthened masonry wall is associated with the performance of the composite - which is investigated by FRCM coupon tensile tests and FRCM-masonry joint bond tests - through a cross-sectional equilibrium that assumes perfect bond among each material.In this paper, a database comprising 90 experimental tests on FRCM-strengthened masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading is collated from the available literature. The experimental results are used to compute the composite effective strain, which is then compared with the corresponding composite maximum strain obtained by characterization tests according to the CNR-DT 215 procedure. The comparison sheds light on the role of coefficients employed in the analytical procedure and helps understanding the influence of the FRCM on the wall bending capacity.

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36

Ramaglia, Giancarlo, Francesco Russo Spena, Gian Piero Lignola, and Andrea Prota. "Two Parameters Confinement Model for Clay Brick Masonry." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 05 (May 24, 2019): 1940010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876219400103.

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Modeling of masonry confinement has been usually derived from concrete confinement, which was deeply tested in the last decades. However concrete and masonry have some crucial differences, e.g., ordinary concrete performance can be usually fully defined by the cylindrical compressive strength, while masonry does not. In the present work, a failure criterion is considered on a solid mechanics base. Such criteria are useful not only to introduce non-uniform stress states, as those developed in non-axisymmetric confined elements, but also to be implemented in FEM. The validity of the adopted failure criterion has been checked against actively confined clay brick masonry and a database of passive confinement tests available in the scientific literature.

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37

Ma, Guowei, Hong Hao, and Yong Lu. "Homogenization of Masonry Using Numerical Simulations." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 127, no. 5 (May 2001): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2001)127:5(421).

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38

Boothby, Thomas E., and Colin B. Brown. "Stability of Masonry Piers and Arches." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 118, no. 2 (February 1992): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:2(367).

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39

Domède, N., G. Pons, A. Sellier, and Y. Fritih. "Mechanical behaviour of ancient masonry." Materials and Structures 42, no. 1 (March 15, 2008): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9372-z.

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40

Baraldi, Daniele, Giosuè Boscato, Antonella Cecchi, and Claudia Brito de Carvalho Bello. "An Updated Discrete Element Model for the In-Plane Behaviour of NFRCM Strengthened Masonry Walls." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1853qe.

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Abstract. Masonry strengthened with natural fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (NFRCM-strengthened masonry) is investigated by updating an existing discrete element model. Masonry walls are modelled by rigid blocks and elastoplastic interfaces that are able to account for mortar joints and block cracking. The reinforcement is modelled in a simplified manner considering perfect adhesion between wall and reinforcement and by adopting further spring elements connecting block centres. The model is validated by comparing it with an existing FEM based on a multi-step homogenization, where reinforced masonry is considered as a whole. Both approaches are used for performing nonlinear pushover tests with an increasing shear action applied to unreinforced and reinforced panels. The updated discrete model turns out to be able to represent the strength increment given by the reinforcement, but it is less able to represent the corresponding ductility increment.

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41

Teguh, Mochamad, Novi Rahmayanti, and Zakki Rizal. "Mechanical Properties of Various Models of Interlocking Concrete Blocks under In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loads." Key Engineering Materials 881 (April 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.881.149.

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Анотація:

Building material innovations in various interlocking concrete block masonry from local materials to withstand lateral earthquake forces is an exciting issue in masonry wall research. The block hook has an advantage in the interlocking system's invention to withstand loads in the in-plane and out-of-plane orientations commonly required by the masonry walls against earthquake forces. Reviews of the investigation of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry walls have rarely been found in previous studies. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests with different interlocking models in resisting the simultaneous in-plane shear and out-of-plane bending actions on concrete blocks are presented. This paper presents a research investigation of various interlocking concrete blocks' mechanical properties with different hook thicknesses. Discussion of the trends mentioned above and their implications towards interlocking concrete block mechanical properties is provided.

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42

Ferretti, Francesca, Andrea Incerti, and Claudio Mazzotti. "Efficiency of Strengthening Interventions on Stone Masonry Panels through Grout Injection and FRCM." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-7i08im.

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Анотація:

Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrices (FRCM) represent a very efficient strengthening solution for the retrofitting of masonry structures. When dealing with stone masonry walls, the use of these composite materials is usually combined with grout injection, which can be crucial to ensure a monolithic behavior of the structural element. The objective of this research was the study of the shear behavior of stone masonry samples subject to grout injection and strengthened by two different FRCM systems. Nevertheless, on few samples, grout injection only was performed. Before the execution of the diagonal compression tests, sonic tests were conducted with the objective of evaluating the quality of the grout injection. The Digital Image Correlation technique was also adopted to accurately measure the thickness of the FRCM layers, which can be variable according to the irregular surface of the stone masonry. The results of the experimental campaign showed that the correct execution of the grout injection is crucial for the strengthening solution to be effective since the efficiency of the FRCM system can be reduced if a monolithic behavior of the stone masonry panels is not ensured. The application of the FRCM strengthening system could influence the failure mode, further enhancing the capacity of the samples. Comparisons between the experimental results are presented in the paper.

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43

Olivito, R. S. "Fracture mechanics in the characterisation of brick masonry structures." Materials and Structures 34, no. 238 (November 8, 2005): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/13598.

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44

Paruta, V. A. "Fracture mechanics of system "aerated concrete masonry – plaster covering"." Magazine of Civil Engineering 47, no. 3 (May 2014): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/mce.47.5.

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45

Wang, J., and C. Melbourne. "Mechanics of MEXE method for masonry arch bridge assessment." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering and Computational Mechanics 163, no. 3 (September 2010): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/eacm.2010.163.3.187.

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46

Kralj, B., G. N. Pande, and J. Middleton. "On the mechanics of frost damage to brick masonry." Computers & Structures 41, no. 1 (January 1991): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(91)90155-f.

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47

Foce, Federico. "Milankovitch’s Theorie der Druckkurven: Good mechanics for masonry architecture." Nexus Network Journal 9, no. 2 (October 2007): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-007-0039-9.

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48

Olivito, R. S., and P. Stumpo. "Fracture mechanics in the characterisation of brick masonry structures." Materials and Structures 34, no. 4 (May 2001): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02480591.

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49

Al-Fakih, Amin, Bashar S. Mohammed, M. S. Liew, M. W. A. Wahab, and Sani Haruna. "Utilizing of Crumb Rubber Derived Recycled Scrap Tires in Masonry Application: A Review." Materials Science Forum 1030 (May 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.73.

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The Disposal of Scrap Tires has Resulted in Major Environmental Problems Worldwide. Therefore, Utilizing Scrap Tires as Crumb Rubber is being Used in Brick Production to Improve the Properties of the Bricks as well as to Provide Feasible Waste Management of Scrap Tires. this Study Presents the Literature Research on Utilizing Crumb Rubber in Bricks Manufacturing. the Review Summarized the Manufacturing Process of Producing Crumb Rubber and then Documented the Application of Crumb Rubber in Masonry. the Results Show that the Compressive Strength of Masonry Bricks Decreases with the Increased Percentage Substitution of Crumb Rubber as a Replacement of Fine Aggregate while the Water Absorption Increased. Moreover, the Addition of Crumb Rubber in Masonry Applications Reduce the Density which Produce Lightweight Masonry Products. Generally, the Findings Confirmed that the Masonry Bricks Incorporated Crumb Rubber Exhibit Good Physical and Mechanical Properties. the Usage of Crumb Rubber in Bricks Making Helps to Solve Problems Associated with Scrap Tire Management all over the World.

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50

Ariyaratne, Indunil Erandi, Anthony Ariyanayagam, and Mahen Mahendran. "Diatomaceous earth aggregates based composite masonry blocks for bushfire resistance." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 13, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-07-2021-0047.

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PurposeThis paper presents the details of a research study on developing composite masonry blocks using two types of mixes, conventional and lightweight mix, to enhance their fire/bushfire resistance and residual compressive strength.Design/methodology/approachComposite masonry blocks (390 × 190 × 90 mm) were fabricated using conventional cement–sand mix as the outer layer and lightweight cement–sand–diatomite mix as the inner layer. Material properties were determined, and all the mixes were proportioned by the absolute volume method. After 28 days of curing, density tests, compression tests before and after fire exposure and fire resistance tests of the developed blocks were conducted, and the results were compared with those of conventional cement–sand and cement–sand–diatomite blocks.FindingsDeveloped composite blocks satisfy density and compressive strength requirements for loadbearing lightweight solid masonry units. Fire resistance of the composite block is –/120/120, and no cracks appeared on the ambient side surface of the block after 3 h of fire exposure. Residual strength of the composite block is higher compared to cement–sand and cement–sand–diatomite blocks and satisfies the loadbearing solid masonry unit strength requirements.Practical implicationsComposite block developed in this research can be suggested as a suitable loadbearing lightweight solid masonry block for several applications in buildings in bushfire prone areas.Originality/valueLimited studies are available for composite masonry blocks in relation to their fire resistance and residual strength.

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