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Статті в журналах з теми "Masonry apparatu"
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Gengembre, Edouard, and Karine Jacquemet. "Static and dynamic thermal characterization of facade with mineral foam insulation using a hot-box apparatus." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Reducing heat loss through the envelope of the building had been an efficient way to save on heating and reduce energy consumption of buildings. In Europe, typical exterior walls need to prevent heat loss during cold weather but more and more allow comfortable temperature condition during the hot season. Indoor comfort in hot seasons is dependent on the thermal transmittance and on its dynamic response during hot days. The study presents guarded hot-box measurements of exterior walls build with insulating masonry and insulation boards made of innovative mineral foam used as an insulation material. The masonry is a composite system of concrete block filled with mineral foam to reduce the thermal transmittance. Insulation boards are made of mineral foam and are added to achieve the overall thermal transmittance targeted. Static and dynamic measurements were performed in order to compare thermal transmittance and decrement delay. The results are compared with those obtained from calculations carried out of the same walls through the application of European standards and a finite volume simulation. Uncertainties of the guarded hot-box measurement and calculation methods are discussed. Results shows that with equivalent U-values, the solution offer higher decrement delay compared to a traditional wall using conventional masonry and polystyrene insulation boards.
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Beddoes, David W., and Colin Booth. "Reducing floodwater ingress rates through an exterior masonry wall of a domestic building." Structural Survey 33, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-01-2013-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – Experimental field test apparatus has been used to determine the inter-variability and intra-variability floodwater ingress rates of the masonry wall of a domestic building, before and after preparation with an improved surface treatment procedure. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – Replicated and repeated simulations of floodwater conditions (600 mm head) outside a building were created, before and after the wall was treated with a combination of mortar admixture and surface impregnation. Findings – Untreated and treated floodwater ingress rates were 4.99 litres/hour (234.99 litres/hour/m2) and 1.74 litres/hour (81.90 litres/hour/m2), respectively, and display high intra-variability before treatment. These preliminary results indicate water penetration through masonry is linked to the initial rate of absorption of brick units and perceivably the workmanship of the bricklayer. Originality/value – Reductions in floodwater penetration from outside a building, by the impregnation and admixture treatments of masonry walls, can be achieved to manageable levels. However, the target for rates of water ingress through permeable masonry of < 10 litres/hour/m2, to accord with values for kitemark products, still needs further work.
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Ramos, Luís F., and Ziba Sharafi. "Tube-Jack Testing for Irregular Masonry Walls: First Studies." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the most well-known non-destructive methods for inspection and diagnosis in historical masonry walls is the flat-jack testing. Although it gives qualitative and valuable results about the local stress level and the deformability of the masonry material, when testing on irregular masonry walls, or walls with larger stone units, experimental and practical problems might occur, leading to inaccurate or useless results. In addition, the testing apparatus is labor, with difficulties in sawing task. Another limitation is the difficulty to test multi-leaves walls. To overturn these problems and to achieve more reliable information, an enhanced type of jacks is proposed in the paper. The new testing system consists of tube-jacks instead of the usual flat-jacks. As part of the preliminary research, analyses with FE models to simulate the differences between the conventional and the enhanced method are presented in the paper. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed and further research steps are presented.
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Livitsanos, Georgios, Naveen Shetty, Els Verstrynge, Martine Wevers, Danny Van Hemelrijck, and Dimitrios G. Aggelis. "Acoustic Emission Health Monitoring of Historical Masonry to Evaluate Structural Integrity under Incremental Cyclic Loading." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 30, 2018): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical masonry structures during the decades, were composed with a variety of brick and mortar types according to materials availability of each region and the desirable mechanical properties in each specific case. Different composition of mortars leads to another masonry behavior, and each one is suited for different structural purposes. A crucial aspect in damage evaluation of masonry structures is the analysis of long-term behavior which has a great influence on safety assessment of these structures. In this study, cement, hybrid lime cement, hydraulic lime and lime hydrate mortars were assembled with solid red clay bricks to compose four masonry walls of dimensions 515 × 376 × 90 mm. They were tested under cyclic compression loading. Acoustic Emission (AE) allowed in situ monitoring of damage progression. AE is a powerful non-destructive technique applied to identify micro and macro-defects and their temporal evolution in several materials. This technique permits to estimate a variety of characteristics during fracture propagation to obtain information on the criticality of the ongoing process. Specifically, analyzing and comparing AE parameters among the loading cycles of each wall specimen and among the different masonry compositions, an integrity assessment can be achieved. Furthermore, in each loading and unloading step, pulse velocity measurements were conducted using the AE apparatus in order to gain a velocity distribution mapping among the sensors. Each sensor was pulsed in turn, with all other sensors acting as receivers, generating a velocity matrix from one sensor to another. This provided an insight into the damage severity of masonry walls with the increasing number of loading cycles. This measurement was also necessary for refining AE source location accuracy by using either the horizontal or the vertical velocity. Two different cases were investigated. The use of one uniform velocity for the whole masonry wall and the assumption that the velocity differs in the two vertical directions due to the heterogeneity of the structure. These two cases result in differences in the quantity and the position of the localized events. Furthermore, applying direct ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, in the direction of the width of masonry walls, another integrity investigation was feasible. The presented results further demonstrate the relationships between AE parameter-based analysis, velocity distribution and source location during cyclic compressive loading in masonry specimens. The identification of the nature of damage through the entire dataset of all sensor arrays provides a promising example for structural health monitoring applications on larger scale masonry specimens. As a conclusion, AE activity analysis proved to be a very efficient approach to evaluate fracture progress in masonry.
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Dawe, J. L., and G. G. Aridru. "Prestressed concrete masonry walls subjected to uniform out-of-plane loading." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two series of post-tensioned concrete masonry walls subjected to uniform lateral loading were tested to investigate their flexural strength behaviour. Each series of walls consisted of four full-scale prestressed specimens, with varying levels of prestressing force, and one reinforced specimen. Of particular interest were the load–deflection curves, initial cracking loads, wall stiffness, crack patterns, and ultimate failure loads. An air bag test apparatus was used for applying lateral uniform pressures to the specimens. Results of this experimental investigation showed that, for a given wall thickness, increased prestressing force increases the cracking load, initial wall stiffness, and ultimate failure load. The results have established a linear relationship between increased prestressing force and initial cracking load, initial wall stiffness, and ultimate failure load. The proposed model, which takes into account changes in wall stiffness after initial cracking of the wall, accurately predicts wall behaviour. Key words: masonry, prestressed, walls, strength, behaviour, uniform, pressure, experimental, analytical.
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Sassu, Mauro. "The Reinforced Cut Wall (RCW): A Low-Cost Base Dissipator for Masonry Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 2 (May 2006): 533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2193195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The design criteria for a new, low-cost base dissipation technique for simple masonry buildings are presented together with the results of some numerical analyses. The proposed apparatus, termed the “reinforced cut wall” (RCW), is made up of a layer of weak mortar (50 mm) and a 4- mm-thick elastomer membrane sheath laid between the foundation and base of the wall, which is further reinforced by a series of vertical steel rods (8–12 mm in diameter) connecting it to the foundation. Experimental trials have been performed on a sample set of dissipators in order to establish their mechanical properties and define suitable assembly techniques. Numerical simulations, consisting of incremental nonlinear static analyses, of several types of masonry buildings highlight the system's efficient performance in terms of force-displacement law. For moderate horizontal actions, the RCW does not cause relevant foundation-base displacement. However, when a prescribed force limit is exceeded, friction behavior of the weak layers of the RCW permit inelastic deformation along both horizontal directions, while the vertical steel rods ensure an elastic restoring force for rocking movements as well. Furthermore, the RCW provides the added benefit of isolating the structure from ground humidity.
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de Campos, Emanuel Patrick, and Andrea de Vasconcelos Ferraz. "Phenomena of Capillarity and Drying in Gypsum Blocks: Development of Experimental Apparatus for the Characterization of Representative Specimens." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The construction market has at its disposal more and more technical solutions in sealing materials that allow cost reduction and short term execution for construction companies. Among these solutions are the so called gypsum blocks. In spite of their countless advantages when it comes to their use as masonry sealing material, there are limits to the use of gypsum blocks: due to their low resistance to deterioration by rain, their use as external sealing is not recommended. Therefore, the aim of the present work was the development of experimental apparatus for the analyses of capillary phenomena in representative samples of gypsum blocks for sealing. The development of these apparatus for capillarity tests was based on models for tests of liquid water flow in porous media – standardized by procedure 11.2 according to RILEM TC 25-PEM (1980). By means of the obtained results it was possible to verify the high accuracy of the apparatus, seeing that considerable differences were observed in values of capillary absorption coefficient for specimens with water/gypsum ratios of 0.5; 0.6; 0.7 and 0.8 (results varied from 14.75 g cm-2h-0,5 for ratio 0.5 and 58.99 g cm-2h-0,5 for ratio 0.8). Additionally, tests with water repellent additives were carried out, verifying that the developed apparatus is able to identify the influence of these additives in representative specimens of gypsum blocks.
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Maidiawati, Maidiawati, Jafril Tanjung, Fadzli Mohamed Nazri, Yulia Hayati, and Masrilayanti Masrilayanti. "A Simple Strengthening Method for Preventing Collapsed of Vulnerable Masonry Infills." Buildings 12, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A series of structural tests were conducted to examine the seismic performance of masonry infills strengthened with particular materials on infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Six 1:4 scaled-down RC frame specimens had been prepared, including one brick-infilled frame without strengthening and five brick infills strengthened with innovative strengthening materials. The materials were steel wire mesh, chicken hexagonal wire mesh, plastic wire mesh, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), and plastic stretch film. The strengthening was diagonally applied on both surfaces of the masonry infill. The steel wire mesh, chicken hexagonal wire mesh, and plastic wire mesh were sewn using steel wire, while the FRP sheet was glued using epoxy resin and the plastic stretch film was glued using synthetic rubber adhesive. The specimens were tested following the FEMA 461 standard testing protocol, which involved applying lateral static cyclic loading to the specimens. The displacement transducer apparatus measured the deformations of the specimens, and crack propagation was observed during experimental works. The experimental results showed that most specimens exhibited an increase in their lateral strength, secant stiffness, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation. Among all prepared specimens, the specimen using plastic stretch film showed the best and most promising results, i.e., long deformation and steady lateral strength after yielding. This result suggests that using plastic stretch for strengthening can increase ductility performance. It is expected to withstand earthquake shaking, has low application costs, and is feasible for application even by unskilled local laborers.
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Teixeira, Elisabete R., Gilberto Machado, Adilson de P. Junior, Christiane Guarnier, Jorge Fernandes, Sandra M. Silva, and Ricardo Mateus. "Mechanical and Thermal Performance Characterisation of Compressed Earth Blocks." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112978.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present research is focused on an experimental investigation to evaluate the mechanical, durability, and thermal performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) produced in Portugal. CEBs were analysed in terms of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, total water absorption, water absorption by capillarity, accelerated erosion test, and thermal transmittance evaluated in a guarded hotbox setup apparatus. Overall, the results showed that compressed earth blocks presented good mechanical and durability properties. Still, they had some issues in terms of porosity due to the particle size distribution of soil used for their production. The compressive strength value obtained was 9 MPa, which is considerably higher than the minimum requirements for compressed earth blocks. Moreover, they presented a heat transfer coefficient of 2.66 W/(m2·K). This heat transfer coefficient means that this type of masonry unit cannot be used in the building envelope without an additional thermal insulation layer but shows that they are suitable to be used in partition walls. Although CEBs have promising characteristics when compared to conventional bricks, results also showed that their proprieties could even be improved if optimisation of the soil mixture is implemented.
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Turk, Boštjan Marko. "The Genealogy of Civilization." Acta Neophilologica 54, no. 1-2 (December 7, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.54.1-2.139-152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Civilization is a concept that ontologically defines the individual and the communities in which it develops. The most global civilization is the one that has emerged in the West. Civilization is not something static, but an organism that draws its roots from the distant past. In this sense, it is fundamental to answer the question of what are the constitutive elements that define Western civilization. This question only makes sense if it is asked in a historical perspective. In this direction the Freemasonry, A Very Short Introduction is a crucial one. It presents the analysis revealing how the history of freemasonry is related to the evolution of Western identity. It has to be read in the light of Niall Ferguson’s monograph The West and the Rest. The present text does so. The book then brings to light the contribution of the brotherhood to the intellectual habitus of what is called the Judeo-Christian civilization, at the present time still predominant on the Planet. The intellectual apparatus of the Freemasonry, A Very Short Introduction permits to elucidate the history of the masonic movement and its influence on events that seem unconnected and coincidental. Thus, this article tries to explain certain historical turning points in South-Eastern Europe, precisely in the light of the masonic alliances, in particular the case of the Illyrian Provinces and the first Slovenian poet, Valentin Vodnik, and secondly, what concerns the emergence of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which the author of the article defines as the result of the masonic strategy (the Grand Lodge of France and the Grand Orient of France).
Книги з теми "Masonry apparatu"
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Peter, Rüger Hans, ed. A simplified guide to BHS: Critical apparatus, masora, accents, unusual letters & other markings. 3rd ed. N. Richland Hills, TX: BIBAL Press, 1995.
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Peter, Rüger Hans, ed. A simplified guide to BHS: Critical apparatus, masora, accents, unusual letters & other markings. Berkeley, CA: Bibal Press, 1987.
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A simplified guide to BHS: Critical apparatus, masora, accents, unusual letters & other markings. 4th ed. North Richland Hills, TX: Bibal Press, 2007.
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4
Peter, Rüger Hans, ed. A simplified guide to BHS: Critical apparatus, masora, accents, unusual letters & other markings. 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif: Bibal Press, 1990.
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Scott, William Robert. A simplified guide to BHS: Critical apparatus, masora, accents, unusual letters & other markings. 4th ed. North Richland Hills, TX: Bibal Press, 2007.
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Scott, Bill, and Hans Peter Ruger. A Simplified Guide to Bhs: Critical Apparatus, Masora, Accents, Unusual Letters & Other Markings. 4th ed. D & F Scott Pub Inc, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Masonry apparatu"
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Galizia, Mariateresa, Alessandro Lo Faro, and Cettina Santagati. "Understanding and Conserving Fortified and Difficult to Access Architectures through Digital Survey." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 654–85. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8379-2.ch022.
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In this paper we propose a multidisciplinary approach concerning the tower of Mongialino in Mineo (Sicily), which is a unique case in Sicily of a cylindrical tower with an inner cylindrical nucleus. The vestiges of the dungeon rise on a rock promontory that dominates the valley of Margi, a site that has great landscape and territorial value. The building is affected by important collapses and lesions, and urgently requires a safeguard intervention that requires a deep knowledge and understanding of the construction. The first step of this process is a suitable documentation and representation of the cylindrical shape and its towering position. The peculiarity of the object requires the integrated use of current technologies of surveying able to provide a metrically-accurate three-dimensional model. The second step is the critic reading of the technological, typological and material elements that constitutes the constructive apparatus of the building (masonry, ribs, ring-like vault), and the geometric analysis addressed at the virtual reconstruction of the original shape.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Masonry apparatu"
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Vinatoru, Mircea. "MICROWAVE AND ULTRASOUNDS TOGETHER – A CHALLENGE." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9822.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The literature related to microwave and ultrasound working simultaneously is rather infrequent. The reason is obvious: microwave irradiation is of electromagnetic origin while ultrasound is a mechanical vibration energy. Moreover, the optimal settings for ultrasound propagation throughout a reaction media do not coincide with the conditions required for application of microwaves. Therefore, the challenge is to find a way to best combination of these sources of energy into one apparatus to allow researchers to take advantage of the features of each technology. The oldest paper describing such a combination – microwave and ultrasound is having just 20 years [1] and describe an apparatus which uses a probe system delivering ultrasound through decalin to a vessel holding the reagents dipped in the MW cavity (fig. 1a). Another possibility using a normal MW oven is described by Peng [2] (fig.1b), but this setup is having radiation leakage problems and needs a proper protection. Ragaini et all proposed another type of setup [3] (fig. 1c), not easy to reproduce, but describing calibration and parameters which show an additive increase of thermal energy delivered when MW and US works simultaneous. Insert here uploaded pictures Figure 1. Some MW-US simultaneous setups Few years ago, Cravotto and Cintas [4], disccussed for the first time the potential of using MW and US in sequential or tandem setups. Their paper discuss all possible setups for using mostly glass probe for devlivery of ultrasonic energy or classical setup (fig. 1a). Slowly the concept gain popularity and the paper of Lionelly and Mason [5] prompts to the potential industrial applications, naming the combination of microwave with ultrasound a hybrid technology. The challenge in using this “hybrid technology” is to find a vesatile and reproducible apparatus able to deliver both microwave and ultrasound at a full controlable parameters. In our laboratory we have and use the setup like in the fig. 1a, but the ultrasonic energy is delivered by an ultrasonic cleaning device attached to microwave device (SAIREM Miniflow 200SS). To achieve the above mentioned outcome launched a project to build a device which could work with MW and US in tandem (as Cravotto mentioned [4]) using an US device able to deliver more than a single ultrasonic frequency at a full controlled power. It is our believe that such a device could significantly contribute to MW-US tandem equipment development. Based on our expertise and potential proposed interaction of US with reagents [6] we will investigate the influence (if any) of ultrasound upon MW field. In this paper we will present the earlier results of “Tandem Microwave Ultrasound” energy influence on chemical reagents. References 1. Lagha, A., et al., Analusis, 1999. 27(5): p. 452-457. 2. Peng, Y. and G. Song, Green Chemistry, 2001. 3(6): p. 302-304. 3. Ragaini, V., et al., Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2012. 19(4): p. 872-876. 4. Cravotto, G. and P. Cintas, Chemistry - A European Journal, 2007. 13(7): p. 1902-1909. 5. Leonelli, C. and T.J. Mason, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2010. 49(9): p. 885-900. 6. Vinatoru, M. and T.J. Mason, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2018.