Дисертації: "Markets for innovation"

1

Hildebrandt, Kurtis. "Market dominance and innovation in computer software markets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0018/MQ47948.pdf.

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2

Harrison, Rebecca. "Understanding innovation in low-income markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23745.

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As western markets stagnate, companies are looking to the emerging world for growth, and have begun to experiment with offerings that target the four billion microconsumers at the base of the pyramid. To successfully engage these emerging consumers, firms must innovate around their product offerings and business models. This report sought to better understand innovation in a low-income market context. It explored what drives companies to enter low-income markets, the triggers for innovation in these markets, and the characteristics of that innovation, drawing particularly on Clayton Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation. Nineteen interviews with executives at 11 companies operating in South Africa were interviewed in order to test propositions derived from the literature. The findings showed that companies enter low-income markets largely in pursuit of growth, but that a variety of secondary factors also play a role. The data indicated that innovation in low-income markets is often triggered by negative factors such as lack of infrastructure or limited buying power, rather than the positive factors cited in much of the existing innovation literature. Finally, it illustrated that companies often exhibit the elements of disruptive innovation when they engage with emerging consumers. The report then offered two models -- Innovation in low-income contexts: a descriptive model, and the Emerging Consumer Innovation Web -- to help companies frame the innovation process in a low-income context. It concluded that companies need to adopt a new philosophy of innovation when engaging emerging consumers, one which embraces the challenge of low-income markets as a springboard for innovation and a catalyst for creativity. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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3

Børke, Martin Andreas. "Simulation of Innovation in Mobile Communication Markets." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8717.

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Mobile communication markets are known for frequent innovations with potentially high network effects. The conceptual work in economics and innovation studies show how the growth pattern for innovations in such markets could vary depending on the competition and market characteristics. However, the empirical research within this field is limited. This thesis introduces a computer simulation model for analyzing the development, adoption and diffusion of innovations in a mobile market. The model is based on Agent-Based Computational Economics (ACE), and makes use of behavioral theory of firms, economics, and sociology, to leverage the theoretical understating of the diffusion of innovations. The results of the simulation runs on the developed simulation software show that the topologies of social networks have strong effects on diffusion. However, it is also found that in situations where several competing companies launch their innovations sequentially, a winner-takes-all outcome is the most likely when the actors are completely rational. Further, when the information in the market is imperfect, the topology of social networks can create equilibria where the market is shared between several providers. Finally, the variance in consumer characteristics affects both the rate and the outcome of innovation diffusion. The thesis reaffirms that computer simulation is an effective way to combine the sociological and economic theories of innovation diffusion. The results show that there is still a need for more research on the field to better understand why some innovations fail, while other succeed and becomes accepted in the market. The outcome of an innovation launch is shown to be affected by several factors, including timing, network structure, market noise, and consumer characteristics. By using the simulation model to study the influence of such factors in a specific market, service providers may improve their competitive power.

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4

Oostrom, Tamar. "Essays on innovation in health care markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127035.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 191-203).
This thesis consists of three chapters on innovation in health care markets. The first chapter examines incentives in pharmaceutical innovation; the second explores selection in the response to recommendations in health care. The third chapter presents new evidence on determinants of recent drug overdose mortality. The first chapter examines the effect of financial incentives on reported drug efficacy in clinical trials. I leverage the insight that the exact same sets of drugs are often compared in different randomized control trials conducted by parties with different financial interests. I estimate that a drug appears 0.15 standard deviations more effective when the trial is sponsored by that drug's manufacturer, compared with the same drug in the same trial without the drug manufacturer's involvement. Publication bias explains a large share of this effect; observable characteristics of trial design and patient enrollment are less important.
I find the sponsorship effect decreases over time as pre-registration requirements were implemented. The second chapter, joint with Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Abigail Ostriker, and Heidi Williams, presents evidence on the role of selection in considering whether and when to recommend screening for a particular disease. In the context of recommendations that breast cancer screening start at age 40, we show that responders to the age 40 recommendation are less likely to have cancer and have smaller tumors than do women who self-select into screening at earlier ages. Responders to the age 40 recommendation also have less cancer than women who never screen, suggesting that the benefits of recommending early screening are smaller than if responders were representative of all covered individuals.
The second chapter, joint with Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Abigail Ostriker, and Heidi Williams, presents evidence on the role of selection in considering whether and when to recommend screening for a particular disease. In the context of recommendations that breast cancer screening start at age 40, we show that responders to the age 40 recommendation are less likely to have cancer and have smaller tumors than do women who self-select into screening at earlier ages. Responders to the age 40 recommendation also have less cancer than women who never screen, suggesting that the benefits of recommending early screening are smaller than if responders were representative of all covered individuals. The third chapter examines the role of declining community ties and social cohesion in the increase in drug overdose mortality in the past two decades. I assess the causal impact of declining religiosity on opioid deaths, instrumenting for religiosity with the Catholic sex-abuse scandal.
I find that the recent decrease in religious employment would result in approximately one-third of the total current opioid mortality rate. The effects are concentrated in areas with higher Catholic rates before the scandal and among young adults.
by Tamar Judith Oostrom.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics

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5

Albert, Martin. "Concepts of Innovation for and from Emerging Markets." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-213341.

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A closer look at innovation for and from emerging markets respectively developing economies reveals that a variety of different terms and concepts related to this type of innovation exist. The goal of my conceptual paper is to present a comprehensive overview of related terms and concepts and to suggest theoretical based classification criteria in order to differentiate them. After a first investigation in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets the keywords ‘reverse’, ‘frugal’, ‘jugaad’, and ‘bottom of the pyramid / bottom of pyramid / bop’ were identified and used for searching the database of Google Scholar. For further investigation only texts were considered with at least eight various terms. 19 different texts were identified which classified for a further analysis. As results 33 identified terms in relation to innovation for and from emerging markets, various spellings and synonyms and references with at least two mentions in the identified texts are presented. As theoretical based classification criteria ‘market orientation’, ‘determinants’ (of innovation for and from emerging market)’, ‘nature’ (of innovation for and from emerging markets), sophistication’, ‘sustainability’, ‘novelty’ and ‘innovator type’ were identified.

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6

Musimiire, Angela, and Maka Chakhnashvili. "Product Adaptation to Different Markets through Technology Innovation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78893.

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Background and Aim: Markets are getting increasingly complex, competitive and changing. A firm’s ability to respond to environmental challenges is a significant factor for its survival and success. To establish itself in the market, a company needs to adjust the product in a way that meets the expectations and required quality of the target market in other words, make relevant product adaptations. Many aspects of product adaptation have been discussed in the literature ranging from small changes in the product such as specification or design to modifying a company’s market strategy depending on which stage the product is in its life cycle. Technology innovation can enable a firm keep the market share and retain customers especially in a mature and technology driven industry where the market is saturated and consumers diffuse to competitors who easily copy the product. However, the role of technology innovation to adapt a product in the growth stage to mature markets is missing from the present literature. This present thesis will investigate the role of technology innovation in product adaptation and the factors to consider thereof the Swedish high tech company Saab will be used as the case study. Methodology: Research method for the present thesis includes the qualitative approach with the case study design. For the purposes of this thesis the Swedish high-tech company Saab will be studied to explore the practices of adapting product (field hospital) to different markets. Completion and results: Result of the study showed that there are similarities and differences between what literature provides and Saab does to adapt a product in markets. Analyzing the theory and practice recommendations for Saab were concluded. Suggestions drown for Saab can be useful for other high technology companies as well.

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7

Конопльова, Дарія Миколаївна, and Daria Konoplova. "Open innovation management in terms of dynamic markets." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50119.

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1. Bogers, M., Chesbrough, H., Heaton, S., Teece, D. J. Strategic Management of Open Innovation: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective. California Management Review. 2019. 62(1). 77–94. 2. Livescault J. What exactly is Open Innovation? URL: https://www.braineet.com/blog/open-innovation/ 3. Open innovation. Accelerating your innovation results. URL: https://www.ennomotive.com/ open-innovation/#:~:text=Open%20innovation%20is%20a%20business,with%20the%20corporate %20R%26D%20culture.
Recent years the world economy has been characterized by rapid and sufficient shifts. Since also the generations are completely different (X, Y, Z) it’s not simple to accept these changes, and it’s much more difficult to adjust to them. It has become an integral part of everyone’s life. Under these conditions each individual and company applies various innovations in one area or another. The whole world is striving to automate and optimize businesses as introduction of technologies can give results in faster, more convenient and more profitable way. So, issues considering open innovation management in terms of dynamic markets are extremely relevant ones.
Останні роки світова економіка характеризується швидкими і достатніми зрушеннями. Оскільки також покоління абсолютно різні (X, Y, Z), не просто прийняти ці зміни, і набагато складніше пристосуватись до них. Це стало невід’ємною частиною життя кожного. За цих умов кожна людина та компанія застосовує різні інновації в тій чи іншій галузі. Весь світ прагне автоматизувати та оптимізувати бізнес, оскільки впровадження технологій може дати результати швидшим, зручнішим та вигіднішим способом. Отже, питання, що розглядають відкрите управління інноваціями з точки зору динамічних ринків, надзвичайно актуальні.

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8

Wu, Yijiang. "Organising innovation management in emerging sustainable urban markets." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/17793.

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This thesis brings together three papers to address one of the central problems in the management of innovation: how organisations manage innovations to enter, grow and succeed in emerging markets. It explores the paradoxical attributes of the firm and shows how stable and dynamic processes are mutually constitutive and occur at multiple levels. The first paper (Chapter 3) contributes to the literature of dynamic capabilities which has recently been questioned for subsuming “rigidity” and “flexibility” within one concept. The paper employs an inductive case study approach to examine the processes by which an organisation develops capabilities to enter, grow and shape an emerging sustainable urban market. Addressing a process problem of developing novel practices into good currency, the paper develops a conceptual model within which the three sets of activities dynamically combine and interact at different phases over time. The paper argues the conceptual model individually disaggregates the paradoxical problem, and holistically underlines the two countervailing processes of capability enhancement and consolidation. In particular, the findings illustrate the institutional origins of dynamic capabilities by introducing and analysing one set of activities: capability reinforcement. The second paper (Chapter 4) deepens the understanding of “capability reinforcement”. Existing studies in institutional entrepreneurship suggest central organisations confront the paradox of “structure and agency” when they move away from embedded fields and institutionalize their innovative practices or product. The study contributes to resolving the paradoxical problem by unfolding the process of an incumbent conducting entrepreneurial actions to dominate a nascent field. Based on a longitudinal analysis of interview and media dataset, the results show central organisations implement a combination of deliberate and emergent strategies to achieve dominance in nascent fields associated with contingent nature. Addressing a strategic problem of institutional leadership, the paper argues organisations adopt market-focused and socio-political approaches to implement such mixed strategies. The findings identify the resource-based origins of institutional entrepreneurship by introducing and examining a strategic mechanism: boundary infrastructure. While the empirical studies are carried out independently, their combined value exceeds the sum of the individual papers. Bridging the two theoretical streams, Chapter 5 extends my contribution by developing an integrative framework which benefits from appreciating the full spectrum of multi-level consolidation in the field of innovation management.

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9

Nafula, Ritah. "Open Innovation: A case study exploring Knowledge Transfer in Developing Markets : Emerging markets, knowledge transfer, open innovation, mobile money transfer, MPesa." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23058.

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With the increasing trend of telecommunication innovations worldwide, emerging markets do not dare to sit back and watch as the global technologies advance at record speed. More and more developing countries are taking heed to these opportunities by developing solutions that best suit the markets they serve. Moreover, regardless of the lack of efficient and affordable financial infrastructure as a contributing factor in the persistence of poverty in many rural parts of developing countries, some firms have taken bold steps to partner with knowledgeable firms in order to increase their own capabilities that are crucial in developing innovative solutions. The purpose of this study was to explore how knowledge is transferred in emerging/developing markets in order to facilitate open innovation. Knowledge transfer is considered a process and not a one-time event. Therefore, using a since case study design, an in-depth exploration was made on the MPesa mobile money transfer system which started in Kenya but has now spread to several emerging countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The results indicate that for successful knowledge transfer; (i) Personnel movements is the most effective mechanism (ii) Technology should be transferred using a social mode of transfer (iii) Joint ventures are the most effective partnership form (iv) the bottom-of-the pyramid markets must be engaged in the development of innovative products.

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10

Aalto, Hagman Fredrik, and Claes Sonde. "Innovation Crowdsourcing : Exploring the Use of an Innovation Intermediary." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77719.

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Background: With the Open Innovation paradigm come new hopes for innovating companies. The ability to tap a global network of experts can, at least in theory, have a significant impact on an organization’s competitive strength. Before such a ‘network of experts’ can be used to its full potential however, a number of challenges related to knowledge markets seem to need solutions. About 10 years ago however, we could witness the entry of a new breed of company – calling themselves innovation intermediaries. These companies are built to profit from delivering the usefulness of knowledge networks to client (Seeker) companies. Though the use of such networks and markets have so far been uncommon outside of high-tech fields they are now starting to be seen used by companies in more mature environments.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the collaboration between SCA (a large Swedish corporation) and the innovation intermediary InnoCentive in order to create a better understanding of what kind of benefits can be derived from the use of an innovation intermediary, and how these benefits are best utilized. We also set out to identify relevant limitations of innomediary use and to seek to better understand how using an innomediary can fit a client company’s higher-order activities such as exploration and exploitation.Completion and Results: Our findings include that SCA are using InnoCentive mainly as a tool to solve highly specific problems and/or problems with a low degree of complexity that they encounter in their everyday activities. The challenges related to knowledge markets, we find, are avoided by keeping problem complexity low and problem modularity high for the problems sent out to the network. In addition, InnoCentive’s business model seems to eliminate costly negotiations between Seekers and Solvers. Using this kind of ‘market solution’ however, we argue, will put bounds on the usefulness of the network and makes it mainly suited as a tool for improving an organization’s exploitation capacity.

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11

Hajhashem, Mohammad. "Enabling the diffusion of disruptive innovations in medical markets : case of Iranian cardiovascular devices market." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/enabling-the-diffusion-of-disruptive-innovations-in-medical-marketscase-of-iranian-cardiovascular-devices-market(b14b79dd-3d4d-4b7c-845a-af131c9b639d).html.

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Following the studies of technology trajectories, Christiansen (1997) coined the concept of disruptive innovation to shed more light on the pattern of discontinuous innovations which were introducing new performance values to the market and mostly led to create a new market. Following his studies there have been a huge amount of scholars who have tried to elucidate the concept of disruptive innovations from different points of views. Among all of these studies, there are few researches about the dynamic of disruptive innovations diffusion in the market while most of the studies have focused on the concept itself. According to Porter (2008) the dynamic of market competition has been totally changed over the past decade and survivance of incumbents in the market mostly depends on their capability to innovate disruptively and keep their dominancy by radical or incremental improvements. Considering the desire of incumbents to set a dominant position in today’s fast growing markets, getting the ultimate benefits of disruptive innovations has become a disputable issue. Therefore, focusing on the dynamic of disruptive innovations, this research tries to elucidate the way that market leaders take an unknown potential disruptive innovation out of its dark corner during its infancy time, raise it and disrupt the mainstream market relying on it to establish a new market. Focusing on the dynamic of innovation diffusion, this research has chosen the high-tech medical market of Iran as the main target of empirical field work. Novelty of this concept in medical markets and also appropriateness of invasive cardiovascular devices business in terms of great amount of disruptive innovation, make this case study appropriate for the purpose of this research. Therefore conducting a longitude case study of Iranian invasive cardiovascular market during the past 10 years, this research conducts 30 semi-structured interviews with the key decision makers of the four main incumbents of Iranian invasive cardiovascular market about launching new innovations including: Johnson and Johnson (Cordis), Abbott Laboratories, Boston Scientific and Medtronic. The findings of these interviews are supported by the results of archival researches for more validity and reliability. Finally these findings will get compared with the conceptual framework of research in the discussion chapter to modify the existing literatures and in some cases add some new theoretical notions to them. The main contribution of this research is to identify the accelerating factors of disruptive innovation diffusion from, strategic, technological and cultural points of views. These findings can help practitioners to accelerate the diffusion rate of their disruptive innovations to disrupt the market earlier than the others and set their dominant position in the market as a market leader. Also it will provide an opportunity for the other scholars to build on more about the concept of disruptive innovation diffusion.

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12

Kubilay, Merve Beyza, and Therese Dahlberg. "Exploring Market Creation by Entrepreneurs in Sweden : How Value Innovation Fosters the Creation of New Markets." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Management & Organisation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-189393.

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As new markets continuously emerge, increasing academic attention has been devoted to identifying what factors predominantly foster this process. Notably, scholars have coupled market creation with value-creating innovations; new markets emerge due to generation of novel customer value. Blue Ocean Strategy is a prominent approach to such market creation incentives, centring around the implementation of value innovation. However, exploration of this approach has been relatively overlooked in previous research. Extant literature has, instead, primarily acknowledged marketing incentives as the major facilitating factor of new markets, referring to how solutions need to be aptly communicated to gain stakeholders. In addition, technology development is considered by scholars to have a great impact on the creation of new markets, on accounts of breakthrough inventions having disrupted and dismantled preceding industries. The purpose of this study is thus to fill the apparent research gap by investigating how value innovation enables entrepreneurs to create new markets. Although startups are pertinent to the notion of innovative solutions that lead to new markets, entrepreneurs’ approach to market creation has not been extensively investigated. Hence, becoming an applicable context for the research purpose. In order to collect empirical data, a qualitative research approach was undertaken, where seven interviews were conducted with respondents from different Swedish startup companies. Participating companies originate from a variety of industries and shared experiences from their respective innovation processes, which subsequently facilitated insightful data, applicable to the purpose. Findings revealed that value innovation enables entrepreneurs to create new markets as its implementation removes the challenge of competing with incumbents, allowing the startup to go beyond the boundaries of the traditional industry. Ultimately, the collected data could not support the notion of value innovation as an exclusive approach to market creation. Nevertheless, the role of value innovation as a significant factor in the process cannot be entirely undermined as findings indicated that its implementation prominently alleviates market creation.

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13

Mehler, Anja. "Business model innovation in emerging markets : identifying common principles." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96220.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With developed economies experiencing slow growth, multinational corporations (MNCs) in various industries are looking to tap into the enormous potential of emerging economies. By identifying emerging markets as future markets, MNCs can increase their market share and profits, and grow through a diversified strategy that focuses on unconventional markets and customers with unserved needs. However, MNCs entering these markets cannot succeed by simply transferring business models, products, and services developed for mature economies as the needs of the new consumers in emerging markets require innovative and non-traditional business models and approaches. The research question for this study is to investigate if and to what level MNCs have to adapt their business model when entering or expanding their operations to emerging markets. Therefore, research has been done on four MNCs across a diverse range of industries. For collecting data, the research made use of a qualitative case-study research approach and is based primarily on findings from four in-depth interviews with strategy or marketing experts from MNCs across industries. Further information was obtained through deep research on publicly available information about the company. The research aimed to identify similarities in the business model of successful pioneers and to analyse common principles that could be of use for other MNCs when planning to enter unknown emerging markets. The interviews were conducted personally, telephonically, and via email. In a next step, the interviews were transcribed and common themes were extracted and combined with findings from further research. For collecting and ordering the information, Osterwalder & Pigneur’s (2010) business model canvas was applied. Finally, the findings were grouped, formulated and compared to existing literature in order to identify similarities, common principles or differences for new output propositions. The primary finding of the research was that specific factors, such as the difference in market conditions and environments, as well as in consumer preferences and needs, strongly influence the design of business models. A key differentiating factor was the choice between keeping traditional business models with a focus on global and centralized systems, processes, brands and products or designing business models that are adjusted or innovated to meet local market conditions and consumer trends. Another key finding was that a balanced portfolio of brands is a critical factor of success in emerging markets. To reach different market segments in emerging markets, MNCs need to offer mainstream as well as premium brands, all based on a strong brand identity and brand values. The partnership with local business partners and key stakeholders was identified as fundamental to be able to react to local business environments. Furthermore, the integration of local suppliers and communities, as well as the adjustment of the value chain to the local environment, has been seen as a key factor to reduce costs while gaining acceptance and building close relationships with the local community. In order to overcome local challenges of institutional voids and lacking knowledge in emerging markets, the research has shown that a collaborative strategy with local partners is of high importance. The research showed that MNCs with global brands follow both approaches. While some MNCs maintain a traditional business model for all its markets, other MNCs design their business model based on standardized systems and processes to the local environment. In terms of the level of innovation, it can be said that none of the researched MNCs showed an extremely high level of innovation. Common principles and activities that could be identified in the business model design for emerging markets between all researched MNCs, are as follows: (1) balanced portfolio of strong brands, (2) strong partnerships with local key stakeholders, (3) loyal relationships with consumers, (4) an efficient and cost-effective value chain, and (5) collaborative partnerships or acquisitions as a critical market entry strategy.

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14

Adari, Praveen, and Ganesh Lakshmipathy. "Frugal Innovation in Smaller Firms in the West : "How do smaller firms in theWest use Frugal Innovationwhich in its nature best suitedfor emerging markets, havingno subsidiaries in the localmarkets essential to developfrugal solutions for those emerging markets?"." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-30787.

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Although researchers during the last 5 years have been doing a lot of study onemerging market innovations, and of which Frugal Innovation had its special place. They haveparticularly concentrated on this innovation type on how it re-emerged in the emergingcountries especially India and China and gave it new theoretical definition and a framework.Although this frugal innovation usage is constrained only to the firms located in those emergingmarkets and this innovation has not seen much application in the western smaller firms. In thisresearch our main idea is to develop a theoretical model on frugal innovation for the westernsmaller firms, where currently not much emphasis is given by the previous researchers in thiscontext. To achieve this we have been involved in an action research with a company lookingto enter an emerging market by using frugal innovation strategy for their product development.The output of this research is a theoretical framework model which is sequential and includesall the stages that a firm has to follow as part of a frugal innovation strategy having not muchknowledge of the emerging markets or its customers and who had to rely on external partnersin developing countries to successfully develop frugal innovations. We have also identifiedchallenges firms face in this context and listed out alternatives at each level of the strategy,finally concluded by listing out the future scope of research on frugal innovation in thisparticular area.

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15

Höfling, Miriam. "‘Base of the pyramid’ markets as incubators for innovations : Implications for innovation processes of internationally operating companies." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-261706.

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This thesis identifies the enabling factors that are relevant for a company’s BoP innovation process. It aims at visualizing differences and challenges of BoP innovation processes in contrast to generic innovation processes. A literature review which was conducted first identified seven enabling factors for generic innovation processes: customer orientation, rigorous planning & early specification, pre-development activities, formalized project selection, functional competence & cross-functional teams, strong project leader and top management support. These theoretical findings provided the necessary framework for the qualitative, semi-structured interviews that were conducted with two companies, GE Healthcare and Godrej & Boyce, which both recently implemented a BoP project. The empirical results visualized the companies’ BoP innovation processes and suggested the following findings. First, the focus on customer orientation was strengthened as a company’s unfamiliarity with the local context strengthens the importance of exactly understanding the consumers’ needs. Second, rigorous planning & early specification was found not as important as in generic innovation processes due to the novelty of the endeavor and the necessary adjustments in the course of the project. Third, predevelopment activities remain important. Fourth, formalized project selection is found to be one of the most influential factors for a BoP innovation project. Fifth, no difference in significance was found in functional competence & cross-functional team. However, the two dimensions of internationality of the team and proximity to respective decision makers were added. Sixth, the case studies showed that a strong project champion is decisive for a BoP project. Last, top management support was found to be one of the most important factors for a BoP innovation project as adjusting structural factors and strategic orientations is necessary for a BoP project to fully unfold. Furthermore, three additional factors (strategic (re-)orientation of a company, independent business unit and mindsets and work approach) were discussed.

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16

Olivensjö, Emelie, and Johan Ottosson. "Innovation for the poor : a study of Swedish micro-SMEs social innovations towards subsistence markets in East Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226629.

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Problem statement Previous studies have indicated that poverty can be reduced through selling products to the poor. Moreover, these markets contain a large potential for profit that is currently untapped. Reaching these however requires substantial innovativeness and many companies have tried and failed. Surprisingly then, little theoretical guidelines exist on how to create social innovative products for poor markets. Purpose and research question The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of social product innovation for poor markets. This is done through investigating key factors to consider for SMEs emanating from developed countries in order to create social innovative products for these markets. Methodology This paper is a qualitative research and takes an exploratory approach, and uses a cross- sectional, multiple case study methodology. This study has investigated four products emanating from Swedish micro-SMEs, sold primarily in Tanzania, Zambia and Kenya. The empirical data was collected through conducting 12 semi-structured interviews. Results and conclusion The result of this paper contributed to a deeper understanding of social product innovation in subsistence markets. Theoretical guidelines in form of a model has been developed which summarizes 19 key factors that SMEs emanating from developed countries need to consider in order to create social innovative products for subsistence markets. Out of these, three are deemed to be of particular importance, namely the need to understand the marketplace, to develop the product in a price-based costing framework, and to scale.

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17

Shen, Yao. "Essays in Corporate Finance and Credit Markets." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106883.

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Thesis advisor: Philp E. Strahan
This dissertation is comprised of three essays which examine the interactions among credit market innovation, corporate finance, and information intermediaries. In the first essay, I study the role of credit default swaps (CDS) in reducing credit supply frictions for corporate borrowers. I find that firms whose CDS is included in a major CDS index--the CDX North American Investment Grade index--have significantly lower cost of debt, and in response rely more heavily on debt for external financing. To address the potential endogeneity of index addition, I use a regression discontinuity design by exploiting the index inclusion rule, which allows me to compare firms that are just above and below the index inclusion cutoff. I show that index inclusion improves the liquidity of underlying single-name CDSs, which enables constituent firms' debtholders to better hedge their credit risk exposure. My findings suggest that CDS market benefits investment-grade borrowers by alleviating the supply-side frictions in credit markets. In the second essay, we investigate the role of proxy advisory firms in shareholder voting. Proxy advisory firms have become important players in corporate governance, but the extent of their influence over shareholder votes is debated. We estimate the effect of Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) recommendations on voting outcomes by exploiting exogenous variation in ISS recommendations generated by a cutoff rule in its voting guidelines. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that in 2010-2011, a negative ISS recommendation on a say-on-pay proposal leads to a 25 percentage point reduction in say-on-pay voting support, suggesting strong influence over shareholder votes. We also use our setting to examine the informational role of ISS recommendations. In the third essay, I examine how Moody's ratings have responded to the introduction of Credit Default Swap (CDS) market--an important innovation in credit markets in the past decade. I find that ratings quality of CDS firms, measured as default predictive power, improved significantly after the onset of CDS trading, consistent with a disciplining role of the CDS market. I show that ratings become more accurate in terms of less failure to warn (i.e. rating a defaulter too high) which is not accompanied by a rise of false alarms. In addition, rating downgrades are significantly more likely to be preceded by negative outlook or a watch for downgrade. The results are robust to controlling for the endogeneity of CDS trading. Overall, the evidence suggests that, in response to the CDS market developments, Moody's ratings become better at differentiating bad issuers from good ones as opposed to a "cookie-cutter'' approach to more conservative ratings
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Finance

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18

Zhang, Jingjing. "Technological Innovation of Chinese Firms: Indigenous R and D, Foreign Direct Investment, and Markets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11461.

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What are the factors behind the recent development of industrial technology in China? Does China follow the path of learning technology from outside through direct foreign investment and international trade as other Asian newly industrialized economies, or imitate the U.S. model that develop science and technology within the country based on the strong domestic research capacity? This study examines these questions using a comprehensive research model and a new Chinese patent dataset. The patent statistics in this study are created based on more than 120 thousand granted invention patent abstracts in China between 1985 and 2003. Compared with the Chinese patent data used in prior studies, this dataset distinguishes firm patents from patents awarded to universities and research institutes. The dependent variable for regression analysis is the technological innovation performance of Chinese domestic firms as measured by the number of patents awarded to firms in 30 Chinese provinces from 1989 to 1999. The final panel data for regression analysis were completed with other provincial indicators for the same years on research and development (R and D) expenditures by firms and public institutions, foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic consumption, and foreign exports. The results of count data fixed effect regression approaches show that the efforts of firms, measured by industrial R and D expenditures, spillovers from R and D activities conducted at universities and public institutions in the same region, and demand driven mainly by foreign exports are the most prominent positive factors in the domestic firms technological innovation performance. While the net impact of FDI on domestic firms patenting activity is mostly insignificant and sometimes negative

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19

Glader, Marcus. "Innovation markets and competition analysis : EU competition law and US antitrust law /." Lund : Faculty of Law, Lund Univ, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/476526825.pdf.

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20

Ning, Jing. "Innovation in social care markets with reference to the UK and China." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533954.

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21

Trippl, Michaela. "Islands of Innovation and Internationally Networked Labor Markets. Magnetic Centers for Star Scientists?" Institut für Regional- und Umweltwirtschaft, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/138/1/document.pdf.

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Top researchers and outstanding scientists are an essential source of science-based innovation and regional development. The location pattern and international movements of the scientific elite, are, thus, of fundamental importance. However, despite a growing interest, there is only little empirical evidence about these core issues. Drawing on the results of a world-wide survey of 720 ―star scientists‖ (identified by the number of citations they generated in journals in the ISI databases in the period 1981-2002) this paper seeks to explore the role of islands of innovation in providing employment opportunities for stars. It is shown that US and European islands of innovation and their regional labor markets are at the forefront when it comes to produce (i.e. to educate) and to employ star scientists and to exchange them with other places. Furthermore, the paper provides evidence for the formation of a network among innovative regional labor markets based on international movements of the best and brightest scientific minds. (author´s abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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22

Deretic, Momcilo. "information aggregation, psychological biases and efficiency of prediction markets in selection of innovation projects." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24023.

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Ma thèse de doctorat traite de la sélection de projets d'innovation en entreprises, en utilisant les marchés de prédiction comme mécanisme de sélection alternatif. Le processus d'innovation et son évaluation sont des activités ayant des répercussions sur la croissance et le développement. L’évidence montre que les méthodes habituelles d'évaluation et de sélection de projets d’innovation, comme le processus en entonnoir, ne sont pas rentables. Proposer une méthode plus efficace contribuera de manière significative à une meilleure allocation des ressources. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, je teste les prévisions du marché de prédiction contre celles des experts. Dans la deuxième, j'examine les aspects comportementaux de la prise de décision sur le marché de prédiction entrepreneurial, notamment comment le biais d’optimisme influence les décisions des traders. J’ai mené pour ces parties des expériences avec des sujets humains. Dans la troisième partie, j'examine les propriétés et éléments clés des marchés de prédiction et fourni une chronique et une classification d’articles sur les contributions les plus importantes de la littérature dans ce sujet
My PhD thesis deals with selection of corporate and entrepreneurial innovation projects, using prediction markets as an alternative selection mechanism. Innovation process and its evaluation are two very important economic activities with repercussions for growth and development. Available evidence strongly suggests that conventional evaluation and selection methods, such as development funnel in corporate setting or decisions of Venture Capital firms in entrepreneurial one, do not yield cost-effective results. Coming up with an efficient and cost-effective method would contribute significantly to better resource allocation and social welfare. In the first part of the thesis, I test the prediction market predictions against experts’. In the second part, I examine behavioral aspects of decision-making in entrepreneurial prediction market setting, particularly how optimism bias influences traders’ decisions in prediction market. I conducted experiments with human subjects for the first two parts. In the third part of the thesis, I examine the most important elements and properties of prediction markets and provide a survey of most important contributions to prediction market literature, together with the classification and list of articles in major categories

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23

Højbjerg, Clarke Ann. "Segmentation of industrial markets and determining product lines for product development : based on product platforms for complex, changing markets with high demand for variety /." [Odense] : Univ. Press of Southern Denmark, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/475974123.pdf.

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24

Hotopp, Ulrike. "Trade, innovation and employment : three essays on the UK's trade with Europe." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323016.

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25

Venu, Lakshmi. "A strategy for large indigenous companies in big, rapidly developing markets : innovation report." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507130.

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26

Folwaczny, Anna Dominika [Verfasser]. "Service Innovation in the Emerging Markets of Sub-Saharan Africa / Anna Dominika Folwaczny." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240426836/34.

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27

Shreeti, Vatsala. "Three essays on technology adoption in emerging markets." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/46841/.

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Cette thèse étudie l’adoption de technologies dans les pays en développement. Dans le chapitre I, j’étudie l’adoption des smartphones en Inde. Les smartphones sont devenus le principal appareil grâce auquel les habitants des pays endéveloppement peuvent accéder aux avantages d’une numérisation généralisée. Cependant, la plupart des utilisateurs de téléphones mobiles dans les pays en développement continuent d’utiliser des téléphones basiques de faible qualité. Ce chapitre développe un modèle structurel de la demande des consommateurs et de l’offre des entreprises pour comprendre les principaux moteurs de l’adoption des smartphones. Je trouve que les gains en qualité des téléphones mobiles et les changements de revenus dans la population sont les principaux facteurs de la croissance des ventes de smartphones enInde. Compte tenu du rôle central du revenu dans l’adoption de cette technologie, je simule l’impact de subventions ciblées pour les smartphones. Je trouve que, comparées à des réductions d’impôts ad valorem ou à des subventions uniformes, les subventions ciblées sont les moins coûteuses pour le gouvernement et sont les plus efficaces pour la redistribution,étant (presque) entièrement appropriées par les consommateurs. Le chapitre II porte sur les services financiers numériques. L’utilisation des services financiers numériques dans les pays en développement peut être un outil d’inclusion financière, de lutte contre l’évasion fiscale et de facilitation de la prestation efficace des services publics. En utilisant un événement unique – un processus de démonétisation non annoncé et à grande échelle qui a eu lieu en 2016 en Inde et qui a augmenté les coûts à court terme de la détention d’espèces et de leurs transactions – ce chapitre étudie l’adoption d’une forme spécifique de SFN, à savoir les paiements mobiles, en Inde. Nous constatons que dans les régions où le marchédu travail était moins formel, et où les travailleurs étaient plus susceptibles d’être touchés par le processus de démonétisation, ce choc a conduit à une augmentation plus importante de l’utilisation de plateformes mobiles que dans les États où le marché du travail est plus formel. L’effet de cette “expérimentation forcée” fut cependant de courte durée. Au niveau individuel, les personnes les plus exposées au choc étaient plus susceptibles d’adopter les paiements mobiles et cet effet persiste au cours des deux années suivantes. Étonnamment, les effets marginaux du choc pour les femmes fortement exposées étaient presque deux fois plus élevés que pour les hommes fortement exposés. Dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse, j’étudie (avec un co-auteur) l’adoption par les entreprises d’une nouvelle technologie dans leur menu de produits. En particulier, nous essayons de comprendre la valeur d’une technologie facilement imitable dans un contexte de marché émergent. Nous étudions l’introduction des portables double SIM sur le marché indien et quantifions la valeur de cette technologie pour les consommateurs. Nous quantifions également l’impact sur les résultats du marché de l’imitation rapide de cette technologie par des entreprises concurrentes. Nous constatons que l’introduction de cette technologie a entraîné une augmentation du surplus du consommateur de 3,1% à 8,9%, et une expansion de la taille totale du marché de 1,8% à 3,3%. Nous constatons également que si l’imitation réduit considérablement le profit de l’innovateur, elle rend également la technologie beaucoup plus abordable pour les consommateurs. Enfin, nous fournissons une borne inférieure du coût pour l’innovateur de la protection de la propriété intellectuelle dans un marché émergent. Nous constatons que cette borne inférieure atteint 12% des bénéfices observés de l’innovateur
This thesis studies technology adoption in an emerging market, taking the example of In-dia. In chapter I, I study the adoption of smartphones in India. Smartphones have becomethe primary device through which people in developing countries can access the benefitsof widespread digitization. However, most mobile phone users in developing countriescontinue to use low-quality feature phones. This chapter develops a structural model ofconsumer demand and supply to understand the main drivers of smartphone adoption. Itthen uses the estimates of the model to investigate how to best design pro-adoption poli-cies. I find that gains in device quality and changes in income distribution are the mainfactors behind the growth of smartphone sales in India. Given the central role of income indriving adoption, I simulate the impact of targeted subsidies for smartphones. I find that,compared to ad valorem tax reductions and uniform subsidies, targeted subsidies are theleast costly for the government and are the most effective for redistribution, being (almost)fully appropriated by consumers. Chapter II focuses on digital financial services. The useof digital financial services (DFS) in developing countries can be a tool for financial inclu-sion, curbing tax evasion, and facilitating the efficient delivery of public services. Using aunique event – an un-announced and large scale demonetization process that took place in2016 in India that increased the short-term costs of holding and transacting in cash, thischapter studies the uptake of a specific form of DFS, namely mobile payments, in India. Wefind that in states where the labour market was less formal, and where workers were morelikely to be affected by the demonetisation process, this shock led to a larger increase in theuse of platforms larger than in states where the labour market is more formal. The effectof this "forced experimentation" was, however, short lived. At the individual level, peoplewho were more exposed to the shock were more likely to adopt mobile payments and thiseffect persists over the next two years. Strikingly, the marginal effects of the shock for high-exposure women was almost twice as high as for high-exposure men. Our results contributeto understanding user behaviour and persistence of habits, with important implications forthe design of policies aimed at increasing the uptake of digital payment technologies. In thefinal chapter of this thesis, I (with a co-author) study firms’ adoption of a new technologyin their product portfolio. In particular, we attempt to understand the value of an easilyimitable technology in an emerging market context. We study the introduction of dual SIMhandsets in the Indian mobile phone market and quantify the value of this technology forconsumers. We also quantify the impact on market outcomes of the quick imitation of thistechnology by competing firms. We find that the introduction of dual SIM handsets led toan increase in the consumer surplus of 3.1% to 8.9%, and an expansion in the total sizeof the market by 1.8% to 3.3%. We also find that while imitation reduced the innovator’sprofit substantially, it also made the technology much more affordable. In the absence ofimitation, consumer prices would have been 22% higher. Finally, we provide a lower-boundon the innovator’s cost of protecting intellectual property in an emerging market. We findthis lower bound to be as high as 12% of the innovator’s observed profits ($ 29.5 million)

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28

Braun, Sebastian Till. "International trade and labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16079.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die sich mit Fragen des Außenhandels und der Arbeitsmarktökonomie auseinandersetzen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht in einem internationalen Oligopol die Interaktion zwischen Handelsliberalisierung, Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen und der relativen Nachfrage nach niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Der Abbau von Handelsschranken führt zu einer Verschärfung des Wettbewerbs, auf die die konkurrierenden Firmen reagieren, indem sie ihre Investitionen in Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen ausweiten. Infolgedessen sinkt die Nachfrage nach niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert die Wirkung eines einseitigen Mindestlohnes in einem Zwei-Länder-Modell, in dem Firmen den ausländischen Markt entweder durch Exporte oder durch lokale Tochterfirmen bedienen. Eine Liberalisierung des Handels erhöht die negativen Beschäftigungseffekte von Mindestlöhnen. Dagegen begrenzt die Existenz von multinationalen Unternehmen den durch Mindestlöhne verursachten Arbeitsplatzabbau. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, wie sich kollektive Tarifverhandlungen bei freiem Marktzutritt auf die Produktivität und den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg von heterogenen Firmen auswirken. Zentrale Lohnverhandlungen verschärfen den Auswahlprozess und erhöhen die durchschnittliche Produktivität und den Gewinn überlebender Firmen. Stattdessen begünstigen dezentrale Tarifverhandlungen weniger produktive Firmen. Sind die Firmen internationalem Wettbewerb ausgesetzt, so können auch zentrale Tarifverhandlungen die Produktivität reduzieren. Der vierte Beitrag untersucht empirisch die Auswirkungen von Offshoring auf Arbeiterflüsse in Deutschland. Während Offshoring die Stabilität von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in der verarbeitenden Industrie nicht beeinflusst, geht es einher mit einer Zunahme der Beschäftigungsstabilität im Dienstleistungssektor. Die Effekte von Offshoring hängen ferner stark vom Alter und der Bildung des einzelnen Arbeitnehmers ab.
This dissertation consists of four essays that contribute to the literature on international trade and labour markets. The first essay studies the interaction between economic integration, product and process innovation, and relative skill demand in a model of international oligopoly. As trade barriers are dismantled foreign competition intensifies. Competing enterprises respond by investing more aggressively in both product and process innovation. The relative demand for unskilled workers decreases as a result. The second essay studies labour market outcomes in a model of intra-industry trade between a rigid-wage Europe and a flexible-wage America. Firms can choose to serve the foreign market either through exports or through local subsidiaries. The essay demonstrates that the adverse employment effects of a unilateral wage floor increase significantly when trade barriers are removed. Multinational firms mitigate the adverse employment effects of one-sided wage rigidity. The third essay analyses how different unionisation structures affect firm productivity and firm performance in a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms and free entry. While centralised bargaining induces tougher selection among heterogeneous producers and increases average productivity and profit levels, firm-level bargaining allows less productive entrants to remain in the market. The positive effect of centralised bargaining on average productivity can, however, be overturned when firms face international low-wage competition. Finally, the fourth chapter analyses empirically the effect of offshoring on workers'' labour market transitions in Germany. The results suggest that the effects of offshoring are strongly age- and skill-specific and also vary between sectors. While offshoring does not affect overall job stability in the manufacturing sector, it is associated with an increase in overall job stability in the service sector.

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29

Bekhradi, Alexandre. "Planning technology maturation by exploration of useful problems in markets : the case of innovative startups." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC100.

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Les startups innovantes orientées technologies mènent de nombreusesexpérimentations pour recueillir suffisamment de preuves de valeur, et réduire ainsiles incertitudes avant le lancement de leurs produits et services sur le marché. Bienque les moyens des startups soient limités, ces expérimentations sont souventaléatoires, itératives et nécessitent un investissement important en termes de tempset de ressources. Des solutions doivent ainsi leur être apportées afin de les aider àmieux planifier la maturation de leur technologie et à mieux identifier les opportunitéssur le marché. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit la présente recherche.Une revue de la littérature est d’abord menée dans les domaines de l'ingénierie de laconception ainsi que du management de la technologie et de l'innovation. Cetteanalyse démontre que les méthodes et outils existants ne permettent pas d’établir desfeuilles de route précises et quantitatives pour mener des expérimentationspertinentes. Une enquête est ensuite réalisée sur les pratiques de 60 startupsinnovantes dans le contexte de la Ville de Paris. Cette recherche révèle que malgrél’utilisation des méthodes d’innovation telles que Lean Startup et BMC (BusinessModel Canvas), les startups n’ont aucun outil pratique pour spécifier et planifier leursexpérimentations, ou pour allouer efficacement leurs ressources.Par conséquent, cette recherche apporte trois contributions. D'abord, l'outil BMC estcombiné avec la quantification des poches de valeur (opportunités) et une séried’indicateurs quantitatifs permettant d’assurer la pertinente de l'offre de valeur.Ensuite, une méthodologie dénommée DUE (Design by Usage-based Experimentation)est proposée afin d’examiner l'ensemble des marchés potentiels et d’identifier lesprincipales propriétés technologiques à améliorer grâce à l’expérimentation. Uneméthodologie quantitative nommée RITHM (Roadmapping Investments in TecHnologyand Market) est par la suite proposée pour optimiser les expérimentations pourqu’elles puissent aboutir à la maturation d'une technologie pour atteindre les marchésles plus profitables. La pertinence de ces méthodologies est évaluée en les appliquantà une startup orientée technologies et par la validation d’experts. Enfin, cette rechercheconclue qu'il est possible d’améliorer la spécification des feuilles de routed’expérimentations dans une startup technologique et de mieux orienter sesinvestissements vers des stratégies R&D plus efficaces et économiques.Cette recherche peut contribuer à soutenir de manière significative la prise de décisionde différents acteurs, comme par exemple, les entrepreneurs, qui doivent justifier desdépenses de R&D dans des dossiers de levée de fonds, ou des investisseurs publicset privés qui cherchent à minimiser les risques d'investissement dans destechnologies innovantes, ou enfin des technology scouts
Technology-oriented innovative startups must conduct extensive experiments to gather sufficient proofs of value, so that they may reduce uncertainties before the launch of their products and services on the market. Despite their limited resources, the experiments conducted by startups are often random, loop-based and consequently time and resource consuming. Hence, startups need solutions to help them better planning their technology maturation and identifying market opportunities. It is in the context that the current research is carried out.First, a literature review is conducted in the fields of engineering design, technology management and innovation management. This review suggests that the existing methods and tools fail to provide accurate and quantitative roadmaps to conduct relevant experiments. Second, this research surveys the design and testing practices of 60 innovative startups in the context of the City of Paris. This investigation reveals that despite the use of popular innovation methods such as Business Model Canvas (BMC) and Lean Startup, startups have no practical tools for specifying and planning experiments, nor for efficiently using their resources.Therefore, this research makes the following three contributions. First, the BMC tool is combined with quantified value buckets (opportunities) and innovativeness indicators in order to make sure that the value offer is effective and significant. Second, a Design by Usage-based Experimentation (DUE) methodology is proposed to help screening the whole set of potential markets and to identify the main technology properties that need to be improved through experiments. Third, a quantitative methodology called RITHM (Roadmapping Investments in TecHnology and Market) is proposed to optimize the set of experiments, so that they result in the maturation of a technology to reach the most profitable markets. The relevance of the proposed methodologies is assessed through their application to technology-oriented innovative startups and also through expert validation. Finally, this research concludes that it is possible, with more effective and economical R&D strategies, to better define experiment roadmaps and better steer technological startup investment.This research may significantly support the decision-making process of various actors: entrepreneurs, who need to justify R&D expenses in fund-raising applications; public and private investors, who constantly tend to minimize investment risks in innovative technologies; or technology scouts

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30

Shih, Ching-fei. "Experiments and innovation : Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367848.

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31

Aschmoneit, Martin, and Dijana Janevska. "Closing the gap between frugal and reverse innovation : Lessons learned from the case of the Tata Nano." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97509.

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Abstract Title: Closing the gap between frugal and reverse innovation – Lessons learned from the case of the Tata Nano Authors: Martin Aschmoneit (martin.aschmoneit@gmail.com) Dijana Janevska (dijana.janevska@gmail.com) Supervisor: Malin Tillmar Date: May 27, 2013 Background: Emerging markets are growing and have become increasingly important for the global economy, while the growth of developed markets has slowed down. Emerging economies are the home of a new type of innovation that can help multinationals (both Western and local) to achieve further growth. Reverse innovation is a new approach that entails developing frugal products in emerging markets that are later introduced in advanced economies. Aim: To develop a framework of reverse innovation, and to use this framework to find critical issues necessary for the Tata Nano to enter developed economies. Hence, we develop our own definition and a model of reverse innovation that will be used in the analysis of the Nano, with a specific focus on: the search for reverse innovation features present in the case and the problems/obstacles in the reverse innovation process. Methodology: Qualitative approach using a single-case study based on predominantly secondary data. The case study of the Tata Nano was chosen due to its compatibility with our research aims. Completion and results: The case of the Tata Nano fulfills all but one of the requirements for a reverse innovation: the last step of the process or the transition of the innovation to a developed market. Several critical issues regarding the reversal process were identified and discussed. Keywords: reverse innovation, frugal innovation, emerging markets, multinational companies, Tata Nano.

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32

Ruggins, Sarah Marie Elizabeth. "Building blocks : a historical sociology of the innovation and regulation of exchange traded funds in the United States, 1970-2000." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29505.

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Between 1993 and 2016, the U.S. exchange traded fund (ETF) market has proliferated from one product worth $6.5 million USD to 1,455 products worth over $2 trillion USD. Despite its dramatic growth, the ETF market has yet to be the subject of sociological inquiry even though fields such as the social studies of finance have begun examining the origins of index derivatives (Millo 2007), options (MacKenzie 2006), hedge funds (Hardie and MacKenzie 2007), and foreign exchange markets (Knorr Cetina and Bruegger 2002). Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to provide the first historical sociology of ETF innovation in the United States, using an approach inspired by the social studies of finance. This project empirically traces the emergence of the ETF by compiling an account of precursory strategies, concept development, regulatory negotiations, and early product marketing. The concept of agencement is used to frame the historical narrative of the ETF as a product of two distinct assemblages that formed in the U.S. between 1970 and 2000: first, the socio-technical integration between humans and their technologies that affected trading strategies, and second, the collaborative relationships that were formed between innovators and regulators. The mixed qualitative research consists of 36 interviews triangulated with archival records, documents sourced through Freedom of Information Act requests, private collections, and government files. Concluding analysis suggests that strategies foreshadowing the ETF began to emerge as early as the 1970s, and innovator-regulator collaborations were integral to early product qualification - a process not yet explored in literature on financial regulation.

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33

Helveston, John Paul. "Development and Adoption of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in China: Markets, Policy, and Innovation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/855.

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34

YANG, YANG. "OPEN INNOVATION CONTESTS IN ONLINE MARKETS: IDEA GENERATION AND IDEA EVALUATION WITH COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/151328.

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Анотація:

Business Administration/Management Information Systems
Ph.D.
To overcome constrained resources, firms can actively seek innovative opportunities from the external world. This innovation approach, called open innovation (Chesbrough 2003; Hippel 2005; Terwiesch and Ulrich 2009; Terwiesch and Xu 2008), is receiving more and more attention. Facilitated by the global Internet and emerging forms of information technology, it has become very easy for companies to generate large numbers of innovative solutions through the use of online open innovation contests or crowdsourcing contests (Archak and Sundararajan 2009; Terwiesch and Ulrich 2009; Terwiesch and Xu 2008; Yang et al. 2009).For an innovation project to succeed, it is necessary to generate not only a large number of good ideas or solutions, but also to identify those that are "exceptional" (Terwiesch and Ulrich 2009). This dissertation contains three studies that aim to improve our understanding of how best to use contests as a tool to aggregate external resources (collective intelligence) in the generation and evaluation of solutions. The first study views an innovation contest from the innovation seeker's perspective and provides insights on how to improve contest performance. The second study views an innovation contest from the innovation solver's perspective examining the characteristics and strategies of winners and solvers. Finally, in the third study, a new approach to the solution evaluation process is introduced, which is referred to as open evaluation. In this approach, a prediction market is used as an aggregation mechanism to coordinate the crowd in the evaluation of proposed solutions. These three studies make a number of contributions to the literature, addressing core issues in the area of online innovation contests. The analyses, which leverage large-scale empirical data, produce a number of profound results, which can help people to understand how best to use and design innovation contests in an online environment, for idea generation. Further, these studies present a variety of managerial implications associated with the aggregation of individual effort (collective intelligence) to evaluate the ideas that are generated by an innovation contest. We hope that our studies can help open innovation pioneers, such as Google, to systematically generate and identify exceptionally good ideas at much lower costs. By utilizing our findings, we expect that more firms will be able to adopt an open innovation strategy, both systematically and easily.
Temple University--Theses

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Tomori, Françeska. "Environmental Policies in International Markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672216.

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La hipòtesi estableix que a la llum de l'escàndol d'emissions de Volkswagen, una creença comuna que s'ha format és que la captura regulatòria en el control i establiment d'estàndards d'emissions ha portat a una menor reducció de la contaminació i una menor innovació ambiental en els motors de combustió de gasolina i dièsel. Els resultats indiquen que sota un monopoli multiproducte, la captura regulatòria només condueix a més emissions i menys esforç d'innovació. El contrari és cert en la competència d'oligopolis. Per tant, el que estableix la hipòtesi és fals. El segon assaig estudia el poder de mercat en el mercat de l'aigua de Califòrnia. Els resultats d'aquest estudi indiquen que sota els supòsits de el model de Cournot, el poder de mercat en aquest mercat d'aigües poc profundes és limitat. Les proves de robustesa demostren el mateix resultat. El tercer i últim assaig de la tesi ofereix una comparació de dos instruments de política, com els estàndards d'emissió i els impostos a l'adquisició, en presència d'empreses d'oligopoli multiproducte per al mercat de l'automòbil. Els resultats indiquen que els estàndards d'emissió ofereixen més incentius a la innovació que els impostos a les adquisicions. Els consumidors estan millor amb les normes d'emissió si no es distribueixen els ingressos fiscals. Altrament, preferirien els impostos sobre l'adquisició. A més, els fabricants estarien millor amb l'impost a les adquisicions.
Esta disertación comprende tres ensayos relacionados con las políticas ambientales en los mercados internacionales. Dos ensayos consisten en el análisis de modelos teóricos (específicamente para las políticas ambientales en la industria automotriz), y uno en el análisis de modelos teóricos y empíricos (específicamente para el mercado del agua). industria del automóvil. La hipótesis establece que a la luz del escándalo de emisiones de Volkswagen, una creencia común que se ha formado es que la captura regulatoria en el control y establecimiento de estándares de emisiones ha llevado a una menor reducción de la contaminación y una menor innovación ambiental en los motores de combustión de gasolina y diésel. Los resultados indican que bajo un monopolio multiproducto, la captura regulatoria solo conduce a más emisiones y menos esfuerzo de innovación. Lo contrario es cierto en la competencia de oligopolios. Por tanto, lo que establece la hipótesis es falso. El segundo ensayo estudia el poder de mercado en el mercado del agua de California. Los resultados de este estudio indican que bajo los supuestos del modelo de Cournot, el poder de mercado en este mercado de aguas poco profundas es limitado. Las pruebas de robustez demuestran el mismo resultado. El tercer y último ensayo de la tesis ofrece una comparación de dos instrumentos de política, como los estándares de emisión y los impuestos a la adquisición, en presencia de empresas de oligopolio multiproducto para el mercado del automóvil. Los resultados indican que los estándares de emisión ofrecen mayores incentivos a la innovación que los impuestos a las adquisiciones. Los consumidores están mejor bajo los estándares de emisiones si los ingresos fiscales no se redistribuyen. De lo contrario, preferirían un impuesto a las adquisiciones. Además, los fabricantes estarían mejor con los impuestos a las adquisiciones.
This dissertation comprises three essays related to environmental policies in the international markets. Two essays consist of the analysis of theoretical models (specifically for the environmental policies in the automobile industry), and one in the analysis of both theoretical and empirical models, (specifically for the water market). automobile industry. The hypothesis states that in the light of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, a common belief that has formed is that regulatory capture in the control and setting of emission standards has led to lower pollution abatement and less environmental innovation in gasoline and diesel combustion engines. The results indicate that under a multiproduct monopoly regulatory capture only leads to more emissions and less innovation effort. The opposite is true under oligopoly competition. Thus, what hypothesis states is false. The second essay studies the market power in Californian's water market. The results of this study indicate that under the assumptions of the Cournot model, market power in this thin water market is limited. The robustness tests prove the same result. The third and final essay of the thesis provides a comparison of two policy instruments such as emission standards and acquisition taxes in the presence of Counot model with with n firms and vertically differentiated products for the automobile market. The results indicate that emission standards offer greater innovation incentives than do acquisition taxes. Consumers are better off under emission standards if tax revenues are not redistributed. Otherwise, they prefer an acquisition tax. Also, manufacturers are better off under acquisition taxes.

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Persson, Björn. "Essays on altruism and health care markets." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Centrum för Hälsoekonomi (CHE), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-609.

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This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes two essays that deal with the pharmaceutical market, and one essay that looks at strategic incentives that arise in optimal treatment involving untried drugs. The second part, consisting of two essays, examines some implications of altruism. Part I: Two of the essays (joint with Mats Ekelund) are empirical studies of the pharmaceutical market in Sweden. We consider all New Chemical Entities (NCEs) introduced in Sweden between 1987 and 1997. In the first essay, we examine drug pricing in the price regulated Swedish market and compare the results with a previous study of the US market, where no such regulation exists. Similar to the US study, we find that relative launch prices are positively correlated with the degree of therapeutic advance. In contrast to the US study, the presence of substitutes has a negligible effect on both launch prices and price dynamics. In the second essay, we consider the empirical relation between therapeutic advance and market shares. We use a model of horizontal and vertical product differentiation to derive a hypothesis that is tested on the NCE data. Vertically differentiated drugs on average gain larger market shares and command higher prices than horizontally differentiated drugs. Moreover, as a general rule competing substitutes have less influence on the former than on the latter. In the third essay, we develop a simple model of strategic interaction in which two agents learn about a common payoff relevant parameter. The motivating example considers two physicians who choose between two treatments, one of which has an unknown success rate. The physicians learn about the unknown treatment by prescribing it (experimenting). We contrast two information scenarios, one in which the physicians can observe the outcomes of their own treatments only, and the other in which they also can observe the outcomes from the other physician’s treatments. The pure equilibria entail an efficient amount of experimentation in both scenarios. However, strong free riding effects arise in the latter case. These are likely to cause Pareto dominated outcomes in which learning is completely thwarted. Part II: The fourth essay (joint with Jörgen W. Weibull) examines the behavior on insurance markets in a large economy when individuals have altruistic concerns for others’ welfare. The main question we address is whether strategic incentives to free ride on others’ altruism can cause insurance market failure. We also study the interaction between altruism and the adverse selection effects that arise when there is asymmetric information about the individuals’ loss probabilities. We find that if the individuals differ in their risk, and if the individual risks are observable by insurers, the degree of altruism must be (perhaps unrealistically) high in order to cause market failure. A more complex pattern is found in the case of asymmetric information: low levels of altruism increase the number of equilibria (compared to the case without altruism), while high levels of altruism cause complete market failure. The fifth essay (joint with Magnus Johannesson) also considers behavior consistentwith preferences for others’ welfare. We are concerned with how subjects allocate moneybetween themselves and others in a dictator game experiment. Deviations from the standard game theoretic prediction of the outcome in this game have been observed in numerous experiments. One possible explanation for this behavior is that individuals have altruistic concerns for others; another explanation is that individuals are motivated by reciprocity. We perform a standard double blind procedure and another design in which anonymity is guaranteed between dictators and recipients, thus removing any remaining reciprocity from the standard procedure. We could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental groups in the two procedures. We interpret this finding as evidence of other-regarding behavior not motivated by reciprocity.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2001

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37

Lup, Simona. "Microeconomic Essays on Technology, Labor Markets and Firm Strategy." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1195%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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38

Williams, David M. "Financial liberalism and innovation in Australia : the impact on house prices, mortgage markets and consumption." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543604.

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39

Giebel, Marek [Verfasser], Kornelius [Akademischer Betreuer] Kraft, and Katrin [Gutachter] Hussinger. "The impact of financial markets on innovation / Marek Giebel ; Gutachter: Katrin Hussinger ; Betreuer: Kornelius Kraft." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201885477/34.

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40

Alt, Rainer, and Thomas Puschmann. "The rise of customer-oriented banking: electronic markets are paving the way." Springer, 2012. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12530.

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The banking industry has been a pioneer in adopting electronic markets with exchanges, clearinghouses, and multilateral trading facilities having become the backbone of today’s globally integrated financial transactions. While most banks use the services of these electronic markets to handle interbank processes, they still strive for bilateral relations in the field of customer-facing processes. This position paper argues that the financial crises, the changing behavior of customers, upcoming innovations based on information technology (IT) and financial services offered by non-banks are strong drivers towards more customer-orientation in the financial industry. A large variety of banking IT innovations has emerged and illustrates that traditional banks are expected to have less power to impede competition at the customer interface and in consequence need to re-position themselves. Building on these developments on the one hand and existing electronic market infrastructures in the banking industry on the other, the concept of a customer-oriented financial market infrastructure is proposed as a possible future solution. The impact is illustrated using a competitive analysis of the banking industry and analogies to the media industry where new entrants from the computing industry have caused disruptive changes. Besides describing the threat to existing banks, the position paper also discusses the perspectives for banks.

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Orsenigo, Luigi. "Institutions and markets in the dynamics of industrial innovation : the theory and the case of biotechnology." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291725.

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Agarwal, Nivedita [Verfasser], and Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] Ivens. "Innovation Landscape in developed and developing markets. A conceptual and empirical study on technology convergence and low cost innovations / Nivedita Agarwal. Betreuer: Björn Ivens." Bamberg : University of Bamberg Press, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1113009969/34.

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Franke, Nikolaus, Marion K. Poetz, and Martin Schreier. "Integrating Problem Solvers from Analogous Markets in New Product Ideation." INFORMS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1805.

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Who provides better inputs to new product ideation tasks: problem solvers with expertise in the area for which new products are to be developed, or problem solvers from "analogous" markets that are distant but share an analogous problem or need? Conventional wisdom appears to suggest that target market expertise is indispensable, which is why most managers searching for new ideas tend to stay within their own market context even when they do search outside their firms' boundaries. However, in a unique symmetric experiment that isolates the effect of market origin, we find evidence for the opposite: Although solutions provided by problem solvers from analogous markets show lower potential for immediate use, they demonstrate substantially higher levels of novelty. Also compared to established novelty drivers, this effect appears highly relevant from a managerial perspective: we find that including problem solvers from analogous markets vs. the target market accounts for almost two thirds of the well-known effect of involving lead users instead of average problem solvers. This effect is further amplified when the analogous distance between the markets increases, i.e., when searching in far vs. near analogous markets. Finally, results indicate that the analogous market effect is particularly strong in the upper tail of the novelty distribution, which again underscores the effect's practical importance. All this suggests that it might pay to systematically search across firm-external sources of innovation that were formerly out of scope for most managers. (authors' abstract)

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Ottosson, Hans. "Innovate On A Shoestring : Product development for the Least Developed Countries and what we can re-use in the Established Markets." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27742.

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By understanding current approaches and methods of product development (PD) combined with knowledge of the needs and know-how of customers in the least developed countries (LDCs) associated risks and excessive costs can be avoided. The main purpose of this thesis is to highlight the important need of developing products and services for the LDCs and to look at current practices for PD and to distill these into one method for developing products pertinent to LDC needs and markets. Conversely, the second purpose for this thesis is to examine possible LDC based development tools that can be applicable when designing for the more established markets. There are also crucial social, cultural, economic and political reasons for addressing LDC related issues. The goal is to show companies of all sizes that it can be profitable to expand to new markets in the LDCs and also that the steps used there can help generate new revenue when implemented in their current markets, as well as to provide them a model for it. This thesis includes and clearly demonstrates the importance of development involvement on the local level and the benefit of using complementors. The thesis data and conclusions are based on literature studies and an extended stay in the Dominican Republic. It is here observed that by getting closer to the end customer, a company will get an increased understanding and knowledge that provides an advantage over the competition. And for companies to succeed in the LDCs, the three most significant things to consider are: 1) to find the specific needs of the customer, 2) design for affordability, and 3) to source and manufacture locally. It will be seen that the benefits to such an approach extend outward in essentially all directions.

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Rossetto, Dennys Eduardo. "Frugal innovation : a proposal of an instrument to measurement." Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, 2018. http://tede2.espm.br/handle/tede/287.

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In both the academy and the press, Frugal Innovation has gained more space and attention from researchers and managers, mainly as an alternative to competitiveness in times of crisis and increasingly scarce resources. Despite the growing number of published articles on frugal innovation, there is still a lack of tools that allow mediation and quantification of this phenomenon to allow more precise and quantifiable studies to be carried out. In addition, due to the broad concepts of Frugal Innovation still in the process of consolidation, it would be very useful for managers and entrepreneurs an instrument that allows identifying and guiding companies that want guidelines for the development of frugal offers, besides constituting a significant theoretical contribution . In this thesis, we propose a scale to identify and measure frugal innovation, presenting the results of five data collection in three different countries (Brazil, USA and India), with the whole development process, the refinement of items through an Exploratory EFA), Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA) and final validation of the scale based on the company's 1130 data. A broad review of the literature is presented with the retrieval of the main published articles, as well as an analysis of the dimensionality of the construction, all the definitions found in the literature. In addition, an improvement in the definition of frugal innovation is proposed through the creation of a frugal ecosystem. All procedures follow the steps based on the Churchill paradigm (Churchill 1979) which was updated by Mackenzie, Podsakoff and Podsakoff (2011). In the first stage, 66 items were generated based on a broad literature review. Content validation was performed through personal interviews with 12 experts (academics and managers), resulting in 20 items retained. Afterwards, the face validation was performed with 22 managers aiming to improve the clarity and understanding of the items, resulting in 12 items retained. With the 12 items, a survey was performed composed of 191 Brazilian companies, where a Factorial Exploratory Analysis (EFA) was carried out as a first purification process, in which all the statistical indices were adjusted. As a result three dimensions were obtained (1) Focus on core functionality and performance; (2) Substantial cost reduction; and (3) Creation of a Frugal Ecosystem, all composed of 9 items, three items in each dimension. A second round of research was conducted with 247 Brazilian companies, and with these data a Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA) and internal consistency verification were performed, where all adjustments were obtained again. The questionnaire was subjected to subsequent translation procedures to reach the validity of the translation and then two more surveys were conducted with 250 American companies and 300 Indian companies for final validation purposes. As a result, other validations were obtained, such as convergent viability, discriminant validity, reliability verification and nomological validity (through the application of other scales). The scale was applied to Indian companies in order to obtain results from another emerging country. Contributing to the discussion about frugal innovation is not only appropriate for emerging countries or is also a phenomenon that may occur in developed countries, this scale has also been applied with US companies. With this scale validated, this study contributes to other researches, allowing results from other countries, developed or in the process of development, for comparative research and for a better understanding of the relationships of Frugal innovation with other phenomena.
Tanto na academia quanto na imprensa, a Frugal Innovation ganhou mais espaço e atenção de pesquisadores e gerentes, principalmente por se mostrar como uma alternativa para a competitividade em tempos de crise e recursos cada vez mais escassos. Apesar do número crescente de artigos publicados sobre a inovação frugal, ainda há uma falta de instrumentos que permitem mediação e quantificação deste fenômeno para permitir a realização de estudos mais precisos e quantificáveis. Além disso, devido aos amplos conceitos de Inovação Frugal ainda no processo de consolidação, seria muito útil para gestores e empresários um instrumento que permita identificar e orientar as empresas que desejam orientações para o desenvolvimento de ofertas frugais, além de constituir um teor teórico significativo contribuição. Nesta tese, propomos uma escala para identificar e medir a inovação frugal, apresentando os resultados de cinco coleta de dados em três países diferentes (Brasil, EUA e Índia), com todo o processo de desenvolvimento, o refinamento dos itens através de um Exploratório (EFA), Análise de Fator de Confirmação (CFA) e validação final da escala com base nos 1130 dados da empresa. Uma ampla revisão da literatura é apresentada com o resgate dos principais artigos publicados, bem como uma análise da dimensionalidade da construção, todas as definições encontradas na literatura. Além disso, uma melhoria na definição de inovação frugal é proposta através da criação de um ecossistema frugal. Todos os procedimentos seguem as etapas baseadas no paradigma de Churchill (Churchill 1979) que foi atualizado por Mackenzie, Podsakoff e Podsakoff (2011). No primeiro estágio foram gerados 66 itens com base em uma ampla revisão da literatura. A validação do conteúdo foi realizada através de entrevistas pessoais com 12 especialistas (acadêmicos e gerentes), resultando em 20 itens retidos. Na sequência, a validação do rosto foi realizada com 22 gestores visando melhorar a clareza e a compreensão dos itens, resultando em 12 itens retidos. Com os 12 itens, uma pesquisa foi realizada composta por 191 empresas brasileiras, onde se realizou uma Análise Exploratória Factorial (EFA) como um primeiro processo de purificação, no qual foi obtido o ajuste de todos os índices estatísticos. Como resultado foram obtidas três dimensões (1) Foco na funcionalidade e desempenho do núcleo; (2) Redução substancial de custos; e (3) Criação de um Ecossistema Frugal, todos compostos por 9 itens, três itens em cada dimensão. Uma segunda rodada de pesquisa foi realizada com 247 empresas brasileiras, e com esses dados foi realizada uma Análise de fator de Confirmação (CFA) e verificação de consistência interna, onde todos os ajustes foram obtidos novamente. O questionário foi submetido a procedimentos de tradução posterior para alcançar a validade da tradução e, em seguida, realizaram-se mais duas pesquisas, com 250 empresas americanas e com 300 empresas indianas para fins de validação final. Como resultado, foram obtidas outras validações, como a viabilidade convergente, a validade discriminante, a verificação da confiabilidade e a validade nomológica (através da aplicação de outras escalas). A escala foi aplicada às empresas indianas com o objetivo de obter resultados de outro país emergente. Contribuir para a discussão sobre a inovação frugal é ou não apropriado apenas para países emergentes ou, também, é um fenômeno que pode ocorrer em países desenvolvidos, essa escala também foi aplicada com empresas dos EUA. Com está escala valida, este estudo contribui para a realização de outras pesquisas, permitindo obter resultados de outros países, desenvolvidos ou em processo de desenvolvimento, para pesquisas comparativas e para uma melhor compreensão das relações da inovação Frugal com outros fenômenos.

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Johansson, Lundström Malin, and Elisabeth Danielsson. "One product, many markets- Absorbing, transferring, andintegrating knowledge fromdiverse local markets in theinnovation process : A case study on a global car-sharing company." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232527.

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In the emerging global marketplace many companies are forced to disperse their business fromoperating in one market into various markets, which causes challenges regarding innovationperformance. To efficiently use their resources, these organizations are often developing theirproduct adopted to the home market’s customer needs, something that can lead to poor productacceptance by the secondary markets. Hence, absorption and use of market knowledgethroughout the innovation process are important considerations to maintain a competitive advantage.This case study intends to answer the research question; what are the best-practices for innovationat a global car-sharing firm to better align their product to many diverse markets? Thethesis was carried out as an inductive case study at DriveNow, a car-sharing company aroundEurope who are struggling with the product performance at their many diverse markets. Thegoal with the thesis was to propose recommendations on how to manage the complexity ofabsorbing knowledge from diverse local markets, transferring it within the organization andintegrating it throughout the innovation process. In order to do so, a pre-study was conducted,followed by 23 semi-structured qualitative interviews at the headquarter and four of DriveNows’local offices.The results indicate, on the one hand, that firms have to access important market knowledgethrough their local offices to better align the product to their diverse markets. On the otherhand, the efficiency of how the organization are transferring the knowledge and encouraging employeesto do so are also important considerations. Based on results from this study, we suggesta formalization of various processes in order to facilitate ideation, internal communication andthe subsequent transmission of market knowledge over boundaries. Furthermore the developmentof an adopted global product could be a way of manage the complexity of having a globalproduct but satisfy needs of diverse markets. By capturing market knowledge and create localizedfeatures were it is needed the global product could be better adapted to various markets.
På den framväxande globala marknaden tar företag snabbt deras verksamhet från en marknadtill att vara verksamma på flera olika marknader, vilket orsakar stora utmaningar gällandeinnovation. För att på bästa sätt ta tillvara på deras resurser anpassar dessa företag ofta produktentill deras hemmamarknader, vilket kan leda till dålig acceptans av produkten på andramarknader. På grund av detta är absorbtion och användning av lokal kunskap från marknaderviktiga aspekter för att kunna upprätthålla en hållbar konkurrensfördel.Den här fallstudien avser att besvara frågeställningen; vilka är de bästa metoderna för attfrämja innovation hos ett globalt bildelningsföretag i syfte att bättre anpassa produkten tillolika marknader. Den här masteruppsatsen är en induktiv fallstudie på företaget DriveNow,ett bildelningsföretag med verksamhet i Europa som brottas med hur produkten mottas påderas olika marknader. Målet med uppsatsen är att föreslå rekommendationer för att hanterakomplexiteten av att absorbera kunskap från marknaderna, dela den inom organisationen ochföra kunskapen vidare genom innovationsprocessen. För att kunna genomföra detta utfördes enförstudie följt av 23 semi-strukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer på DriveNows huvudkontor ochfyra av dess lokala kontor.Resultatet av studien indikerar, å ena sidan, att organisationer behöver ta vara på kunskapenfrån deras lokala kontor för att bättre anpassa produkten till olika marknader. Å andra sidanhur organisationen hanterar kunskapsöverföring och uppmuntrar anställda att dela med sig avkunskap är också viktiga aspekter. Baserat på resultaten av studien, föreslås formella processerför att kunna förenkla idégenerering, intern kommunikation och kunskapsöverföring. Vidareföreslås en implementering av en anpassad global produkt för att hantera svårigheten av att haen global produkt som samtidigt måste tillgodose olika behov på olika marknader. Genom attta tillvara på den lokala marknadskunskapen och skapa lokaliserade funktioner där det behövs,kan den globala produkten bättre anpassas till olika marknader.

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Mattig, Andreas. "Industrial dynamics and the evolution of markets in the mutual fund industry /." Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995318085/04.

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Hileman, Garrick. "Sovereign debt sustainability, financial repression, and monetary innovation : Britain and currency black markets in the mid-20th century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3295/.

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Анотація:

The 1940s were the last time sovereign debt levels for many advanced economies were comparable to recent times. Following the Second World War the United Kingdom is viewed as having achieved the highest public debt to income ratio while still avoiding default of any country in last three centuries. However, previous research on the UK during this period has largely overlooked British post-war debt sustainability and the role played by financial repression. This thesis presents a conceptual framework of the mechanisms for achieving sovereign debt sustainability, along with their resultant political economy trade-offs. The conventional historical view that the UK avoided default on its sovereign financial agreements following the Second World War is re-examined and Britain is found to have ‘partially defaulted’ in the years following the Second World War. This thesis provides a historical narrative of the intellectual origins and policies of modern financial repression in Britain and presents alternative qualitative and quantitative measurements of financial repression. Monetary innovation accompanied 1930s-40s financial regulation, particularly the development of sophisticated currency black markets in New York and Switzerland. Statistical analysis of new daily time series data from these markets provides a quantitative market perspective on historical turning points during the 1940s. A currency taxonomy and discussion of the causes behind the rise and decline of alternative currencies is presented. While alternative currencies also featured during the 1940s they were arguably less numerous and less innovative than during the Great Depression period. The British case ultimately illustrates the complex dynamics and trade-offs of sovereign debt sustainability vis-à-vis other competing policy objectives, such as a desire for open markets and economic growth, financial stability, and geopolitical priorities.

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Stecca, Gloria <1987&gt. "Adoption of technology innovation in business to business markets. Market analysis and recommendations on marketing strategy for the high frequency tools at Robert Bosch GmbH." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1560.

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50

Bohlin, Folke. "The making of a market : supply- and demand-side perspectives on institutional innovation in Sweden's wood fuel use /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6316-5.pdf.

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