Дисертації: "Market arrangements"

1

Zhou, Xuan. "Informal institutional arrangements in China's property market." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610054.

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2

Qiao, Yue. "Funding arrangements in the modern market for legal services." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843758/.

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This thesis uses theoretical models to study the effects of recent developments in the funding of civil litigation in England and Wales. This involves a form of contingency payment (conditional fees), a legal expenses insurance that can be purchased either before or after an accident has taken place and the combination of them. The issue revolves around the implications of litigants' choices and lawyers' effort decision. More recently, policy discussion has raised the possibility of legal service being delivered in new organisational structures. We first use a model to analyse the combined effects of the insurance and the fee arrangements on settlement probabilities, settlement amount, care levels and litigants' welfare. After that, we extend our model to consider the role of risk aversion in litigation and the timing of settlement. Then, we examine the effects of law firm's organisational structure and ownership changes on its legal effort provision in a property rights framework. Our results show that plaintiffs generally benefit from an organisational structure which allows law firms to provide legal insurance services. Efficiencies and welfare effects of other potential business structures are also examined. Other issues such as the three-way relationship between a client, his lawyer and an insurer and comparisons between health care insurance and legal expenses insurance are also discussed in this thesis. This thesis differs from other contributions in this area for two reasons. First, it recognises the complementarity between fee reform and structural developments. Second, it considers the effects of these arrangements on lawyer effort.

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3

Li, Jing. "Three essays on flexible working arrangements and labour market outcomes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6413.

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This thesis looks at the effects of flexible working arrangements on workers' labour market outcomes. The particular type of flexible working arrangement analysed in this thesis is called "flexitime". This is an arrangement which gives workers the freedom to choose when to start and end their work. Flexitime provides workers with a new way to cater to their domestic responsibilities and in turn may reduce the costs of participating in the labour market. Therefore, it is closely connected with workers' compensation structure, human capital accumulation process, labour supply and job mobility. The effects of flexitime on workers' labour market outcomes are analysed from three aspects: wage, labour supply, and job mobility. The first chapter gives an introduction and overview of the thesis. The second chapter is a study on the compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. In general I do not find convincing evidence showing the existence of compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. One possible reason might be that flexitime brings additional benefits to firms (such as increased productivity and reduced turnover rate) so that firms may not necessarily need to reduce actual wages in exchange for flexitime provision. In the third chapter, I develop a model describing how flexitime may affect workers' labour supply decisions. The main finding of the model is that flexitime will increase workers' labour supply when the benefit associated with flexitime (increased child care production efficiency) is high relative to the cost of wage reduction (prediction 1). Meanwhile, the model also predicts that flexitime causes high human capital workers to increase their labour supply more than low human capital workers (prediction 2). Empirical findings show that flexitime is positively associated with working mothers' labour market hours, which confirms model prediction 1. However, there is arguably insufficient empirical evidence verifying model prediction 2. The fourth chapter considers the relationship between flexitime and workers' job satisfaction and job mobility. Flexitime is associated with high job satisfaction levels for both male and female workers. It also reduces the probability of quitting for female workers with young children. Male workers' job mobility decisions are not significantly affected by flexitime. The fifth chapter gives the conclusion of the thesis.

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4

Martinez, Rolando Gregoria Oros. "Institutional arrangements for market access and poverty alleviation : an investigation of participative market chain approaches in Bolivia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529382.

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5

DeJordy, Rich. "Institutional Guardianship: the Role of Agency in Preserving Threatened Institutional Arrangements." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1394.

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Thesis advisor: Mary Ann Glynn
Institutional Theory has responded to early criticism that actors are characterized as passive "cultural dopes" primarily through work on Institutional Entrepreneurship, which implicitly links actors' agency to institutional change or creation. In this dissertation, I decouple change from agency, examining how actors work to maintain existing institutional arrangements that have come under threat. Through inductive, qualitative analysis of the creation of the Securities Exchange Commission in 1934, focusing primarily on the legislative history, I ground my analysis in the speech events of the actors involved in stabilizing the securities markets as an institution after the Crash begun in 1929, identifying different forms of Institutional Guardianship aimed at preserving different aspects of the institution. I then generalize across actors to present an abstracted model of Institutional Guardianship
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Organization Studies

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6

Ndiritu, Gachiri Charles. "An Application of Multiple Regression in Exchange Rate Arrangements." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1863_1263418792.

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This project "
An application of multiple regression in exchange rate arrangement"
focused on the processes followed by different countries when choosing an exchange rate regime for currency stabilization. It analyses the consequences faced by emerging markets as a result of changes in volatility of developed countries&rsquo
currencies (American Dollar, Japanese Yen, EURO, British Pound and the Canadian Dollar).

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7

Paundralingga, Angsoka Yorintha. "Three Essays on Financial Market Linkages and Central-Local Fiscal Arrangements in Archipelagic Indonesia." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10036161.

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This dissertation consists of three essays on monetary and fiscal policy in Indonesia. The first essay, Monetary Transmission Channel of Two Competing Central Banks, uses the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology to investigate the relative influence of Indonesian and Singapore money market rates in the determination of retail interest rates across the regions in the many islands of Indonesia. The results indicate that the interest rates in several provinces that are located near Singapore (such as Batam Island) are jointly determined by the interest rates in both Indonesia and Singapore. The interest rate in most of the other provinces are determined only by the interest rate set by Bank Indonesia.

Examining the islands where the Singapore interest rate affects their retail interest rates, we do not see much evidence of capital flow between them and Singapore (e.g. there are no branches of Singapore banks on these islands). We suspect that offshoring activities by Singapore's firms, reflected by the high proportion of exports to Singapore, is an important factor in facilitating the pass-through of the interest rate in Singapore to these Indonesian provinces. Could monetary policy spillovers occur not just through capital movements but also through trade and offshoring activities?

The second essay, Offshoring and Interest Rate Linkages, is a theoretical essay that follows logically from the first essay. This essay is also motivated by the exodus of less productive firms from Singapore to Batam after the Singapore government had increased the minimum wage. This outcome is noteworthy because it contradicts the basic result of Ghironi and Melitz (2005) that only the most productive firms in a country engage in foreign activities, including offshoring production.

I model the firm's decision to offshore its production by extending the theoretical framework in Melitz (2003) to incorporate (a) heterogeneous firms, and (b) profit-maximizing banks. I find that offshoring increases with the difference between the domestic and foreign cost of capital and labor and also with country-specific productivity.

This extended model also allows me to suggest an interest rate linkage between Singapore and Batam in the absence of any capital movement. This is because the financing decision of the offshoring firm in Singapore determines the amount of its borrowing from Batam banks and hence affects the retail interest rate in Batam.

The third essay, Investigating the Impact of Administrative and Fiscal Decentralization in Indonesia on the Provision of Health, Education and Basic Infrastructure Services, looks at the welfare consequences of the drastic administrative and fiscal decentralization in the 1999-2004 period. I found 21 annual welfare indicators that were available for most of the regions and cities for the 1990-2013 period. I use the Chow test to test for structural breaks in the regression equations that characterize the evolution of each welfare indicator in every region/city. The estimations permit four key conclusions.

First, if there was a structural break in the evolution of the welfare indicators, it occurred in 2004 and not in 1999. This is not surprising because 1999 was the beginning of the decentralization process. Second, overly simple specifications will not find strong welfare effects. For example, many of the welfare indicators like literacy rate are bounded both in their minimum and maximum values, and so a linear specification would not find strong results unlike a specification that includes quadratic terms.

Third, some of the welfare indicators (e.g. literacy rate) did not show much improvement because they were defined for a low-level of welfare that were already satisfied when the decentralization program was enacted. Fourth, the welfare indicators that showed the most significant improvements involved construction, e.g. schools and roads. Possibly, local legislators not only recognized the big need for physical infrastructure but also that these were highly visible projects.

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8

Ravichandran, Thanammal [Verfasser], and Regina [Akademischer Betreuer] Birner. "Comparison of institutional arrangements for inclusive dairy market development in India / Thanammal Ravichandran ; Betreuer: Regina Birner." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121380373X/34.

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9

Yan, Xiaohuan [Verfasser]. "Land tenure arrangements, factor market development and agricultural production in China : Evidence from Henan province / Xiaohuan Yan." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1065320329/34.

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10

Stefani, Marco <1991&gt. "Practices and methodologies on evaluation applicable to investments in the United States Real Estate market. General guidelines and possible arrangements for the Italian market." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13666.

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The Real Estate Market can be considered one of the most difficult environments to invest in. Professionals acting in this ambit need to be proficient in several fields of knowledge: from the body of law applicable to this asset class to the different ways to maximize investors’ returns, even if the most challenging phase is represented by the evaluation one. This step is fundamental because the assets investors can buy and sell in the market are not standardized, like bonds or stocks, and these differences in size, quality and location must impact on final prices. Moreover, wrong investments can result hard to dismiss because of the illiquidity of the market. The aim of this study is to provide all the information useful for investors willing to exploit huge possibilities granted by managing this asset class properly. In the first chapter, it is listed and described all the characteristics of the real estate market, defining the differences between real estate and real property under a juridical point of view, considering rights and limitation inbounded in it. The second chapter technically analyzes the main methods applicable to the valuation of any property, what is commonly defined appraisal process. Finally, the last chapter is focused on the application of the sales comparison approach, method commonly used to evaluate residential properties. Thank these examples it will be possible to understand that depending on the local markets - Miami and Cagliari in this case- certain variables change and professionals should be aware of it.

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11

Dupont-Courtade, Théodora. "Perceptions et couvertures des risques extrêmes en présence d'incertitudes sur les marchés de l'assurance et de la réassurance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010054/document.

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Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les décisions individuelles des acteurs des marchés de l'assurance et de la réassurance face à différents types d'information, la couverture des risques extrêmes, et les arrangements contractuels entre assureurs et réassureurs. Le contexte général de l'assurance des risques extrêmes est marqué par une intensification et un accroissement des catastrophes naturelles et industrielles depuis une vingtaine d'années dans le monde, ce qui rend délicat une évaluation correcte des caractéristiques des événements et questionne l'assurabilité de ces risques du fait de la présence d'incertitudes. La thèse est constituée de deux parties utilisant une large palette d'outils quantitatifs. La première partie se concentre sur l'analyse des effets de l'information sur les décisions d'assurance, en particulier sur les primes que les agents sont prêts à payer ou accepter pour transférer ou supporter des risques spécifiques. L'information disponible peut donner lieu à des situations de risque ou d'ambiguïté, en distinguant deux types d'ambiguïté: l'imprécision, situation dans laquelle l'information est consensuelle mais imprécise, et le conflit, situation où il y a désaccord entre experts. Cette partie s'appuie sur des enquêtes distribuées auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de la population en tant qu'acheteurs potentiels d'assurance (chapitre 2) ou auprès de professionnels de l'assurance (chapitre 3) afin d'étudier les comportements d'assurance du côté de l'offre et de la demande. Cette partie présente aussi une approche expérimentale de ces comportements avec rémunération des participants (chapitre 4). La seconde partie étudie le marché de la réassurance. Après avoir présenté les spécificités et mécanismes de ce marché (chapitre 5), l'offre de réassurance est analysée à travers des comportements d'enchères de réassureurs (chapitre 6). A partir d'une base de données exclusive, cette partie détermine les facteurs explicatifs des primes de réassurance qui dépendent des caractéristiques des risques, mais également de celles des traités, des réassureurs et du marché
This thesis aims to better understand the individual decisions of insurance and reinsurance market actors facing different information types, the coverage of extreme risks, and the contractual arrangements between insurers and reinsurers. The insurance context of extreme risks is characterized by the intensification and the increased number of natural and industrial disasters for the last twenty years in the world, which makes it difficult to properly evaluate the event characteristics and questions the insurability of these risks due to the presence of uncertainties. The thesis is composed of two parts using a wide range of quantitative tools. The first part focuses on the analysis of information effects on insurance decisions, especially the premium that actors are willing to pay or to accept in order to transfer or to take specific risks. The available information can lead to situations of risk or ambiguity, distinguishing two ambiguity types: imprecision in which the information is consensual but imprecise, and conflict where there is a disagreement between experts. This part is based on surveys distributed to a representative sample of the population as potential insurance buyers (chapter 2) or to insurance professionals (chapter 3) in order to study demand and supply behaviors. This part also presents an experimental approach in which participants are paid according to their performance (chapter 4). The second part examines the reinsurance market. After presenting the characteristics and mechanisms of the market (chapter 5), reinsurance supply is examined through auction behaviors of reinsurers (chapter 6). 8ased on a proprietary data-base, this part identifies the underlying factors of reinsurance premiums which depend on the risk characteristics, but also on the treaties, the reinsurers and the market

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12

Fewkes, Carolyn J. "The quality of work in Canada : changes in non-standard and standard work arrangements 1989 to 1994." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81490.

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The debate over the quality of work has been on-going for a number of years. Recently, non-standard work has figured predominantly in that debate. Some researchers have argued that the rise of non-standard work is evidence of the declining quality of work since it offers few benefits, little job security and lower incomes. Other research has indicated that it is the effect of job characteristics themselves that determine quality of work, whether in standard or non-standard employment. Other researchers have noted that it is the profile of workers in these jobs that is a good indicator of whether the employment is "good" or "bad" since most individuals who are from groups on the periphery of the labour force tend to be in jobs of lesser quality.
This study addresses the quality of work in the Canadian context from 1989 to 1994, by exploring its connection to all three of these theories: the rise of non-standard work, the decline of "good" job characteristics and the changing profile of workers in non-standard work. What was found may be an interesting trend. Non-standard employment is becoming more mainstream and may even be influencing the characteristics of standard employment. The demographic profile of non-standard workers is also beginning to resemble that of standard workers. It could be concluded that the quality of work is indeed shifting. However, it was difficult to determine whether the shifts were indeed long-term or indicative only of difficult economic times in Canada. The issue of job quality is complex and better definitions of quality of work and longer timeframes should be considered in future research, to better understand what was/is happening in the Canadian labour market. If non-standard employment is truly "bad" work and it continues to increase, there will be fundamental implications for the quality of work in Canada.

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13

Henderson, Kathryn A. "Do workplace structures matter? a cross-cohort analysis of mothers' labor market participation and choice of child care arrangements /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3182621.

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14

Williams, Paul Victor. "The organisational consequences in the development of appropriate legal arrangements for conducting franchising." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226983/1/T%28BS%29%20129_Williams_1996.pdf.

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Franchising has emerged as a powerful method of conducting business. This paper examines a number of the elements of franchising and their foundation in transaction cost theory, the legal environment and measures which seek to control excesses in franchising. These are reviewed in part by reference against the writer's background as the Corporate Solicitor from 1989 to 1990 for Brisbane founded and based franchisor, Nu-Steel International Pty Ltd. Also during the latter part of 1990 the writer was Corporate Solicitor for the franchisor of the Bumpa T Bumpa franchise system. The economic rationale for franchisors and franchisees entering their business relationship and the legal consequences of franchising are discussed. The Franchising Code of Practice was introduced on a voluntary basis in February 1993 and recently there has been debate on possible changes to address deficiencies in the legal framework covering the conduct of franchising in Australia. These changes are examined and evaluated. The popular proposition is that for many suppliers and manufacturers franchising provides a cost and administratively effective method of achieving optimum results instead of by direct investment via vertical or horizcntal integration. For franchisees access is gained to an established business system. Hence the likelihood of failure and poor return on investment is claimed to be reduced. These propositions are tested against the researcher's observations. Legal complications make franch ising a hazardous undertaking for both franchisors and franchisees, particularly the likelihood of opportunistic behaviour which the legal system seeks to guard against by providing avenues of redress but can not eliminate. To many participants potential pitfalls are not fully appreciated and are only comprehended through costly experience. To seek to reduce the incidence of l.!:1desirable p:·2.ctices !~c Federal Government introduced a Code of Practice based on voluntary self regulation after considering the impact of regulatory regimes in Australia, England and the United States. Given the contribution of undesirable practices, lower than expected awareness of the Code amongst franchising participants and with approximately 50 per cent of franchisors registered with the Franchising Code Administration Council Limited which administers the Code, the Federal Government released in October 1995 a Better Business Conduct Discussion Paper. While the changes proposed in the Discussion Paper relating to the Trade Practices Act will provide a useful protection mechanism, this will be at the cost of franchising participants until the harsh and oppressive conduct prohibitions are litigated and hopefully improved standards of commercial practice established. This paper shows that there are common features in the economic and legal processes fou nd in franchising. It is suggested that traditional market transaction issues are not relevant to a consideration of effective controls on franchising which deals with a total resource package comprising human and physical capital. For governments and franchising participants, consideration needs to be given to address, at the outset of a franchising transaction, mechanisms to cover fundamental opportunistic behaviour.

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15

Ali, Akhter [Verfasser]. "Impact of land tenure arrangements, Bt cotton adoption and market participation on welfare of farm households in rural Pakistan / Akhter Ali." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020001216/34.

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16

Ramsay, Charlotte. "An analysis of the UK regulatory and market frameworks for network access to develop enduring arrangements for a low-carbon power system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11400.

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17

Doumit, Farah. "Overcoming the challenges of securing secondary resources in circular economy projects : The case of anaerobic digestion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAX051.

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Les défis liés à la sécurisation des ressources secondaires représentent une difficulté majeure pour la viabilité économique et la faisabilité opérationnelle des modèles économiques circulaires, compte tenu de leurs caractéristiques spécifiques telles que la variabilité de qualité et de quantité, ainsi que la dispersion locale des gisements détenus par différents acteurs. Cette thèse s’interroge sur l’organisation territoriale des acteurs pour faire face à ce problème empirique de sécurisation des ressources secondaires, très peu étudié.Pour répondre à cette question, notre recherche menée se concentre sur le cas de la méthanisation territoriale. Ce cas a été choisi en raison de son intégration des principes de l’économie circulaire, de la concurrence et des complexités réglementaires entourant l’utilisation des ressources biologiques, ainsi que des processus multi-acteurs socialement complexes impliqués dans la mise en œuvre de ce type de projet. La méthodologie est compréhensive s’appuyant sur 70 entretiens semi directifs, de l’observation complétée par d’autres données secondaires. Nous avons opté pour une investigation longitudinale du développement de quatre projets de méthanisation territoriale. L’analyse de ces projets repose sur un cadre analytique que nous avons développé, basé sur trois perspectives analytiques la gouvernance, le territoire et l’émergence de marché. Ces perspectives permettent de mieux comprendre les dynamiques en jeu dans la mise en œuvre d’initiatives d’économie circulaire.L’analyse des quatre projets sous ces trois angles met en avant plusieurs résultats. Premièrement, nous identifions un processus en trois phases pour sécuriser les ressources secondaires, mettant en évidence les approches stratégiques adoptées par les parties prenantes pour assurer la viabilité des projets de méthanisation. Deuxièmement, nous abordons les défis de la sécurisation des ressources sur des marchés émergents, où les parties prenantes développent des outils et des modalités d’échange pour définir les prix des ressources et sécuriser les approvisionnements. Troisièmement, nous soulignons l’importance des proximité territoriales dans les projets circulaires locaux, en discutant du rôle dynamique des acteurs publics en tant que facilitateurs. Enfin, nous analysons les structures de gouvernance au sein des projets de méthanisation, allant des modèles centrés sur l’entreprise aux approches collaboratives impliquant les fournisseurs de ressources.Cette thèse contribue principalement à la littérature sur l’économie circulaire en apportant une vision stratégique du processus de sécurisation des ressources secondaires dans les projets circulaires. La thèse a aussi des implications managériales en offrant un aperçu des dispositifs de gouvernance, des dynamiques territoriales et des arrangements de marché qui sous-tendent la réussite des initiatives d’économie circulaire
The challenges associated with securing secondary resources present a significant obstacle to the economic viability and operational feasibility of circular economy models, given their specific characteristics such as variability in quality and quantity, as well as the local dispersion of deposits held by different actors. This thesis explores the territorial organization of actors to address this empirical issue of securing secondary resources, which has been very little studied. To address this question, the research focuses on the case of territorial anaerobic digestion (AD). This case was chosen due to its integration of circular economy principles, the competition and regulatory complexities surrounding the use of biological resources, and the socially complex, multi-actor processes involved in implementing such projects. The methodology is comprehensive, relying on 70 semi-structured interviews, observation complemented by other secondary data. We opted for a longitudinal investigation into the development of four territorial AD projects. The analysis of these projects is based on an analytical framework we developed, grounded in three perspectives: governance, territory, and market emergence. These perspectives allow a better understanding of the dynamics involved in implementing circular economy initiatives. Analysis of the four case studies from these three perspectives highlights several findings. First, we identify a three-phase process for securing secondary resources, emphasizing the strategic approaches adopted by stakeholders to ensure the viability of AD projects. Second, we address the challenges of securing resources in emerging markets, where stakeholders develop tools and exchange modalities to define resource prices and secure supplies. Third, we highlight the importance of territorial proximities in local circular projects, discussing the dynamic role of public actors as facilitators. Finally, we analyze governance structures within AD projects, ranging from firm-centric models to collaborative approaches involving resource suppliers.This thesis mainly contributes to the literature on the circular economy by providing a strategic vision of the process of securing secondary resources in circular projects. The thesis also has managerial implications by offering insights into the governance mechanisms, territorial dynamics, and market arrangements that underpin successful circular economy initiatives

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18

Cui, Cathy Xin. "The UK electricity market : its evolution, wholesale prices and challenge of wind energy." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3041.

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This thesis addresses the problems associated with security of the electricity supply in the UK. The British electricity supply industry has experienced a significant structural change. Competition has been brought into the electricity industry and a single wholesale electricity market of Great Britain has been established. The evolution of the British electricity market raises new challenges, such as improving the liquidity of wholesale markets and developing clean energy. The wholesale electricity prices are less transparent and trading arrangements are very complex in the British electricity market. In this thesis a fundamental model, called a stack model, has been developed in order to forecast wholesale electricity prices. The objective of the stack model is to identify the marginal cost of power output based on the fuel prices, carbon prices, and availability of power plants. The stack model provides a reasonable marginal cost curve for the industry which can be used as an indicator for the wholesale electricity price. In addition, the government's targets for climate change and renewable energy bring new opportunities for wind energy. Under the large wind energy penetration scenario the security of the energy supply will be essential. We have modelled the correlations between wind speed data for a set of wind farms. The correlation can be used to measure the portfolio risk of the wind farms. Electricity companies should build their portfolio of wind farms with low or negative correlations in order to hedge the risk from the intermittency of wind. We found that the VAR(1) model is superior to other statistic models for modelling correlations between wind speeds of a wind farm portfolio.

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19

Robineau, Ophélie. "Vivre de l'agriculture dans la ville africaine : une géographie des arrangements entre acteurs à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917958.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des dynamiques de développement de l'agriculture urbaine à Bobo-Dioulasso, au Burkina Faso. Elle s'intéresse à la façon dont les agriculteurs arrivent à vivre et produire en ville en s'appuyant sur une démarche systémique centrée sur les interactions ville-agriculture. Elle cherche à décrypter les facteurs d'intégration de l'agriculture au système urbain. Cette intégration peut être d'ordre économique, socio-spatial, naturel, technique, et politique. Dans toutes ces dimensions de l'intégration, les arrangements entre acteurs sont un facteur de maintien de l'agriculture en ville : c'est la thèse défendue ici. Dans la première partie, la thèse retrace l'évolution des liens entre la ville et l'agriculture depuis l'origine de la ville, et décrit la diversité des dynamiques agricoles à l'oeuvre dans la ville et ses franges urbaines. Le développement de Bobo-Dioulasso, carrefour commercial de produits agricoles, est fortement basé sur le dynamisme agricole régional. Dynamiques régionales et urbaines ont favorisé le développement multiforme de l'agriculture urbaine : cette agriculture s'est développée, transformée et adaptée et est aujourd'hui pratiquée par une multitude d'acteurs urbains. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse analyse les pratiques agricoles et les arrangements socio-spatiaux entre acteurs. Les agriculteurs urbains, à travers des arrangements avec d'autres acteurs, arrivent à maintenir des formes agricoles contrastées en ville : les maraîchers, à travers une logique de mobilité au sein de l'espace urbain et des arrangements à la fois avec des acteurs institutionnels et des fournisseurs d'intrants, accèdent à des ressources essentielles à la conduite de leur activité. [etc.]

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20

Pino, Muttoni Natalia. "L'égalité des chances au prisme des établissements scolaires : analyse des arrangements de la politique de subvention préférentielle dans sept établissements scolaires privés subventionnés du Chili." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB182.

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On aurait pu s'attendre à ce que la politique de subvention préférentielle (SEP), de 2008, contribue à l'égalité de chances des « élèves prioritaires ». Cependant, ces principes politiques se sont heurtés à plusieurs obstacles de l'ordre idéologique, pragmatique et structurel. La continuité des pratiques sélectives dans le secteur privé subventionné a été expliquée, par le faible pouvoir coercitif de la loi ou par les logiques de ce secteur d'enseignement. Mais, derrière cette assertion que se passe-t-il réellement ? Dans un monde à multiples références à quelles logiques répondent les établissements ? À la différence des travaux normatifs déjà produits sur cette question, cette thèse propose d'interroger la réalité de certains de ces établissements, explorant comment la politique a été traduite, arrangée et accommodée à partir des justifications et des pratiques des acteurs. Cette approche invite à repenser l'intention volontariste que sous-entend la recherche sur les politiques éducatives. Celle-ci n'a que peu conceptualisé le pouvoir de négociation de l'établissement scolaire face à l'action publique. Nous avons réalisé une analyse descriptive des sept établissements privés subventionnés sous l'angle de leurs identités. Tenant compte de leurs logiques d'action, nous avons reconstitué les processus d'appropriation de la politique SEP que nous décrivons selon deux régimes d'action. Selon un « régime de justice », nous abordons les accords et désaccords construits localement, autour de la « priorité scolaire » ce qui montre dans certains cas, la tension entre identité organisationnelle et logiques de la politique, décelant une conception libérale du bien commun. Selon un « régime de justesse », nous décrivons les traductions de la politique en termes concrets, au travers de la description d'actions, qui par ailleurs, se révèlent moins focalisées sur les « élèves prioritaires » que sur l'unité établissement. Ces deux dimensions décèlent le processus de changement d'un système scolaire fragmenté qui s'apprête à implémenter une nouvelle réforme nationale d'inclusion sociale
The preferential subsidy policy, as of 2008, was expected to contribute to equal opportunities for "priority students". however, these political principles have encountered several obstacles of the ideological, pragmatic and structural order. the continuity of the selective practices in the particular subsidized sector was explained by the little coercive effect of the law or of the logics in this educational sector. but behind this really happening statement? in a world with multiple references to what logics respond establishments? unlike normative works that have already studied this subject, our thesis proposes to interrogate the reality of certain establishments, exploring how politics has been translated, adapted and installed in the speeches and in the practices of the actors. this approach invites us to reconsider the voluntariness implied by research on education policy, which has little conceptualized the bargaining power of the school in the face of public action. A descriptive analysis of the seven subsidized private schools was carried out in terms of their identities. taking into account their logic of action, we have reconstructed the process of appropriation of sep policy that will be described according to two regimes of action. according to a "regime of justice" (or justification), agreements and disagreements built locally around the "take off priority" are discussed, which in some cases show the tension between the organization's identity and the logic of politics, showing a liberal conception of the common good. according to a "regime of fairness" (or routine) the translations of the policy are described in concrete terms, through the description of actions, which also seem to be less focused on "priority" students than on the establishment unit . these two dimensions show the process of change of a fragmented school system that is implementing a national reform of social inclusion

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21

Santos, Fabio Lyrio. "Efeitos da abertura do mercado externo em arranjos produtivos locais de base agroindustrial: o caso dos produtores de mamão do Espírito Santo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3527.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFLS.pdf: 1084946 bytes, checksum: d7bba1a1448a50bf7994283f8f6feae0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-02
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
In the last years, public and private agents have concentrated efforts and placing resources in action programs to the local productive arrangements (LPAs), organizational formations that allow the micro and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) survival and growth. The rescue of the MSEs role in the regions and countries development process happens in a time of resetting of the economic, social and political systems evolution spaces, remodeling of the production systems with the collective valuation, globalization and local protagonism. One of the main goals of these action programs is the insertion of MSEs in the international markets. Thus, the economic growth of firms and the sustainable development along the production chain should be bigger. The object of study of this research was the enterprises of the Espírito Santo State LPA of papaya, mainly centered in Linhares city. This region has little more than 200 producing properties and a set of linked entities that include education, research and technical institutions, financing agencies, trade associations, category entities and others support institutions. The aim of this research was to identify the collective benefits generated to the arrangement after the opening of the United States market, in 1998, and to verify how these benefits were individualized and absorbed by the local firms. The research was carried out under qualitative approach and the used method was the case study. Twenty five interviews were carried out, being fifteen with MSEs and small farm households, five with larger companies, and others five with support institutions. The results evinced that the exportations stratified the firms in two groups: one with the medium and large-sized exporting firms and another one with the non-exporting MSEs and farm households. Despite this, the generated benefits were not restricted to the exporting firms group, being spread to the other firms and links of the arrangement. The exportations increased the economic, social and environmental sustainable of the local papaya cultivation and stimulated the adoption of product and processes innovations, improving the competitiveness of firms and profiting its economic growth. The planted area, the production volume and the amount of companies enlarged, as well as the job offer and the income.
Nos últimos anos, agentes públicos e privados têm concentrado esforços e alocando recursos em programas de ações nos arranjos produtivos locais (APLs), formações organizacionais que mais favorecem a sobrevivência e o crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). O resgate do papel das MPEs no desenvolvimento de regiões e países acontece numa época de recomposição dos espaços de evolução dos sistemas econômico, social e político, reestruturação dos sistemas produtivos com a valorização da coletividade, globalização de mercados e protagonismo local. Uma das principais metas desses programas de ações é a inserção das MPEs nos mercados internacionais. Com isso, espera-se um maior crescimento econômico das firmas e o desenvolvimento sustentável em toda a cadeia de produção. O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa foram as empresas do APL de mamão do Estado do Espírito Santo, principalmente centradas no município de Linhares. Nesta região há pouco mais de 200 propriedades produtoras, em torno das quais atuam instituições de ensino, de pesquisa e assistência técnica, de financiamento, associações, entidades de classe e demais organizações de apoio. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar os benefícios coletivos gerados ao arranjo após a abertura do mercado norte-americano, em 1998, e verificar de que forma esses benefícios foram individualizados e absorvidos pelas firmas locais. A abordagem utilizada foi qualitativa e o método de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso. Foram realizadas 25 entrevistas, sendo 15 com MPEs e propriedades de produção familiar, 5 com empresas de maior porte e outras 5 com instituições de apoio. Os resultados mostraram que as exportações estratificaram as empresas locais em dois grupos: um com as médias e grandes empresas exportadoras e outro com as MPEs e propriedades não exportadoras. A despeito disso, os benefícios gerados não se restringiram ao grupo de firmas exportadoras, distribuindo-se a outras empresas e a outros elos do arranjo. As exportações aumentaram a sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental da cultura do mamão na região e estimularam a introdução de inovações de produto e de processos. Isso tornou as empresas mais competitivas e favoreceu seu crescimento econômico. A área plantada, o volume de produção e o número de empresas aumentaram, ampliando também a oferta de empregos e a renda.

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22

Suliano, Daniel Cirilo. "Ensaios microeconomÃtricos em torno da atratividade fÃsica, dos novos arranjos familiares e das condiÃÃes de igualdade de oportunidade." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11575.

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nÃo hÃ
O avanÃo das tecnologias e o aprimoramento organizacional de caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas em forma de microdados por instituiÃÃes especializadas fez avanÃar estudos que combinam o uso da econometria e da anÃlise econÃmica com Ãnfase nos aspectos microeconÃmicos e/ou comportamentais dos indivÃduos dando origem ao que Ã conhecido como microeconometria. Nesse contexto, a presente Tese se propÃe a analisar por meio de um compÃndio de estudos na Ãrea de microeconometria como determinados atributos, caracterÃsticas e fatores circunstanciais impactam direta ou indiretamente nas atividades econÃmicas exercidas ou a serem exercidas pelos indivÃduos. O foco principal Ã o mercado de trabalho atravÃs principalmente do efeito ou dos possÃveis efeitos idiossincrÃticos em termos valorativos. O primeiro capÃtulo procura jogar luz na construÃÃo de mÃtricas de atratividade da mulher brasileira fazendo uso dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e SaÃde da CrianÃa e da Mulher (PNDS) de 2006 do Centro Brasileiro de AnÃlise e Planejamento (CEBRAP). Para tanto, foram elencadas medidas antropomÃtricas de altura, peso, cintura e Ãndice de massa corporal (IMC) mediante seus impactos nos salÃrios das mulheres. Alguns resultados favorecem as proxies aqui construÃdas, podendo-se destacar, em particular, a altura como medida de impacto nos retornos laborais. Ainda dentro do contexto do mercado de trabalho, o segundo capÃtulo objetiva analisar os diferenciais salariais entre cÃnjuges do mesmo sexo e de sexo diferente, isto Ã, entre casais homossexuais em relaÃÃo aos heterossexuais. Para isso, utilizou-se da nova metodologia de identificaÃÃo dos novos arranjos familiares do CENSO 2010 sob a Ãtica de um enfoque regional a partir de trÃs estados brasileiros com caracterÃsticas distintas: SÃo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e CearÃ. Seguindo a construÃÃo teÃrica do modelo de Becker (1991), investigou-se diferenÃas alocativas na produÃÃo domÃstica e nas atividades de mercado. Outras hipÃteses foram aventadas tendo como base as normas do contexto social considerando suas influÃncias nas preferÃncias e hÃbitos de vida das pessoas, de acordo com Akerlof e Kranton (2000). Sob esse prisma, a hipÃtese de autosseleÃÃo tambÃm Ã levantada considerando que aqueles de atitudes mais liberais tendem a declarar de maneira mais espontÃnea outras modalidades de preferÃncias sexuais, segundo a visÃo de Almeida (2007). No que tange ao diferencial de remuneraÃÃo, mesmo apÃs a inclusÃo de caracterÃsticas observadas e controle de seleÃÃo, persistiram diferenÃas salariais estatisticamente significante com relaÃÃo Ã escolha sexual, principalmente a favor dos homens gays via-Ã-vis aos homens heterossexuais. O terceiro e Ãltimo capÃtulo parte da premissa de que o desenvolvimento das mais diversas habilidades de um indivÃduo pode muitas vezes estÃ associada Ã desigualdade de acesso a um conjunto de oportunidades durante a infÃncia tanto em razÃo das escolhas sociais da sociedade a qual ele pertence como tambÃm de circunstÃncias que estejam fora de seu controle ao nascer. Nesses termos, e objetivando a projeÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas de longo prazo, foi desenvolvido o Ãndice de Oportunidade Humana (IOH), indicador sÃntese da cobertura de bens e serviÃos bÃsicos para o bem-estar das crianÃas a partir de parÃmetros prÃ-determinados. Os dados utilizados sÃo da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNAD) do IBGE para todo o Brasil nos anos de 2001-2011. Foram elencados oito indicadores de serviÃos bÃsicos sendo cinco de dimensÃo habitacional e trÃs de dimensÃo educacional a partir de sete variÃveis de circunstÃncias. Os resultados mostram alÃm de uma heterogeneidade das oportunidades nas taxas de cobertura, uma ampliaÃÃo da rede de acesso, nÃo obstante diferenÃas entre os grupos de distintas circunstÃncias.

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23

Kim, Joon-Young. "The Growth of Non-regular Employment Arrangement and Labor Market Inequality." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124092.

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24

Gao, Shumei. "Effects of the EC internal market on trade in textiles and clothing." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302268.

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25

Nová, Lucie. "Ženy na trhu práce." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262376.

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The objective of this thesis is to analyze and verify the existence of causality between employment rate, unemployment rate as independent variable and fertility rate as dependent variable. Two stated hypotheses are being verified within this thesis. First of them says that by decreasing employment rate also the fertility rate decreases. Second says that decreasing unemployment rate has an impact on growth of fertility rate. The final part of essay deals with today´s often discussed concept of work life balance which in many countries supports high economical activity of women and higher fertility simultaneously. It draws attention on positives of alternative work arrangements as well as on negatives and deficits which goes together with its practicing. In the end of the thesis different possibilities of effective work life balance management are suggested.

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Ueki, Nami. "Intra- and Interfractional Variations in Geometric Arrangement between Lung Tumours and Implanted Markers." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189345.

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27

Sah, Monica. "A comparative study of the regulatory arrangements of the United Kingdom and France in domestic bond markets." Thesis, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267744.

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28

Chow, Kam-wah. "Labour contract in China : an analysis of the contractual arrangement of human resources under a socialist market economy /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967396.

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29

Maziad, Samar. "Monetary frameworks in developing countries : central bank independence and exchange rate arrangements." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/476.

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30

Dobešová, Lenka. "Selhání finanční regulace jako jedna z příčin soudobé finanční krize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15439.

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Diploma thesis is dealing with causes of current financial crisis, especially with financial regulation failure and its analysis. Regulation failure was incontrovertibly the important cause of current crisis. As a result of regulation failure we can identify these as follows: asset securitization,rating agencies failure, information asymmetry,negative externalities etc. This thesis is also concerned with analysis of bankruptcy of american investment bank Lehman Brothers. The last part of work examine the financial regulatory reform.

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31

Wassberg, David, and Simon Sand. "Marknadshyra på nyproduktion : Behålla presumtionshyror eller avreglera?" Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257739.

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In January 2019 the Swedish government created an agreement called “Januariavtalet” as a result of the 2018 election. Part of this agreement includes that they want to introduce market rent in the new-built part of the market. The tenant association Hyresgästföreningen have requested a report on how this reform would affect the Swedish rent market as their 2019 scholarship. The purpose of this report is to examine how this change would affect the property owners. We have interviewed politicians, property owners and a tenant association called Hyresgästföreningen. During the interviews these three groups were asked different questions that were used to analyze how the market works today and how it will be affected by this reform. The questions were based on the report’s problem definition which is: “How was the current rent system motivated as it was created? And what issues was it designed to prevent?” and “In what ways would this reform affect the property owners?”. This report is demarcated to the Stockholm region since each rental market in the country is different and unique for its location. During these interviews it became clear that this reform would not make significant difference for the larger property owners as to how the system works today, neither regarding how much they could produce or how they manage their rental income. Although the property owners did express their opinion that it would be much better to agree on a reform for the system that includes the existing property stock. For the smaller property owners on the other hand it would make a difference regarding how they would dare to invest in new construction of rental apartments. Mostly because of the possibility to make calculations that are much more accurate, since the current system only allows calculations 15 years in advance. What the property owners found most interesting with this reform was that it would hopefully be a step in the direction to implement it on the complete rental system in Sweden including the current system of the existing property stock as well. Due to the fact that the property owners consider the whole rental market to be dysfunctional. The tenant association Hyresgästföreningen opposes this reform since they consider it to make the rental market uncertain for the tenants. It would also diminish the consumer protection, as well as create a generic uncertainty as to how the rental market would develop over time. This projects conclusion is that market rent would not affect the larger property owners due to the current rents already is at a level which could be described as a market rent. Though for the smaller property owners this could be the difference between to build new property or not.
I januari 2019 kom Januariavtalet upp på bordet som ett resultat av det svenska riksdagsvalet hösten 2018. Januariavtalet är ett förslag som väntas träda i kraft juli 2021 om utredningen ger ett positivt resultat. Punkt 44 i detta avtal innebär att man vill införa fri hyressättning på nyproduktion och avskaffa presumtionshyressystemet som man använder sig av i dagsläget. Hyresgästföreningen har efterfrågat en rapport om hur detta kan påverka det svenska hyressystemet som sitt uppsatsstipendium för 2019. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur denna ändring skulle kunna påverka fastighetsägarna. Vi har intervjuat politiker, fastighetsägare samt Hyresgästföreningen. Olika frågor har ställts till de tre intervjuade grupperna som sedan använts som utgångspunkt till en analys över hur marknadsläget ser ut idag. Hur skulle marknaden kunna ändras i framtiden om detta förslag realiseras? Frågorna ställda till de tre parterna baserades på frågeställningen i denna uppsats, dessa är: “Hur motiverades presumtionshyressystemet inför dess tillblivelse? Vilka var de problem som presumtionshyran ansågs bidra till att lösa?” samt “Vad skulle en eventuell lagändring innebära för hyresfastighetsägare?”. Rapporten har avgränsats till att endast belysa stor-stockholms hyresmarknad för att inte arbetet skulle bli för brett då alla hyresmarknader ute i landet är unika och har olika förutsättningar. Under dessa intervjuer visade det sig att en reform av presumtionshyressystemet inte skulle påverka de större fastighetsägarna speciellt mycket varken i vilken utsträckning man ska bygga eller hur det skulle påverka deras hyresintäkter. Fastighetsägarnas stora missnöje med bruksvärdessystemet kom dock att belysas. För mindre aktörer framgick det dock att detta förslag skulle kunna innebära att man kan våga investera i nyproduktion i en större omfattning än idag. Det går då att göra kalkyler på fastighetens hela livslängd och inte endast de första 15 åren som i nuläget innan fastigheten åker in i bruksvärdessystemet. Det fastighetsägarna ansåg vara bra med att detta förslag införs är dock själva tanken med fri hyressättning, att man i framtiden kommer att ta steget längre och implementera det på hela hyresmarknaden i Sverige. Detta på grund av att man från fastighetsbolagens sida anser hyresmarknaden i dagsläget vara dysfunktionell. Hyresgästföreningen ställer sig mot marknadshyror förslag då de anser att de kommer att resultera i en mindre säker marknad från hyresgästernas sida med lägre konsumentskydd och generell osäkerhet på marknaden då man inte kan få en förutsägbarhet på hur förutsättningarna för hyresgästerna kommer att kunna utvecklas över tiden. Det undersökningen kom fram till var att marknadshyror på nyproduktion inte kommer att förändra marknaden markant i sin helhet. För de större fastighetsägarna kommer detta inte påverka deras marknadssyn på grund av att hyrorna idag redan ligger vid en nivå som kan anses vara marknadshyror. Däremot för mindre aktörer kan detta betyda skillnaden mellan att bygga eller inte.

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Connor, Timothy C. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union. Jurisprudential Adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the ¿selling arrangement¿ that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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Connor, Timothy Charles. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union : jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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34

Maděrová, Petra. "Zákonná aplikace transferových cen v podnikové praxi." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75689.

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The diploma paper was focused on analysis of the tools -- it means documentation of transfer pricing and advance pricing arrangement leading to the higher tax bond of tax subject, for example: in the case of tax control. The main benefit of this diploma paper consists of analysis of primary data. These data were obtained from the questionnaire as well as from the interviews oriented mainly on tax control which I had led with 2 multinational companies. The questionnaire, which I had done by myself, was sent to 46 multinational companies which their business platforms are located also in the Czech Rep. The most valuable written sources from which some data for my diploma paper were taken is the real documentation of transfer pricing done for the request of advance pricing arrangement as well as the decision of tax administrator in the same case according to the § 38nc Law N. 586/1992 Sb., about income tax. Just the character of the data guarantees the practical application of this diploma paper. I hope according to my diploma paper to be successful in notice of absence in the basic instruments of transfer pricing from point of the multinational companies view which could lead to the adjustment by competent authorities. This adjustment could consequently improve the cooperation between tax subjects and tax authorities.

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Mariotto, Carlotta. "Essais sur l'Innovation de la Banque de Détail." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM085/document.

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Анотація:

L’industrie de la finance a connu une multiplication d’innovations qui peuvent bouleverser les services financiers traditionnels. Elles brouillent les frontières entre banques et start-ups, accélérèrent les transactions, démocratisent l'accès au crédit, tout en imposant aux régulateurs le défi de construire un cadre règlementaire qui rééquilibre le compromis entre stabilité financière, concurrence innovation.Dans cette thèse, d'abord je réponds à cette question : comment les innovations influencent-elles la concurrence dans la banque de détail ? Un premier enjeu consiste à comprendre pourquoi certains de ces services innovants sont offerts par les plateformes non-bancaires, et comment les banques peuvent rivaliser avec des participants qui appliquent un modèle d'affaire différent. Après, je regarde quels sont les facteurs d’adoption de l'innovation par les consommateurs. Pour répondre à cette question, j'étudie à l'aide d'outils d'analyse empirique l'exemple des deux principales plateformes de prêts peer-to-peer aux USA, Prosper et LendingClub. Pour terminer, je me demande si la réglementation de l'innovation est nécessaire. Est-il optimal pour la société de réglementer les fournisseurs de services innovants ? Je propose deux modèles théoriques qui s'inscrivent dans les débats bien connus sur le niveau optimal des interchanges dans les systèmes de cartes de paiement et des clauses de parité des prix et d'exclusivité sur les plateformes en ligne
During the last years, the finance industry has experienced a proliferation of innovations which may disrupt traditional financial services. They blur the boundaries between banks and financial start-ups, speed up transactions, democratize the access to credit, revise how we can purchase goods and how merchants can sell their products, while imposing regulators the challenge for a new level playing field which balances the trade-off between financial stability, competition and innovation. In this thesis, I try to answer to three main issues related to the topic of innovation in retail banking. Firstly, how do innovations impact competition in retail banking. One first issue is to understand why some of these innovative services are offered by non-bank platforms and how can banks compete with entrants that do not have the same business model. Secondly, I look at what the drivers of the adoption of innovation by consumers in retail banking are. What determines the diffusion of a new financial technology despite all the financial risks related to it ? To answer to these questions, I will look empirically at the example of the two main peer-to-peer lending platforms in the USA, Prosper and LendingClub. Third, I address the question on whether regulation of innovation is necessary. Is it optimal for the society to regulate the providers of innovative retail banking services? To answer to these questions, I address, in two theoretical models, the well-known debates on the optimal level of interchange fees in payment card systems and the imposition of exclusivity arrangements and price parity clauses in contracts between platforms and merchants

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36

Derembwe, Anold. "An assessment of contractual arrangements for agricultural market access in South Africa : a smallholder's perspective." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50876.

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Smallholder farmers in South Africa have historically been precluded from the mainstream agricultural markets owing to various factors, chiefly, a non-existent enabling environment and lack of support from the government and/or relevant agencies. The post-1994 changes in the economy, and in particular in the agricultural industry, brought about the phenomenon of preferential procurement and contractual arrangements in agricultural value chains. Most agribusinesses and supermarkets in South Africa procure agricultural products under contractual arrangements. Recent studies and literature indicate that contractual arrangements are considered an ideal institutional arrangement for fostering market access for smallholder farmers. However, there has not been growth in incidences of sustained contractual arrangements between agribusiness, supermarkets and smallholder farmers in South Africa. Owing to this, it is imperative to investigate the nature of existing contractual arrangements, their salient aspects and the types of smallholder farmers actively participating in certain arrangements. This study aims at investigating the types of contractual arrangements in which certain smallholder farmers are engaged and analysing characteristics of these farmers. Furthermore, trajectories of smallholder farmers who participate in contractual arrangements were analysed in order to establish factors that enable their involvement. Contractual arrangements were categorised according to the general outline, contract conditions, roles of contractors and farmers, conflict resolution, and the advantages and disadvantages that arise from these arrangements. The study employed a geographic approach and focused on smallholder farmers and agribusinesses in the Tzaneen area. A total of 36 farmers and 4 agribusinesses were interviewed during the survey. The study employed both structured and semi-structured questionnaires for farmers and agribusinesses, respectively. In addition to farmers and agribusinesses, representatives from the Department of Agriculture and the Land Bank were consulted in order to corroborate responses from farmers and agribusinesses. In order to make suitable inferences, relevant literature on contract farming and smallholder farmers was explored. This helped to better understand various contractual arrangements, participation of smallholder farmers, and the most feasible ways in which contractual arrangements can be employed as tool for inclusion of smallholder farmers in agricultural markets. The results of this study indicated that agribusinesses prefer to initiate contractual arrangements with smallholder farmers that have access to land and certain production infrastructure. There is a positive relationship between farmers’ ownership or access to land and suitable infrastructure and their involvement in contractual arrangements. It should be noted that ownership of equipment and other machinery on the part of smallholder farmers did not have a major impact on their likelihood of participating in contractual arrangements. Smallholder farmers were drawn to most contractual arrangements for many reasons, including market reliability and guaranteed payment following deliveries of produce. Although smallholder farmers who participated in contractual arrangements earned considerably high revenues from disposal of their produce through the contractors’ channels, there were cases of late payments and reduced expected incomes. In the broiler chicken management contractual arrangement, a number of the participating smallholder farmers indicated that the contractor, Bushvalley, did not always pay within the agreed 30-day period and in some instances, the grading and subsequent pricing of their broiler birds was ‘deliberately’ stringent, thereby lowering prices and revenues. Producer prices for commodities in contractual arrangements varied, and in most cases were lower than spot market prices that could be fetched by the commodities of similar quality in the local market and elsewhere. However, it is important to note that farmers were satisfied by the fact that producer prices in contractual arrangements remained constant and stable within a production season or period, thereby allowing them to plan the financial management of their farming businesses. This study established that although there are various factors that determine successful participation of smallholder, external support in various forms from both the government, private and non-governmental organisations was crucial in enabling contractual arrangements. In cases where external support was provided, smallholder farmers entered into and participated in contractual arrangements without difficulties. Thus, this study suggests that relevant external support is an important form of intervention for fostering contractual arrangements and thereby helping smallholder farmers to access agricultural markets. This study further recommends that the government should play in important role in providing an enabling environment through deliberate policies and regulations that foster contractual arrangements and enable smallholder farmers in various sectors to access suitable agricultural markets.
Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc Agric
Unrestricted

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37

Freches, Maria Helena Ferreira. "Flexible work arrangements in small and medium enterprises: incidence, motivations, advantages and disadvantages." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/16099.

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Purpose - Examine SMEs' motivations for using flexible work arrangements (FWA). Analyse the incidence of different types of FWA and explore employers’ perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of those arrangements. Methodology - Exploratory study based on semi-structured interviews to SMEs’ managers operating in Portugal. Findings - The evidence suggests that the determined duration contract is the most frequent FWA used by SMEs. The findings indicate that the motivations for the use of FWA can be aggregated in voluntary, pull and push factors. The most mentioned factors were voluntary. Furthermore, the advantage and disadvantage most mentioned were, respectively, cost reduction and the decrease of productivity amongst flexible employees.
Objetivo - Examinar as motivações do uso de diferentes contratos flexíveis (CF) nas pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs). Analisar a sua incidência e explorar as perceções dos empregadores sobre as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Metodologia - Estudo exploratório baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas a gestores de PMEs em Portugal. Resultados - Os contratos a termo certo são os CF mais usados. Existem três tipos de fatores que contribuem para o seu uso: voluntários, de atração, e de pressão, sendo os voluntários os mais mencionados. A vantagem e desvantagem mais mencionadas foram, respetivamente, a redução de custos e a diminuição da produtividade dos trabalhadores.

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38

Ngambi, Hellicy Chakosamoto. "Job-sharing in the South African labour market : its potential, feasibility and impact on unemployment, productivity and quality of work life." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17565.

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The primary aim of this survey is to: * explore whether there is potential for job-sharing in the South African labour market; * * describe the characteristics of potential job-sharers and to explain why Job-sharing would be an appropriate and feasible solution to unemployment, massive retrenchments, poor quality ofwork life (QWL) and low worker productivity Job-sharing has been used in many developed countries to address a variety of problems at the individual, organisational and national level. These include allowing workers to have a balance between their work and non-work life; to increase worker productivity and QWL and to increase employment opportunities. The literature survey affirms that these problems are prevalent in Africa as a whole and in South Africa specifically. The survey results reveal that the environment in South is Africa is conducive to jobsharing and that slightly over one third of the workers and organisations and two thirds of the jobseekers are willing to job-share. The results of this study also reveals that QWL, productivity and unemployment does influence the willingness to job-share and that approximately 80% of the employees would rather either job-share, work-share or opt for some other alternative than to have retrenchments. Thus by implication, job-sharing would address the problems relating to poor QWL, low worker productivity, fewer employment opportunities, as well as massive retrenchments in South Africa. The study has also explored possible reasons and obstacles to job-sharing and found that whether these are perceived as significantly important or not, depends on whether one is an employer, employee or job-seeker . The job-seekers feel more than others, that there is no reason insurmountable or obstacle preventing the introduction of job-sharing by which to avert their unemployed status. There are also differences in willingness to job-share among subgroups with regard to the industry, area of work, position held in the organisation and the availability of job-sharing positions in the organisation. This thesis reports that there is potential for job-sharing in the South African labour market, to address a variety of problems pertaining to workers, organisations, job-seekers and, therefore, the whole nation at large.
Business Management
D.B.L.

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39

Dias, Cláudia Isabel Rêgo Gonçalves Vajão da Cruz. "Gestão do emprego nas empresas em Portugal: a incidência de arranjos contratuais flexíveis." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/12338.

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A necessidade de adaptação rápida, ágil e com baixo custo das empresas aos requisitos tecnológicos e de mercado, originaram a proliferação de diversas formas de contratação flexível, designadas como atípicas ou não-tradicionais. Esta pesquisa analisa essa diversidade no mercado de trabalho português e procura traçar um perfil das empresas de acordo com os arranjos contratuais praticados. A análise empírica recorre à base de dados dos “Quadros de Pessoal”, uma fonte administrativa, que nos permite ligar empresas e trabalhadores do setor privado em Portugal. Os dados são de 2012 e incluem uma amostra de 35345 empresas. A análise estatística multivariada aponta para quatro tipos de empresas que se distribuem entre “muito estáveis” e “muito flexíveis”. Nas primeiras, a contratação atípica é residual, enquanto as últimas utilizam diversos tipos de arranjos contratuais flexíveis previstos na legislação. Todavia, contratação tradicional ou estável mantém-se o modelo predominante de contratação em Portugal. A evidência empírica indica ainda características das empresas e dos trabalhadores que estão associadas aos tipos obtidos. Ao nível das empresas, a antiguidade da empresa, o volume de negócios, o sector de actividade e a sazonalidade da atividade reduzem a probabilidade de contratação flexível. Do lado dos trabalhadores, os dados indicam que as empresas com trabalhadores mais qualificados e que praticam salários mais elevados tendem a recorrer menos intensamente a contratos atípicos. Consideramos que o crescente recurso a arranjos contratuais diferentes do tradicional deverá constituir um tema de continuado estudo, dado o impacto social e económico que a flexibilidade laboral origina nos modelos sociais de proteção social em vigor e no bem-estar dos indivíduos.
The need for companies to adapt on a fast, agile and low cost manner to market and technological requests caused a number of diverse forms of flexible work arrangements, known as atypical or nonstandard. The present research analyses this diversity in the Portuguese labor market drawing a profile based on companies contractual work arrangements. The empirical analysis uses data from Quadros de Pessoal, an administrative source, which allowed us to aggregate companies and employees from the Portuguese private sector. The sample represents data from the year 2012, with a total of 35345 companies. The multivariate analysis identifies four types of companies ranging from “very stable” to “very flexible”. Within the first type the use of nonstandard work arrangements is residual, while for the second one, companies use the set of flexible work arrangements allowed by law. Nevertheless, standard work arrangements are still in greater proportion in Portugal. Empirical evidence suggests that certain company and employee characteristics are associated with these four types of companies. Companies’ characteristic, such as tenure, business volume, activity sector and seasonality reduces nonstandard work arrangements probability. On the employees side companies with qualified employees and higher salaries tend to use less nonstandard forms of work arrangements. We consider that the fast-growing use of nonstandard work arrangements should be a continued field of study as we anticipate a strong social and economic impact for the welfare model in force and for the well-being of individuals.

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40

LU, Yu-Hsin, and 盧佑欣. "The behavior of tying arrangement of duopoly firms in Cournot market." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36254432887719234999.

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碩士
佛光大學
經濟學系
95
This article mainly discusses the strategy and behavior of tying arrangement of duopoly firms in Cournot market. We analyze the effect of tying arrangement under different product characters and on the firms without tying without tying arrangement so as to further discuss how tying arrangement affects social welfare. The conclusion we obtain is that products which are independent of each other before tying arrangement have no effect on social welfare since tying arrangement. This differs from the former researches. It means product characters have great effect on tying arrangement and, therefore, the profit the firms shrink due to tying arrangement. Moreover, when products are substitute to each other, firms adopting tying arrangement earn less, but the profit of firms without taking tying arrangement increase. However, generally, social welfare decreases because of tying arrangement when products are substitute. Finally, when products are complement, tying arrangement help firms with tying arrangement make higher profits and erode the earning of firm without adopting tying arrangement. It raises the social welfare when products are complement. In our research, tying arrangement does not always negatively affect social welfare. It depends on the product characters and principles and regulations about the market structure designed by government authorities. The firms and consumers still can adjust automatically to attain equilibrium by the demand and supply. Therefore, government can properly regulate, and that is what it is necessary to discuss both further and in detail.

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41

Pereira, Maria Inês Fonseca Marques. "Política de remunerações e arranjos contratuais: estudo em médias empresas." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17861.

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Este estudo visa contribuir para o debate da flexibilização do mercado de trabalho, demonstrando evidência empírica na relação entre a política de remunerações e os arranjos contratuais celebrados pelas entidades empregadoras, que culminam numa maior segmentação do mercado. O presente estudo utiliza os dados dos Quadros de Pessoal, uma fonte administrativa, referente ao ano 2012, e submete a um teste empírico os argumentos da teoria da segmentação em médias empresas em Portugal. Os resultados alcançados através da análise multivariada apontam para a presença de três tipos de empresas, os quais se designaram por "Competitivo", "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" e "Incentivo", de acordo com as suas características próprias. As empresas do cluster "Competitivo" caracterizam-se por salários baixos, com utilização acentuada de contratos flexíveis, empregando categorias vulneráveis de trabalhadores. As empresas que pertencem ao cluster "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" apresentam um salário hora acima da média do mercado de trabalho, revelando uma relação positiva entre a antiguidade e este fator, todavia também engloba empresas que recorrem com frequência à utilização de contratos flexíveis. Por último, as empresas do cluster "Incentivo" destacam-se por apresentar salários e prestações regulares elevadas, revelando estar consideravelmente acima do mercado de trabalho e não recorrendo com tanta frequência à utilização de contratos flexíveis. Os resultados obtidos revelam que existe uma segmentação no mercado de trabalho em Portugal, mas este não é dual. Esta evidência corrobora os resultados obtidos para as grandes empresas, revelando que não existem diferenças significativas entre empresas de média e grande dimensão.
This study aims to contribute to the debate on labour market flexibilization, demonstrating empirical evidence about the relation between the compensation policy and the contractual arrangements, which culminate in a greater labour market segmentation. This study uses data from Quadros de Pessoal, an administrative source, regarding the year of 2012, and submits to an empirical test the arguments of the theory of segmentation in medium-sized enterprises in Portugal. The results obtained through the multivariate analysis point out to the presence of three types of enterprises, which are known as "Competitivo", "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" and "Incentivo", according to their own characteristics. The enterprises in the cluster "Competitivo" are characterized by low wages, with a marked use of flexible contracts employing vulnerable categories of workers. The companies that belong to the cluster "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" have an hourly wage above the labour market, revealing a positive relation between the seniority and this factor however it also includes a group of companies that frequently use flexible contracts. Finally, the companies in the cluster "Incentivo" stand out for having high wages, as well as regular benefits, also revealing that they are considerably above the labour market and do not appeal so often to the use of flexible contracts. Thereby, the results prove that there is a segmentation in the labour market in Portugal, but this is not dual. This evidence is in line with the obtained results for large enterprises, revealing that there are no considerable differences between medium and large enterprises.

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42

Pisano, Gary Paul. "Innovation through markets, hierarchies, and joint ventures technology strategy and collaborative arrangements in the biotechnology industry /." 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31513187.html.

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43

Borutová, Denisa. "Využívání alternativních pracovních úvazků." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357850.

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This diploma thesis deals with use of alternative work arrangements. It introduces the topic of job flexibility and alternative work arrangements. It focuses mainly on the use of four main alternative work arrangements as provided by the International Labour Organization, which are: temporary employment, part-time work, temporary agency work and self-employment. The text compares data regarding these four alternative work arrangements in the European Union. The thesis also includes a qualitative research carried out in big organizations in Prague that assesses what forms of alternative work arrangements do they use, what are the reasons for opting for some of the alternative work arrangements in an organization and it identifies the most beneficial alternative work arrangements, applicant groups and job positions that the alternative work arrangements are used for the most. KEY WORDS labour market flexibility, non-standard employment, flexible working arrangements, temporary employment, part-time work, temporary agency work, self-employment

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44

Yang, Yongzheng. "The impact of the multifibre arrangement on world clothing and textile markets with special reference to China." Phd thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/128796.

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China's clothing and textile exports have grown rapidly since the mid-1970s. This brought China into the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) system in the late 1970s. While China benefited from the existence of MFA restrictions on other exporters in the 1970s, the MFA inflicted losses on China when the MFA restrictions became binding in the early 1980s. Simulations suggest that the MFA imposed a global welfare cost of over US$4 billion annually in the mid-1980s (an estimate which is smaller than most other contemporary estimates). Industrial and developing countries shared this loss equally. The welfare cost to China was moderate (US$l60 million a year) mainly because of its relatively small share in the world clothing and textile market. However, the MFA has become increasingly restrictive over time. The global welfare cost is growing at over 10 per cent per year, even without the increasing export volumes being taken into account. China is facing more rapid growth of restrictions than most other developing countries, and its welfare loss is growing at over 18 per cent per year, implying a doubling every four years. Thus, an early abolition of the MFA is highly desirable and necessary if its i~creasing costs are to be avoided. It is in China's interest to join a world effort to eliminate the MFA as soon as possible. The rising protection induced by the MFA also explains part of the commonly observed rapid increases in the prices of restricted exports, a phenomenon widely regarded as the outcome of MFA-induced upgrading and an offset to quota restraints. It seems that once this component of the price increases is taken into account, only limited relief on the increasing MFA cost can be expected from upgrading. For China and Hong Kong's exports to the EC, only about half of the China's clothing and textile exports have grown rapidly since the mid-1970s. This brought China into the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) system in the late 1970s. While China benefited from the existence of MFA restrictions on other exporters in the 1970s, the MFA inflicted losses on China when the MFA restrictions became binding in the early 1980s. Simulations suggest that the MFA imposed a global welfare cost of over US$4 billion annually in the mid-1980s (an estimate which is smaller than most other contemporary estimates). Industrial and developing countries shared this loss equally. The welfare cost to China was moderate (US$I60 million a year) mainly because of its relatively small share in the world clothing and textile market. However, the MFA has become increasingly restrictive over time. The global welfare cost is growing at over 10 per cent per year, even without the increasing export volumes being taken into account. China is facing more rapid growth of restrictions than most other developing countries, and its welfare loss is growing at over 18 per cent per year, implying a doubling every four years. Thus, an early abolition of the MFA is highly desirable and necessary if its i~creasing costs are to be avoided. It is in China's interest to join a world effort to eliminate the MFA as soon as possible. The rising protection induced by the MFA also explains part of the commonly observed rapid increases in the prices of restricted exports, a phenomenon widely regarded as the outcome of MFA-induced upgrading and an offset to quota restraints. It seems that once this component of the price increases is taken into account, only limited relief on the increasing MFA cost can be expected from upgrading. For China and Hong Kong's exports to the EC, only about half of the restricted product categories have showed any upgrading. Initial simulation results suggest that the trade and welfare effects of MFA-induced upgrading are small in comparison to the overall trade and welfare effects of the MFA. The impact of the MFA on China will depend on the future development of the Chinese economy. Economic reforms have stimulated China's clothing and textile exports, but supply constraints remain. Further reforms to the foreign trade system and to trade policies are necessary to increase the efficiency of China's clothing and textile production and exports. China's export prices of clothing and textiles are considerably lower than those of the newly industrialized economies (NIEs), particularly for clothing and synthetic textiles. Moving up-market while seeking diversification thus provides opportunities for further export expansion. This, however, poses serious challenges to China, given the current structure of production and trade and the problems facing the economy in general.

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45

Mao, Yen-Cheng, and 毛彥程. "The Necessity and Propriety of Defining Technology and Innovation Markets in the Analysis of Intellectual Property Licensing Arrangement." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09487783334620870999.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
95
Owing to the rapid development of industries, firms are now laying more emphasis on the importance of intellectual property strategies not only by taking active participation in innovation as well as research and design (R&D), but also by exploiting the intellectual property licensing in competition. Countries spur the industrial development and technology advancement with parallel approaches of intellectual property law and competition law in order to have strong international presence. The United States Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission established the concepts of “technology market” and “innovation market” so as to know the influence of licensing arrangements of intellectual property rights between firms on competition, especially in technology and innovation. This has also had an effect on our country and the European Union. This thesis aims to analyze concepts of technology market and innovation market in competition law, in regards of theoretical adequacies, the necessity of defining and analyzing, and the possibility to be defined. The preliminary conclusion is “technology market” should be drawn as the need to conduct independent definition and analysis upon investigation into the influence of licensing arrangements on competition. In point of fact technology market can be defined, and, if not taken into account, possible omission of certain licensing arrangements that have negative impact on competition may ensue from actuality. Yet nevertheless “innovation market” is not an appropriate concept for competition law. Not only it constitutes an imperfection on legal grounds, there is also the possibility of false judgment upon definition and analysis that leads to prohibition of licensing arrangements that do not have any anticompetitive effect. This thesis claims that by observing the technology market, understanding of firms’ innovation and R&D situation can be made. So is a profitable technology sure to draw active investments. Accordingly, the primary concern for antitrust agencies to prompt innovation and R&D is to protect the technology market and to eliminate entry barriers for such.

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46

Dias, Carolina Cravo. "Hidden costs of flexible work: Employers’ perception." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22181.

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Анотація:

In a context where labor flexibility is increasingly a choice for companies to reduce organizational costs and increase their competitiveness in the labor market, it is pertinent to study the nature of the motivations behind the use of FWA, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with these types of contract. This research, of a qualitative and exploratory nature, explores these dimensions by placing the employer at the center of the analysis, a poorly researched perspective. HR managers of companies in Portugal were interviewed (n=8). The empirical information, gathered from semi-directive interviews, suggested that the stable employment contract remains the most recurrent option, at about 77.5%. Flexible hiring, on the other hand, responds to the very particular needs of the company, namely changes in demand. Besides, the conversion of flexible contracts into stable ones appears, in some cases, as a reward for the good performance of the employees. Companies recognize the advantages of flexible contracts as well as some negative consequences. Although the recognition of hidden costs has not been explicit, there are indications of concerns such as workers' motivation. The results obtained may be useful for companies to consider their options as to the type of employment relationship they intend to implement, as well as to elucidate policymakers as to the factors that may influence companies' decisions. However, they should be analyzed with caution. The sample is small and includes only companies that have shown themselves to be available. Nevertheless, it opens space for future more extensive research.
Num contexto em que a flexibilidade laboral constitui, cada vez mais, uma escolha das empresas no sentido de diminuir os custos organizacionais e aumentar a sua competitividade no mercado de trabalho, revela-se pertinente estudar a natureza das motivações por detrás da utilização de contratos de trabalho flexíveis, bem como as vantagens e desvantagens associadas a estes tipos de contrato. Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, explora essas dimensões colocando o empregador no centro da análise, perspetiva escassamente investigada. Foram entrevistados gestores de RH de empresas em Portugal (n=8). A informação empírica, recolhida a partir de entrevistas semi-diretivas, sugeriu que o contrato de trabalho estável continua a ser a opção mais recorrente, em cerca de 77.5%. Já a contratação flexível responde a necessidades muito particulares da empresa, designadamente alterações na procura. Acresce que a transformação de contratos flexíveis para estáveis surge, em alguns casos, como recompensa do bom desempenho dos colaboradores. As empresas reconhecem vantagens dos contratos flexíveis, bem como algumas consequências negativas. Embora o reconhecimento de custos ocultos não tenha sido explícito, há indicações de preocupações como quanto à motivação dos trabalhadores. Os resultados obtidos podem ser úteis para as empresas equacionarem as suas opções quanto ao tipo de relação de emprego que pretendem implantar, bem como para elucidar os decisores políticos quanto aos fatores que podem influenciar as escolhas das empresas. Todavia, devem ser analisados com cautela. A amostra é pequena e inclui apenas empresas que se mostraram disponíveis. Apesar disso, abre espaço para futuras pesquisas mais abrangentes.

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