Книги: "Markers expression"

1

C, Strohman Richard, Wolf Stewart 1914-, and Muscular Dystrophy Association, eds. Gene expression in muscle. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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2

Romera, Magdalena. Discourse functional units: The expression of coherence relations in spoken Spanish. Muenchen: LINCOM, 2004.

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3

Takeo, Takeyama, ed. Messenger RNA research perspectives. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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4

Hellberg, Dan. Histological and serological tumor markers, and gene expression, and their clinical usefulness in cancers. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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5

Slack, Frank J. MicroRNAs in development and cancer. London: Imperial College Press, 2011.

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6

G, Harrigan George, and Goodacre Royston, eds. Metabolic profiling: Its role in biomarker discovery and gene function analysis. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

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7

Antoine, Joseph. Dictionnaire des marchés financiers: Plus de 2000 termes et expressions expliqués et traduits en cinq langues : anglais, allemand, espagnol, italien, néerlandais. Bruxelles: De Boeck, 2006.

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8

Antoine, Joseph. Dictionnaire des marchés financiers: Plus de 2000 termes et expressions expliqués et traduits en cinq langues : anglais, allemand, espagnol, italien, néerlandais. Bruxelles: De Boeck, 2005.

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9

Vian, Giovanni. Le pontificat romain dans l’époque contemporaine | The Papacy in the Contemporary Age. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-239-0.

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The volume, deepening specific aspects of the popes from Pius X to Francis, offers, overall, a historical reading of the papacy from the early twentieth century to the present. In this time – between uncertainties, resistances, cautious openings – the papacy realised the transition from intransigent Catholicism to dialogue with modernity and its most characteristic cultural, political and social expressions. In this regard, the presence of swings and retractions in the popes of the last decades are also an expression of the troubles that have marked the long and difficult coexistence between papacy, Roman Catholic Church and modernity, until pope Bergoglio’s new guidelines.

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10

Yeh, Edward. Development of green fluorescent protein as a vital marker and reporter of gene expression in drosophila. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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11

Expressing opinions in French and Australian English discourse: A semantic and interactional analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2010.

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12

The use of modal expression preference as a marker of style and attribution: The case of William Tyndale and the 1533 English Enchiridion Militis Christiani. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.

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13

Canon, Elizabeth Bell. The use of modal expression preference as a marker of style and attribution: The case of William Tyndale and the 1533 English Enchiridion Militis Christiani. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.

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14

An Army of Davids: How markets and technology empower ordinary people to beat big media, big government, and other Goliaths. Nashville, Tenn: Nelson Current, 2006.

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15

Malita, Laura, and Vanna Boffo, eds. Digital Storytelling for Employability. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-181-6.

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This publication results from the research work undertaken by the partner institutions involved in the KA3-ICT Project Transversal Lifelong Learning Programme, Learn about finding jobs from digital storytelling(143429-2008-LLP-RO-KA3-KA3MP), with the main purpose of enhancing graduates' employability possibilities. For graduating students looking for a job it is perhaps harder than ever to meet success on the job market. They must use every tool they know to express themselves and to reflect their knowledge, competences and skills. The book aims to explain the main aspects of using digital storytelling as a method for employability, career development, reflection, assessment, consultancy, presentation and communication. Through digital storytelling, students begin to comprehend how all the elements of writing a narrative work together and how to manipulate them for the best effects in readers and viewers. Also, sharing and evaluating digital stories among peers is an excellent way to foster self-expression and tolerance and to create an engaged community of learners.

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16

Said, Harun M., Adrian Staab, and Carsten Hagemann. Brain-Cancer Associated Tumor Marker Genes Expression Pattern in Humans. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2011.

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17

Hanash, S. Global Strategies for Disease Detection and Treatment (Disease Markers). Ios Pr Inc, 2002.

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18

A, Buckwalter Joseph, Lotz Martin, and Stoltz J. F, eds. Osteoarthritis, inflammation, and degradation: A continuum. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2007.

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19

R, Gallagher Sean, ed. GUS protocols: Using the GUS gene as a reporter of gene expression. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.

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20

Gallagher, Sean R. GUS Protocols: Using the GUS Gene As a Reporter of Gene Expression. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

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21

Prosodic Markers And Utterance Boundaries In American Sign Language Interpretation. Gallaudet University Press, 2009.

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22

Nicodemus, Brenda. Prosodic Markers and Utterance Boundaries in American Sign Language Interpretation. Gallaudet University Press, 2009.

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23

Nicodemus, Brenda. Prosodic Markers and Utterance Boundaries in American Sign Language Interpretation. Gallaudet University Press, 2017.

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24

Levine, Steven L. Induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450 expression in piscine species: Implications for biomarker determination and toxicant interactions. 1997.

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25

Pérez-Leroux, Ana T. The Expression of Genericity in Child Language. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.24.

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Generic expressions refer to species or kinds of objects, rather than individuals. As generics are encoded in various forms that also have other meanings, and differ across languages, children need to learn which morphosyntactic markers are compatible with generic interpretations. The evidence suggests that children do not need to actively learn generic meanings, but rather, they need to learn to restrict generic interpretations to specific forms of the target grammar. In spontaneous speech children use generic expressions appropriately, early and robustly. In comprehension, while initially overgeneralizing generic interpretations beyond target forms, children also demonstrate that they can exploit the complex relationships between sentence structure and generic meanings; and can integrate the relevant pragmatic and grammatical cues in understanding generic expressions.

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26

Suffredini, Anthony F., and J. Perren Cobb. Genetic and molecular expression patterns in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0031.

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Investigators who study RNA, proteins, or metabolites use analytic platforms that simultaneously measure changes in the relative abundance of thousands of molecules in a single biological sample. Over the last decade, the application of these high-throughput, genome-wide platforms to study critical illness and injury has generated huge quantities of data that require specialized computational skills for analysis. These investigations hold promise for improving our understanding of the host response, thereby transforming the practice of intensive care. This chapter summarizes recent technological and computational approaches used in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. While major advances have been made with these approaches when applied to chronic diseases, the acute nature of critical illness and injury has unique challenges. The rapidity of initiating events, the trajectory of inflammation that follows injury or infection and the interplay of host responses to a replicating infection, all have major effects on changes in gene and molecular expression. This complexity is further accentuated by measurement that may vary with the timing and type of tissue sampled after the critical event. In addition, the hunt for novel molecular markers holds promise for identifying patients at risk for severe illness and for enabling more individualized therapy.

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27

Mithun, Marianne. Modality and Mood in Iroquoian. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.12.

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This chapter focuses on languages that differ typologically from Western languages, those of the Iroquoian family. It deals with mood: the marking of “sentence types,” and the marking of (ir)realis, but its main concern is the more complex issue of the expression of modality. While most models of modality are based on languages with modal auxiliaries, Iroquoian languages lack auxiliaries, but they contain rich inventories of forms expressing traditional modality functions. First the semantic categories delimited by modality expressions are laid out. Next, pathways of formal development are traced, showing how the qualificational function of modality markers can drive prosodic, segmental, and syntactic changes. Finally, pathways of semantic development are investigated, illustrating that the changes undergone by Iroquoian modality markers are similar to, e.g., Germanic modal auxiliaries. Viewing modality as a set of distinctions conveyed by markers at varying stages of formal and functional development helps to explain the diversity we find.

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28

Slack, Frank J. Micrornas in Development and Cancer. Imperial College Press, 2010.

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29

Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis. Springer, 2011.

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30

(Editor), George G. Harrigan, and Royston Goodacre (Editor), eds. Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis. Springer, 2003.

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31

Harrigan, George G., and Royston Goodacre. Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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32

Harrigan, George G., and Royston Goodacre. Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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33

MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2010.

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34

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. ‘Me’, ‘us’, and ‘others’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0002.

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The Arawak language family is the largest in South America in terms of its geographical spread, with over forty extant languages. Arawak languages are spoken in at least ten locations north of the Amazon, and in at least ten south of it, and are structurally diverse. Across the family, the expression of first person is relatively consistent. This chapter starts with an overview of its marking and its meanings, with special focus on the emergence of inclusive/exclusive forms through language-internal resources and contact-induced change, followed by a case study of the means involved in the expression of first person, or ‘self’, and ‘other’ in Tariana, a well-documented Arawak language from the multilingual Vaupés River Basin linguistic area in northwest Amazonia. These involve person markers, exponents of future, and evidentiality (or grammatical expression of information source). Special narrative techniques and expression reveal the role of 'self' in Tariana verbal art.

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35

Pitzalis, Costantino, Frances Humby, and Michael P. Seed. Synovial pathology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0052.

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Synovial pathology is seen in a variety of disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE). This chapter highlights recent advances that characterize the cellular composition of these tissues according to surface markers and chemokine and cytokine expression, and describes synovial functional status and response to therapeutics. In RA, after initiation, pannus migrates over and under cartilage, and into subchondral bone, in a destructive process. Cartilage-pannus junction (CPJ) is characterized as invasive or 'quiescent' or 'indistinct'. Invasive CPJ can comprise macrophages, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), mast cells, and/or neutrophils. CPJ activity is related to the state of activation of the overlying subintima. Subintimal inflammation can be graded to a variety of degrees (I–IV) according to established criteria and is illustrated. In some RA synovia, cellular aggregates organize into ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) through the expression of lymphorganogenic signals, to exhibit T- or B-cell zones accompanied by dendritic cells and lymphangiogenesis. ELS synthesize rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACAP), considered to be indicative of aggressive disease. The selective cellular expression of macrophage and dendritic cell chemokines and cytokines such as TNF, GMCSF, TGFβ‎, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, and chemokines can be seen in synovia, to form a regulated and cooperative environment that sustains the cellular organization and pathological function. Important to this process are FLS and CD68+ macrophages. CD68 expression correlates with disease severity and can be useful as a surrogate marker of disease modifying activity of therapeutics, such as anti-TNF and anti-B-cell biologics.

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36

Staff, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Math Expressions: Mathboard Markers 10 Pack Red and Blue Grade 6. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2012.

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37

Klassen, Judith. The Politics of Pronunciation among German-Speaking Mennonites in Northern Mexico. Edited by Jonathan Dueck and Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.12.

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This chapter discusses the politics of language use in collective singing among conserving Mennonites in northern Mexico. The group migrated to Mexico from Canada to distance itself from the worldly influences of modern technologies and secular society in general. In the new environment the German language stands as a symbolic marker, distinguishing Mennonites from the wider society. The chapter shows how further in-group linguistic distinctions are marked through uses of High and Low German (drawing on the wider class associations of the two languages), in which a distinct “a” (pronounced “au”) from Low German is often employed in contexts of High German use. The chapter explores what happens when this distinctive pronunciation is used politically in collective song as an expression of defiance by individual singers and the tensions that result when collective song becomes a space for “phonological expressions of difference.”

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38

Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. The Human Peacock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 focuses on the human need for embellishment and artistic expression through song, dance, and music. Why do we do these things? Is it due to sexually selected behavioral traits, whereby those who stand out and flaunt their special qualities are selected as partners and thus further their genetic heritage because the artistic energy they exhibit is reliable evidence of fitness, which lets the world know that these are good, strong genes exactly like the peacock’s tail? Or is it, rather, that we must understand these exertions through their collective value as social markers that unite us and inform the world that we are dealing with a close-knit group united by a shared mind-set? None of these functions need be mutually exclusive.

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39

J. Grund, Peter, and Terry Walker, eds. Speech Representation in the History of English. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190918064.001.0001.

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This volume explores the speech representation of the past, comprising in-depth analyses of how speakers and writers mark, structure, and discuss a previous speech event or fictional speech in the history of English. Focusing on the Early Modern English and the Late Modern English periods, the chapters are concerned with topics such as parentheses as markers of represented speech, the development of BE like as a reporting expression, the gradual formation of free indirect speech reporting, and the interpersonal functions of represented speech. Various social contexts and genres are covered, including witness depositions, literary texts, letters, histories, and the spoken language of the recent past. The chapters draw on historical sociolinguistics, historical pragmatics, and corpus linguistics in showing a wide array of approaches to the study of speech representation in the history of English.

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40

Barclay, Jenifer L. Disability, Race, and Gender on the Stage in Antebellum America. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.21.

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Antebellum Americans confronted anxieties about many issues, such as industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, that found expression in blackface minstrelsy and freak shows. In these performances, racial fears, gender worries, and the insecurities of an emergent working class combined with the specter of disability to assuage the concerns of white, working-class audiences partly by reinforcing whiteness, masculinity, and nondisability as markers of citizenship. From the “laughable limp” of an elderly, enslaved groom who inspired Thomas “Daddy” Rice to craft his infamous Jim Crow character to displays of the supposedly 161-year-old disabled body of Joice Heth, minstrelsy and freak shows routinely conflated race, gender, and disability on the antebellum stage. This practice reached its pinnacle with Thomas “Japanese Tommy” Dilward, one of only two black men to perform in blackface before the Civil War.

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41

Perkins, Elizabeth C., Shaun P. Brothers, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Animal Models for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0024.

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Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide a wellspring of biological information about this complex condition by providing the opportunity to manipulate trauma exposure and measure biological outcomes in a systematic manner that is not possible in clinical studies. Symptoms of PTSD may be induced in animals by physical (immobilization, foot shock, underwater stress) and psychological stressors (exposure to predator, social defeat, early life trauma) or a combination of both. In addition, genetic, epigenetic and transgenic models have been created by breeding animals with a behavioral propensity for maladaptive stress response or by directly manipulating genes that have been implicated in PTSD. The effect of stressors in animals is measured by a variety of means, including observation of behavior, measurement of structural alterations in the brain and of physiological markers such as HPA axis activity and altered gene expression of central nervous system neurotransmitter system components including receptors. By comparing changes observed in stress exposed animals to humans with PTSD and by comparing animal response to treatments that are effective in humans, we can determine the validity of PTSD animal models. The identification of a reliable physiological marker of maladaptive stress response in animals as well as standard use of behavioral cutoff criteria are critical to the development of a valid animal model of PTSD.

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42

Murray, Sarah E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 provides an introduction to evidentiality, its expression across languages, and related notions, such as modality and (not‐)at‐issue content. Evidentiality is the encoding of source of information, which is grammatically marked in many languages. While every language could have a means of indicating source of information, of expressing evidentiality, not all languages have grammatical evidentials. Crosslinguistically, evidential systems can vary along several dimensions, including number of evidential distinctions, grammatical category, and whether or not evidentials are obligatory. This chapter lays out the background assumptions of the book as well as gives an overview of the literature and issues.

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43

Frederick, William C. Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0023.

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This article argues that prospects for corporate social responsibility (CSR) are anchored in its early beginnings, in its ever-expanding acceptance as a legitimate business practice, and in the looming necessities and crises spawned by unprecedented global expansion of economic enterprise. CSR is an idea whose time has arrived, not just in the United States but wherever markets and corporate enterprise comprise the foundation of a society's economic endeavors. Unevenly developed and experienced across the grand arc of 21st century societies, CSR is infiltrating into corporate consciousness and corporate culture, finds expression in the workplace, sparks stakeholder involvement, molds company strategy, enriches the quality of community life, broadens business vision, and seeks to humanize economic enterprise wherever it is found. A cardinal principle of CSR's spread throughout the globe is that each society and each business firm shall find its own unique way of expressing and realizing CSR's core meaning.

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44

Vajda, Edward J. Polysynthesis in Ket. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.49.

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The Ket language isolate of Central Siberia differs morphologically from the surrounding languages in having a strongly prefixing polysynthetic verb. Grammatical markers are interdigitated between lexical morphemes, creating a discontinuous stem based on a template of eight prefixal positions, a base position and a single suffix position expressing plural agreement with animate-class subjects. Finite verb forms distinguish past from non-past indicative, as well as an imperative form. Verbs are strictly transitive or intransitive and express person, number, and noun class agreement with the subject and direct object. Although the language has accusative alignment, with subjects marked differently than objects, much of the verb’s linear complexity derives from lexically conditioned agreement strategies. There are three productive transitive configurations of agreement markers, and five productive intransitive configurations. Noun incorporation is productive for only a small number of stems. Some Ket verbs incorporate their object, others their instrument, and others their unaccusative subject.

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45

Breitbarth, Anne, and Agnes Jäger. History of negation in High and Low German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0010.

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The expression of sentential negation follows Jespersen’s Cycle in the history of High and Low German, from a verbal clitic neg-particle (stage I) in the earliest stages of attestation via a bi-partite expression (stage II) to a free adverbial negator (stage III) in the present-day languages. Besides the expression of negation, also the interaction between sentential negation and indefinites in its scope changes, from the original verbal neg-particle co-occurring with n-free indefinites and the neg-particle co-occurring with neg-marked indefinites (Negative Concord) to neg-marked indefinites without a sentential negator, in the wake of the loss of the old neg-particle. Though these developments are largely similar, they happen at different speeds, and differ in points of detail.

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46

Dino, Nelson, Baharudin Arus, Lokman Abdul Samad, and Jul-Amin Ampang. Suluk Ukkil on the Barong Expressions, motifs and meanings. UMS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/sulukukkilnelsonums2021.

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With its origin dating back to as early as the 500 BC, the ukkil forms part of a centuries-old woodcarving art and tradition of the Suluk, one of the many indigenous ethnic groups of Nusantara (Southeast Asia). Suluk ukkil bears striking resemblance to the Malay ukir, both featuring similar patterns and motifs. The ukkil is often used to decorate jewellery, boats, houses, grave markers, and mosques. It is also used to decorate the hilts and sheaths of bladed weapons such as the barung. The barung refers to the thick, leaf-shaped sword of the Suluk. A barung with beautifully carved hilt and sheath, especially those using expensive wood, is considered high value and usually reserved for Suluk aristocrats. This book narrates the expressions, motifs and meanings behind ukkil carved on the barung. It is based on the results of a two-year field research conducted in different districts of Sabah. It presents data gathered through various interviews with owners, elders, and subject-matter experts. It also presents data from direct observations of heirloom barung that are still found in the hands of a few Suluk and individuals from other indigenous ethnic groups. It presents new insights from analysis made using the Theory of Iconology, a framework of analyzing art popularized by German art historian Erwin Panofsky. The predominant themes of ukkil found on ancient barung in Sabah are Islamic; zoomorphic such as birds, lizards, snakes, and squids; plantomorphic such as vines, flowers, and leaves; and cultural such as those depicting local myths, culture, values and traditions of the Suluk. Each of these images and themes represent realities that shaped the daily lives of the Suluk from the past until today, including the wind, the ocean waves and sea currents, all of which are essential for travel and navigation. They also depict concepts, beliefs and practices important to the Suluk such as freedom, livelihood, aristocracy, harmony within the community, leadership, spirituality, and Islamic principles. The Suluk are a sea-faring people who have a deep relationship with their immediate environment, especially the sea. Suluk carvers draw inspiration from nature, the environment around them, their local culture, their religious practices, and their own values and ideals in life. Both the ukkil and the barung are an embodiment of their rich past, their livelihood, creativity, their faith, their principles and their values in life. Sadly, the practice of ukkil-carving is fast declining nowadays, with only very few practitioners left and so few individuals interested in learning about it. The barung too, where the ukkil is often carved on, is no longer being produced in large numbers. As the ukkil, like all forms of art, constitute an integral part of a nation’s culture and identity, it is important for it to be understood, preserved, and protected. This book provides fresh knowledge and insights that will help the Suluk and other indigenous tribes of Malaysia and Nusantara in the understanding and preservation of the ukkil as an essential aspect of their country’s or their region’s culture and heritage. This book offers historical background that will help explain the identity of the Suluk as a culturally and artistically advanced people with deep interconnection with other indigenous ethnic groups in Malaysia and the rest of Nusantara as early as the pre-colonial period. Knowledge about the ukkil can help people connect and correct their thoughts about the Suluk while at the same time promote cultural awareness and diversity among Malaysians and other people in Southeast Asia. This book will hopefully pave the way for more research to be done on the arts and culture, not just of the Suluk but also of other indigenous ethnic groups in the region as well. That knowledge will serve as a medium for keeping harmony and cultural links among each and every Malaysian and Nusantaran.

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47

Handa, Shivalika. Investigating smooth muscle cell marker gene expression in distinct regions of the mouse aorta during early atherosclerosis by microdissection and mRNA analysis. 2006.

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48

Myrberg, Sara, and Tomas Riad. On the Expression of Focus in the Metrical Grid and in the Prosodic Hierarchy. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.41.

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Анотація:

This chapter examines the phonological correlates of information structural focus in the metrical grid and in the prosodic hierarchy, with emphasis on how they cooperate to express focus in simple cases but seem to conflict in more complex cases. Two Germanic languages, English and Swedish, are compared to highlight the implications of so-called nested foci and Second Occurrence Focus (SOF) with respect to how the metrical grid and the prosodic hierarchy interact in phonology. After providing an overview of metrical grid and prosodic hierarchy, a short description of Swedish intonation is given. The chapter then considers nested foci and SOF. It offers some predictions for Swedish of the constraint STRESSFOCUS, which does not specify what the correlation between metrical grid marks and heads of the prosodic hierarchy should be in the case of focus. It suggests that focus is expressed in a more categorical fashion in Swedish than in English.

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49

Hurtado, Jimena. Citizens, Markets and Social Order: An Aristotelian Reading of Smith and Rousseau on Justice. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0011.

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Justice is the corner stone of society; but not any justice. Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau differ on the type of justice needed to guarantee a well-ordered and prosperous society. There are different types of justice that regulate different kinds and levels of social interactions. Some involve our direct relationships with our fellow-beings others our relationship with the law as the expression of our will as citizens. This chapter uses Aristotle’s understanding of justice in the city to assess the differences in the types of justice Smith and Rousseau consider fundamental for society. Through this lens it is possible to understand the difference between commutative justice, which Smith rendered the building block of society, and universal justice, which Rousseau considered the backbone of the society of the general will. This difference furthers our understanding of the coincidences and differences in their appraisal of commercial society.

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50

Bonds, Mark Evan. The Beethoven Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190068479.001.0001.

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The “Beethoven syndrome” is the inclination of listeners to hear music as the projection of a composer’s inner self. Beethoven’s music was a catalyst for this change, but only in retrospect, for it was not until after his death that listeners began to hear composers in general—not just Beethoven—in their works, particularly in their instrumental music. The Beethoven Syndrome: Hearing Music as Autobiography traces the rise, fall, and persistence of this mode of listening from the middle of the eighteenth century to the present. Prior to 1830, composers and audiences alike operated within a framework of rhetoric, in which the burden of intelligibility lay squarely on the composer, whose task it was to move listeners in a calculated way. Expression was thought of as an objective construct with a purpose. But through a confluence of musical, philosophical, social, and economic changes, the framework of rhetoric gave way to a framework of hermeneutics. Under the paradigm of expressive subjectivity, concert-goers no longer perceived composers as orators but as oracles to be deciphered. The aesthetics of “New Objectivity” around 1920 marked a return not only to certain stylistic features of eighteenth-century music but to the earlier concept of expression itself. Objectivity would go on to become the cornerstone of the high-modernist aesthetic that dominated the century’s middle decades. Perceptions of compositional subjectivity have nevertheless endured in surprising ways, and we find ourselves today in an era of dual and often conflicting paradigms.

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