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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

CHIDAMBARAN IYER, G. "WAGE SPILLOVERS IN INDIAN MANUFACTURING." Singapore Economic Review 57, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500063.

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Анотація:

The presence of foreign firms might lead to movement of skilled labor from domestic firms. To prevent such movement, domestic firms could increase their wages. Also, productivity spillovers from foreign firms may increase the productivity of domestic firms and possibly the wages given in domestic firms. In this paper, we try to answer whether the wages offered by domestic firms to their labor is affected by the presence of foreign firms. We carry out our analysis for an unbalanced firm-level panel dataset for 6 two-digit industries in Indian manufacturing. We find some evidence for positive wage spillover in three industries.

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2

Samimi, Ahmad Jafari. "Efficiency Wage Hypothesis: The Case Study of Iran's Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 1, no. 5 (June 15, 2011): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v1i5.640.

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The purpose of this paper is to test the efficiency wage hypothesis for Iran's manufacturing industries at the 4-digit aggregation level of ISIC classification, during 2001-2006. According to the efficiency wage hypothesis, it is logical for some firms to pay wages that are above the market wage. In some cases the mere fact that workers are paid more can make them more productive. In other words, efficiency wages would increase productivity and there is positive relationship between wages and productivity. In this paper, panel data technique has employed to examine the mentioned hypothesis. However, the obtained results contradict the efficiency wage hypothesis for Iran's manufacturing industries. In other words, according to this result, higher wages lead to less efficient performance by the workers of Iran's manufacturing industries.

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3

Gaston, Noel, and Daniel Trefler. "Protection, Trade, and Wages: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing." ILR Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 574–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700404.

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This paper investigates the effects of international trade policy on wages in U.S. manufacturing industries in 1983. The data set combines micro labor market data with comprehensive data on tariffs and nontariff trade barriers such as quotas and antidumping duties. The authors find that workers in unprotected, export-oriented industries had higher wages than workers with similar observable characteristics in protected, import-competing industries; more specifically, exports had a positive wage effect and imports had a smaller negative wage effect. Other findings are that nontariff barriers had no significant effect on wages, and tariffs appear to have had a large negative wage effect, even after the authors control for the trade protection received by low-wage industries.

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4

A. Burki, Abid. "Efficiency Wages in Pakistan's Small Scale Manufacturing." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1999.v4.i1.a1.

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This paper investigates wage differentials between workers in subcontracting and non-subcontracting firms, using data from a recent survey of small manufacturing firms in Gujranwala, Pakistan. The paper finds that subcontracting workers receive a high wage premium and invokes efficiency wage arguments to explain this differential. The paper argues that due to a client/vendor monitoring problem it is optimal for subcontracting firms to pay higher than the market clearing wages. The use of Heckman's two stage procedure to test for sample selection bias fails to give such evidence. A decomposition of the wage differentials indicates that endowment differentials partly explain higher wages for subcontracting workers while the bulk of this wage gap is explained by differential returns to workers' attributes.

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5

CHUA, SIN-CHET, YUN-WEN LIM, TENG-TENG TER, and SOON-BENG CHEW. "EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY: EVIDENCE FOR SINGAPORE MANUFACTURING SECTOR." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500210.

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This paper attempts to test whether there is econometric evidence in support of the efficiency wage theory in Singapore's manufacturing sector. Two of the possible ways to account for efficiency wages are to show that higher wages have resulted in reduced shirking by workers, and to show that higher wages have resulted in an increase in worker productivity. We find evidence in support of efficiency wages for three out of 18 industries within the manufacturing sector in Singapore based on both ordinary least square (OLS) and 2SLS regression results, and for another two industries based only on OLS and yet another two industries based only on 2SLS.

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6

Nisa, Qamer un, Jabbar Ul Haq, and Nazia Nazeer. "FDI and Wage Nexus: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(vii-ii).13.

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Анотація:

Foreign capital inflows resulted in overall economic growth in many countries, but there are many concerns about its distributive effects,especially on fluctuating wages, which are still being investigated. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic industry wages using micro-level data from Pakistan from 1996-97 to 2007-08. Foreign firms are expected to pay higher wages than that domestic firms in order to attract more labor; thus, if foreign and domestic firms compete in the same labor market, domestic firms would pay higher wages to recruit jobs, resulting in rising average domestic industry wages. The empirical analysis also shows that in Pakistan, FDI inflows raise industry wage premiums.The findings of the study are robust by the inclusion of various globalization and sector-related variables. To reap higher wages, Pakistan's government should promote FDI at the industry level.

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7

Petrovskaya, N. E. "Wages in the U.S. Manufacturing industry." Upravlenie 7, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-2-95-103.

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Based on data from official American statistics, the issue of wages in the United States of America manufacturing industry has been considered. This study is an important area of study of modern social and economic problems of the United States. Manufacturing plays an important role in the economy of the US, because it creates a material basis for all other industries. The trends and problems in this area have been revealed in the article. For a comprehensive analysis a systematic approach, economic-statistical and logical research methods have been used in the paper. A comprehensive study of wages in the most important sectors of the national economy has been carried out, based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Separate attention has been paid to the category of “production workers”, whose share is about 70%. The statistical data on the average annual wage of production workers by industry according to the NAICS have been adduced. The significance of the manufacturing industry in creating, maintaining and returning jobs for the US economy has been shown.The difference in wages depending on the level of education, work experience and profession has been analyzed. The data on the highest paid industrial professions have been adduced. The uneven distribution of the manufacturing industry by states has been shown. It has been noted, that the reduction in the coverage of the trade union movement of American workers is another factor, affecting the level of wages. The correlation between production volume and Gini Coefficient in the USA in the period from 1947 to 2014 has been presented in the article. It has been noticed, that the growth of inequality in the US income and the decline of the manufacturing industry are interrelated.

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8

Villanueva, Luis. "Are manufacturing workers benefiting from trade? The case of Mexico’s manufacturing sector." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2016-0048.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the distributive implications of trade by studying how manufacturing workers’ relative earnings and employment have changed in post–North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico (1995-2011). Design/methodology/approach Input–Output analysis and inequality analysis were combined to reveal the empirical relationship between trade, wage inequality and employment in the manufacturing sector in post-NAFTA Mexico. Findings The results reveal that the manufacturing sectors that produce for the export market tend to pay among the lowest wages and yet employ around half of the manufacturing working population; wages in labor-intensive sectors have not been increasing, while wage inequality has been rising; and employment creation due to trade is not always positive and sustained, hence does not seem to be a stable source of jobs. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings. Originality/value The main focus of the existing literature has been to explain the disconnection between trade and growth. This paper shifts the focus towards the distributive dimension of trade (rather than growth) by focusing on how manufacturing workers' relative earnings and employment have changed in post-NAFTA Mexico (1995-2011). Hence it attempts to contribute to the existing literature on the distributive implications of trade.

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9

López V, Antonia, and Julio López Gallardo. "Manufacturing real wages in Mexico." Revista de Economia Política 26, no. 3 (September 2006): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31572006000300008.

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10

Pencavel, John. "Real Wage Index Numbers." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.565.

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Real wage index numbers have been used to measure movements in the standard of living of the typical worker. This paper describes some of these indicators for the United States and England. A new real wage index is proposed that resembles the sliding scale used to adjust wages in certain industries years ago. This new index is applied to US manufacturing industry and it implies a fall in real wages by about 40 percent since 1960. Workers' distributional position in US manufacturing has deteriorated considerably.

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11

Endoh, Masahiro. "The Effect of Import Competition on Wages in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 1 (February 2018): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00585.

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Анотація:

This study estimates the effect of import competition in the final goods market on workers’ wages in the Japanese manufacturing sector by constructing a panel of matched worker–firm data for 1998–2013 wages. The baseline results show that import competition does not decrease unskilled workers’ wages and increases the skill premia of workers with college degrees or those in managerial and professional positions. Large firms and firms with low productivity also increased their wage premia through import competition, but the degree of increase due to firm-level factors is much smaller than that due to factors related to workers’ skill.

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12

Sarkar, Santanu. "Towards a Model of Contractualisation of Labour in India: Testing the Effect of Unionisation of Regular Workers and the Wage Gap." NHRD Network Journal 16, no. 1 (January 2023): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26314541221134862.

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Анотація:

When manufacturing firms employed labour on a low-wage contract in big numbers during the post-reform in India, the demand for cheap contract labourers increased and contract labourers were prepared to work for lower wages as they were not unionised and could not bargain for higher wages. So, have regular workers tried to organise their contractual counterparts so that latter could negotiate higher wages? By helping contract labourers, have regular workers lost the premium wages that they were able to negotiate? In this article, I used wages of regular workers and contract labourers and the wage gap between the two groups to come up with a framework for understanding why contract labourers continued to help firms in India’s manufacturing sector as well by not moving the elasticity of labour demand and demand of substitution of labour upward concerning all other inputs to the production during the post-liberalisation era. I posit four different scenarios to speculate how improved labour flexibility made one of the two sections of workers prosper at the cost of the other section’s hardships.

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13

Jain, Hansa. "Wage–Productivity Relationship in Indian Manufacturing Industries: Evidences from State-level Panel Data." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 13, no. 3 (August 2019): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801019841258.

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Анотація:

Indian manufacturing industries have experienced the major effects of economic reforms. Since the effect of any policy is ultimately transferred to workers, this article is an attempt to determine the extent to which labour productivity and wages are inter-related in manufacturing industries. The study uses state-level panel data of manufacturing industries and empirically tests the relevance of marginal productivity theory of wages and efficiency wage theory. After confirming the stationarity of the series, various empirical tests such as cointegration, vector error correction mechanism and Granger causality are applied to check the long-run equilibrium relationship between wage growth and productivity growth. The study finds a divergence between wages and productivity in India as well as in the states. The empirical analysis confirms the existence of long-run relationship between the two variables and finds efficiency wage theory to be more appropriate as its long-term disequilibrium correcting process is quicker as compared to the marginal productivity theory. The study suggests for having a skill intensity matching with capital intensity. Appropriate level of skill and training among the workers will, on the one hand, increase their bargaining strength for more compensation, and on the other hand, will encourage them to produce more. JEL: J31, J24, O30, F66, L66

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14

Nymoen, Ragnar. "Finnish manufacturing wages 1960–1987: Real-wage flexibility and hysteresis." Journal of Policy Modeling 14, no. 4 (August 1992): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(92)90015-5.

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15

Blanchflower, David. "Wages and concentration in British manufacturing." Applied Economics 18, no. 9 (September 1986): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036848600000058.

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16

Miller, Edward M. "Manufacturing wages by size of firm." Economics Letters 19, no. 1 (January 1985): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90110-7.

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17

Mendoza Cota, Jorge Eduardo. "US manufacturing imports from China and employment in the Mexican manufacturing sector." Cuadernos de Economía 35, no. 69 (September 1, 2016): 583–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v35n69.46902.

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Since 2001 the Mexican manufacturing sector has experienced a reduced rate of growth. This study estimates the impact of US and Chinese industrial activity on the demand for labor in the sector. A time series cointegration model is developed using data on industrial activity, Chinese exports, wages and the peso: dollar exchange rate. The results show that exports from China to the USA and manufacturing wages have both affected labor demand negatively, while factors such as US industrial production and the exchange rate encourage manufacturing activity.

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18

Hartato, Hartato. "The Analysis of Vertical Mismatch and Manufacturing Labor Wage by Using Cramer's V Method." Jurnal Public Policy 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v6i1.1564.

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As the leading sector of the national economy through its contribution, the manufacturing industry sector in Indonesia was precisely filled with the dominance of vertical mismatch or mismatch between education levels and types of work based on the 2015 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas). The negative effects of vertical mismatch have an impact on the low wages earned by labor because investment at the education level is not maximally used when working. This paper aims to study the tendency of vertical mismatch to labor wages in the manufacturing industry sector by training, education level, region, & generation using descriptive analysis methods (crosstabulation & graphics) and Cramer's V to see the correlation with August 2015 Sakernas data. The results of research with the total sample of 1,259 workers shows that vertical mismatch is significantly related to labor wage with the tendency of workers who are overqualified to face low wages. In addition, overqualified workers occur in all regions of Indonesia with the characteristics of younger generations and Diploma IV / S1 graduates. The conclusion of this paper is that industrial labors in Indonesia are still classified as overqualified and experience low wages. The efforts that need to be done are improving the skills of workers through training so as to have a positive effect on mismatch workers to obtain higher wages.

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19

Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan, Ilmiawan Auwalin, and Anis Chowdhury. "Revitalising Indonesia’s Manufacturing." European Journal of East Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (2017): 124–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01601003.

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Анотація:

In light of the continuing importance, but declining dynamism, of the manufacturing sector, this paper investigates trends in productivity at firm levels. It finds that labour productivity has been either stagnant or falling in labour-intensive manufacturing. The paper uses firm level cross-sectional and time series data and employs GMM techniques to estimate determinants of productivity. It finds that real wage is the most important variable that influences firm level productivity, followed by capital intensity. Contrary to the common perception, foreign ownership and export orientation are not found to have statistically significant influence on firm level productivity. This finding is consistent for firms of all sizes—large, medium, small and micro. This implies that Indonesia can use wages policy, as Singapore did during the late 1970s to mid-1980s, to upgrade its manufacturing to higher value-added activities.

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20

Yasin, Mohammad Zeqi, Miguel Angel Esquivias, and Nur Arifin. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND WAGE SPILLOVERS IN THE INDONESIAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 25 (March 24, 2022): 125–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v25i0.1821.

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Анотація:

We examine whether foreign direct investment (FDI) influences wage spillover in the manufacturing sector in Indonesia from the perspective of three recipients (dimensions): industry, province, and technology intensity. Annual data of Indonesian manufacturing firms from 2011 to 2015 is employed. Using the Fixed Effect Model, we found the spatial (province) dimension to matter the most as it consistently indicates that inward FDI depresses wages in the recipient province. When we split the observation based on firm size, FDI inflows within the same technological intensive subsectors were found to discourage wages. Only FDI inflows within the host industries support higher salaries for smaller domestic firms. The coordination between central and local governments remains essential to ensure that local companies are sufficiently competitive with foreign companies.

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21

ATACK, JEREMY, FRED BATEMAN, and ROBERT A. MARGO. "Skill Intensity and Rising Wage Dispersion in Nineteenth-Century American Manufacturing." Journal of Economic History 64, no. 1 (March 2004): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704002645.

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We study the correlates of the monthly establishment wage—the average monthly wage at the establishment level—and changes in wage dispersion between plants using a model of manufacturing developed by Goldin and Katz and data from manuscript censuses of manufacturing. We find that wages were decreasing in establishment size, but increasing in capital intensity and use of steam power. We also find an increase in inequality in the establishment wage between 1850 and 1880. Most of the increase occurred below the median wage and can be attributed, in part, to the growing concentration of employment in large establishments.

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22

Fafchamps, Marcel, and Måns Söderbom. "Wages and Labor Management in African Manufacturing." Journal of Human Resources XLI, no. 2 (2006): 356–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xli.2.356.

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23

Panferova, Liya V., and Nataliia G. Borisova. "Analysis of the Manufacturing Business Wages Market." Вестник ИПБ (Вестник профессиональных бухгалтеров), no. 3 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51760/2308-9407_2021_3_23.

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24

Martínez-Ros, Ester. "Wages and innovations in Spanish manufacturing firms." Applied Economics 33, no. 1 (January 15, 2001): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840150203251.

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25

Laaksonen, Seppo, and Jari Vainiomaki. "Technology Effects on Wages in Finnish Manufacturing." Labour 15, no. 2 (June 2001): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00166.

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26

Mawejje, Joseph, and Ibrahim Mike Okumu. "Wages and Labour Productivity in African Manufacturing." African Development Review 30, no. 4 (December 2018): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12346.

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27

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Wages in the Manufacturing Sector and Remittances Outflows from High-Income Countries." Remittances Review 6, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v6i2.1659.

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Анотація:

This paper has investigated the effect of wages in the manufacturing sector on remittances outflows from High-Income Countries (HICs). The main theoretical hypothesis of the analysis is that changes in the wages in the manufacturing sector in HICs would affect wages in other sectors of the economy, and hence the amounts of remittances sent by migrants residing in these countries. The study has been performed on a set of 47 HICs, of which 22 old-industrialized countries, and uses both the fixed effects approach as well as the Least Squares Dummy Variables Corrected (LSDVC) estimator. Results have suggested for the full sample, that an increase in the real wages in the manufacturing sector is associated with higher remittances outflows. Interestingly, the magnitude of this positive effect is higher for remittances sent from old-industrialized countries than for remittances sent from other HICs. Moreover, the analysis has revealed that the magnitude of the positive remittances outflows effect of wages in the manufacturing sector increases as this sector expands, that is, as manufacturing export values increase. An important implication of the analysis is that by lowering wages both in the manufacturing sector and in other sectors of the economy, the shrinking of the manufacturing sector in HICs is likely to reduce the income of migrants residing in these countries and consequently lead to lower remittances outflows. The decline in the remittances outflows would severely affect the ability of receiving countries (i.e., developing countries) to tap on this important source of financial flows to finance their development.

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28

Silva-Jr, Gilson Geraldino. "Market structure effects on wages in the Brazilian industrial firms." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 41, no. 3 (September 2011): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612011000300001.

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Анотація:

In this paper we analyze market structure effects on wage in the Brazilian manufacturing sector between 1998 and 2005. Our comprehensive linked employer-employee data has observation at firm and worker data level, as market share, wages and skills. We also control potential endogeneity through a quasi-natural experiment. There are few empirical studies analyzing market structure effects on wages at firm level. As far we know it is the first study in this subject for Brazilian Industrial firms.

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29

Allen, Steven G. "Updated Notes on the Interindustry Wage Structure, 1890–1990." ILR Review 48, no. 2 (January 1995): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800207.

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The author documents and analyzes changes in wage structure across manufacturing industries over the years 1890–1990. Interindustry differentials in wages were highly stable over that period for production workers, but much less stable for nonproduction workers. Interindustry wage patterns were very similar for production and nonproduction workers in 1990, though this similarity dates back only to 1958. Although dispersion of wages across industries followed varying trends over the period, it was higher in 1990 than at any previous time in this century. The variables that have been most strongly correlated with wage growth are productivity growth, rising union density, rising capital intensity, and profit growth.

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30

Alakbarov, E. E., and A. G. Suleymanova. "The interconnection between labour productivity and real wages in Azerbaijan." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 3(19) (2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-3-04.

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Анотація:

The presented article analyses the interconnection between real wages and labor productivity in Azerbaijan in 19 types of economic activity, as well as in the sub-sectors of the manufacturing in the period of 2010–2019. In general, the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the economy, including mining, construction, professional scientific and technical activities, and entertainment and recreation activities (2010–2019) was negative. The average growth rate of real wages was negative in the construction and activities of administrative and support services. Simultaneously, the average annual growth rates of real wages were compared with labor productivity, and it was determined that the growth rate of labor productivity is approximately proportional to the growth rate of real wages. However, in 2019 real wages exceeded labor productivity which was due to the simultaneous increase in the minimum wage of the country in 2019.

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31

Alakbarov, E. E., and A. G. Suleymanova. "The interconnection between labour productivity and real wages in Azerbaijan." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 3(19) (2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-3-04.

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Анотація:

The presented article analyses the interconnection between real wages and labor productivity in Azerbaijan in 19 types of economic activity, as well as in the sub-sectors of the manufacturing in the period of 2010–2019. In general, the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the economy, including mining, construction, professional scientific and technical activities, and entertainment and recreation activities (2010–2019) was negative. The average growth rate of real wages was negative in the construction and activities of administrative and support services. Simultaneously, the average annual growth rates of real wages were compared with labor productivity, and it was determined that the growth rate of labor productivity is approximately proportional to the growth rate of real wages. However, in 2019 real wages exceeded labor productivity which was due to the simultaneous increase in the minimum wage of the country in 2019.

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32

Ferens, Ewa. "LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAGES AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN POLAND." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.4.42.

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Анотація:

This paper investigates the long-term relationship between labour productivity and real wages in agricultural and manufacturing sector in Poland in the years 1991–2016. In order to establish the long-run dynamics, autoregressive distributed lag framework (ARDL) is applied. Long run causality running from labour productivity to wages in both sectors is confirmed. The yearly speed of adjustment following change in labour productivity is smaller in agricultural than in manufacturing sector and amounts 24 and 37% respectively. Increase of 1% in labour productivity leads to 0.4% higher wages in agriculture, and to 0.64% higher wages in manufacture.

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33

Chari, Anusha, Peter Blair Henry, and Diego Sasson. "Capital Market Integration and Wages." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 102–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.2.102.

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For three years after the typical emerging economy opens its stock market to inflows of foreign capital, the average annual growth rate of the real wage in the manufacturing sector increases by a factor of three. No such increase occurs in a control group of countries that do not liberalize. The temporary increase in wage growth drives up the level of the average worker's annual compensation by US $487—an increase equal to nearly one-fifth of their annual pre-liberalization salary. Overall, the results suggest that trade in capital may have a larger impact on wages than trade in goods. (JEL E25, E44, F16, F43, G18, O16)

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34

Bayard, Kimberly, Tomaz Cajner, Vivi Gregorich, and Maria D. Tito. "Are Manufacturing Jobs Still Good Jobs? An Exploration of the Manufacturing Wage Premium." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022, no. 010 (March 18, 2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.011.

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This paper explores the factors behind differences in wages between manufacturing and other sectors. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that the manufacturing wage premium—the additional pay a manufacturing worker earns relative to a comparable nonmanufacturing worker—disappeared in recent years and that the erosion of the premium has primarily affected workers employed in production occupations, who experienced a wage decline of 2.5 percentage points since the 1990s relative to other workers in production occupations. While the demographic composition and other worker observables introduce level differences in manufacturing premia, our analysis suggests that they are not responsible for the declining trends. A decomposition of the premium by union membership status reveals that declines have been substantially larger across union members. To quantify the role of unionization membership on wage premia, we exploit the heterogeneity in membership status across industries within manufacturing. We find that the decline in union membership explains more than 70 percent of the decline in premia since the 1990s for union members, but the declines in unionization rates have not significantly affected non-union premia, which have instead responded to other factors, such as capital intensity. Our findings suggest that the erosion of “good” manufacturing jobs has contributed to the increase in overall wage inequality and could accelerate the decline of the manufacturing sector.

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35

Ray, George F. "International Labour Costs in Manufacturing, 1960-88." National Institute Economic Review 132 (May 1990): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019013200106.

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Comparative labour costs in the manufacturing industries have been analysed in four previous issues of this Review based on surveys of labour costs published by the Swedish Employers' Confederation. These contain time series of wages for time worked, social charges and total labour costs in manufacturing for most OECD countries and convert them into a common currency. Although no allowance is made for the different purchasing power of the wages paid (‘PPPs’) the comparison is useful since the products of the industries of various countries compete on international markets on the basis of current exchange rates.

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36

Frías, Judith A., David S. Kaplan, and Eric Verhoogen. "Exports and Within-Plant Wage Distributions: Evidence from Mexico." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.435.

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This short paper examines the effect of exporting on within-plant wage distributions in employer-employee data on Mexican manufacturing plants. Using the late-1994 peso devaluation interacted with initial plant size as a source of exogenous variation in exporting and focusing on wages at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles within each plant, we document three patterns: (1) there is no evidence of an effect of exporting on wages at the 10th percentile; (2) the wage effects of exporting are larger at higher percentiles, up to the 75th; and (3) there is no evidence of an increase in dispersion within the top quartile.

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37

Mulangu, Francis. "Exports, Price Transmission, and Wage Inequality: Evidence Using the Case of the Impact of AGOA in Ghanaian Manufacturing Firms." Journal of African Development 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.17.1.0045.

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The paper presents evidence of the relationship between exports and wage inequality using manufacturing firm-level data from Ghana. After contextualizing the Ghanaian manufacture sector a dynamic difference-indifferences model was used to compare exporting firms to matched non-exporting ones before and after the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) was enacted. Robustness tests were used to verify if the estimated export premium is associated with AGOA. After estimating the heterogeneous change in wages associated with the export premium, the paper finds that exporting per se may not necessarily lead to wage inequality, but the mechanism by which export premium is transmitted to workers and this mechanism has primarily benefited unskilled male workers with relatively lower pre-AGOA wages working in smaller firms.

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38

Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.

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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.

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39

Mahdalena, Mahdalena, and Ruddy Syafrudin. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Sektor Pertambangan Kecamatan Batulicin." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 5, no. 2 (November 24, 2022): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v5i2.6951.

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This research was conducted to determine: (1) The effect of wages on labor absorption in the coal mining sector in Batulicin District. (2) The effect of production on labor absorption in the Coal Mining sector in Batulicin District. (3) The effect of investment on labor absorption in the Coal Mining sector in Batulicin District. This study uses secondary data related to Production, Investment and Wages, data collection techniques using document data, total sampling techniques from secondary data. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis, F test and T test. The results obtained in this study indicate that production has a significant and positive effect on labor absorption in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Investment has a significant and positive effect on employment in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Wages do not have a significant effect and are negatively related to the absorption of labor in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Production, investment and wages, simultaneously have in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019.

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40

HUANG, LI-HSUAN, and HSIN-YI HUANG. "REAL WAGE STAGNANCY: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 02 (April 3, 2017): 485–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816500417.

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This study examines how and why the gap between economic growth and real wage growth in Taiwan is widening, a phenomenon that contrasts sharply with South Korea, which has a similar industrial structure to that of Taiwan. We empirically demonstrate that, despite the continued growth of labor productivity, the benefits from economic growth allocated to workers have been falling, and that this process has accelerated following the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The labor market institutional effect contributed partially to the problem. Workers’ purchasing power, measured by the real consumption wage rate, has been declining for a relatively long period, implying significant deterioration of terms-of-trade, and cutting real wage growth by as much as 2.23% per year. The terms-of-trade effect is particularly prominent in the manufacturing sector, which is highly export-oriented. Moreover, we found cash wages to be very sensitive to the rise in the rate of unemployment, and to the changes in output performance of the industry in which the workers are employed. The latter factor significantly reduced the cash wages paid to workers in the manufacturing sector, which highlighted the waning of workers’ bargaining power regarding wages, as well as the negative impact of globalization on the labor market. We therefore conclude that the deterioration of terms-of-trade, increases in the aggregate unemployment rate, the adverse globalization effect and the institutional effect might be the main driving forces for real wage stagnancy in Taiwan.

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41

Brown, Clair, and Ben Campbell. "Technical Change, Wages, and Employment in Semiconductor Manufacturing." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54, no. 2A (March 2001): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696103.

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42

WATANABE, Atsushi, and Ryohei NAKAMURA. "Regional Economic Potentials and Wages of Manufacturing Industries." Studies in Regional Science 46, no. 1 (2016): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.46.63.

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43

Gaston, Noel, and Daniel Trefler. "Protection, Trade, and Wages: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524659.

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44

Hamulczuk, Mariusz, and Jakub Kraciuk. "Offshoring and wages: Evidence from EU manufacturing industries." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 63, no. 7 (2019): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2019.7.04.

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45

Brown, Clair, and Ben Campbell. "Technical Change, Wages, and Employment in Semiconductor Manufacturing." ILR Review 54, no. 2A (March 2001): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105400224.

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46

Hoare, Tony. "The geography of (manufacturing) wages in New Zealand." New Zealand Geographer 42, no. 2 (October 1986): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.1986.tb01086.x.

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47

Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Avik Chakrabarti. "Import competition, employment and wages in U.S. manufacturing." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 9 (December 2003): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2003.03.001.

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48

KOSTEAS, VASILIOS D. "Manufacturing Wages and Imports: Evidence from the NLSY." Economica 75, no. 298 (May 2008): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00591.x.

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49

Oh, Jong-seok, Sunghwan Min, and Sungwook Hong. "Relationship between Korean Manufacturing Wages and Labor Productivity." Korean Development Economics Association 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20464/kdea.2019.25.3.2.

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50

Bilquees, Faiz. "Trends in Intersectoral Wages in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.1243-1253.

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Анотація:

In Pakistan intersectoral wage trends have been analysed by Guisinger and Hicks (1978); Irfan (1982) and Irfan and Ahmed (1985). The studies show that over the period 1970 to 1984 real wages of the large-scale manufacturing, construction and agriculture sectors increased while that of the government employees declined significantly. The study shows international migration to be one of the major determinants of the rise in real wages, in addition to important policy interventions. The present study is an extension of Irfan and Ahmed's work. It has been undertaken for two reasons. First there is great scarcity of empirical evidence on this very important issue. Second, the more important factor is the sharp reversal in one of the major variables - out migration. Since 1981 there has been net return migration. This phenomenon a priori is expected to upset the labour market and the wage rates in the opposite direction. The study is planned as follows: Section II describes the trends in real wages between the formal and informal sectors.! Section III describes the factors behind the observed trends in real wages, and finally Section IV gives the conclusions of the study.

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