Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Manual muscle test"

The internal consistencies of manual muscle test scores of the actions of three upper and three lower extremity muscles were examined among 37 home care patients. The correlations between scores of specific pairs of actions ranged from .01 to .88. Cronbach alphas ranged from .59 to .88. Manual scores of limb muscle strength, therefore, appear to possess suitable internal consistency.

Eight muscles about the ankle of seven normal subjects were assessed by electromyography (EMG) during manual muscle testing (MMT) and walking. Three strength levels (normal, fair, trace) and three gait velocities (free, fast, slow) were tested. The muscles studied included the gastrocnemius, soleus, posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus. Relative intensity of muscle action was quantitated visually (using an eight-point scale based on amplitude and density of the signal). The data showed that EMG activity increased directly as more muscle force was required during the different manual muscle test levels and increased walking speeds. No MMT isolated activity to the specific muscle thought being tested. Instead, there always was a synergistic response. Both the gastrocnemius and soleus contributed significantly to plantarflexion regardless of knee position. The intensity of muscle action during walking related to the manual muscle test grades. Walking at the normal free velocity (meters/min) required fair (grade 3) muscle action. During slow gait the muscle functioned at a poor (grade 2) level. Fast walking necessitated muscle action midway between fair and normal, which was interpreted as good (grade 4).

Background: Several tests to assist it in the diagnoses of rota-tor cuff impairment have been described in the literature but controversy still exists as to the accuracy of these tests. A study was therefore conducted to determine the reliability of the rotator cuff muscle tests (empty can, full can, lift off and external rotation) as a diagnostic tool.Methodology: Fifty three patients experiencing shoulder pain were assessed using manual muscle tests (empty can; full can; lift off and external rotation tests). Both pain and weakness were recorded using numerical scales adapted from tests performed by Itoi et al, (1999). These results were compared to ultrasonic diagnoses made by a surgeon. Informed consent was obtained and anonymity was ensured for all participants.Results: A test was false positive when ultrasonic diagnosis indicated no tear in the muscle (although oedema or calcification may have been present), but the manual muscle test was positive regarding pain and weakness. A test on the other hand was false negative when the ultrasonic diagnosis indicated a muscle tear but the manual muscle tests indicated no pain or muscle weakness. Reliability was tested using sensitivity and specificity tests. The sensitivity of all four tests was high (80%), but the specificity was low (20% to 40%), implying that a large number of false positivediagnoses can be made. The major contributors to the false positive results were sub-acromial sub-deltoid bursitis anda decreased acromio-humeral space. When considering pain alone for a positive result the correlation increased a little, however, taking both pain and muscle weakness into account, the correlation increased even more.Conclusion: The manual muscle tests were not as reliable as expected, but concurrent pathologies may be the main factor influencing the results of the tests. The combination of muscle strength and pain could be recommended as criteria for a positive test. The empty can and full can tests could both be recommended in predicting a torn supraspinatus tendon, as they were equally sensitive

On the grassland highway, the driver is prone to muscle fatigue because of the particularity of its landscape and the linear structure. And vehicle operating system leads to different degree of muscle fatigue. In order to explore the pilot fatigue characteristics in grassland under different operation conversion highway, put forward the fatigue improve measures and improving the quality of driving, I use the real driving test. In this paper, we study the manual and automatic driver’s shoulder muscle fatigue with method of frequency domain analysis through testing the driver, obtaining MF of trapezius muscle in static measurement and the surface electronical signal of the trapezius muscle after 110 minutes’ driving. We devide the drivers into 2 groups (5 drivers in manual group, 5 drivers in automatic group). The results show that the automatic driver’s MF has significantly negative correlation (P =- 0.521) before and after the static test, which suggests automatic driver will be afflicted with shoulder muscle fatigue; The manual drive’s MF before and after the test tends to decrease with time (SlopeMS =- 0.0076, SlopeMD =- 0.0582), which suggests that after test, drivers in manual group are in the right shoulder fatigue, and before test, the decline of MF shows the drivers’ fatigue accumulation. After test, MF of manual and automatic group increases (SlopeAD =- 0.01, SlopeMD =- 0.058), which shows that driving on grassland highway can lead to the driver’s muscle fatigue with the extension of time; and vehicle operating system leads to different degree of muscle fatigue.

Manual demolition tasks are heavy, physically demanding tasks that could cause muscle fatigue accumulation and lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Fatigue and recovery models of muscles are essential in understanding the accumulation and the reduction in muscle fatigue for forceful exertion tasks. This study aims to explore the onset of muscle fatigue under different work/rest arrangements during manual demolition tasks and the offset of fatigue over time after the tasks were performed. An experiment, including a muscle fatigue test and a muscle fatigue recovery test, was performed. Seventeen male adults without experience in demolition hammer operation were recruited as human participants. Two demolition hammers (large and small) were adopted. The push force was either 20 or 40 N. The posture mimicked that of a demolition task on a wall. In the muscle fatigue test, the muscle strength (MS) before and after the demolition task, maximum endurance time (MET), and the Borg category-ratio-10 (CR-10) ratings of perceived exertion after the demolition task were measured. In the muscle fatigue recovery test, MS and CR-10 at times 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed to explore the influence of push force and the weight of the tool on MS, MET, and CR-10. Both muscle fatigue models and muscle fatigue recovery models were established and validated. The results showed that push force affected MET significantly (p < 0.05). The weight of the tool was significant (p < 0.05) only on the CR-10 rating after the first pull. During the muscle fatigue recovery test, the MS increase and the CR-10 decrease were both significant (p < 0.05) after one or more breaks. Models of MET and MS prediction were established to assess muscle fatigue recovery, respectively. The absolute (AD) and relative (RD) deviations of the MET model were 1.83 (±1.94) min and 34.80 (±31.48)%, respectively. The AD and RD of the MS model were 1.39 (±0.81) N and 1.9 (±1.2)%, respectively. These models are capable of predicting the progress and recovery of muscle fatigue, respectively, and may be adopted in work/rest arrangements for novice workers performing demolition tasks.

Introduction: Kinesiology-style manual muscle testing (kMMT) is a non-invasive assessment method used by various types of practitioners to detect a wide range of target conditions. It is distinctly different from the muscle testing performed in orthopaedic/neurological settings and from Applied kinesiology. Despite being estimated to be used by over 1 million people worldwide, the usefulness of kMMT has not yet been established. The aim of this thesis was to assess the validity of kMMT by examining its accuracy and precision. Methods: A series of 5 diagnostic test accuracy studies were undertaken. In the first study, the index test was kMMT, and the target condition was deceit in verbal statements spoken by Test Patients (TPs). The comparator reference standard was a true gold standard: the actual verity of the spoken statement. The outcomes of the muscle tests were interpreted consistently: a weak result indicated a Lie and a strong result indicated a Truth. A secondary index test was included as a comparator: Intuition, where Practitioners used intuition (without using kMMT) to ascertain if a Lie or Truth was spoken. Forty-eight Practitioners were recruited and paired with 48 unique kMMT-naïve TPs. Each Pair performed 60 kMMTs broken up into 6 blocks of 10, which alternated with blocks of 10 Intuitions. For each Pair, an overall percent correct was calculated for both kMMT and Intuition, and their means were compared. Also calculated for both tests were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The second study was a replication of the first, using a sample size of 20 Pairs and a less complex procedure. In the third study, grip strength dynamometry replaced kMMT as the primary index test. In the fourth study, the reproducibility and repeatability of kMMT were examined. In the final study, TPs were presented with emotionally-arousing stimuli in addition to the affect-neutral stimuli used in previous studies, to assess if stimuli valence impacted kMMT accuracy. Results: Throughout this series of studies, mean kMMT accuracies (95% Confidence Intervals; CIs) ranged from 0.594 (0.541 – 0.647) to 0.659 (0.623 - 0.695) and mean Intuition accuracies, from 0.481 (0.456 - 0.506) to 0.526 (0.488 - 0.564). In all studies, mean kMMT accuracies were found to be significantly different from mean Intuition accuracies (p ≤ 0.01), and from Chance (p < 0.01). On the other hand, no difference was found between grip strength following False statements compared to grip strength following True statements (p = 0.61). In addition, the Practitioner-TP complex accounted for 57% of the variation in kMMT accuracy, with 43% unaccounted for. Also, there was no difference in the mean kMMT accuracy when using emotionally-arousing stimuli compared to when using affect-neutral stimuli (p = 0.35). Mean sensitivities (95% CI) ranged from 0.503 (0.421 - 0.584) to 0.659 (0.612 - 0.706) while mean specificities (95% CI) ranged from 0.638 (0.430 - 0.486) to 0.685 (0.616 - 0.754). Finally, while a number of participant characteristic seemed to influence kMMT accuracy during one study or another, no one specific characteristic was found to influence kMMT accuracy consistently (i.e. across the series of studies). Discussion: This series of studies has shown that kMMT can be investigated using rigorous evidence-based health care methods. Furthermore, for distinguishing lies from truths, kMMT has repeatedly been found to be significantly more accurate than both Intuition and Chance. Practitioners appear to be an integral part of the kMMT dynamic because when replaced by a mechanical device (i.e. a grip strength dynamometer), distinguishing Lies from Truth was not possible. In addition, since specificities seemed to be greater than sensitivities, Truths may have been easier to detect than Lies. A limitation of this series of studies is that I have a potential conflict of interest, in that I am a practitioner of kMMT who gets paid to perform kMMT. Another limitation is these results are not generalisable to other applications of kMMT, such as its use in other paradigms or using muscles other than the deltoid. Also, these results suggest that kMMT may be about 60% accurate, which is statistically different from Intuition and Chance; however it has not been established if 60% correct is "good enough" in a clinical context. As such, further research is needed to assess its clinical utility, such as randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of whole kMMT technique systems. Also, future investigators may want to explore what factors, such as specific Practitioner and TP characteristics, influence kMMT accuracy, and to investigate the validity of using kMMT to detect other target conditions, using other reference standards and muscles other than the deltoid. Summary: This series of diagnostic test accuracy studies has found that kMMT can be investigated using rigorous methods, and that kMMT used to distinguish Lies from Truths is significantly more accurate that both Intuition and Chance. Further research is needed to assess kMMT’s clinical utility.

Les Harmoniques de Manuel Bryenne sont, autour de 1300, le dernier texte de théorie musicale 'classique', écrit à Byzance, dans le contexte de la Renaissance Paléologue. Il n'existe que deux éditions de ce texte (celle de J. Wallis en 1699 et celle de G. H. Jonker en 1970), dont aucune n'établit une histoire critique du texte. Le but de cette édition sera donc de proposer une histoire rigoureuse du texte et une traduction française qui s’adresse tant aux hellénistes qu’aux musicologues. L’ensemble est accompagné d’un commentaire au contenu, d’une étude des diagrammes ainsi que des sources utilisées par Bryenne. Le nombre des sources répertoriées et l’usage qu’en fait l’auteur permettent d’inscrire ce texte dans une très longue tradition remontant au IVème siècle av. J.-C. et de situer ce traité dans la tradition plus large des textes mathématiques et scientifiques des XIIIè-XIVè siècles
Manuel Bryennius’ Harmonics, written around 1300 AD in Byzantium, is the last compendium of classical musical theory that came down to us. It therefore belongs to the era of the Paleologean Renaissance. Until today, only two editions of this text are available, the first one by J. Wallis in 1699 and the second one by G. H. Jonker in 1970. None of them gives a reliable and complete study of the textual tradition. This new edition should provide such a critical approach and a French translation, intended for the use of both Hellenists and musicologists. A commentary is provided, as well as a thorough study of the multiple diagrams and of all the sources used by Bryennius. It can be shown that Bryennius was very careful in gathering almost all possible material on the subject of ancient Greek music theory, and that he is therefore the last member of a long lasting tradition dating back to the 4th century BC. At the same time, he constitutes an interesting case study for the intellectual life and milieu of the early 14th century Byzantium

Objectives The objectives of this systematic review were to synthesise the best available evidence regarding the clinimetrics for manual muscle testing (MMT), isokinetic dynamometry (ID) and hand held dynamometry (HHD) in the assessment of muscle strength in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) and determine whether there is research evidence to recommend HHD as the standard tool for measuring muscle strength in adults with SCI. Inclusion Criteria: Only studies related to adults with SCI and MMT and/or ID and/or HHD were included. Search Strategy The search sought to identify any relevant English language published or unpublished studies via a three step search strategy. Methodological quality Two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the quality evaluation tool consensus-based standards for the selection of health status instruments (COSMIN). Data collection An original data extraction form was developed to extract quantitative data from the included studies. Data synthesis It was not appropriate to conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Therefore, the results are presented in narrative text including raw data as presented in the included studies as well as the contextual data. Results Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The results demonstrated that MMT showed varying inter-tester reliability over 10 muscle groups tested, ID demonstrated good reliability for the shoulder but not the elbow, HHD showed good reliability and validity for the upper limb and trunk, as well as good results for responsiveness and interpretability. Positive correlations were seen between MMT, ID and HHD particularly at the lower MMT grades. However, change in muscle strength scores seen on ID and HHD testing were not always correlated with changes in MMT grade. Significant overlapping of scores was seen between MMT and HHD particularly for grades 4 and 5 with MMT unable to detect subtle changes in muscle strength compared with dynamometry. Conclusions In conclusion, when considering the clinimetrics of the 3 methods for assessing muscle strength in adults with SCI there does appear to be support in the literature to recommend the wider application of HHD compared with MMT and ID.
Thesis (M.Clin.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Translational Health Science, 2014.

Manual muscle tests (MMTs) are frequently used in clinical settings to evaluate a specific muscle’s function and strength in a position at which this muscle is believed to be most isolated from other synergists and antagonists. It is necessary for a muscle to be tested in a state of isolation (as much as is physiologically possible), as interpretation of strength and function can be compromised by the contributions of other active muscles. In the present study, electromyographic activation of 14 shoulder muscles was assessed in 12 males during 29 shoulder exertions. Maximal isolation ratios defined which of these exertions most isolated the rotator cuff muscles. Results confirmed the appropriateness of nine clinical MMTs in isolating the rotator cuff muscles, but suggested that several other exertions were equally appropriate in isolating these muscles. Forces produced during isolation exertions can be compared to patient exertions to promote more objective MMT grading.

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is the term applied to generalized skeletal muscle weakness developed as a result of critical illness. This condition adversely affects up to three-quarters of patients admitted to the intensive care unit and it is associated with risk factors such as illness severity and duration of mechanical ventilation. Using detailed electrophysiological tests and histological muscle sampling, ICU-AW can be classified as a neuropathy, myopathy, or a neuromyopathy. However, this detailed approach is generally only required when there is diagnostic uncertainty and a simple test to diagnose ICU-AW utilizing manual muscle testing and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sumscore are more commonly employed. Nonetheless, short- and long-term outcomes associated with developing ICU-AW using MRC sumscore, have been reported. Intervention exercise therapy and rehabilitation strategies are required to minimize the effects of developing of skeletal muscle wasting.

Chest pain is a very common symptom and may be due to ischaemia related to coronary artery disease (i.e. angina pectoris), takotsubo syndrome, perimyocarditis, aortic dissection, oesophageal spasms, pulmonary embolism with pleuritis, musculo-skeletal pain, or psychosomatic disturbances. Management involves clinical assessment, ECG, and diagnostic tests, such as biomarkers, imaging, and eventually coronary angiography. Acute chest pain can be life-threatening and should be evaluated urgently and in a comprehensive manner.

Manual demolition tasks are heavy physical demanding tasks that may cause muscle fatigue accumulation and lead to work-related musculoskeletal injuries (WMSDs). Asking the operators to have a rest is a vital way to reduce muscle fatigue. How long the rest time would be fine for operators to recover becomes important. This study aims to establish muscle fatigue recovery evaluation models for manual demolition tasks to determine the recovery time of the operators. A muscle fatigue recovery test of manual demolition tasks was designed and organized. A total of 12 male college students were recruited. Their muscle force and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min. ANOVA analysis was done to show the effects of the time period on the force and RPE. Correlation analysis was performed to show the relationship between measured parameters. Regression analysis was carried out to establish models. The study showed that time significantly influenced F(t) and RPE. With the progressing of the muscle fatigue recovery, the F(t) went up and the RPE went down. The time, F(t), and RPE were significantly related. Both F(t) and RPE models were established and assessed. The constructed models were reasonable and able to describe the characteristics of muscle fatigue recovery in manual demolishing tasks.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aims of our study were to identify the available functional examination tests (FET) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) instruments designed for subacromial impingement, to analyze and evaluate them and to develop a methodology for functional assessment of patients with shoulder impingement. Methods: A comprehensive search for all available FET and PROM and published review articles for subacromial impingement was undertaken on PubMed, PEDRO, Google Scholar, and Physiopedia up to June 2021. All full-text articles reporting evaluation, validation, surgical, and non-surgical treatment outcomes of these subacromial impingement FET and PROM were retrieved and analyzed by us, and a methodology for functional assessment of patients with subacromial impingement was developed. The methodology includes the following methods and tests: patient history, observation, palpation, examination of the movements, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, examination of muscle balance (muscle length and tonus, isometric test, manual muscle testing), goniometry of the shoulder active range of motion (AROM), special tests (Neer test, Hawkins-Kennedy test), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results And Discussion: For a period of 1 year, we accessed 36 subjects diagnosed with primary shoulder impingement. They were randomly assigned to one of two physiotherapy groups: 1) supervised exercise only, and 2) supervised exercise with manual therapy techniques. Physiotherapy protocol involved twelve treatment sessions over a 6-weeks period. The analysis of the results confirms the positive effect of physiotherapy to decreases in pain, improved function, and increases in shoulder active range of motion. Conclusion: A methodology for functional examination of patients with subacromial impingement allows objective monitoring of the results of physiotherapy. Physiotherapy is effective in reducing pain and improving shoulder function in patients with subacromial impingement.

In lower-limb rehabilitation programs, patients that suffer from neuromuscular disorders with manual muscle test (MMT) level 2 are able to perform voluntary muscle contraction and visible limb movement provided that a therapist assists the patient to eliminate the weight of his/her leg. In addition, the physical therapist is clinically needed to guide the patient performing a hip-only or knee-only motion during rehabilitation. The objective of this paper is to present a new assistive training device that replaces the function of the therapist in helping the MMT-level-2 patients self-training their hip and knee flexion/extension motions under an antigravity environment. First, we will present a novel reconfigurable mechanism, which can possess two working configurations for guiding the knee-only and hip-only training, respectively. Then, based on the theory of static balancing, two linear springs are attached to the device to generate an antigravity training environment in both configurations for the patient. The static balance design is verified by a numerical example with the support of software simulation. A prototype is built up and tested on healthy subjects. By using the electromyography (EMG) measurement, the myoelectric signals of four major muscles for the subject with/without the aid of the device are analyzed. The results show that the myoelectric voltages of the stimulated muscles are significantly reduced when the subject is assisted with the device. It further demonstrates that moving the fixation positions of the limb segments to other positions could distinctly reduce the assistive force from the device, which suggests multiple training modes to the patients in strengthening the training intensity. In conclusion, this paper presents a successful pioneering work on the design of rehabilitation devices via the integration of the principles of reconfigurable mechanisms and static balancing.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lateral ankle sprain is a common injury and, if not treated properly, could result in chronic ankle pain and instability. Well-structured and timely applied appropriate physiotherapy program is of great importance for the purpose of good functional recovery. The study aims to outline the main aspects of physiotherapy after nonoperative treatment of lateral ankle sprain and to assess its effectiveness on the functional outcome in patients with this kind of injury. Material and methods: The study was conducted on seven patients undergoing nonoperative treatment with an acute lateral ankle sprain. Depending on the phases of the soft tissue regeneration, the physiotherapeutic program included specialized manual techniques and exercises for controlling inflammatory process, stress to collagen fibers for proper orientation along the stress lines, restoring ROM, reactivation of the fibular muscles, training of the dynamic stabilization and improvement of the muscle strength, progressive neuromuscular, proprioceptive and postural control training, as well as return to recreational and sport-specific training. The functional outcome was assessed by Foot and Ankle Disability Index, Y balance test, and One-leg stance test. Results: The results of the conducted functional tests at the latest follow-up showed statistically significant improvement in all of the studied indicators, but some deficit in proprioception and the dynamic stabilization still persists. To achieve optimal functional results, the implementation of the supervised physiotherapeutic program should continue. Conclusion: Early mobilization after lateral ankle sprain and an individualized physiotherapeutic program could reduce the deficit in proprioception, muscular imbalance and impaired neuromuscular control, and the risk of recurrent sprain.

Introduction: Motor neuron diseases (MND) are degenerative disorders that affect motor neurons, leading to disability and dependence throughout their course. The onset of symptoms is variable and can occur in adults(A) and elderly(E), however little is known about the characteristics of the disease in different age groups. Objective: To investigate the characteristics and the difference between clinical and functional factors considering the onset of MND in the elderly and young adults. Method: There were 26 young adults and 26 elderly (≥60 years) evaluated, matched by gender and length of disease, treated at HC/UFMG. The following were investigated: demographic and clinical, using specific instruments (ALSFRS-R/BR and ALSAQ-40); fatigue (FSS); manual muscle strength; mobility and balance (SPPB). Analysis was performed descriptive and comparison (student t test, Mann-Whitney or X2), using SPSS, significance level of 0.05. Results: Differences were observed significant as to the place of onset of symptoms (p=0.034), presence of pain (p=0.034) and use of ambu (p=0.023). No significant differences were verified for the others: occurrence of falls (p=0.254), presence of comorbidities (p=0.158) and use of Riluzole (p=0.548), sit and stand (p=0.931), turn over in bed (p=0.402) and walk (p=0.740), total ALSFRS-R (p=0.656), MND severity level (p=0.307)strength muscular (p=0.940), SPPB (p=0.296), quality of life (p=0.686). Conclusion: The clinical and functional characteristics were similar between individuals who started the disease in the elderly and adult phase. However, it was observed a higher prevalence among the elderly with bulbar onset, which is thebeginning of the worst prognosis of disease progression.

During spaceflight, the loss of mechanical loads due to microgravity leads to rapid bone loss, where bone deteriorates at a rate of 1–2% per month, where some astronauts can lose as much as 20% of their skeletal mass in a single expedition [NASA, 2001]. In order to prevent muscle and bone loss, long-term space flight exercise regimes are strictly implemented [Shackleford, 2004]. Current research has demonstrated that mechanical vibrations can help to maintain or improve bone mass [Chan, 2013] and reduce adiposity [Chen, 2015, Sen, 2011] when signals are applied at the appropriate frequency and amplitude. We have developed an acoustic sound chamber that can apply sound waves to stem cells grown in vitro. Characterization of the culture conditions inside the vibration chamber showed considerable variance across the culture plates where an applied acceleration of 0.6g varied at different spots in a 12-well tissue culture plate from as low as 0.47g to 0.78g. We believe the variance is caused by differences in the rigidity of the culture plates that makes the waves transmit inconsistently through the plastic. We hypothesized acoustic waves would induce osteogenic differentiation when applied to stem cells. We utilized pre-osteoblastic stem cells (MC3T3-E1-Subclone 4) to observe the effects of acoustic waves when applied at 0.3g and 0.6g, compared to non-vibrated controls. Cells were vibrated for 30 minutes a day for either 6 days (n = 24/group) or 12 days (n = 12/group). Cellular changes were characterized by assessing well-by-well cell number by a manual cell count and mineral content by Alizarin Red S staining. Differences between groups were determined using One-Way ANOVA with a post hoc test: Student’s t-test. To assess the effects of the variance across the culture plates, correlative analysis was conducted for well-by-well variation using Regression Analysis. Acoustically vibrated wells had 10x more cells after 6 days and showed more mineralization than non-vibrated wells at both 6 and 12 days. Acoustic waves have the ability to increase cell proliferation and can drive stem cell differentiation towards an osteoblastic lineage, this could lead to therapies that prevent bone loss during spaceflight.

ABSTRACT Introduction. In recent years, the attention of orthopedists and physiotherapists involved in the rehabilitation of upper limbs has often focused on the evaluation and overcoming of scapulothoracic dyskinesias observed in shoulder pathologies, which is a key point in restoring the complex function of the shoulder. Purpose of the report. To present the causes of changes in the movement of the scapulae or anomalies in their position, defined by the scientific community as “scapulo-thoracic dyskinesia” and methods of functional research, as well as guidelines for overcoming with physiotherapy. Material and methods. An object of the study were 27 patients, aged 45 to 55 years old, with rotator cuff pathologies treated conservatively. Scapulothoracic dyskinesia was found in all of them. The patients were divided into 2 groups - control and experimental, in which the author’s methodology for physiotherapy was applied for 6 weeks. We applied: tests for the stabilizer muscles of the scapula, manual muscle testing, and goniometry. Results and discussion. The results show that reducing scapulothoracic dyskinesia significantly reduces pain and improves joint mobility and complex function of the shoulder girdle. In the frontal plane, we found an increase in abduction of an average of 43±5.61 ° in the experimental group. In MMT of the scapular stabilizers, an average increase in muscle strength of about one unit was found. Conclusion. The full restoration of the function of the shoulder girdle is impossible without a correct concept of the restoration of the kinematics of the scapulo-thoracic joint. Restoration of physiological kinematics of the scapulothoracic joint provides reliable prevention for subsequent rotator cuff pathologies.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aims to compare the efficacy of two different physiotherapy methods for relieving the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to supplement already imposed methods, and to summarize a new methodology for prevention. Relevance: Improving the overall physical condition of patients, combating a sedentary lifestyle, and training in the correct body position is the way to prevent the disease. Our study provides scientific evidence to justify the role of physiotherapy for the treatment and prevention of relapses in this condition. Subjects: The randomized controlled trial has been conducted since January 2016 in a private physiotherapy practice. A total of 111 patients with clinically confirmed idiopathic CTS were divided in two groups of treatment. Interventions consisted of 15 physiotherapy sessions for at least 10 weeks and with two different physiotherapy programs -Group A (68 patients) and Group B (42 others). Material and methods: Manual muscle stretching and relaxation techniques, joint mobilization therapy and active exercises, strengthening program, soft tissue mobilization therapy, and mobilization of the nervous system in the wrist, and forearm area were already part of their treatment program. When contingent and conducting tests for functional examination showed us the presence of Upper cross syndrome in over 75% of cases participants. Manual therapy on the “Manuthera” table and the combination of active training with Electro Muscle Stimulation to overcome muscle dysbalance. Results: Analysis of the results so far shows that the findings are empirical data difference is not random, so the methodology has a proven effect. During the experiment, the experimental group realized statistically significant results related to the symptoms and complaints typical of the syndrome. Conclusion: The results showed great statistical significance in proving the effect from the conducted experimental methodology.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. Roren, A., Mayoux-Benhamou, M.A., Fayad, F., Poiraudeau, S., Lantz, D., Revel, M. (2008). Comparison of visual and ultrasound based techniques to measure head repositioning in healthy and neck-pain subjects. Manual Ther. 10.1016/j.math.2008.03.002. Hillier, S., Immink, M., Thewlis, D. (2015). Assessing Proprioception: A Systematic Review of Possibilities. Neurorehab. Neural Repair. 29(10) 933–949. Hooper, T.L., James, C.R., Brismée, J.M., Rogers, T.J., Gilbert, K.K., Browne, K.L, Sizer, P.S. (2016). Dynamic Balance as Measured by the Y-Balance Test Is Reduced in Individuals with low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study. Phys. Ther. Sport,10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.04.006. Zemková, G., Stefániková, G., Muyor, J.M. (2016). Load release balance test under unstable conditions effectivelydiscriminates between physically active and sedentary young adults. Glave, A.P., Didier, J.J., Weatherwax, J., Browning, S.J., Fiaud, Vanessa. (2014). Testing Postural Stability: Are the Star Excursion Balance Test and Biodex Balance System Limits of Stability Tests Consistent? Gait Posture. 43(2016) 225-227. Han, Jian., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Anson, J., Liu, Y. (2014). Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. J. Sport Health Sci.10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004. Hosp, S., Bottoni, G., Heinrich, D., Kofler, P., Hasler, M., Nachbauer, W. (2014). A pilot study of the effect of Kinesiology tape on knee proprioception after physical activity in healthy women. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 18 (2015) 709-713. Mima, T., Terada, K., Ikeda, A., Fukuyama, H., Takigawa, T., Kimura, J., Shibasaki, H. (1996). Afferent mechanism of cortical myoclonus studied by proprioception-related SEPs. Clin. Neurophysiol. 104 (1997) 51-59. Myers, J.B., Lephart, S.M. (2000). The Role of the Sensorimotor System in the Athletic Shoulder. J. Athl.Training.35 (3) 351-363. Rossi, S., della Volpe, R., Ginannesch, F., Ulivelli, M., Bartalini, S., Spidalieri, R., Rossi, A. (2003). Early somatosensory processing during tonic muscle pain in humans: relation to loss of proprioception and motor 'defensive' strategies. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00073-7. Chaudhary, U., Birbaumer, N., Curado, M.R. (2014). Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) in paralysis. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med.10.1016/j.rehab.2014.11.002. Delorme, A., Makeig, S. (2003). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Arnfred, S.M. (2006). ERPWAVELAB: A toolbox for multi-channel analysis of time-frequency transformed event related potentials. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.008. Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K., Szelenberger, W. (1996). Topographic analysis of coherence and propagation of EEG activity during sleep and wakefulness. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102 (1997) 216-227. Korzeniewska, A., Manczak, M., Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K.J., Kasicki, S. (2003). Determination of information flow direction among brain structures by a modified directed transfer function (dDTF) method. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00052-9. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Parnas, J., Arnfred, S.M. (2005). Parallel Factor Analysis as an exploratory tool for wavelet transformed event-related EEG. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.005. Barwick, F., Arnett, P., Slobounov, S. (2011). EEG correlates of fatigue during administration of a neuropsychological test battery. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.06.027. Osuagwu, B.A., Vuckovic, A. (2014). Similarities between explicit and implicit motor imagery in mental rotation of hands: An EEG study. Neuropsycholgia. Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Ed. Oxford. USA. Trappenberg, T.P. (2010). Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience. Ed. Oxford. UK. Koessler, L., Maillard, L., Benhadid, A., Vignal, J.P., Felblinger, J., Vespignani, H., Braun, M. (2009). Automated cortical projection of EEG: Anatomical correlation via the international 10-10 system. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.006. Jurcak, V., Tsuzuki, Daisuke., Dan, I. (2007). 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relativehead-surface-based positioning systems. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.024. Chuang, L.Y., Huang, C.J., Hung, T.M. (2013). The differences in frontal midline theta power between successful and unsuccessful basketball free throws of elite basketball players. Int. J. Psychophysiology.10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.002. Wang, C.H., Tsai, C.L., Tu, K.C., Muggleton, N.G., Juan, C.H., Liang, W.K. (2014). Modulation of brain oscillations during fundamental visuo-spatialprocessing: A comparison between female collegiate badmintonplayers and sedentary controls. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.003. Proverbio, A.L., Crotti, N., Manfredi, Mirella., Adomi, R., Zani, A. (2012). Who needs a referee? How incorrect basketball actions are automatically detected by basketball players’ brain. Sci Rep-UK. 10.1038/srep00883. Cheng, M.Y., Hung, C.L., Huang, C.J., Chang, Y.K., Lo, L.C., Shen, C., Hung, T.M. (2015). Expert-novice differences in SMR activity during dart throwing. Biol. Psychol.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.003. Ring, C., Cooke, A., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., Masters, R. (2014). Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expeditingexpertise and excellence in sport. Psychol. SportExerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.005. Park, J.L., Fairweather, M.M., Donaldson, D.I. (2015). Making the case for mobile cognition: EEG and sports performance. Neurosci. Biobehav. R. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.014. Babiloni, C., Marzano, N., Infarinato, F., Iacoboni, M., Rizza, G. (2009). Neural efficency of experts’ brain during judgement of actions: A high -resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034. Jain, S., Gourab, K., Schindler-Ivens, S., Schmit, B.D. (2012). EEG during peddling: Evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks. Clin. Neurophysiol.10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.021. Behmer Jr., L.P., Fournier, L.R. (2013). Working memory modulates neural efficiency over motor components during a novel action planning task: An EEG study. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.031.