Готові списки джерел за темами / Mannitol and sugars

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Pharr, D. M., R. T. N. Prata, J. B. Jennings, J. D. Williamson, E. Zamski, Y. Tamamoto, and M. A. Conkling. "Regulation of Mannitol Dehydrogenase: Relationship to Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 551F—552. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.551f.

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Increasing salinity of agricultural soils may ultimately limit the sustainability of food production in some areas of the world. Work from our laboratory and the labs of others demonstrates that mannitol, a six-carbon sugar alcohol, is important as a stress-related metabolite in some plants. Mannitol helps plants resist the damaging effects of stressful growth environments, such as drought, high soil salinity, and perhaps attack by microorganisms that cause plant diseases. In the long run, we hope to genetically engineer plants to produce and use mannitol for increased productivity and tolerance to environmental stresses. Basic information about how plants regulate those genes important to mannitol metabolism is of critical importance to this long-term goal. Our laboratory discovered an enzyme, mannitol dehydrogenase, that is the first critical biochemical step in mannitol use in vascular plants. Later, we cloned the gene for this enzyme. We discovered that hexose sugars “turn off” the expression of this gene. So, as long as adequate sugars are available for energy, maintenance, and growth, the production of the mannitolusing enzyme is repressed. After the sugars are gone, mannitol dehydrogenase is produced very rapidly, and this allows mannitol to be used metabolically. This type of gene regulation is ideally designed to help plants cells conserve mannitol as long as possible, which in turn allows the cells to retain stress tolerance as long as possible.

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Miki, K., R. Butler, D. Moore, and G. Davidson. "Rapid and simultaneous quantification of rhamnose, mannitol, and lactulose in urine by HPLC for estimating intestinal permeability in pediatric practice." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.1.71.

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Abstract Determination of intestinal permeability by measuring nonmetabolized sugars has been used to assess the integrity of intestinal mucosa. We have developed and validated a modified HPLC method for determining the concentration of L-rhamnose, mannitol, and lactulose in urine, using an amine-modified silica column and refractive index detection. Probe sugars are simultaneously resolved within 18 min. The calibration curve for each sugar is linear to 20 mmol/L. The minimum detectable concentration of lactulose is 0.05 mmol/L. Recovery of probe sugars is between 99.3% and 105.1%. Overall precision (CV) of estimation of probe sugars ranges from 4.2% to 6.5%. In 14 urine samples from healthy children who ingested the test solution containing 1 g of L-rhamnose, 1 g of mannitol, and 5 g of lactulose, the 5-h urinary excretion ratios of lactulose/rhamnose and lactulose/mannitol were 0.047 +/- 0.018 and 0.021 +/- 0.010 (mean +/- SD), respectively. This method presents a rapid, convenient, and practical technique for determining intestinal permeability in clinical pediatric practice.

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Celli, M., P. D'Eufemia, R. Dommarco, R. Finocchiaro, D. Aprigliano, F. Martino, E. Cardi, and O. Giardini. "Rapid gas-chromatographic assay of lactulose and mannitol for estimating intestinal permeability." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.5.752.

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Abstract We developed a gas-chromatographic method to determine urinary mannitol and lactulose. The procedure for purification of urine by a resin was optimized for purification of analytes and high recovery; the aliquot of resin chosen (500 mg) was kept in contact with the urine for 1 min. The recoveries of mannitol and lactulose were > 85% at concentrations that include both normal and pathological values. Sugars were converted to oximes before the silylation step to avoid multiple peaks for the anomeric forms. The calibration was linear over the range 0.1-1 microgram of sugar injected. Analytical recovery of the sugars ranged from 90% to 95.3% for mannitol and from 90.4% to 95.8% for lactulose. The mean within-day imprecision (CV) was 6.2% for mannitol and 4.7% for lactulose; the between-day CV was 6.7% for mannitol and 5.1% for lactulose. A lactulose/mannitol ratio of 0.035 completely differentiated 28 normal children and 28 children with active gluten-sensitive enteropathy, whose mean ratios were 0.022 (SD 0.007) and 0.084 (SD 0.054), respectively.

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Góraj-Koniarska, Justyna, and Marian Saniewski. "The effect of sugars in relation to methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin formation in the roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Poelln.)." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.015.

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This study investigated the effects of different sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol) applied alone and in solution with methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) on the anthocyanin content in the roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. None of the sugars used individually in the experiment affected anthocyanin accumulation in the roots of intact plants. The anthocyanin level was similar to that in the control. Sucrose at concentrations of 0.5% and 3.0%, and glucose at a concentration of 3.0% inhibited anthocyanin accumulation induced by JA-Me. Only fructose at a concentration of 3.0% stimulated anthocyanin accumulation induced by JA-Me. The sugar alcohols, mannitol at a concentration of 3.0% and sorbitol at 0.5% and 3.0%, inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in the roots of intact K. blossfeldiana plants induced by JA-Me. In excised roots, both sugars and JA-Me used individually did not affect the formation of anthocyanins. Also, the sugar alcohols (mannitol and sorbitol) applied simultaneously with JA-Me had no effect on the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, roots treated with sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose) in solution with JA-Me promoted the induction of anthocyanins in the apical parts of the roots. The results suggest that anthocyanin elicitation in the roots of K. blossfeldiana by methyl jasmonate may be dependent on the interaction of JA-Me with sugars transported from the stems (leaves) to the roots.

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Marino, Celso Luís, Susi Meire Maximino Leite, Ana Paula Cazerta Farro, Flávio Tetsuo Sassaki, Henrique Luis Veronezi de Campos, and Virgínia Elias Coscrato. "Putative metabolic pathway of mannitol and sorbitol and in sugarcane." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 4 (December 2003): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000400017.

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Until the mid 1950s, boron was believed to play an important role in the transport of sugars in plants. However, boron actually depends on sugar alcohols to be taken up by the plant. In some cases, the main sugars involved in this process are sorbitol and mannitol which form stable complexes with boron. In this study, the sequences of the SugarCane EST Genome Project (SUCEST) database were searched for enzymes involved in the metabolism of these sugars by comparing them with enzymes from other organisms. Eighteen contigs from sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) presented high similarity with 11 enzymes involved in the putative biosynthetic pathway of sorbitol and mannitol from fructose in sugarcane. Seven of these contigs had high homology with sequences deposited in GenBank.

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Marziali, Giacomo, Antonella Marangoni, Claudio Foschi, Maria Carla Re, and Natalia Calonghi. "Effect of Sugars on Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040298.

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Background. Previous works suggest that sugars can have a beneficial effect on C. trachomatis (CT) survival and virulence. In this study, we investigated the effect of different sugars on CT infectivity, elucidating some of the molecular mechanisms behind CT-sugar interaction. Methods. CT infectivity was investigated on HeLa cells after 2 hour-incubation of elementary bodies (EBs) with glucose, sucrose, or mannitol solutions (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mM). The effect of sugars on EB membrane fluidity was investigated by fluorescence anisotropy measurement, whereas the changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure were examined by cytofluorimetric analysis. By means of a Western blot, we explored the phosphorylation state of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in HeLa cells infected with EBs pre-incubated with sugars. Results. All sugar solutions significantly increased CT infectivity on epithelial cells, acting directly on the EB structure. Sugars induced a significant increase of EB membrane fluidity, leading to changes in LPS membrane exposure. Especially after incubation with sucrose and mannitol, EBs led to a higher FAK phosphorylation, enhancing the activation of anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in the host cells. Conclusions. Sugars can increase CT infectivity and virulence, by modulating the expression/exposure of chlamydial membrane ligands. Further in-depth studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved.

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Kapembwa, M. S., S. C. Fleming, N. Sewankambo, D. Serwadda, S. Lucas, A. Moody, and G. E. Griffin. "Altered small-intestinal permeability associated with diarrhoea in human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected Caucasian and African subjects." Clinical Science 81, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0810327.

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1. Small-intestine integrity in Caucasian and African patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus was determined by measuring the permeation across the mucosa of two sugars, lactulose and mannitol. 2. The sugars were assayed by h.p.l.c. and pulsed amperometric detection in 6 h urine samples. Stool microscopy for enteropathogens was performed in all patients. 3. The ratio of lactulose to mannitol recovered in urine was increased in Caucasian and African patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Asymptomatic human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected subjects had a normal lactulose/mannitol ratio. African patients with diarrhoea showed a twofold reduction in mannitol excretion. Such a change in mannitol absorption was not detected in Caucasian patients and occurred regardless of the presence of enteropathogens. 4. Altered small-intestinal permeability is associated with symptomatic diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus infection in both Caucasian and African patients.

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Shippee, R. L., A. A. Johnson, W. G. Cioffi, J. Lasko, T. E. LeVoyer, and B. S. Jordan. "Simultaneous Determination of Lactulose and Mannitol in Urine of Burn Patients by Gas-Liquid Chromatography." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.3.343.

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Abstract Ratios of lactulose/mannitol excretion in urine have been used to assess the extent of intestinal permeability in various disease and trauma conditions. Reported studies have used this technique to correlate altered gastrointestinal mucosal permeability to translocation of bacteria and endotoxin, leading to occult sepsis in burn patients. Enzymatic methods of analysis for urine concentrations of mannitol and lactulose were used in these studies. We have found that urine from patients with severe burns frequently contains compounds that interfere with the enzymatic methods. We describe using gas-liquid chromatography to determine mannitol and lactulose simultaneously in the urine of burn patients. To avoid the multiple peaks for the anomeric forms of the reducing sugars during precolumn trimethylsilyl derivatization, we converted the sugars to oximes before the silylation step. The method gave good recoveries of mannitol and lactulose added to burn patients' urine samples. Unlike the enzymatic methods, gas-liquid chromatography eliminates the effect of interfering compounds and allows for the simultaneous determination of both sugars in urine samples.

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Yttri, K. E., C. Dye, and G. Kiss. "Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 16 (August 20, 2007): 4267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4267-2007.

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Abstract. Sugars and sugar-alcohols are demonstrated to be important constituents of the ambient aerosol water-soluble organic carbon fraction, and to be tracers for primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). In the present study, levels of four sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose) and three sugar-alcohols (arabitol, inositol, mannitol) in ambient aerosols have been quantified using a novel HPLC/HRMS-TOF (High Performance Liquid Chromatography in combination with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry – Time of Flight) method to assess the contribution of PBAP to PM>sub>10 and PM2.5. Samples were collected at four sites in Norway at different times of the year in order to reflect the various contributing sources and the spatial and seasonal variation of the selected compounds. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were present at all sites investigated, underlining the ubiquity of these highly polar organic compounds. The highest concentrations were reported for sucrose, reaching a maximum concentration of 320 ng m−3 in PM10 and 55 ng m−3 in PM2.5. The mean concentration of sucrose was up to 10 times higher than fructose, glucose and the dimeric sugar trehalose. The mean concentrations of the sugar-alcohols were typically lower, or equal, to that of the monomeric sugars and trehalose. Peak concentrations of arabitol and mannitol did not exceed 30 ng m−3 in PM10, and for PM2.5 all concentrations were below 6 ng m−3. Sugars and sugar-alcohols were associated primarily with coarse aerosols except during wintertime at the suburban site in Elverum, where a shift towards sub micron aerosols was observed. It is proposed that this shift was due to the intensive use of wood burning for residential heating at this site during winter, confirmed by high concurrent concentrations of levoglucosan. Elevated concentrations of sugars in PM2.5 were observed during spring and early summer at the rural background site Birkenes. It is hypothesized that this was due to ruptured pollen.

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Dawson, D. J., R. W. Lobley, P. C. Burrows, J. A. Notman, M. Mahon, and R. Holmes. "Changes in jejunal permeability and passive permeation of sugars in intestinal biopsies in coeliac disease and Crohn's disease." Clinical Science 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0740427.

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1. The relative effects of changes in mucosal surface area and mucosal permeability on the passive uptakes of mannitol and raffinose have been studied in vitro using jejunal biopsies from 48 controls, 32 patients with coeliac disease and 11 patients with Crohn's disease. Total mucosal permeation was corrected for surface area measured morphometrically to provide an index of mucosal permeability. 2. In untreated coeliac disease, permeation of mannitol was reduced by 35% (P = 0.006) and that of raffinose was increased by 66% (P = 0.0095) compared with controls, whereas mucosal permeability to mannitol was increased twofold (P = 0.009) and to raffinose fivefold (P = 0.0001). Mucosal permeability was similar for each sugar. 3. In treated coeliac disease, permeation and permeability for mannitol were normal, but remained elevated for raffinose by 23% (P = 0.036) and 41% (P = 0.024), respectively. 4. In Crohn's disease, permeation of mannitol was reduced by 21%, but that of raffinose and mucosal permeability to both sugars were normal. 5. These findings suggest that surface area is quantitatively more important than mucosal permeability in determining the total permeation of mannitol, while the converse is true for raffinose. The findings are compatible with paracellular uptake of raffinose, but with both paracellular and transcellular uptake of mannitol. Both pathways are affected in coeliac disease, whereas only transcellular uptake is affected in Crohn's disease.

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Дисертації з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Denman, Carmen Cecile. "From osmolytes to diabetes : the impact of sugars and sugar alcohols on the cystic fibrosis pathogen, Burkholderia multivorans." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/9787.

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The incidence of CF related diabetes is on the rise as patient life expectancy continues to improve. Sugars elevated in diabetics include glucose, fructose, and mannose. These sugars, in addition to mannitol (recently approved as an inhaled osmolyte) are the basis for this study, aimed at assessing the impact these clinically relevant sugars have on virulence in Burkholderia multivorans. B. multivorans is a member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), and is the most frequent cause of Bcc infection in CF patients. Using an exopolysaccharide-deficient knockout in macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models, biofilm formation, and adhesion assays, this study has identified exopolysaccharide-dependent and -independent phenotypes. Sequencing of B. multivorans C1576, a CF outbreak isolate, identified three putative adhesins in clinical isolate C1576 but not present in the sequenced environmental strain ATCC17616. Mannitol promoted adhesion and enhanced expression of these adhesins. This study characterised these adhesins and assessed the distribution within other clinical and environmental isolates of B. multivorans and the Bcc. Additionally, transcriptomic profiling of B. multivorans assessed the sugar response and EPS regulation during growth on clinically relevant sugars. Where possible, links were made between phenotypic studies and transcriptome data. B. multivorans EPS derived from fructose and mannitol was subjected to composition analysis using mass spectrometry, and assessed for biological activity. Still relevant to CF related diabetes, the ability of some members of the Bcc to bind insulin was assessed. Results indicated that a minority of strains bound insulin. Furthermore, by using flow cytometry cell sorting and fluorescence microscopy, results also showed only a small number of cells within a given population that bound insulin. In all, this study has added to the knowledge base of B. multivorans but more work is needed to fully understand virulence strategies exploited by this CF pathogen.

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Kavanagh, Kathryn Louise. "Structural studies of three NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes involved in sugar metabolism : mannitol dehydrogenase, xylose reductase, and lactate dehydrogenase /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Kendrick, John, Jamshed Anwar, Waard H. de, A. Amani, W. L. J. Hinrichs, and H. W. Frijlink. "Evaluation and Optimization of a Force Field for Crystalline Forms of Mannitol and Sorbitol." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4752.

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Two force fields, the GROMOS53A5/53A6 (united atom) and the AMBER95 (all atom) parameter sets, coupled with partial atomic charges derived from quantum mechanical calculations were evaluated for their ability to reproduce the known crystalline forms of the polyols mannitol and sorbitol. The force fields were evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations at 10 K (which is akin to potential energy minimization) with the simulation cell lengths and angles free to evolve. Both force fields performed relatively poorly, not being able to simultaneously reproduce all of the crystal structures within a 5% deviation level. The parameter sets were then systematically optimized using sensitivity analysis, and a revised AMBER95 set was found to reproduce the crystal structures with less than 5% deviation from experiment. The stability of the various crystalline forms for each of the parameter sets (original and revised) was then assessed in extended MD simulations at 298 K and 1 bar covering 1 ns simulation time. The AMBER95 parameter sets (original and revised) were found to be effective in reproducing the crystal structures in these more stringent tests. Remarkably, the performance of the original AMBER95 parameter set was found to be slightly better than that of the revised set in these simulations at 298 K. The results of this study suggest that, whenever feasible, one should include molecular simulations at elevated temperatures when optimizing parameters.
Dutch Top Institute Pharma

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Gilani, Syed Saad Akhtar Hussain. "Biomarkers of increased intestinal permeability in chickens." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119622.

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Enterocytes comprising the single layer of epithelial cells in the intestine are linked together by a series of proteins known as tight junction proteins (TJP). TJP absorb nutrients through selective permeability and act as a barrier between intestinal contents and blood. When the barrier function is compromised this is known as increased intestinal permeability (IP). The aim of the thesis was to investigate biomarkers of increased IP in chickens. Increased IP has been studied extensively in rats, pigs and humans. In contrast, this is a relatively a new area in chickens (Chapter 2). Based on published studies in rats and pigs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin produced by Gram-negative bacteria, was selected as a method for increasing IP in chickens. Three experiments were conducted utilizing LPS to increase IP in chickens (Chapter 3). These studies concluded that LPS failed to increase IP as measured by permeability of lactulose, rhamnose and mannitol sugars (LMR) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) across the epithelial barrier. However, this work generated useful data and indicated for the first time that 90 minutes post-oral gavage was the optimal time-point for blood sampling. Since fasting for 19.5 hours was applied in the protocol of LPS administration (Chapter 3), a second experiment was conducted with fasting for 19.5 hours and dextran sodium sulphate ingestion along with the LMR sugars and FITC-d (Chapter 4). Additional biomarkers such as intestinal fatty acid binding protein, fecal antitrypsin inhibitor, diamine oxidase and d-lactate were also utilized. This paper concluded that 19.5 hours fasting increased IP that could be evaluated by LMR sugar and FITC-d methods. However, DSS ingestion did not show any IP increase in chickens. Since fasting is routinely applied in the chicken meat industry, fasting and its effects on IP were further investigated (Chapter 5). This study revealed that fasting for as little as 4.5 and 9 hours also increased IP in chickens. The study also confirmed that both methods (LMR sugars and FITC-d) could be utilized to evaluate increased IP. Chapter 6 focused on delayed feeding at the time of chicken placement at the farm. However, this study revealed that delayed feeding did not alter IP in very young chickens. Finally, as short-term fasting also increased IP in older chickens, a further study was conducted to investigate whether mRNA expression of gut barrier associated genes was altered (Chapter 7). This study showed that mRNA expression of claudin-3 only was significantly different from control for 9 and 19.5 hours fasting. This thesis has identified several biomarkers that could be utilized to evaluate increased IP in chickens. Some of these biomarkers such as fecal antitrypsin inhibitor, fatty acid binding protein, diamine oxidase and d-lactate could not detect IP changes induced by fasting in the current studies, they could potentially eliminate the need for oral gavage which is required in the FITC-d and LMR sugar tests. Nonetheless, this research project has shown that permeation of LMR sugars and FITC-d across the intestinal epithelium was able to demonstrate IP changes in chickens.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, 2017

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Szucs, Ildiko. "Fixation, Partitioning and Export of Carbon in two Species of the Plantaginaceae." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6272.

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During photosynthesis Plantaginaceae species can produce glucose derivatives such as iridoid glycosides and alcohol sugars that in addition to sucrose can be exported from leaves. Plantago lanceolata transported sorbitol in addition to sucrose especially at warmer leaf temperatures. However, two iridoids, catalpol and aucubin, found in P. lanceolata were not readily labelled from 14CO2 under any conditions examined. In contrast, in two greenhouse, cut-flower cultivars of Antirrhinum majus the iridoids, antirrhinoside and antirrhide, were readily 14C-labelled along with sucrose but little 14C was recovered in alcohol sugars (e.g., mannitol). The amount of 14C-partitioned into antirrhinoside increased at higher temperatures. Exposing leaves of P. lanceolata and A. majus to reduced-photorespiratory conditions (e.g. short-term CO2 enrichment and/or low O2) increased fixation and export. Under low O2 in P. lanceolata sorbitol 14C-labelling increased relative to sucrose and in A. majus 14C-labelling of sucrose increased relative to antirrhinoside. Also 14C-labelling of antirrhide increased more than antirrhinoside. During both short-term and long-term acclimation to high CO2, whole plant NCER, leaf photosynthesis and export increased in A. majus. Taken together the temperature and CO2 enrichment studies show plasticity in Plantaginaceae species to synthesize and transport sucrose and auxiliary glucose esters and alcohol sugars in a species-specific manner (depending on the rate of carboxylation).

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Книги з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Fubini, Paolo. Mannitol: Chemistry, Uses and Potential Side Effects. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.

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Частини книг з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Deis, Ronald C., and Malcolm W. Kearsley. "Sorbitol and Mannitol." In Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology, 331–46. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118373941.ch15.

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Eggleston, Gillian, Jessica Gober, and Clay Alexander. "Enzymatic Analysis of Mannitol as aLeuconostoc mesenteroidesDeterioration Marker in Sugarcane and Sugar Beet Factories." In ACS Symposium Series, 207–27. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1058.ch013.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Mannitol and sugars"

Liu, Hanli, Yutao Zhang, Mika Kimura, and Britton Chance. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Solute-Induced Changes in Optical Properties in Living Tissues." In Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bosd.1996.cm3.

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A number of recent studies have focused on the possibility of using the NIR techniques to monitor a change of glucose concentration in tissue [1,2]. The basis of the method rests on the fact that a change of refractive index in the extracellular fluid due to the presence of additional glucose causes a small change in the overall scattering property of the tissue that could be detected by the NIR techniques. Chance et al [ 3] show that in lipid and yeast cell suspensions, an increase in concentration of a general solute, such as sugars and electrolytes, gives rise to a decrease in scattering factor of the suspension. These results are in good agreement with those given in Refs. 1 and 2. However, in the tissue measurement performed on a perfused rat liver, the results obtained by adding mannitol (or glucose) to the perfusate of the perfused liver displayed a behavior in contrast to those in the lipid suspensions [3] and can not be well explained by the change of only refractive index. In order to employ the NIR techniques for a broad use in noninvasive physiological monitoring, we wish to show in this paper the solute-induced correlation between optical properties in tissue and its refractive index as well as its osmolarity.

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Eggleston, Gillian, and Jean-Marc Huet. "The measurement of mannitol in a sugar beet factory to monitor deterioration and processing problems." In American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2011.60.

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Slinger, C., A. Vyas, H. Lever, R. Slinger, J. Silva, and C. Prior. "S45 A puff of sugar and a pinch of (speech & language therapy) SALT: is the mannitol challenge test a useful ingredient in the assessment of inducible laryngeal obstruction?" In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2021 Online, Wednesday 24 to Friday 26 November 2021, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2021-btsabstracts.51.

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