Статті в журналах: "Manganese TWIP Steels"

1

Razavi, Gholam Reza. "The Study of Type Twin Annealing in High Mn Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1085.

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TWIP steels are high manganese steel (Mn: 17% - 35%) which are used for shaping car bodies. The structure of this kind of steels remains austenite even in room temperature. Due to low SFE (Stacking Fault Energy) twinning of grains is governing reformation mechanism in this kind of steels which strengthen TWIP steel. Regarding heat treatment influences on mechanical properties of TWIP steels, in this paper we discuss twinning phenomenon resulting from this kind of treatment. For this, following casting and hot rolling processes, we anneal the steel at 1100°C and different time cycles and study its microstructure using light microscope. The results showed that with decreasing grain size the number of twin annealing added And four types of annealing twin in the microstructure, in the end they all become one twin and then turn into grain.

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2

Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński, and Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.

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3

Hernández-Belmontes, Humberto, Ignacio Mejía, and Cuauhtémoc Maldonado. "Ab Initio Study of Weldability of a High-Manganese Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Boron." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.15.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) currently under development; they are fully austenitic and characterized by twinning as the predominant strengthening mechanism. TWIP steels have high strength and formability with an elongation up to 80%, which allows reduction in automotive components weight and fuel consumption. Since the targeted application field of TWIP steels is the automotive industry, steels need high mechanical performance with good weldability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, there is lack of information about the weldability behavior of these advanced steels. This research work aims to study the weldability of a new generation of high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels microalloyed with B. Weldability was examined using spot welds produced by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Microstructural changes were examined using light optical metallography. Segregation of elements in the weld joint was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron-Dispersive Spectroscopy; while the hardness properties were examined with Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that the welded joint microstructure consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the fusion zone, and equiaxed grains in the heat affected zone. Notably, the boron microalloyed TWIP steel exhibited poor weldability, showing hot cracking. Additionally, the studied TWIP steels showed a high degree of segregation in the fusion zone; Mn and Si segregated into the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. Finally, the welded joints of the TWIP steels showed microhardness values lower than the base material. In general, the present TWIP steels have problems of weldability, which are corroborated with microstructural changes, elements segregation and microhardness loss.

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4

Iker, Mathieu, D. Gaude-Fugarolas, Pascal J. Jacques, and Francis Delannay. "Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of High Manganese Steels by Combination of Precipitation Hardening and Mechanical Twinning." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.852.

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Twinning-Induced Plasticity steels (TWIP steels) are extensively studied due to their ultra-high strain-hardening rate, that brings about a remarkable combination of ductility and strength. Twinning can be observed in high manganese-carbon steels. This paper considers hardening by combination of mechanical twinning with carbide precipitation. The kinetics of precipitation and the morphological evolution of carbides with annealing time were studied for two different TWIP steels with high manganese and carbon contents. The steels are first cold-rolled and then annealed at 800°C for recrystallization and carbide precipitation. Depending on the steel composition, the kinetics of precipitation and the morphology of the carbides are quite different. The influence of the annealing cycle on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. The results are used to discuss the influence of composition, stacking fault energy (SFE) and carbide precipitation on twinning. We show that the usual criteria based on the SFE only are not sufficient to characterize the twinning ability of a steel.

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5

Jabłońska, Magdalena, Dariusz Kuc, Karina Horzelska, and Anna Śmiglewicz. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Manganese TWIP Steel after Thermo-Forming Processes." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.99.

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In recent years, the leading scientific centres focus their research on improvement of mechanical properties of steels used for car manufacturing. These steels belong to a so-called 2nd generation of steels showing above-the-average plasticity while maintaining high strength. Thanks to these properties, they may be used successfully in automotive, armaments or railway industries for elements absorbing energy of a collision and ensuring high rigidity of a structure owing to their resistance to breaking. These steels are called TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steels based on their hardening mechanism. In this paper, results of studies on the influence of parameters of thermo-plastic deformation on selected properties and structure of an X45MnAl20-3V austenitic steel showing the TWIP effect are presented. Moreover, an analysis of influence of the deformation on the structure of the studied steel in tensile tests has been carried out. The studied steel was manufactured by classic casting to a concast mould, obtaining ingots with dimensions of 100×100 mm, then subjected to rolling in 4 roll passes to a final thickness of 12 mm and 3 mm. The finish-rolling temperature was 950°C and the sheets were cooled in 2 media, i.e. in air and in water. It was confirmed that the studied steel belongs to the TWIP group of steels, with mechanical twinning being the prevailing process of hardening during deformation.

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6

Mercado, V. H., I. Mejía, Y. Salinas-Escutia, and A. Bedolla-Jacuinde. "Wear Resistance under Non-Lubricated Condition of Nb-Containing TWIP Steel." MRS Advances 2, no. 61 (2017): 3765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.593.

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ABSTRACTTwinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are one of the most attractive advanced high-strength steels for structural applications due to their unique combination of strength and ductility, which is associated with so-called “mechanical twinning”, where twins act as strong obstacles to the dislocation motion. In this context, Nb addition to TWIP steel increases the strength and refines grain size by nanoscale NbC precipitates. Nowadays, high-manganese TWIP steels are extensively studied. However, information in the specialized literature about their tribological properties is limited. This research work studies the wear behavior of high-manganese austenitic Fe–20Mn–1.5Si–1.5Al–0.4C TWIP steel microalloyed with Nb. The wear behavior was evaluated under non-lubricated sliding condition using the “pin-on-ring” technique. As-solution heat treated samples were worn under loads of 53, 104 and 154 N, and at sliding speeds of 0.22, 0.60 and 0.87 m/s. The wear resistance was evaluated in terms of the loss weight. Wear debris and worn surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In general, results show that the wear resistance significantly improves as the sliding speed increases. On the other hand, Nb addition to present TWIP steel produces a slight increase of the wear resistance. Also, it was found that the oxide layer plays a significant role in the wear resistance behavior of this kind of steel.

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7

Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Mechanical Properties of High-Manganese Austenitic TWIP-Type Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.27.

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Taking into consideration increased quantity of accessories used in modern cars, decreasing car’s weight can be achieved solely by optimization of sections of sheets used for bearing and reinforcing elements as well as for body panelling parts of a car. Application of sheets with lower thickness requires using sheets with higher mechanical properties, however keeping adequate formability. The goal of structural elements such as frontal frame side members, bumpers and the others is to take over the energy of an impact. Therefore, steels that are used for these parts should be characterized by high value of UTS and UEl, proving the ability of energy absorption. Among the wide variety of recently developed steels, high-manganese austenitic steels with low stacking faulty energy are particularly promising, especially when mechanical twinning occurs. Beneficial combination of high strength and ductile properties of these steels depends on structural processes taking place during cold plastic deformation, which are a derivative of SFE of austenite, dependent, in turn on the chemical composition of steel and deformation temperature. High-manganese austenitic steels in effect of application of proper heat treatment or thermo-mechanical treatment can be characterized by different structure assuring the advantageous connection of strength and plasticity properties. Proper determinant of these properties can be plastic deformation energy supply determined by integral over surface of cold plastic deformation curve. Obtaining of high strength properties with retaining the high plasticity has significant influence for the development of high-manganese steel groups and their significance for the development of materials engineering.

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8

Olugbade, Temitope Olumide. "Stress corrosion cracking and precipitation strengthening mechanism in TWIP steels: progress and prospects." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0052.

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AbstractTwinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are increasingly receiving wide attention for automotive applications due to their outstanding combination of ductility and strength, which can largely be attributed to the strain hardening effect, formation of mechanical twins during straining, and the presence of manganese (Mn) as an alloying element. However, the premature cracking and sudden failure frequently experienced by the TWIP steels under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion environment remain a challenge for many material scientists and experts up till now. Driven by this challenge, an overview of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of high-Mn TWIP steels (under the action of both mechanical loading and corrosion reaction) is presented. The SCC susceptibility of the high-Mn TWIP steels is specifically sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement, which is a major factor influencing the SCC behavior, and is a function of the hydrogen content, lattice-defect density and strength level. Besides, the corrosion susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement may be reduced by suppressing the martensite in the TWIP steels by carbon additions. This review further discusses in detail the precipitation strengthening mechanisms as well as the corrosion behavior of TWIP steel by mechanism.

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9

Erhart, Andrea, André Haufe, Alexander Butz, Maksim Zapara, and Dirk Helm. "Implementation of a Constitutive Model for the Mechanical Behavior of TWIP Steels and Validation Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.539.

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High manganese content TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are promising for the production of lightweight components due to their high strength combined with extreme ductility, see [1]. This paper deals with the implementation of a constitutive model for the macroscopic deformation behavior of TWIP steels under mechanical loading with the aim of simulating metal forming processes and representing the behavior of TWIP-steel components – for example under crash loading - with the Finite Element code LS-DYNA®and refers to our recently published papers: [2],[4],[5]. Within the present paper we focus on the implementation of the model formulated in [2] and its extension to stress dependent twinning effects.

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10

Ma, Peng Hui, Li He Qian, Jiang Ying Meng, Shuai Liu, and Fu Cheng Zhang. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of High Manganese Austenitic TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.7.

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Fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of three high manganese austenitic twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with different stacking fault energy (SFE) was investigated, aiming at studying the correlation between the FCG resistance and the SFE of the steels. FCG tests were performed using three-point bending specimens at room temperature at stress ratio of 0.1 under the control of stress intensity factor range. Test results showed that the fatigue threshold values of these steels decrease with increasing the SFE. However, in the Paris regime, the crack growth rates of the steels do not appear to correlate directly with SFE. These results are discussed according to the degree of fatigue crack closure and the deformation mode of crack tip zone.

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11

Kang, Mihyun, Wan Chuck Woo, Vyacheslav Em, Young Kook Lee, and Baek Seok Seong. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements of the Deformation Behavior in High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.73.

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Deformation behavior of high Mn TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steels was observed using neutron diffraction. Two kinds of specimens were prepared; 0 and 2 wt% of Al TWIP steels. The lattice strains and peak widths of hkl grains were measured under tensile loading. The results provide an insight into the influence of the Al contents on the deformation behavior associated with the microstructure changes in TWIP steels.

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12

Jabłońska, Magdalena, Grzegorz Niewielski, and Rudolf Kawalla. "High Manganese TWIP Steel - Technological Plasticity and Selected Properties." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.87.

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Over the last few years national as well as international research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, are characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect which is a new type of steel possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industry. The article presents the results of researches of TWIP-type austenitic steel in case of determination some of the more important parameters for continuous casting simulation process and the results of tests regarding the influence of strain parameters on sensitivity to plastic forming and deformation strengthening. It has been shown that the researched steel reaches a zero plasticity temperature at 1250°C. The deformation tests indicate its good workability of hot processing within the temperature range of 1100 ÷ 800°C. The relation between yield stress and strain during the hot deformation is typical for the presence of dynamic recrystallization processes. The tested steel has good formability and high mechanical properties, especially when being deformed at a high strain rate. Analysis of the substructure of researched steel was indicate presence of mechanical twinning.

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13

Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.

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14

Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu, and Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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15

Martin, Ulises, Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch, and David M. Bastidas. "Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C TWIP Steel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249104.

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Electrochemical corrosion of thermo-mechanically processed (TMP) and recrystallized Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels containing 30 wt.% Mn was studied in a 1.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte solution. The alkaline nature of the corrosion products containing manganese oxide (MnO) increases the dissolution kinetics of the TWIP steel in acid media, obtaining Mn2+ cations in solution, and producing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis revealed an increased Al2O3 content of 91% in the passive layer of the recrystallized TWIP steel specimen, while in contrast only a 43% Al2O3 was found on the TMP specimen. Additionally, the chemical composition of the surface oxide layer as well as the TWIP alloy microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate an enhanced corrosion attack for the TMP high-Mn TWIP steel.

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16

Beal, Coline, Xavier Kleber, Damien Fabrègue, and Mohamed Bouzekri. "Embrittlement of a High Manganese TWIP Steel in the Presence of Liquid Zinc." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2041.

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In the past decade, new steels have been developed for the automotive industry in the framework of environmental requirements. Among them, high manganese austenitic steels combining exceptional properties of strength and ductility are particularly promising. These exceptional properties stem from a fully austenitic structure at room temperature and a twinning deformation mode in addition to the classical mechanism of dislocation gliding, known as the TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) effect. In this study, the cracking resistance of the Fe22Mn0.6C TWIP steel was investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon. Indeed, liquid zinc has been found to have an embrittling effect on such steels. Electro-galvanized specimens were subjected to hot tensile tests using Gleeble® thermo-mechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on embrittlement was studied. The results show that this steel can be embrittled by liquid zinc within a limited range of temperature depending on strain rate. A critical stress for cracking has been defined for each embrittlement condition.

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17

Wietbrock, Burkhard, M. Bambach, S. Seuren, and G. Hirt. "Homogenization Strategy and Material Characterization of High-Manganese TRIP and TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3134.

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In this work a hot forming strategy, consisting of forging and hot rolling, to homogenize casted blocks of high-manganese steels with 0.3 % carbon and 22 % manganese is introduced. The resulting distribution of carbon and manganese is evaluated by microprobe scans. The micro-segregation of manganese could be reduced from 7 weight percent to 2. To create the obtained hot forming strategy hot compression tests have been carried out. The deformation behavior has been characterized for two steels with 22 % manganese and between 0.3 and 0.7 % carbon content in the temperature range between 700 and 1200°C and strain rates between 0.1 and 10 s-1.

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18

Scott, Colin, Blandine Remy, Jean-Louis Collet, Aurelie Cael, Cuimin Bao, Frederic Danoix, Benoît Malard, and Caroline Curfs. "Precipitation strengthening in high manganese austenitic TWIP steels." International Journal of Materials Research 102, no. 5 (May 2011): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110508.

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19

Lara, Antoni, Mercè Roca, Sergi Parareda, Núria Cuadrado, Jessica Calvo, and Daniel Casellas. "Effect of Sandblasting on Low and High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour after Mechanical Cutting of a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 18002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816518002.

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In the last years, car bodies are increasingly made with new advanced high-strength steels, for both lightweighting and safety purposes. Among these new steels, high-manganese or TWIP steels exhibit a promising combination of strength and toughness, arising from the austenitic structure, strengthened by C, and from the twinning induced plasticity effect. Mechanical cutting such as punching or shearing is widely used for the manufacturing of car body components. This method is known to bring about a very clear plastic deformation and therefore causes a significant increase of mechanical stress and micro-hardness in the zone adjacent to the cut edge. To improve the cut edge quality, surface treatments, such as sandblasting, are often used. This surface treatment generates a compressive residual stress layer in the subsurface region. The monotonic tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of these steels have been extensively studied, as well as the effect of grain size and distribution and chemical composition on fatigue behaviour; however, there is not so much documentation about the fatigue performance of these steels cut using different strategies. Thus, the aim of this work is to analyse the fatigue behaviour of a TWIP steel after mechanical cutting with and without sandblasting in Low and High-Cycle Fatigue regimes. The fatigue behaviour has been determined at room temperature with tensile samples tested with a load ratio of 0.1 and load amplitude control to analyse High-Cycle Fatigue behaviour; and a load ratio of -1 and strain amplitude control to determine the Low-Cycle Fatigue behaviour. Samples were cut by shearing with a clearance value of 5%. Afterwards, a part of the cut specimens were manually blasted using glass microspheres of 40 to 95 microns of diameter as abrasive media. The results show a beneficial effect of the sandblasting process in fatigue behaviour in both regimes, load amplitude control (HCF) and strain amplitude control (LCF) tests, when these magnitudes are low, while no significant differences are observed with higher amplitudes. low-cycle fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, mechanical cutting, sandblasting, high manganese steel, TWIP steel

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20

Muskalski, Zbigniew, Sylwia Wiewiórowska, and Marcin Pełka. "The Mechanical Properties and Structure Evolution for High-Manganese TWIP Steel Wires." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.524.

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The increasing demand by the automotive industry has resulted in a search for materials of increasingly high mechanical properties and, at the same time, plastic deformability. These requirements are met by AHSS (Advanced High-Strength Steels) multiphase steels. The group of AHSS type steels may include: diphase (DP), TRIP-effect, hot formed (HF) martensitic, plastic formed heat treated (PFHT), and TWIP-effect steels.

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21

Jabłońska, Magdalena, and Rafał Michalik. "Studies on the Corrosion Properties of High-Mn Austenitic Steels." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.75.

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Institute of Materials Science at Silesian University of Technology since 6 years conducts researches to learn about the new dedicated for automotive, railway and military industries. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. It is a new type of steel possessing both a high strength and a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behaviour. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industries. In the paper the of the three grades of high-manganese steels of was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution and in an “acid rain” solution with pH=3.5 environments using polarization experiments. The results of corrosion tests and analysis of show that a higher polarisation resistance and lower values of corrosion current density are observed for all studied steels in 3.5% NaCl solution. Spontaneous passivation ability has been shown only for one grade of high-manganese steel in 3.5% NaCl.

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22

Liu, F., W. J. Dan, and W. G. Zhang. "Strain hardening model of TWIP steels with manganese content." Materials Science and Engineering: A 674 (September 2016): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.115.

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23

Abramova, Marina, Arseniy Raab, Ruslan Z. Valiev, Anna Khannanova, Chong Soo Lee, Jae Nam Kim, Gyeong Hyeon Jang, et al. "Tailoring Extra-Strength of a TWIP Steel by Combination of Multi-Pass Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Warm Rolling." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030518.

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Increasing the yield stress of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels is a demanding task for modern materials science. This aim can be achieved by microstructure refinement induced by heavy straining. We feature the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of a high-manganese TWIP steel subjected to deformation treatment by different combinations of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and rolling at different temperatures. The effect of microstructure on the tensile properties of the steel subjected to the multi-pass ECAP process and to subsequent rolling is reported as well. We show that the combined deformation procedure allows us to further increase the strength of the processed workpieces due to a gradual transition from a banded structure to a heterogeneous hierarchical microstructure consisting of fragments, dislocation configurations and nano- and micro-twins colonies. Rolling of multi-pass ECAP specimens at 375 °C allowed us to achieve an extraordinary strength, the highest among all the investigated cases, while the best trade-off between yield strength and elongation to failure was reached using multi-pass ECAP followed by rolling at 500 °C. This study shows a great potential of using combined deformation techniques to enhance the mechanical performance of TWIP steels.

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24

Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Barbara Grzegorczyk, Mateusz Morawiec, and Adam Grajcar. "Explanation of the PLC Effect in Advanced High-Strength Medium-Mn Steels. A Review." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244175.

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The paper reviews the recent works concerning the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSSs) with a special attention to high-strength medium-manganese steels. Theories explaining the mechanism of the plastic instability phenomenon in steels with medium- and high-Mn contents were discussed. The relationships between microstructural effects such as TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity), TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) and the PLC effect were characterized. The effects of processing conditions including a deformation state (hot-rolled and cold-rolled) and strain parameters (deformation temperature, strain rate) were addressed. Factors affecting the value of critical strain for the activation of serrated flow behavior in particular in medium-manganese steels were described.

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25

Liang, Zhi Yuan, Ying Zhuang Liu, Xu Wang, Ren Dong Liu, and Ming Xin Huang. "Revealing the Individual Hardening Effects of Twins, Dislocations, Grain Boundaries and Solid Solution in a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2489.

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Manganese-rich austenitic twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with high strength and superior ductility have received much attention in the past two decades. Tremendous efforts have been made to explore their unusual hardening behaviour which includes contributions from twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution. Nevertheless, the individual hardening effects of twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution on the high strength of TWIP steels are still unclear. In the present work, the flow stress of a TWIP steel was experimentally decomposed into the respective contributions of twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution. For the forest hardening, synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments with line profile analysis were carried out to measure the dislocation density. It is found that the yield stress of the present TWIP steel is controlled by solid solution and grain boundary hardening, which contribute to 238.3 and 238.5 MPa, respectively. After yielding, the work-hardening rate is dominated by dislocation multiplication which accounts for up to 922 MPa at a true strain of 0.4, equal to about 60% of the flow stress. In comparison, twins contribute to only 118 MPa at the same true strain, equal to about 8% of the flow stress. In other words, twins have minor effect on the flow stress, in contrast to the current understandings in the literature.

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26

Daamen, Markus, Wiebke Nessen, Philipp T. Pinard, Silvia Richter, Alexander Schwedt, and Gerhard Hirt. "Deformation Behavior of High-manganese TWIP Steels Produced by Twin-roll Strip Casting." Procedia Engineering 81 (2014): 1535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.186.

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27

Daamen, Markus, Silvia Richter, and Gerhard Hirt. "Microstructure Analysis of High-Manganese TWIP Steels Produced via Strip Casting." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.553.

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Steels with manganese contents of more than 20% offer a new and favourable combination of material properties like high strength and high ductility. These extraordinary mechanical properties are based on the TWIP effect, which depends on the Stacking Fault Energy (SFE). But there are still problems in the conventional production of high-manganese steels, which prevents their widespread use. Both in casting and subsequent hot rolling difficulties occur, with the consequence that the production is very expensive. One alternative production process of high-manganese steels is strip casting, which basic feasibility was shown in earlier work. Strip casting allows the casting and rolling of hot strip in one combined process. In this way hot strip with a thickness of less than 3 mm could be produced. Characteristic for the strip cast material is the as-cast structure with a fine dendritic structure, which shows pronounced microsegregations with a short wavelength. The pronounced microsegregations can have an impact on the local chemical composition and thus on the dominating forming mechanisms that occur. In this work therefore the microsegregations of strip cast material are investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurement. Besides the local element distribution, also the presence and composition of non-metallic inclusions are analysed. Especially oxides from the casting process and sulfides from the raw material are expected. Furthermore, different annealing processes for the elimination of the dendritic as-cast structure are examined. In these experiments the temperatures were varied in the range from 900 to 1150°C at annealing times from several minutes to a few hours.

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28

GRAJCAR, A., and W. BOREK. "Thermo-mechanical processing of high-manganese austenitic TWIP-type steels." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 4 (January 2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1644-9665(12)60119-8.

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29

Peng, Ru Lin, Xiao Peng Liu, Yan Dong Wang, Shu Yan Zhang, Yong Feng Shen, and Sten Johansson. "In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Deformation Behaviour of Two High-Manganese Austenitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.474.

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In-situ neutron diffraction experiments under tensile loading were carried out to study the micromechanical behaviour of two iron-manganese based steels, a TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steel with 30 wt% Mn and a TRIP steel (transformation induced plasticity) with 20 wt% Mn. The former was loaded to 31.3% strain and the latter to 20% strain. The 30 wt.% Mn steel had a fully austenitic microstructure which remained stable over the loading range studied, while stress induced austenite to α´- and ε-martensite transformations occur in the 20 wt.% Mn steel which initially contained an α´-martensite in addition to the austenite. The evolution of lattice strains under tensile loading differs between the two steels, reflected their different plastic deformation mechanisms. A stronger grain-orientation dependent behaviour is observed during deformation for the 20 wt.% Mn in contrast to the 30wt.% Mn steel.

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30

Matteis, Paolo, Giorgio Scavino, R. Sesana, F. D’Aiuto, and Donato Firrao. "Fatigue Behavior of High Manganese TWIP Steels and of Low Alloy Q&P Steels for Car-Body Applications." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.713.

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The automotive TWIP steels are high-Mn austenitic steels, with a relevant C content, which exhibit a promising combination of strength and toughness, arising from the ductile austenitic structure, which is strengthened by C, and from the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect. The microstructure of the low-alloy Q&P steels consists of martensite and austenite and is obtained by the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment, which consists of: austenitizing; quenching to the Tqtemperature, comprised between Msand Mf; soaking at the Tppartitioning temperature (Tpbeing equal to or slightly higher than Tq) to allow carbon to diffuse from martensite to austenite; and quenching to room temperature. The fatigue behavior of these steels is examined both in the as-fabricated condition and after pre-straining and welding operations, which are representative of the cold forming and assembling operations performed to fabricate the car-bodies. Moreover, the microscopic fracture mechanisms are assessed by means of fractographic examinations.

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31

Leták, Radek, Hana Jirková, Ludmila Kučerová, Štěpán Jeníček, and Josef Volák. "Effect of Forming and Heat Treatment Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel with 5% Mn." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 12, 2023): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124340.

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Medium manganese steels fall into the category of modern third-generation high-strength steels. Thanks to their alloying, they use a number of strengthening mechanisms, such as the TRIP and TWIP effects, to achieve their mechanical properties. The excellent combination of strength and ductility also makes them suitable for safety components in car shells, such as side reinforcements. Medium manganese steel with 0.2% C, 5% Mn, and 3% Al was used for the experimental program. Sheets with a thickness of 1.8 mm without surface treatment were formed in a press hardening tool. Side reinforcements require various mechanical properties in different parts. The change in mechanical properties was tested on the produced profiles. The changes in the tested regions were produced by local heating to an intercritical region. These results were compared with classically annealed specimens in a furnace. In the case of tool hardening, strength limits were over 1450 MPa with a ductility of about 15%.

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32

Kim, Sung Joon. "Effects of Manganese Content and Heat Treatment Condition on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fine-Grained Low Carbon TRIP-Aided Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3313.

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The mechanical properties and microstructures of alternative low carbon TRIP-aided steels in which manganese contents mediate between conventional low-alloyed TRIP-aided steels and TWIP steel have been investigated. A variety of microstructures, from a single austenite phase to multiple phase mixtures, was attained according to chemical compositions as well as heat treatment schedule. By means of reverse transformation of martensite combined with controlled annealing, a remarkable grain refinement being responsible for stabilization of austenite could be achieved. In case of the duplex (+ ) microstructures in 6Mn and 7Mn alloys, large amount of retained austenite more than 30 % contributed to substantial improvement of ductility compared to the conventional TRIP-aided steels having similar tensile strength level. In nearly single austenitic 13Mn alloy, the annealed sheet steel exhibited high tensile strength of 1.3 GPa with sufficient ductility due to the stain induced martensite transformation of fine grained austenite.

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33

Russo Spena, Pasquale, Manuela De Maddis, Franco Lombardi, and Fabio D’Aiuto. "Resistance Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength TWIP Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.876.

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In this study, advanced high manganese austenitic steel sheets were welded by resistance spot welding at different welding parameters. The effects of welding current, clamping force, number of the current impulse, and duration of each current impulse were examined. Based on Taguchis method, an L-27(313) orthogonal array was employed for carrying out resistance spot welding tests. The welded sheets were subjected to tensile-shear tests in order to determine the strength of the welded joints. Basically, the results showed that tensile-shear strength increase with clamping force at the medium and high effective welding time (>400 ms). However, the occurrence of micro cracks within the welded joints may justify the scattering of tensile-shear strength values.

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34

Jabłońska, Magdalena, and Anna Śmiglewicz. "Analysis of Substructure of High-Mn Steels in the Context of Dominant Stress Mechanism." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.177.

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In last ten years, leading research centers have been directed to the development of high-Mn steels for manufacturing of parts for automotive industry. The discussed steels with different values of Mn, Al, and Si addition have a medium value of EBU. They usually demonstrate a dominant stress mechanism like twinning induced plasticity TWIP. During the plastic deformation, they may demonstrate a two stress mechanisms like sliding and twinning. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the substructure of high manganese steel after deformation by cold rolling in the context of dominant stress mechanism. The substructure was analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. In the steels, close weaves of dislocations, dislocations tangles, twins and microtwins were observed. It was revealed that the detailed analysis of substructure of the investigated steels after cold deformation could be helpful in determination of the dominant stress mechanism. The obtained results may be used for development of these steels and their plastic deformation models.

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35

Hamada, Atef S., David A. Porter, Jarkko Puustinen, and L. Pentti Karjalainen. "Study on Cyclic Strain Localization and Fatigue Fracture Mechanism in High Manganese Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.411.

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The fatigue cracking mechanisms of two high Mn TWinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are investigated in detail using electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Furthermore, the fracture surfaces of the fatigued steels have been studied by employing a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The fine details of the fatigued surface topography are verified using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results indicate that the fatigue crack embryos nucleate at an early stage of the fatigue life as a result of local straining at grain and annealing twin boundaries at sites, where persistent slip bands create dislocation piled-ups that impinge on boundaries. The EBSD measurements showed that unlike in monotonic straining, the formation of deformation twins is not observed under cyclic straining.

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36

Ghasri-Khouzani, Morteza, M. Bruhis, and Joseph Robert McDermid. "Effect of Carbon Gradient on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-22Mn-C TWIP/TRIP Steels." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.195.

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High-manganese austenitic steels are promising emerging automotive steels demonstrating high strength and ductility. The main deformation products observed in these steels are mechanical twins and ε-martensite, where the dominant deformation products vary quite strongly with stacking fault energy (SFE), which in turn is a very strong function of the alloy carbon content. In this research, a Fe-22Mn-0.6C sheet steel was decarburized to achieve a variety of through-thickness C gradients, thereby varying the dominant deformation products through the sheet thickness, with the overall objective of producing unique microstructures and mechanical properties. Microstructural analyses after interrupted tensile testing indicated that the amount of both mechanical twins and ε-martensite increased with increasing true strain, where the deformation products changed from mechanical twins at the higher-C core to ε-martensite at the lower-C surface. The spring-back properties of the C graded steels were also compared with reference to the effect of differential carbon concentration gradient.

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37

Dieffenbach, Tonja, Kai Treutler, and Volker Wesling. "High-speed tensile tests on high-manganese steel at low temperatures." Materials Testing 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0245.

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Abstract Particularly in the automotive industry and the sector of liquid–gas storage, austenitic steels with a high energy absorption capacity are used. The light metals frequently used do not meet all requirements. Therefore, especially for components involved in crash situations, the cost-effective alternative with outstanding properties is used. In this respect, the high-manganese TWIP steels are of great interest, specifically due to their strength and ductility. Also in other research areas, the high-strength steels are moving into the focus of attention. For example, the properties of welded high-manganese steels at low temperature applications, such as those encountered during storage and transport of liquefied gases, are to be investigated. For this purpose, high-speed tensile tests are used to experimentally determine how the material behaves at different low temperatures and high strain rates. The investigations carried out provide results that can be used to draw conclusions about the strain rate and temperature dependence of the mechanical characteristics. These dependencies are shown as well.

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38

Yang, Ping, Fa Yun Lu, Tong Yan Liu, Li Meng, and Wei Min Mao. "Crystallographic Behaviors of Uni-Axial Deformed High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2668.

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High manganese TRIP/TWIP steels with different Mn contents were subjected to uniaxial deformation. The textures, misorientations and orientation relationships were determined in austenite, HCP/BCC martensites and ferrite. It is observed that the mechanically stabilized austenite possesses mainly stable deformation texture, the intermediate HCP martensite possesses mainly unstable tilted basal texture and the BCC martensite possesses stable deformation texture which was actually mixed with transformation texture. Special misorientations due to either the inherence from austenite or due to twins or variant selection were main components in each phase. K-S relationship became much scattered due to slip-induced misorientations both in martensite and in parent austenite.

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39

Bordone, Matías, Juan Perez-Ipiña, Raúl Bolmaro, Alfredo Artigas, and Alberto Monsalve. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Aspects of Two High-Manganese Steels with TWIP/TRIP Effects: A Comparative Study." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010024.

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This article is focused on the mechanical behavior and its relationship with the microstructural changes observed in two high-manganese steels presenting twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), namely Steel B and Steel C, respectively. Chemical compositions were similar in manganese, but carbon content of Steel B approximately doubles Steel C, which directly impacted on the stacking fault energy (SFE), microstructure and mechanical response of each alloy. Characterization of as-cast condition by optical microscope revealed a fully austenitic microstructure in Steel B and a mixed microstructure in Steel C consisting of austenite grains and thermal-induced (εt) martensite platelets. Same phases were observed after the thermo-mechanical treatment and tensile tests, corroborated by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), which confirms no phase transformation in Steel B and TRIP effect in Steel C, due to the strain-induced γFCC→εHCP transformation that results in an increase in the ε-martensite volume fraction. Higher values of ultimate tensile strength, yield stress, ductility and impact toughness were obtained for Steel B. Significant microstructural changes were revealed in tensile specimens as a consequence of the operating hardening mechanisms. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations on the tensile and impact test specimens showed differences in fracture micro-mechanisms.

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40

Dobrzański, L. A., and W. Borek. "Structure and Properties of High-Manganese TWIP, TRIP and TRIPLEX Steels." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 2013): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7158/14488388.2013.11464849.

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41

Yan, Jingru, Muyuan Zhou, Hui Wu, Xiaojun Liang, Zhao Xing, Hongbin Li, Liang Zhao, Sihai Jiao, and Zhengyi Jiang. "A Review of Key Factors Affecting the Wear Performance of Medium Manganese Steels." Metals 13, no. 7 (June 21, 2023): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071152.

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In recent years, medium manganese steels (MMSs) have garnered increased attention and interest due to their relatively low cost and superior combination properties compared to other steels. In particular, MMSs have been recognised as ideal wear-resistant materials employed in the mining industry. However, the studies on their wear performance have a lack of systematic documentation. This review provides an extensive overview of recent advances in the wear performance of MMSs, starting from discussions on applicable wear testing methods and typical wear testing results, followed by a further discussion on the wear mechanisms of MMSs based on five wear characteristics, including abrasive wear, adhesive wear, corrosive wear, fatigue wear and impact wear. The effects of hardness and hardened layers on the wear mechanisms are also discussed. Finally, the influence of phase constitution and microstructure on the wear performance of MMSs are comprehensively elaborated in terms of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), alloy elements and heat treatment. The key factors that affect the wear performance of MMSs include the elemental composition in MMSs and the phase transformation occurred during TRIP and TWIP as well as various heat treatment processes. The current review of key factors affecting the wear performance of MMSs sheds some light on new strategies to enhance the service performance and longevity of wear resistant steels in various engineering applications.

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42

Dobrzański, L. A., W. Borek, and J. Mazurkiewicz. "Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Austenitic Steel Tested under Static and Dynamic Conditions." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0124.

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Abstract The purpose of the paper is to investigate X73MnSiAlNbTi25-1-3 high manganese austenitic steel containing 0.73% C to determine structural mechanisms decisive for increasing a reserve of cold deformation energy of such steel. The influence of a strain rate on the structure of the investigated steels and on the structural mechanisms decisive for their properties was analysed. Specialist research instrumentation was used for this purpose such as Scanning Transmission Microscopy (including EBSD examinations), conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy together with diffraction examinations and metallographic examinations. It was found that the principal cause of an increased reserve of cold deformation energy of the investigated steels in dynamic conditions is the activation of mechanical twinning in the mutually intersecting systems in austenite grains and annealing twins, which are densifying when a cold deformation rate is growing, thereby confirming the basic mechanism of TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity).

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43

Jabłońska, Magdalena, Wojciech Moćko, Kinga Rodak, Rafał Michalik, and Anna Śmiglewicz. "Influence of Strain Rate Effects on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Fully Austenitic High Mn Steels under Dynamic Impact Deformation." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.39.

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The article presents the dynamic mechanical properties of two types of high manganese austenitic steels. The investigation were carried out for the wide range of strain rates from 1×10-4s-1 up to 4×103s-1 using servo-hydraulic testing machine and Hopkinson bar for the quasi-static and dynamic loading regime, respectively. The mechanical properties at different strain rates as well as the SEA indicator calculated were carried out on the base of the results of impact tests. In the next step, the microstructure of the steel after different deformation rate was observed and analyzed by light microscope in order to disclose a TWIP effect.

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44

Lee, Sang Won, Jin Kyung Kim, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Effect of N on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of TWIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.262.

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The present study focused on the design and testing of new 3rd generation TWIP steels to find reduced Mn content alternatives to the existing high Mn FeMnC and FeMnAlC alloy systems. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen addition, 12Mn0.6C-N was examined and 18Mn0.6C-N steel was used as a reference. Effects of nitrogen and manganese on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. The deformation microstructures of 12Mn0.6C-N were mixtures of twinned austenite and 5~10% ε-martensite. Only deformation twinning was observed in 18Mn0.6C-N during the deformation due to its higher stacking fault energy. 18Mn0.6C-N steel exhibited higher strength and elongation than 12Mn0.6C-N steel. The effect of the strain rate on the tensile behavior of both materials was also examined. While 18Mn0.6C-N showed clear negative strain rate sensitivity, 12Mn0.6C-N did not show a clear relationship between flow stress and strain rate. The effect of annealing temperature on the tensile behavior and microstructure was also examined.

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45

Krüger, L., L. W. Meyer, U. Brûx, G. Frommeyer, and O. Grässel. "Stress-deformation behaviour of high manganese (AI, Si) TRIP and TWIP steels." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 110 (September 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020692.

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46

Khosravifard, A., A. S. Hamada, M. M. Moshksar, R. Ebrahimi, D. A. Porter, and L. P. Karjalainen. "High temperature deformation behavior of two as-cast high-manganese TWIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 582 (October 2013): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.06.014.

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47

Busch, Christian, Ansgar Hatscher, Manuel Otto, Stefan Huinink, Milan Vucetic, Christian Bonk, Anas Bouguecha, and Bernd-Arno Behrens. "Properties and Application of High-manganese TWIP-steels in Sheet Metal Forming." Procedia Engineering 81 (2014): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.121.

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48

Solana Reyes, Yadira, JOSE ANGEL RAMOS BANDERAS, PEDRO GARNICA GONZALEZ, and Alondra Jacqueline BOCANEGRA HUERAMO. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN HIGH STRENGHT STEEL (AHSS) WITH MEDIUM MN CONTENT IN TWO ROLLING CONDITIONS: HOT AND WARM." DYNA 98, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10895.

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The microstructure before intercritical annealing of an AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) with medium Mn content plays an important role in the final mechanical properties, since the transformations occurring during annealing modify phases, composition, and morphology. The microstructural changes that occur during intercritical annealing treatment of a medium Mn steel were examined. Two starting material comes from different conditions, hot rolling at 1200°C and warm rolling (initial rolling at 1200°C and subsequent at 680°C). The mechanical properties were related to the transformation phenomena that occur in these steels, mainly TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. The transformations were verified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction). Tensile strength values of 1111 MPa and 17% elongation were obtained by hot rolling route. For the warm rolling route, 35% deformation and a tensile strength of 1357 MPa were obtained. The strain hardening curve was analyzed, showing the presence of the TWIP effect subsequently "saw" behavior related to the discontinuous TRIP effect. The mechanic properties values are related to the difference in morphology phases present. An acicular morphology of a/? (ferrite/austenite) provides a higher value of tensile strength, but low elongation percentage, and a mixture of lamellar and globular morphologies, provides an optimized combination of strength and ductility. Key words: AHSS, medium manganese steel, rolling, heat treatment, discontinuous TRIP effect, TWIP.

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49

Othman, Raudhah, Thomas Dorin, Nikki Stanford, and Peter Hodgson. "The microstructure of high manganese TWIP steels produced via simulated direct strip casting." Materials Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2021.2021501.

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50

Quadfasel, Angela, Johannes Lohmar, and Gerhard Hirt. "Investigations on Springback in High Manganese TWIP-Steels using U-Profile Draw Bending." Procedia Engineering 207 (2017): 1582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1052.

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