Статті в журналах: "Mandatory laws"

1

Geiderman, Joel. "Mandatory reporting laws." Annals of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 4 (April 2000): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(00)70063-1.

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2

Weyers, Heleen. "Mandatory Sperm Donor Registration." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2016): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00301003.

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Seven European countries prohibited anonymous sperm donation. This article looks at the similarities and differences of these laws. The laws share the structure of a prohibition and an obligation. Another common characteristic is that they all lack the legal provision to inform children that they are donor offspring. This suggests that the laws are merely symbolic. The laws differ regarding their orientation. The Swedish and Norwegian laws are value-oriented. They explicitly aim at the best interest of the child and try to guarantee that the child will grow up under good conditions. The Dutch law is merely process-oriented. To decide whether the laws are instrumental or symbolic, the missing provision of the laws is discussed. Next to that, the ultimate goal of the laws is considered. The conclusion is that a deeper look in to parliamentary debates is needed to determine the characters of the laws.

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3

Kalichman, Seth C., Cheryl L. Brosig, and Moira O. Kalichman. "Mandatory Child Abuse Reporting Laws." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 21, no. 1-2 (October 18, 1994): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v21n01_03.

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4

Mignon, Sylvia I., and William M. Holmes. "Police Response to Mandatory Arrest Laws." Crime & Delinquency 41, no. 4 (October 1995): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128795041004004.

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Mandatory arrest laws, although controversial, have gained support as one mechanism for reducing domestic violence. This research examines how police officers responded to mandatory arrest statutes. Twenty-four police departments produced data on interventions in 861 cases of domestic violence. Implementing a mandatory arrest law significantly increased arrests of offenders, especially those in violation of a restraining order. Arrest was affected by injury to the victim, use of a weapon, use of alcohol, and presence of a witness. Police training was crucial to the implementation of the mandatory arrest statute.

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5

BELL, LORNA, and PATRICK TOOMAN. "MANDATORY REPORTING LAWS: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW." "International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family" 8, no. 3 (1994): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/8.3.337.

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6

Barraza, Leila, Kim Weidenaar, Doug Campos-Outcalt, and Y. Tony Yang. "Human Papillomavirus and Mandatory Immunization Laws." Public Health Reports 131, no. 5 (August 24, 2016): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354916663184.

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7

Kleinheisterkamp, Jan. "OVERRIDING MANDATORY LAWS IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 67, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 903–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589318000295.

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AbstractOverriding mandatory laws present one of the most pervasive and delicate problems of international arbitration because they affect party autonomy in both its substantive and procedural dimensions. The tension between these concepts both in theory and in practice is a classic emanation of the public–private divide, which is particularly problematic in international and transnational settings. This tension is even stronger in the context of economic integration and regulation, such as in the EU Internal Market. This article revisits and conceptualizes the operation of overriding mandatory laws in the context of arbitration from the perspectives of conflict of laws, public law, and EU law. Drawing on the principles of effectiveness and proportionality, it proposes a practical rather than a theoretical solution to the dialectical relationship between private and public interests in legal certainty.

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8

Bansal, Sharad. "The Dampening Effect of Foreign Mandatory Laws." Asian International Arbitration Journal 14, Issue 2 (December 1, 2018): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aiaj2018009.

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Party autonomy – a foundational facet of international arbitration – is often at loggerheads with public policy elements. A recurrent debate in international arbitration has been the extent of limits imposed by public policy on party autonomy. One aspect of this debate is when parties expressly opt for a law governing the merits of the dispute, can an arbitral tribunal derogate from such law and apply a mandatory rule which it finds to be relevant to the dispute? This issue has repercussions on the enforceability of arbitration agreements as well as arbitral awards where mandatory rules are involved. In this article, the author argues that arbitrators are bound to apply mandatory laws notwithstanding the fact that such a measure constitutes a departure from the lex contractus, since parties inherently lack the capacity to contract out of mandatory rules. To the extent that mandatory rules reflect public policy they now cast a limit to parties’ lex contractus.

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9

Merrill-Francis, Molly, Jon S. Vernick, and Keshia M. Pollack Porter. "Local All-Age Bicycle Helmet Ordinances in the United States: A Review and Analysis." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, no. 2 (2019): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519857283.

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Bicycle helmets protect against head injury. Mandatory helmet laws likely increase their use. Although 21 states and Washington, DC have mandatory helmet laws for youth (variously defined) bicyclists, no U.S. state has a mandatory helmet law that applies to all ages; however, some localities have all-age helmet laws for bicyclists. This study abstracted local helmet laws applicable to all-ages to examine their elements.

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10

Criddle, Evan J., and Evan Fox-Decent. "Mandatory Multilateralism." American Journal of International Law 113, no. 2 (April 2019): 272–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.3.

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AbstractThis Article challenges the conventional wisdom that states are always free to choose whether to participate in multilateral regimes. International law often mandates multilateralism to ensure that state laws and practices are compatible with sovereign equality and joint stewardship. The Article maps mandatory multilateralism's domain, defines its requirements, and examines its application to three controversies: the South China Sea dispute, the United States’ withdrawal from the 2015 Paris Agreement, and Bolivia's case against Chile in the International Court of Justice.

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11

Raz, Mical. "Unintended Consequences of Expanded Mandatory Reporting Laws." Pediatrics 139, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): e20163511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3511.

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12

Moskowitz, Seymour. "Private Enforcement of Criminal Mandatory Reporting Laws." Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 9, no. 3 (June 10, 1998): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j084v09n03_01.

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13

Boss, Judith A., and Katherine D. Wurtz. "Are Mandatory School Attendance Laws Inherently Unjust?" Educational Forum 58, no. 3 (September 30, 1994): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131729409335342.

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14

Houston, David J., Lilliard E. Richardson, and Grant W. Neeley. "Mandatory Seat Belt Laws in the States." Evaluation Review 20, no. 2 (April 1996): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x9602000202.

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15

Gupta, Malkeet. "Mandatory Reporting Laws and the Emergency Physician." Annals of Emergency Medicine 49, no. 3 (March 2007): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.05.017.

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16

Witting, Michael D., and Kenneth Iserson. "Ethics and Mandatory Reporting Laws: Emergency Physicians' Response." Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 1 (July 2008): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.12.002.

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17

Agran, P. F., and P. F. Wehrle. "Injury reduction by mandatory child passenger safety laws." American Journal of Public Health 75, no. 2 (February 1985): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.75.2.128.

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18

de Jong, Piet. "The Health Impact of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws." Risk Analysis 32, no. 5 (March 2, 2012): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01785.x.

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19

Houston, David J., and Lilliard E. Richardson. "Motorcyclist fatality rates and mandatory helmet-use laws." Accident Analysis & Prevention 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.05.005.

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20

Zhao, Kaiqiong. "Human Rights Due Diligence Law for Gender Equality in Multinational Enterprises." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 16 (August 2, 2023): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v16i.10600.

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Women's equal employment rights are one of the key research topics. The researchers found that only relying on human rights norms could not effectively regulate women's unequal employment rights problems. In addition, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and their host and home countries are responsible for women's unequal employment. Mandatory human rights due diligence (HRDD) laws can effectively regulate this gender inequality. However, the law on mandatory HRDD is still in its infancy and needs to be improved. The present study employs a literature review and empirical research methods to examine the factors hindering the guarantee of women's equal employment. Additionally, this paper scrutinizes the justifications for introducing mandatory HRDD laws. Meanwhile, the study analyses the advantages of mandatory HRDD laws and evaluates the current effectiveness, scope of application, and implementation. It is argued that the present situation needs to be revised to safeguard women's equal employment rights better. Finally, the paper offers corresponding suggestions to enhance the mandatory HRDD laws, and the research purpose of this paper is to promote women's employment equality and human rights protection.

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21

Curran, F. Chris. "The Law, Policy, and Portrayal of Zero Tolerance School Discipline: Examining Prevalence and Characteristics Across Levels of Governance and School Districts." Educational Policy 33, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904817691840.

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Reform of school zero tolerance discipline policies is complicated by a lack of systematic evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of such policies. Through document analysis, this study compares explicit zero tolerance laws/policies and mandatory expulsion laws/policies across the domains of federal law, state law, district policy, and media portrayal. Results suggest that explicit zero tolerance laws and policies are rare, appearing in less than one in seven states or districts, whereas mandatory expulsion laws/policies are more common. Districts serving high proportions of minority students as well as districts consisting only of charter schools are more likely to have mandatory expulsion policies for certain offenses. Additionally, district zero tolerance policies apply to a broader set of offenses than state laws. Finally, state and district laws/policies tend to not apply to minor offenses to the degree suggested by media coverage. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

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22

Kannai, Ruth. "The Judge's Discretion in Sentencing: Israel's Basic Laws and Supreme Court Decisions." Israel Law Review 30, no. 3-4 (1996): 276–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015119.

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In the Israeli legal system, trial courts determine offenders' punishments. Israeli law only sets maximum penalties for crimes and offenses, and rarely provides for mandatory punishment. Even the few instances of mandatory punishment are subject to the judicial discretion recently bestowed by amendment 39 of the Penal Law authorizing the court to impose a sentence lighter than the mandatory punishment, under special circumstances. The broad discretion bestowed by amendment 39 created a situation in which in practice the law would no longer provide for substantive mandatory sentencing. In view of this, the reform of amendment 39 was revised before it went into effect by Amendment 44 of the Penal Law. The current law stipulates that under mitigating circumstances the court may set a penalty lighter than the mandatory one prescribed by law, but that the court must state its reasons for so doing. Discretion is witheld in cases of mandatory life imprisonment for murder, the most important instance of mandatory punishment in our legal system. The law further stipulates that only in three well-defined circumstances may the court pass a reduced sentence for murder.

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23

Kern, Michael. "Why the Rome I Regulation Has No Mandatory Application When Determining the Substantive Law in International Commercial Arbitration." Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management 86, Issue 4 (December 1, 2020): 482–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/amdm2020038.

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Since the entry into force of the Rome I Regulation, there is controversy as to whether it must be applied mandatorily in arbitral proceedings to the effect that it overrides specific conflict of laws rules in national arbitration laws. This article re-examines this issue and argues that Rome I is not mandatory in international arbitral proceedings. This proposition is based on a textual, historical and teleological interpretation of the Regulation as well as on a systematic analysis of EU law within the field of private international law. Against this background, it is reasonable to not apply Rome I mandatorily when determining the lex causae.

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24

Chen, Rebecca, Rachel Robitz, Beatrice Nichols, John Coverdale, Phuong Nguyen, and Mollie Gordon. "Argument-based Ethics and Mandatory Reporting Laws for Trafficked Persons." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 29, no. 4 (July 2023): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000716.

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Human trafficking, which includes sex and labor trafficking, is a pressing issue that needs to be more adequately addressed. Health care professionals have a unique opportunity to assist people who are experiencing human trafficking. However, no consensus exists concerning the involvement of law enforcement through mandatory reporting of trafficked adults. This column uses argument-based ethics to analyze existing literature on ethical justification for mandatory reporting laws. It also recommends areas of growth for health care professionals and ethicists concerned about the use of mandatory reporting for human trafficking.

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25

Coe, Cynthia D., and Matthew C. Altman. "Mandatory Ultrasound Laws and the Coercive Use of Informed Consent." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 16, no. 1 (2012): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne20121613.

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Requiring that a woman who is seeking an abortion be given the opportunity to view an ultrasound of her fetus has spread from anti-abortion “pregnancy resource centers” to state laws. Proponents of these laws claim that having access to the ultrasound image is necessary for a woman to make a medically informed decision. In this paper, we argue that ultrasound examinations frame fetuses visually and linguistically as persons and interpellate pregnant women as mothers, with all of the cultural meaning invested in those two normative concepts. Presenting these judgments as medical information is misleading. Because women are being subjected to these cultural expectations unknowingly, mandatory ultrasound laws in fact undermine women’s autonomy. Fully informed consent would include a critical engagement with social norms around femininity and a recognition that such laws are meant to advance the state’s interest in preserving potential life.

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26

Corr, Robert. "Legal Studies: Mandatory bicycle helmet laws and the disabled." Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19865710.

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27

Friesen, Jane. "Mandatory Notice and the Jobless Durations of Displaced Workers." ILR Review 50, no. 4 (July 1997): 652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000406.

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Using Canadian Displaced Workers Survey data for 1981–86, the author studies the effect of Canadian advance notice laws on displaced workers' jobless durations. By considering statutory notice requirements, rather than actual notice provision, the author is able to avoid the problems associated with the endogeneity of notice that have characterized previous studies of this question. So-called group notice laws, which apply to large-scale layoffs, reduced the jobless durations of plant closure victims, but individual notice laws, which apply to all layoffs in some jurisdictions but only small-scale layoffs in others, had little effect. One possible explanation for this difference is that workers who lose their jobs while their plant remains open may have stronger expectations of being rehired than do other displaced workers, and may therefore delay job search with or without notice.

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28

Smith, Alisa. "Domestic Violence Laws: The Voices of Battered Women." Violence and Victims 16, no. 1 (January 2001): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.16.1.91.

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This article reports the findings from an exploratory survey of battered women’s views about mandatory arrest, mandatory reporting by doctors and nurses, no-drop policies, confidentiality laws, privilege laws, court-victim advocate programs, and specialized domestic violence courts. Although there was general support for the adoption of these laws, some variation based on demographic and situational circumstance was found. These findings raise questions about the universalistic nature of polices developed to address the problem of domestic violence. Battered women are not a homogeneous group, and public policy may be better designed to accommodate the individual needs of victims.

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29

Harrell, Sam, and Stéphanie Wahab. "The Case for Mandatory Reporting as an Ethical Dilemma for Social Workers." Advances in Social Work 22, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 818–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24910.

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Mandatory reporting of child abuse is a part of the civil legal system that can activate a policy cascade disproportionately criminalizing racialized and marginalized communities. While social work scholarship has explored ways to increase provider compliance with mandatory reporting laws, there is a dearth of research focused on how social work education guides future providers towards the praxis of mandatory reporting discourses. This article presents findings from a content analysis of social work textbook excerpts focused on mandatory reporting of child abuse in the U.S. We found that textbooks affirm social work’s loyalty to the State by approaching mandatory reporting through a deontological lens and systematically reinforcing risk management practices. Although some texts offer a nod to mandatory reporting as facilitating ethical dilemmas, none offer guidance for how to navigate competing social work commitments, and none actually treat mandatory reporting as an ethical dilemma. We argue that social work education should equip future practitioners to: a) have a nuanced understanding of mandatory reporting laws and requirements; b) contextualize mandatory reporting within broader discourses of criminalization, professionalization, and neoliberalism; and c) ground future practices in macro social work ethics.

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30

Hyder, A. A., H. Waters, T. Phillips, and J. Rehwinkel. "Exploring the Economics of Motorcycle Helmet Laws — Implications for Low and Middle-Income Countries." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 19, no. 2 (June 2007): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395070190020401.

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This paper reviews economic evaluations of motorcycle helmet interventions in preventing injuries. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the e fectiveness of motorcycle helmet use, and on mandatory helmet laws and their enforcement was done. When helmet laws were lifted between 1976-80, 48 states within the USA experienced a cost of $342,047 per excess fatality of annual net savings. Helmet laws in the USA had a benefit-cost ratio of 1.33 to 5.07. Taiwan witnessed a 14% decline in motorcycle fatalities and a 22% reduction of head injury fatalities with the introduction of a helmet law. In Thailand, where 70-90% of all crashes involve motorcycle, after enforcement of a helmet law, helmet-use increased five-fold, the number of injured motorcyclists decreased by 33.5%, head injuries decreased by 41.4%, and deaths decreased by 20.8%. There is considerable evidence that mandatory helmet laws with enforcement alleviate the burden of tra fic injuries greatly. For low and middle-income countries with high rates of motorcycle injuries, enforced, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are potentially one of the most cost-e fective interventions available. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19(2): 16—22.

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31

Bachynski, Kathleen, and Alison Bateman-House. "Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws in the United States: Origins, Context, and Controversies." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 8 (August 2020): 1198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305718.

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This article examines the origins and context of mandatory bicycle helmet laws in the United States. Localities began to enact such laws in the early 1990s, having experimented with helmet laws for motorcycles previously. As cycling became increasingly popular in the 1970s and 1980s because of a variety of historical trends, from improved cycle technology to growing environmental consciousness, cycling-related injuries also increased. Bicycle safety advocates and researchers alike were particularly troubled by head injuries. National injury surveillance systems and a growing body of medical literature on bicycle-related injuries motivated a number of physicians, cyclists, children, and other community members to advocate helmet laws, which they argued would save lives. Controversy over these laws, particularly over whether they should apply universally or only to children, raised public health ethics concerns that persist in contemporary debates over bicycle helmet policies. (Am J Public Health. 2020;110:1198–1204. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305718)

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32

Pabayo, Roman, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel M. Cook, Megan Reynolds, Peter Muennig, and Sze Y. Liu. "Laws Restricting Access to Abortion Services and Infant Mortality Risk in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113773.

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Objectives: Since the US Supreme Court′s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion, states have enacted laws restricting access to abortion services. Previous studies suggest that restricting access to abortion is a risk factor for adverse maternal and infant health. The objective of this investigation is to study the relationship between the type and the number of state-level restrictive abortion laws and infant mortality risk. Methods: We used data on 11,972,629 infants and mothers from the US Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Files 2008–2010. State-level abortion laws included Medicaid funding restrictions, mandatory parental involvement, mandatory counseling, mandatory waiting period, and two-visit laws. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine whether type or number of state-level restrictive abortion laws during year of birth were associated with odds of infant mortality. Results: Compared to infants living in states with no restrictive laws, infants living in states with one or two restrictive laws (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–1.18) and those living in states with 3 to 5 restrictive laws (AOR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01–1.20) were more likely to die. Separate analyses examining the relationship between parental involvement laws and infant mortality risk, stratified by maternal age, indicated that significant associations were observed among mothers aged ≤19 years (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00–1.19), and 20 to 25 years (AOR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.03–1.17). No significant association was observed among infants born to older mothers. Conclusion: Restricting access to abortion services may increase the risk for infant mortality.

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33

Lawson, Deborah, and Brian Niven. "The Impact of Mandatory Reporting Legislation on New Zealand Secondary School Students’ Attitudes towards Disclosure of Child Abuse." International Journal of Children’s Rights 23, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 491–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02303007.

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Few studies have sought the views of children and young people in relation to child abuse reporting laws and policies, including mandatory reporting of child abuse. This study* sought to determine whether mandatory reporting legislation would have an impact on secondary school students’ attitudes towards: (a) disclosing abuse to a teacher or school counsellor; and (b) attending school, if they had been obviously physically abused. A stratified random sample of 466 secondary school students in two New Zealand provinces answered nine questions in response to an in-class written survey. Results indicated that the introduction of mandatory reporting legislation in New Zealand would deter secondary students from disclosing abuse to teachers and school counsellors. Further, the introduction of mandatory reporting laws might deter students from attending school if they had been obviously physically abused.

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34

Hamel,, John. "In Dubious Battle: The Politics of Mandatory Arrest and Dominant Aggressor Laws." Partner Abuse 2, no. 2 (2011): 224–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.2.224.

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A major component of in the effort to reduce domestic violence in our communities has been a vigorous criminal justice response, one that holds perpetrators accountable for their actions and helps victims feel safe. In light of research finding higher rates of arrest per calls made to police and a corresponding decline in domestic violence crimes, mandatory arrest and pro-arrest laws were initially welcomed by advocates. When, however, it was apparent that these same laws led to a large number of dual arrests, and a proportionately greater increase in arrests of women compared to men, advocates started calling for primary aggressor or dominant aggressor laws. These laws, adopted in several states, including California, direct police officers to consider context and abuse history so that victims are not wrongfully arrested. A review of the relevant literature is conducted, as well as an examination of two law enforcement training programs, suggesting that primary aggressor and dominant aggressor laws, although written in gender-neutral language, are gender biased (mostly against men), are difficult to properly implement, and may, at times, be counterproductive in reducing domestic violence. Alternatives are then presented for consideration.

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35

Brunner, Eric J., and Andrew Ju. "State Collective Bargaining Laws and Public-Sector Pay." ILR Review 72, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 480–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918808727.

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Using the Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2005 to 2015 American Community Survey, the authors provide new evidence on how state collective bargaining laws affect public-sector wages. To isolate the causal effect of bargaining laws on public-sector pay, they examine wage differentials between otherwise similar public- and private-sector employees located in the same local labor market. They estimate difference-in-differences (DD) models that exploit two sources of plausibly exogenous variation: 1) policy discontinuities along state borders and 2) variation within states in collective bargaining laws in states where the majority of public workers are without collective bargaining rights. Findings show that mandatory collective bargaining laws increase public-sector wages by approximately 5 to 8 percentage points. Results therefore suggest that mandatory collective bargaining laws provide a formal mechanism through which public-sector workers are able to bargain for increased compensation.

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36

Gibson, Dennis, and Clive Harfield. "Contradictions and inconsistencies in Australia's mandatory data breach notification laws." Computer Law & Security Review 42 (September 2021): 105600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105600.

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37

Lowenthal, Gary T. "Mandatory Sentencing Laws: Undermining the Effectiveness of Determinate Sentencing Reform." California Law Review 81, no. 1 (January 1993): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3480784.

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38

Ross, H. Laurence, Richard McCleary, and Gary LaFree. "Can Mandatory Jail Laws Deter Drunk Driving? The Arizona Case." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 81, no. 1 (1990): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143782.

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39

KALICHMAN, SETH C., and CHERYL L. BROSIG. "Mandatory Child Abuse Reporting Laws: Issues and Implications for Policy." Law & Policy 14, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.1992.tb00080.x.

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40

Dua, Anahita, Shuyan Wei, Justin Safarik, Courtney Furlough, and Sapan S. Desai. "National mandatory motorcycle helmet laws may save $2.2 billion annually." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 78, no. 6 (June 2015): 1182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000601.

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Griffiths, S. E., and J. A. Burke. "A Survey of Anaesthetists’ Understanding of Australian Mandatory Reporting Laws." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 40, no. 5 (September 2012): 850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1204000513.

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Houry, D., A. Utz, C. DeWitt, and K. Feldhaus. "Colorado physicians' knowledge of and attitudes toward mandatory reporting laws." Annals of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 4 (October 1999): S71—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(99)80360-6.

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Chenier, Thomas C., and Leonard Evans. "Motorcyclist fatalities and the repeal of mandatory helmet wearing laws." Accident Analysis & Prevention 19, no. 2 (April 1987): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(87)90032-7.

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Newbold, Stephen C. "Examining the Health-Risk Tradeoffs of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws." Risk Analysis 32, no. 5 (February 10, 2012): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01770.x.

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45

Wenger, Jennie W. "Does the Dropout Age Matter? How Mandatory Schooling Laws Impact High School Completion and School Choice." Public Finance and Management 2, no. 4 (December 2002): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397210200200406.

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This paper examines the role of states’ mandatory schooling ages using the High School and Beyond data set merged with various state-level data sources. After controlling for potential endogeneity of the state mandatory schooling age, I find that a higher mandatory schooling age significantly increases the probability that a public school student will complete high school, as well as the probability the student will choose to attend a public school rather than a private school. Thus, a state's mandatory schooling age affects educational attainment. Additionally, by influencing the public - private school decision, a change in a state's mandatory schooling laws will affect the results of any school choice experiment.

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KIM, HEEJUN, and ZHAOXIN PENG. "A Study of Theoretical Justifications for Mandatory ESG Disclosure in Korea." Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2024): 197–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2024.31.2.197.

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The growing global focus on sustainable development and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors necessitates robust disclosure legislation, including in South Korea, where corporate conglomerates, or chaebols, dominate the economy. This research underscores the critical need for comprehensive ESG disclosure laws, supported by Stakeholder Theory, Sustainability Theory, and Legitimacy Theory, within the Korean context. Stakeholder Theory emphasizes the accountability of chaebols to diverse groups beyond shareholders, advocating for transparent ESG practices that align with societal expectations. Sustainability Theory highlights the importance of aligning corporate actions with long-term national sustainability goals, such as Korea's Green New Deal, to enhance environmental and social resilience. Legitimacy Theory supports the notion that transparent ESG disclosures build local and global legitimacy, fostering trust and compliance with evolving standards. This study explores the intersection of these theories, demonstrating how mandatory ESG disclosures can enhance corporate governance, support sustainable business practices, and improve market competitiveness. By legislating comprehensive ESG disclosure requirements, Korea can ensure long-term value creation, stakeholder engagement, and alignment with global sustainability trends. This research provides a theoretical foundation for policy-makers, suggesting that robust ESG disclosure laws are essential for promoting transparency, accountability, and sustainable economic growth in Korea.

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Rodziewicz, Piotr. "Niejednoznaczne podstawy stosowania przepisów wymuszających swoje zastosowanie (przepisów koniecznego zastosowania)." Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego 24 (June 30, 2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pppm.2019.24.07.

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The article raises issues concerning legal basis for the application of the overriding mandatory rules. In the Polish doctrine there are two opposing concepts in terms of explanation of the legal grounds for application of overriding mandatory rules. Both theories do not have a universal dimension, in the sense that they do not sufficiently explain the basis for the application of domestic as well as foreign overriding mandatory rules, being part of lex causae or coming from a third state. The article presents arguments for and against the possibility of deriving the legal grounds for application of the overriding mandatory rules, with reference to submissions made to that effect in literature. The author makes also an attempt to formulate a concept complementary to the concept of an integrated conflict-of-law rule with the substantive law rule, boiling down to the assumption that the basis for application of overriding mandatory rule is a second degree conflict of laws rule allowing to apply a first degree conflict of laws rule integrated with the substantive rule.

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Li, Yuan Jun. "Codes on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants in Relation to Seismic Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2085.

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Study on the nuclear Safety laws and regulations, and good grasp of relevant definitions are essential prerequisites for Seismic and geologic siting of nuclear power plants. It can be too strongly emphasized that laws or decrees of issue by government and legislature have profound mandatory binding force. The guides and regulations related nuclear safety belong to directing documents of the specific rules, they have not been mandatory in the law significance, and allow some adaptability to a certain degree. Professionally technical specification is merely the inherent stipulations, besides; it must meet the codes demands in the concrete practice. Finally, the assessment of the capability for surface faulting at nuclear power plant sites belongs to the mandatory claims but not in assessment of active fault.

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Ji, Seung-hyun. "A Study on the Criteria of the Compulsory Insurances related to Sea & Water on 「Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety」." Korean Insurance Law Association 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2023.17.2.199.

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On June 9, 2020, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety promulgated a revision of “Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety”(hereinafter “Disaster and Safety Act”), which strengthens the comprehensive management function of disaster safety obligation insurance policies operated by 22 ministries. This law establishes seven standards to be put in place by each statute for the administration and operation of mandatory insurance, which is compulsory under 45 different laws. If the standard is not met, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety may recommend the head of the central administrative agency in charge of the mandatory insurance to revise the relevant laws. This paper compares and reviews the actual conditions of mandatory insurances under eight laws related to water and sea mentioned on the “Disaster and Safety Act”. When the Ministry of the Interior and Safety recommends revisions to the head of the central administrative agencies under the Act, it is necessary to reflect the followings in consideration of the internationality and uniqueness of ships. First, it is necessary to apply the limits of liability stipulated in the “Commercial Act” and relevant “International Maritime Conventions” to the limit of compensation, and to present the limits of compensation for property damage caused by accidents at sea. Second, the incentives for compulsory insurance and the administrative sanctions applied for non-insurance should have fairness among 8 laws and require consistent application of sanction types. Third, it is necessary to revise the laws so that domestic victims' right to claim directly against foreign insurers is valid even if there are foreign elements. Fourth, when considering the intent of “Disaster and Safety Act”, it should add other water and sea-related laws that accept compulsory insurance. Finally, considering the characteristics and internationality of ships and ocean, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries shall conduct integrated management of the mandatory insurances related to water and sea in accordance with tentatively named ‘Guidelines for Operation and Management of Water and Marine Safety mandatory insurance’ under the “Disaster and Safety Act”. The guidelines should include criterions for approval and management for foreign insurers who are undertaking foreign vessels that entered into Korean ports.

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Novick, Julia. "Hairdos and Help-seeking: Mandatory Domestic Violence Training for Salon Workers." American Journal of Law & Medicine 48, no. 4 (December 2022): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2023.6.

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AbstractTraditional methods to prevent and respond to domestic violence include criminal laws, national hotlines, and community programming to promote healthy relationships. Despite these methods, domestic violence continues to be a prevalent public health issue. In recent years, some states began to focus prevention and intervention efforts on the beauty industry. States including Arkansas, Illinois, Tennessee and Washington enacted laws that mandate domestic violence training for salon workers and other beauty professionals. The laws largely require salon workers to attend an informational training on domestic violence before obtaining or renewing their license. However, they do not require any affirmative action on the part of the salon worker if the client discloses that he or she is experiencing domestic violence. This paper investigates how the legislation uses the historically close relationship between hairdressers and their clients in order to achieve a unique way of reaching domestic violence victims, as well as the drawbacks to the legislative structure and atypical public health approach.

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