Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Man-made air emissions"

The aim of the article is to assess the impact of stationary sources of pollution of the Kyiv agglomeration on the state of its air basin. Atmospheric air pollution is known to be one of the leading elements in assessing the quality of human habitat because it has a detrimental effect on human health. The object of the study is the state of the atmospheric air of the agglomeration. The subject of the study is air pollution by stationary sources, identification of major pollutants, assessment of their man-made load on the air by emissions, by types of harmful substances, taking into account their danger by the values of maximum permissible daily concentrations and hazard class. Scientific and methodological support of monitoring tasks, comprehensive assessment of air pollution of agglomerations, both cities and their rural areas, is becoming increasingly important, especially where there are powerful stationary sources of air pollution. In the course of the research the enterprises – the main air pollutants of the agglomeration were identified, their emissions by types of harmful impurities were analyzed. The calculation of indicators of the hazard category of enterprises (HCE) on the volume of emissions, taking into account the values of the maximum allowable average daily concentrations and the hazard class of pollutants. To conduct a comprehensive assessment of man-made impact on the air, the calculation of the hazard indicator of the emission structure (HES) is proposed and their calculation is performed for certain enterprises. According to the proposed methodological approach, the values of aggregate indicators of man-caused load (MCLI) for stationary sources of pollution by numerical values of their HCE and HES are obtained. They comprehensively reflect the load on the air both due to emissions and due to the danger of harmful substances. Important measures to reduce volumes and improve the risk of emissions of harmful substances at enterprises are also indicated. Undoubtedly, promising methods are the study of air pollution in large cities and agglomerations, which are based on the use of geographic information technologies.

The authors carried out a thorough study of the features of the spread of hazardous chemicals in the surface layer of the atmosphere in the event of an emergency at the site of a nuclear power plant. In order to ensure the continuous operation of the stations in their territories, various ancillary technogenic facilities are located and operate, which release emissions of non-radiation pollutants into the atmosphere. Under various negative circumstances of a technical and natural nature, emergencies may occur due to significant chemical pollution of the atmospheric air in and outside the sanitary protection zone. The prevention of such emergencies is based on environmental monitoring in the locations of man-made objects and their preventive forecast. Implementation of these measures is not possible without the use of effective methods based on mathematical models of environmental pollution by anthropogenic objects, and the hardware and software that implement these methods. The main stages of the development of information and technical methods of prevention of such emergencies are given and described. Different scenarios of emergencies are described as a result of the release of chemicals into the atmosphere at these sites. A conceptual scheme for the distribution of impurities in the atmosphere due to man-made emissions has been developed. The peculiarities of atmospheric air propagation under stationary and non-stationary emission conditions are described in detail. It is established that the most determinants of influence on the concentration distribution of impurities are: mode and conditions of emission, type of source, direction, and velocity of the wind, state of the atmosphere, chemical interaction with other substances in the atmospheric air, gravitational deposition, leaching of sediments, absorption of the underlying surface. surface, terrain. The results obtained will be used in the process of developing mathematical models for the propagation of pollutants in the atmospheric air from the emissions of nuclear power plants during relevant emergencies.

Abstract Global warming as quantified by surface air temperature has been shown to be approximately linearly related to cumulative emissions of CO2. Here, a coupled state-of-the-art Earth system model with an interactive carbon cycle (BNU-ESM) was used to investigate whether this proportionality extends to the complex Earth system model and to examine the climate system responses to different emission pathways with a common emission budget of man-made CO2. These new simulations show that, relative to the lower emissions earlier and higher emissions later (LH) scenario, the amount of carbon sequestration by the land and the ocean will be larger and Earth will experience earlier warming of climate under the higher emissions earlier and lower emissions later (HL) scenario. The processes within the atmosphere, land, and cryosphere, which are highly sensitive to climate, show a relatively linear relationship to cumulative CO2 emissions and will attain similar states under both scenarios, mainly because of the negative feedback between the radiative forcing and ocean heat uptake. However, the processes with larger internal inertias depend on both the CO2 emissions scenarios and the emission budget, such as ocean warming and sea level rise.

The study presents the method for calculating the distribution of dust and aerosol particles entering the external air environment as a result of man-made emissions of metallurgical cycle enterprises. The paper proposes the method for predicting the degree of pollution of the enterprises influence zones by constructing geographical maps-schemes of industrial regions with application of the areas with a high content of dust particles on them. This method is based on determination of the sedimentation time of dust particles of different fractions in atmospheric air using Stokes’ law (motion of solid particles in liquid or gaseous media), the height of dust particles departure from the chimney and the speed of prevailing wind over the studied period of time. The data necessary for the analysis (wind direction, amount of dust emitted, its fractional and chemical compositions) were found in open sources, reports of the enterprise, statistical data of the region and the metallurgical industry. An estimated calculation of the spread of dust emissions was carried out on the example of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works PJSC (MMK) during various annual seasons. It was found that the influence of activity of a metallurgical enterprise in Russia can adversely affect cities and residents of neighboring states that are located in the sedimentation zone of solid dust particles. The issue of transfer of sulfuric and nitric acids by dust particles formed in the pores of aerosol particles is considered. The authors calculated the amount of acid that can be carried into the zones of influence of the enterprise in the pores of solid dust particles. The considered calculation model makes it relatively quick and easy to assess the influence zone of the enterprise, assess risks and take measures to modernize, optimize the production process or aspiration systems.

Environmental context. Air over the remote Southern Atlantic Ocean is amongst the cleanest anywhere on the planet. Yet in summer a large-scale natural phytoplankton bloom emits numerous natural reactive compounds into the overlying air. The productive waters also support a large squid fishing fleet, which emits significant amounts of NO and NO2. The combination of these natural and man-made emissions can efficiently produce ozone, an important atmospheric oxidant. Abstract. Ship-borne measurements have been made in air over the remote South Atlantic and Southern Oceans in January–March 2007. This cruise encountered a large-scale natural phytoplankton bloom emitting reactive hydrocarbons (e.g. isoprene); and a high seas squid fishing fleet emitting NOx (NO and NO2). Using an atmospheric chemistry box model constrained by in-situ measurements, it is shown that enhanced ozone production ensues from such juxtaposed marine biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. The relative impact of shipping and phytoplankton emissions on ozone was examined on a global scale using the EMAC model. Ozone in the marine boundary layer was found to be over ten times more sensitive to NOx emissions from ships, than to marine isoprene in the region south of 45°. Although marine isoprene emissions make little impact on the global ozone budget, co-located ship and phytoplankton emissions may explain the increasing ozone reported for the 40–60°S southern Atlantic region.

A low-temperature infrared optical gas analyzer based on immersion diode optocouplers with a speed of less than 0.03 s has been developed to detect pulsed emissions into the atmosphere of explosive mixtures of liquefied natural gas and alkanes with air at a temperature of more than 150 K with the transfer of digitized data to a remote server. The design is described and its characteristics are given in the process of analyzing mixtures of air with pure methane, ethane, propane and LNG of various compositions. It is shown that the speed and operating temperature range of the gas analyzer exceed the parameters of foreign and domestic analogues for monitoring man-made LNG emissions into the atmosphere.

The technological processes of coal mining, enrichment and use, in particular coal combusting is accompanied by formation and release of significant amounts of dust and gases. Atmospheric air protection is one of the most urgent problems of the nowadays technological society, as scientific and technological progress and expansion of production is associated with an increase in negative anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere. The paper presents a new solution to the current scientific problem of reducing carbon-containing dust content based on the disclosure of the laws of the aerodynamic interaction of dust and water flows in gravitational and electrostatic fields. The authors show in this study the causes of atmosphere pollution with coal-containing dust; main issues of atmospheric air protection at enterprises located in the controlled territory of Ukraine. The data of the first quarter of the 2020 year are presented in the research. The biggest part of the facilities that pollute the atmospheric air are focused in Donetsk and Lugansk regions. It is estimated that the air environment of the underground mine surface complex is filled with exhaust ventilation air of approximately 200.000 m3 per minute with a dust concentration of approximately (5-7) mg / m3, which is equal to 1.5 tons of dust per a day. It is here that the possibility of transporting pollutants over long distances is most often realized. Coarse dust discharged through the ventilation systems of mines is intensively deposited in the sanitary protection zones of mines. Fine dust is carried by the wind outside them, polluting the environment on the distance of up to 3500 m from the coal mine. Emissions of carbon dust into the atmosphere are almost always a major part of transboundary environmental pollution. Mine waste also poses an environmental threat. Technologies of reduction air pollution at the source of carbon-containing dust formation should be used in all new industries of economy. The results obtained reveal the mechanism of interaction of the sprayed liquid with coal dust and can be used in the development of new effective means of controlling the carbon-containing dust. The principles and practices of sustainable development, coupled with local research, will help to contain or eliminate health and environmental risks resulting from air pollution by carbon-containing dust.

The flux of gases between the atmosphere and the oceans can be calculated from the product of the concentration difference across the sea surface and a kinetic term, often called a transfer velocity. The transfer velocity is frequently parameterized in terms of wind speed, although the actual exchange process is also affected by waves, bubbles, wind fetch, and less certainly by surfactants and chemical reactivity. There is currently an uncertainty of about a factor of two in using the wind speed parameterization. In view of the windiness of the Southern Ocean, transfer velocities will often be high, although there are few published in situ measurements of transfer rates made in the region. Data for gas concentration fields in the Southern Ocean are generally sparse compared to other better studied oceanic areas. In this paper we discuss what is known for the region for carbon dioxide, including the oceanic sink for man-made inputs to the atmosphere; dimethyl sulphide, where there appears to be a substantial source, which has the potential for a significant climatic effect due to the low particulate loading in the region; and organo-halogen and alkyl nitrate gases, where marine emissions may play an important role in controlling the oxidation capacity of the Antarctic atmosphere.

India’s transport network is one of the most extensive in the world. Road network is vital for sustained and inclusive growth of the economy and consolidation of social diversification of the nation. When compared to other transport means, road transport is considered to be more flexible and consumer-friendly as it provides door-to-door service to the people even in the remotest parts of the country. With the increasing population, there is immense load on natural as well as man-made resources. With growing development, people are more and more dependent on the transport system for fulfilling their needs and expansions. Thus, these road activities greatly affect environment qualities. The present review discusses the impacts of road activities on soil, water, and air quality and noise nuisance.

Магістерська дисертація на тему «Термодинамічний аналіз ефективності теплонасосних схем опалення з використанням теплоти повітряних техногенних викидів»: 92 с., 46 рис., 2 табл., 3додатки, 18 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – теплонасосна система опалення з використанням теплоти повітряних техногенних викидів теплоти. Мета роботи – розрахунок і аналіз оптимальних умов для максимізації енергетичної ефективності роботи теплонасосної схеми низькотемпературного водяного опалення з використанням теплоти повітряних техногенних викидів, враховуючи такі фактори як умови навколишнього середовища та специфіку об’єкту теплопостачання. Наведено результати літературного огляду, в якому було досліджено шляхи вирішення глобальної проблеми енергозбереження шляхом впровадження теплонасосних технологій. Було встановлено, що в якості низькотемпературного вторинного джерела теплоти може бути використано витяжне вентиляційне повітря з підвищеним температурним потенціалом від високотемпературних технологічних установок, який раніше було змарновано. Представлено теплонасосну схему опалення, що працює за рахунок утилізації теплоти повітряних техногенних викидів. Базуючись на методі балансних рівнянь, було розроблено теоретичну модель теплонасосної системи теплопостачання та методику термодинамічного аналізу ефективності системи з урахуванням характеристик та умов навколишнього середовища. За допомогою числового розрахунку визначено умови досягнення максимального корисного ефекту у системі теплонасосної схеми опалення, отриманого в результаті утилізації теплоти техногенного повітряного джерела, та оптимальний ступінь охолодження теплоносія у випарнику теплового насоса. Наведено та проаналізовано графіки питомого корисного ефекту, отриманого внаслідок утилізації теплоти техногенних повітряних джерел теплоти за допомогою теплового насосу, оптимальної температури вентиляційних викидів на виході із випарника ТН та ступеню використання цих викидів від температури навколишнього середовища, температур гріючого теплоносія в системі опалення і температур техногенних повітряних викидів. Проаналізовано ефективність використання запропонованої системи. На основі проведених досліджень було підготовлено і подано до публікації статтю в науковому журналі і підготовлено тези доповіді на міжнародну конференцію.
Master's thesis on the topic " Thermodynamic analysis of the efficiency of heat pump heating schemes using the heat of man-made emissions ": 92 p., 46 fig., 2 tables, 3 annexes, 18 sources. The results of the literature review are presented, in which the ways of solving the global problem of energy saving by introduction of heat pump technologies were investigated. It was found that as a low-temperature secondary heat source can be used exhaust ventilation air with high temperature potential from high-temperature technological installations, which was previously wasted. The heat pump scheme of heating working at the expense of utilization of heat of air technogenic emissions is presented. Based on the method of balance equations, a theoretical model of the heat pump heat supply system and a method of thermodynamic analysis of the system efficiency taking into account the characteristics and environmental conditions were developed. Using numerical calculation, the conditions for achieving the maximum useful effect in the system of the heat pump heating scheme, obtained as a result of heat utilization of a man-made air source, and the optimal degree of cooling of the coolant in the heat pump evaporator are determined. Graphs of specific effect obtained due to heat utilization of man-made air heat sources by means of heat pump, optimal temperature of ventilation emissions at the outlet of the HP evaporator and the degree of use of these emissions from ambient temperature, temperatures of heating coolant in heating system and man-made air temperature. The efficiency of using the proposed system is analyzed.
Магистерская диссертация на тему «Термодинамический анализ эффективности теплонасосных схем отопления с использованием теплоты воздушных техногенных выбросов»: 92 с., 46 рис., 2 табл., 3 приложения, 18 источников. Приведены результаты литературного поиска, в котором были исследованы пути решения глобальной проблемы энергосбережения путем внедрения теплонасосных технологий. Было установлено, что в качестве низкотемпературного вторичного источника теплоты может быть использован вытяжной вентиляционный воздух от высокотемпературных технологических установок с повышенным температурным потенциалом, который ранее был неиспользован. Представлена теплонасосная схема отопления, которая работает за счет утилизации теплоты воздушных техногенных выбросов. Основываясь на методе балансных уравнений, было разработана теоретическая модель теплонасосной системы теплоснабжения и методика термодинамического анализа эффективности системы с учетом характеристик и условий окружающей среды. С помощью численного расчета определены условия достижения максимального положительного эффекта в системе теплонасосной схемы отопления, полученного в результате утилизации теплоты техногенного воздушного источника, и оптимальную степень охлаждения теплоносителя в испарителе теплового насоса. Приведены и проанализированы графики удельного полезного эффекта, полученного в результате утилизации теплоты техногенных воздушных источников теплоты с помощью теплового насоса, оптимальной температуры вентиляционных выбросов на выходе из испарителя ТН и степени использования этих выбросов от температуры окружающей среды, температур греющего теплоносителя в системе отопления и температур техногенных воздушных выбросов. Проанализирована эффективность использования предложенной системы. На основе проведенных исследований была опубликована статья в научном журнале.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Air pollutants are harmful airborne substances (solids, liquids, or gases) that, when present in high-enough concentrations, threaten human health or welfare, harm vegetation, animals, or structures, or affect visibility. Visibility alone is not, however, a reliable indicator of the presence of pollutants. A visible plume of condensed water vapor from an industrial cooling tower decreases solar radiation and increases the frequency of fog and icy road conditions near the cooling tower, but it is not an air pollution plume because it is composed entirely of water. In contrast, an industrial pollutant plume may be nearly invisible after the gross particulate matter has been removed by pollution control equipment, but it may still contain large quantities of pollutant gases. Air pollutants can come from either natural or anthropogenic (human) sources. The distinction between the two categories is not always clear. Natural emissions include ash and dust from volcanoes, certain highly volatile chemicals from forests, aeroallergens such as ragweed pollen, wind-entrained dust from natural land surfaces, and smoke and ash from wildfires. Wind-entrained dust can, however, come from roadways or land surfaces that have been disturbed by man, some aeroallergens come from plant species introduced to a new habitat by man, and many fires are prescribed fires —natural or man-made fires (whether accidental or deliberate) that are allowed to burn in order to meet forest or land management objectives. Pollutants can be emitted directly into the atmosphere (primary pollutants] or produced in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants) as a result of chemical or physical transformations of primary pollutants when exposed to other components of air, including other pollutants or water vapor. Examples of transformations include the clumping or coagulation of small particulates into larger particles and the conversion of sulfur dioxide gas emitted from coal-fired power plants to particulate sulfates under humid conditions or to acid rain droplets if clouds are present. Some secondary pollutants, such as photochemical smog or ozone, result from photochemical reactions, that is, chemical reactions that occur only in the presence of solar radiation. Pollutants may come from point, area, or line sources; the emissions may be continuous or intermittent; and the source strength may be variable or constant.

Mercury emissions from waste-to-energy facilities have been a source of public concern for more than ten years following release in the early 1990s of the EPA’s inventory of anthropogenic sources of mercury that listed MWCs as a significant source of mercury air emissions. Since 1990, source reduction, product reformulation, and increasingly effective battery recycling programs reduced mercury in trash by about 90%, according to the EPA. Pollution control equipment on waste-to-energy plants thereafter remove greater than 90% of the remaining mercury in the waste stream that is used as a fuel to generate power. The use of mercury by U.S. manufacturers will decline even further due to the virtual elimination of mercury from alkaline batteries and aggressive recycling and product substitution at hospitals, homes, and businesses. The Clean Air Act regulations promulgated in 1995 under the Maximum Available Control Technology standards have ensured that mercury emissions from waste-to-energy plants nationwide represent less than 3% of the U.S. inventory of man-made mercury sources, according to EPA, (or less than 1% of mercury emissions from all sources). Furthermore, health risk assessments completed over the past several years for new and existing waste-to-energy plants consistently reveal that the levels of mercury emissions result in exposures which are 100 times less than the threshold health effects standard established by federal and state regulatory agencies. Nonetheless, certain environmentalists and critics claim that the significant reduction in mercury air emissions has resulted in a transformation of the metal into the ash. In other words, the questions posed is whether what is not now going up the stack is instead finding its way into the ash. This paper answers that question with a resounding “no.” Based on an analysis of test data, mercury in MWC ash has not increased despite a greater than 90% reduction in mercury emissions.

The proposed novel compressed air energy storage (CAES) concept is based on the utilization of capacity reserves of combustion turbine (CT) and combined cycle (CC) plants for the peak power generation, instead of development of highly customized and expensive turbo-machinery trains. These power reserves are particularly high during high ambient temperatures that correspond to typical summer peak power requirements. The stored compressed air will be injected into the CT after the compressor diffuser to supplement the reduced (due to high ambient temperature or altitudes) mass flow, through the turbine to the full potential (typically achieved at low ambient temperatures). The alternative concept, with stored compressed air, is humidification before injection into the CT, this reduces the auxiliary compressor size, the storage volume and associated costs. Power increase of up to 25% can be realized, coincidental with that which is typical for a CAES plant, significant reduction in the heat rate and emissions. The novel CAES concept reduces specific plant costs by a factor of two, which makes it particularly effective for integration with renewable energy sources, like wind energy plants and landfill gas (LFG) plants. The paper also presents an alternative small capacity CAES plant, which is based on using smaller man-made storage facilities (high pressure pipes and/or vessels), either underground or above ground that can be readily constructed at CT sites without specific geological requirements. The latter part of this paper specifically concentrates on integration of CAES with wind and landfill gas (LFG) plants.

As part of an ongoing development program to increase power output and efficiency of the THM 1304 gas turbine, modifications were made to the high pressure turbine. The modifications include but are not limited to blade and vane aerodynamics, cooling system and clearance control, mechanical design and materials. The development was to achieve the following goals: • Intensified blade and vane cooling to permit higher turbine inlet temperatures and to further extend service lifetime; • Improved aerodynamic performance; • Blades with pre-loaded tip shrouds to achieve low vibration amplitudes in a broad operating speed range; • Rotor design modifications to simplify assembly and disassembly; • Modified vane carrier and casing designs for optimal tip clearance control and turbine performance. The improved high pressure turbine was extensively tested in MAN TURBO’s full-load gas turbine test facility. Test results verified that component temperatures were within the expected range and design targets have been achieved. The first production gas turbine equipped with the upgraded high pressure turbine was installed in May 2004 as a gas compressor driver. To date a total of 11 units have gone into operation including units for power generation. Dry low emission technology is used on all engines. Every unit is monitored by an online data monitoring system and visually inspected in shorter intervals to verify the behavior in the field. Operation of the fleet is flawless at this time.

Power generation is well recognized as a major prerequisite for a country’s economic development. Nuclear power has become an increasingly attractive alternative in the power market worldwide due to several factors: growing demand for electric power, increasing global competition for fossil fuels, concern over greenhouse gas emission impacts on global warming, and the desire for energy independence. Protecting people and the environment is of concern to nuclear power generators. Thus, sound engineering design that provides adequate protection against natural and man-made hazards is of utmost importance. Meteorological parameters related to structure design and system operation are the extreme and mean values for wind speed, temperature, humidity, and precipitation, as well as the seasonal and annual frequencies of severe weather conditions such as tornadoes and hurricanes, ice and snow accumulation, hail and lightning. Inherent in ascertaining values for these parameters is the need for reasonable assurance that the chosen values and frequencies will not be exceeded during the expected life of the plant. All regional meteorological and air quality conditions are classified as climate site characteristics for consideration in evaluating the design and operation of a nuclear power plant [1]. This paper discusses the regulatory requirements, methodology and sources of data for development of the design- and operating-basis regional meteorological conditions used in preparing a Combined License Permit Application (COLA) in the United States. Additionally, the differences in methodology for determination of these meteorological conditions by reactor type (i.e., Advanced Passive 1000–AP1000, Advanced Boiling Water Reactor–ABWR, Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor–ESBWR, U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor–U.S. EPR, and Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor–APWR) are explored and summarized.