Дисертації з теми "Mammals Locomotion"
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Horner, Angela M. "Crouched Locomotion in Small Mammals: The Effects of Habitat and Aging." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1283529573.
Повний текст джерелаVázquez, Molinero Ramón. "Comparative anatomy of Henkelotherium guimarotae (Holotheria), a late Jurassic small mammal, and its relevance for the evolution of the mode of locomotion of modern mammals." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/12/index.html.
Повний текст джерелаBances, Enrique [Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Witte, Thomas [Gutachter] Sattel, and Hans-Christoph [Gutachter] Scholle. "Wireless modular multi-sensor systems for the analysis of mechanical coupling between respiration and locomotion in mammals / Enrique Bances ; Gutachter: Thomas Sattel, Hans-Christoph Scholle ; Betreuer: Hartmut Witte." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1178128547/34.
Повний текст джерелаBotton, Léo. "The Form-Function relationships in the process of secondary adaptation to an aquatic life : the contribution of semi-aquatic mammals." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC087/document.
Повний текст джерелаMoving in water and on land implies coping with drastically different mechanicalconstraints. Water is substantially more dense and viscous than air and thus aquaticlocomotion is dominated by drag and buoyancy when terrestrial locomotion is dominatedby gravity and inertia. If extreme adaptations to locomotion in each of thesetwo media are well described, semi-aquatic species that move extensively in bothmedia remain poorly studied.Mustelids presents a large diversity of locomotor specializations involving differentkinds of locomotor environments and different degrees of specialization. It encompassthree independent evolutions of a semi-aquatic lifestyle: the European mink,the American mink, and the otters. Using geometric morphometrics to quantify theshape of the entire humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula I investigated morphologicaldifferences in the locomotor apparatus of terrestrial and semi-aquaticmustelids. As both minks and otters face functional pressures resulting from bothaquatic and terrestrial locomotion, I tested whether their morphology converged.Finally, considering the differences in the functional requirements of the two media,I explored whether the locomotor ecology has a homogeneous impact on thelocomotor apparatus or whether a functional specialization of certain parts can beobserved.Whereas minks show low morphological differentiation from their terrestrial relatives,otters diverged a lot in both shape, size, and the relative proportions of thelimb bones. Minks present a morphology that is similar to the one observed in otherMustelinae. Nevertheless, the shape of the humerus is convergent between thetwo minks, and shows a greater curvature than in their terrestrial relatives. Minksresult from recent specializations of the versatile morphology of Mustelinae witha swimming mode similar to the one of the terrestrial Mustelinae and only subtlemodifications of their long bone morphology.Conversely, otters present a long bone shape that is strongly divergent from theone of their terrestrial relatives. Additionally, they show very diverse long boneshapes in opposition to the hypothesis stating that strong functional requirements,as the ones induced by aquatic locomotion, should induce a limited number of potentialevolutionary responses. Otters show morphological features that are related to aquatic locomotion: robust bones with broad epiphyses, a short stylopodrelative to the zeugopod, and a long in-lever for elbow extensors. Only the sea otter(Enhydra lutris) presents a functional specialization that differs between hind andforelimb. The hind limb is dedicated to aquatic locomotion with a strong in-lever forthe hip muscles, and the feet that are modified into swimming paddles. Meanwhile,the forelimb presents a relatively gracile ulna with a short olecranon process and aradius that is curved more cranially, resulting in a drastic change in the pattern ofco-variation. These features are interpreted as providing greater degrees of freedomin the movements of the forearm, which allows the unique manipulative skillsof this species.Thus semi-aquatic mustelids present a diversity that was not expected given thestrong differences in the mechanical constraints imposed during locomotion in waterversus on land. Semi-aquatic mustelids appear to have evolved from the versatileancestral locomotor apparatus to highly specialized forms, where the progressivereduction of terrestrial locomotion allowed differential adaptation of the foreandhind limbs
Warner, Sharon Elaine. "Foot design, locomotor impact dynamics and pathology in large mammals." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618328.
Повний текст джерелаAndersson, Ki. "Aspects of locomotor evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Palaeontology group, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3543.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p<0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.
Otts, Charlotte. "POSTURAL AND LOCOMOTOR CAPABILITIES IN THE PHENACODONTID CONDYLARTHS (MAMMALIA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187554.
Повний текст джерелаArgot, Christine. "Evolution de la locomotion chez les Borhyaenoïdes (marsupiala, mammalia) : étude morphofonctionnelle, phylogénétique, et implications paléoécologiques." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112217.
Повний текст джерелаCopploe, Joseph V. II. "In Vivo Strains in the Femur of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1403533523.
Повний текст джерелаShelley, Sarah Laura. "The rise of placental mammals : the anatomy, palaeobiology and phylogeny of Periptychus and the Periptychidae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29539.
Повний текст джерелаCoulouarn, Yolaine. "L'Urotensine II : clonage de son précurseur chez quatre tétrapodes et étude de sa distribution tissulaire." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES003.
Повний текст джерелаTARDIEU-MARS, CHRISTINE. "Mise au point d'une nouvelle methode informatisee d'analyse tridimensionnellede la marche bipede pour l'etude des deplacements des centres de gravite du corps : application a l'homme et aux primates non humains." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077263.
Повний текст джерелаGranatosky, Michael Constantine. "A Mechanical Analysis of Suspensory Locomotion in Primates and Other Mammals." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/12135.
Повний текст джерелаFor primates, and other arboreal mammals, adopting suspensory locomotion represents one of the strategies an animal can use to prevent toppling off a thin support during arboreal movement and foraging. While numerous studies have reported the incidence of suspensory locomotion in a broad phylogenetic sample of mammals, little research has explored what mechanical transitions must occur in order for an animal to successfully adopt suspensory locomotion. Additionally, many primate species are capable of adopting a highly specialized form of suspensory locomotion referred to as arm-swinging, but few scenarios have been posited to explain how arm-swinging initially evolved. This study takes a comparative experimental approach to explore the mechanics of below branch quadrupedal locomotion in primates and other mammals to determine whether above and below branch quadrupedal locomotion represent neuromuscular mirrors of each other, and whether the patterns below branch quadrupedal locomotion are similar across taxa. Also, this study explores whether the nature of the flexible coupling between the forelimb and hindlimb observed in primates is a uniquely primate feature, and investigates the possibility that this mechanism could be responsible for the evolution of arm-swinging.
To address these research goals, kinetic, kinematic, and spatiotemporal gait variables were collected from five species of primate (Cebus capucinus, Daubentonia madagascariensis, Lemur catta, Propithecus coquereli, and Varecia variegata) walking quadrupedally above and below branches. Data from these primate species were compared to data collected from three species of non-primate mammals (Choloepus didactylus, Pteropus vampyrus, and Desmodus rotundus) and to three species of arm-swinging primate (Hylobates moloch, Ateles fusciceps, and Pygathrix nemaeus) to determine how varying forms of suspensory locomotion relate to each other and across taxa.
From the data collected in this study it is evident the specialized gait characteristics present during above branch quadrupedal locomotion in primates are not observed when walking below branches. Instead, gait mechanics closely replicate the characteristic walking patterns of non-primate mammals, with the exception that primates demonstrate an altered limb loading pattern during below branch quadrupedal locomotion, in which the forelimb becomes the primary propulsive and weight-bearing limb; a pattern similar to what is observed during arm-swinging. It is likely that below branch quadrupedal locomotion represents a “mechanical release” from the challenges of moving on top of thin arboreal supports. Additionally, it is possible, that arm-swinging could have evolved from an anatomically-generalized arboreal primate that began to forage and locomote below branches. During these suspensory bouts, weight would have been shifted away from the hindlimbs towards forelimbs, and as the frequency of these boats increased the reliance of the forelimb as the sole form of weight support would have also increased. This form of functional decoupling may have released the hindlimbs from their weight-bearing role during suspensory locomotion, and eventually arm-swinging would have replaced below branch quadrupedal locomotion as the primary mode of suspensory locomotion observed in some primate species. This study provides the first experimental evidence supporting the hypothetical link between below branch quadrupedal locomotion and arm-swinging in primates.
Dissertation
Ansari, Jahanzeb. "Do propriospinal neurons contribute to transmission of the locomotor command signal in adult mammals?" 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31826.
Повний текст джерелаOctober 2016
Vázquez, Molinero Ramón [Verfasser]. "Comparative anatomy of Henkelotherium guimarotae (Holotheria), a late Jurassic small mammal, and its relevance for the evolution of the mode of locomotion of modern mammals / vorgelegt von Ramón Vázquez Molinero." 2004. http://d-nb.info/970069898/34.
Повний текст джерелаPhan, Ha-Loan. "Expression des cotransporteurs cation-chlorure KCC2 et NKCC1 au cours du développement de la moelle épinière de l’opossum Monodelphis domestica." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4907.
Повний текст джерелаInhibition is necessary to generate coordinated outputs between antagonistic muscles during locomotion. Inhibition is set by a lowering in neuronal chloride concentration during mammalian development. This lowering relies on the proper balance between two cation-chloride cotransporters, KCC2 and NKCC1. KCC2 extrudes Cl- out of the cell while NKCC1 pumps Cl- into the cell. The opossum Monodelphis domestica is born at a very rudimentary stage of development. Newborn opossums show rhythmic and alternate movements of the forelimbs as they crawl on the mother's belly to a nipple. The hindlimbs are immobile paddle-shaped buds and their development is mostly postnatal. Thus, this species is an ideal model to study motor development. In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the appearance of inhibition during motor development, we described the developmental expression of KCC2 and NKCC1 on postnatal opossums using immunohistochemistry in the spinal cord enlargements. Motoneurons and primary sensory afferents were identified using retrograde labeling with TRDA. Immunolabeling for both KCC2 and NKCC1 is detected in the ventral spinal cord in the presumptive grey and white matter from birth on, suggesting that the development of inhibition begins before birth, enabling the alternate movements exhibited by the newborns. The developmental expression of KCC2 and NKCC1 follows ventrodorsal and mediolateral gradients, similar to those demonstrated in rodents (rats and mice). The mature pattern for both cotransporters is observed around the 5th week at a time when opossums demonstrate mature patterns of locomotion. Between birth and P5, dendrites expressing KCC2 in the dorsal horn superimpose on the primary afferents, suggesting a role for KCC2 in the establishment of sensorimotor circuits.
Lavallée, Annie. "Étude de l'activité spontanée dans la moëlle épinière de l'oppossum Monodelphis domestica en développement." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8132.
Повний текст джерелаSpaulding, Michelle. "Phylogeny and Evolution of Locomotor Modes in Carnivoramorpha (Mammalia)." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8MG7WPT.
Повний текст джерелаNousek, McGregor Anna Elizabeth. "The cost of locomotion in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis)." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3088.
Повний текст джерелаLocomotion in any environment requires the use of energy to overcome the physical
forces inherent in the environment. Most large marine vertebrates have evolved
streamlined fusiform body shapes to minimize the resistive force of drag when in
a neutral position, but nearly all behaviors result in some increase in that force.
Too much energy devoted to locomotion may reduce the available surplus necessary
for population-level factors such as reproduction. The population of North Atlantic
right whales has not recovered following legal protection due to decreased fecundity,
including an increase in the intercalf interval, an increase in the years to first calf and
an increase in the number of nulliparous females in the population. This reproductive
impairment appears to be related to deficiencies in storing enough energy to meet the
costs of reproduction. The goal of this study was to determine whether increases in
moving between prey patches at the cost of decreased foraging opportunities could
shift these whales into a situation of negative energy gain. The first step is to
understand the locomotor costs for this species for the key behaviors of traveling and
foraging.
This study investigated the cost of locomotion in right whales by recording the
submerged diving behaviors of free-ranging individuals in both their foraging habitat
in the Bay of Fundy and their calving grounds in the South Atlantic Bight with a
suction-cupped archival tag. The data from the tags were used to quantify the oc-
currence of different behaviors and their associated swimming behaviors and explore
three behavioral strategies that reduce locomotor costs. First, the influence that
changes in blubber thickness has on the buoyancy of these whales was investigated
by comparing the descent and ascent glide durations of individual whales with differ-
ent blubber thicknesses. Next, the depth of surface dives made by animals of different
sizes was related to the depth where additional wave drag is generated. Finally, the
use of intermittent locomotion during foraging was investigated to understand how
much energy is saved by using this gait. The final piece in this study was to deter-
mine the drag related to traveling and foraging behaviors from glides recorded by
the tags and from two different numerical simulations of flow around whales. One, a
custom developed algorithm for multiphase flow, was used to determine the relative
drag, while a second commercial package was used to determine the absolute mag-
nitude of the drag force on the simplest model, the traveling animal. The resulting
drag estimates were then used in a series of theoretical models that estimated the
energetic profit remaining after shifts in the occurrence of traveling and searching
behaviors.
The diving behavior of right whales can be classified into three stereotyped be-
haviors that are characterized by differences in the time spent in different parts of the
water column. The time budgets and swimming movements during these behaviors
matched those in other species, enabling the dive shapes to be classified as foraging,
searching and traveling behaviors. Right whales with thicker blubber layers were
found to perform longer ascent glides and shorter descent glides than those with
thinner blubber layers, consistent with the hypothesis that positive buoyancy does
influence their vertical diving behavior. During horizontal traveling, whales made
shallow dives to depths that were slightly deeper than those that would cause ad-
ditional costs due to wave drag. These dives appear to allow whales to both avoid
the costs of diving as well as the costs of swimming near the surface. Next, whales
were found to glide for 12% of the bottom phases of their foraging dives, and the
use of `stroke-glide' swimming did not prolong foraging duration from that used by
continuous swimmers. Drag coefficients estimated from these glides had an average
of 0.014 during foraging dives and 0.0052 during traveling, values which fall in the
range of those reported for other marine mammals. One numerical simulation deter-
mined drag forces to be comparable, while the other drastically underestimated the
drag of all behaviors. Finally, alterations to the behavioral budgets of these animals
demonstrated their cost of locomotion constitutes a small portion (8-12%) of the
total energy consumed and only extreme increases in traveling time could result in a
negative energy balance. In summary, these results show that locomotor costs are no
more expensive in this species than those of other cetaceans and that when removed
from all the other stressors on this population, these whales are not on an energetic
`knife edge'.
Dissertation
Tsai, Eve Chung. "Mechanisms of locomotor recovery after spinal cord repair with peripheral nerves, fibroblast growth factor 1, and fibrin glue after complete spinal cord transection in the adult mammal." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80317&T=F.
Повний текст джерела