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Книги з теми "Mammalian models"

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Mammalian models.

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Janigro, Damir. Mammalian Brain Development. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009.

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2

Mammalian cardiovascular system simulation: A catastrophe theoretic approach with the matching simulation method. Winnipeg: Wuerz Publishing, 1993.

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3

Addie, Siobhan, Meredith Hackmann, Anna Nicholson, and Sarah H. Beachy, eds. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25779.

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4

Sketches of the natural history of Ceylon with narratives and anecdotes illustrative of the habits and instincts of the mammalia, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, including a monograph of the elephant and a description of the modes of capturing and training it with engravings from original drawings. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.

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5

Mammalian Models for Biomedical Research. Diane Pub, 1994.

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6

Janigro, Damir. Mammalian Brain Development. Humana Press, 2009.

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7

Vincan, Elizabeth. Wnt Signaling : Volume 1: Pathway Methods and Mammalian Models. Humana Press, 2011.

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8

Handbook of Mammalian Models in Biomedical Research (Pharmacology & Toxicology). CRC, 2001.

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9

National Center for Research Resources (U.S.), ed. Mammalian models for biomedical research: A research resources directory. [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institutes of Health, 1994.

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10

MAMMALIAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SIMULATION. Wuerg Publishing Ltd., 1993.

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11

1945-, Gash Don M., Sladek John R, American Paralysis Association, and Schmitt Symposium on Transplantation into the Mammalian Central Nervous System (1987 : Rochester, N.Y.), eds. Transplantation into the mammalian CNS. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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12

Non-Mammalian Models for Research on Ageing (Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology). S. Karger AG (Switzerland), 1985.

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13

Pittenger, Christopher, Stephanie Dulawa, and Summer L. Thompson. Animal Models of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0029.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related conditions are characterized by demonstrable alterations in brain function, and aspects of these may, in principle, be recapitulated and studied in animals. However, the relationship between animal models and the clinical syndrome is complex. Many clinical aspects of OCD, especially those that can only be evaluated by subjective report, cannot be assessed in an animal. As a result, some discount the utility of animal modeling of OCD altogether. However, conservation of both genes and brain anatomy across mammalian species supports the opposite perspective, that key aspects of the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders can be recapitulated in animals, and thus fruitfully studied in model systems. This introductory chapter addresses these issues, seeking to identify both the strengths and the limitations of animal studies as contributors to our understanding of OCD. This discussion provides a framework for the more specific material about particular animal models presented in this section.

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14

(Editor), Don M. Gash, Schmitt Symposium on Transplantation into the Mammalian Central nervou (Corporate Author), American Paralysis Association (Corporate Author), and John R., Jr. Sladek (Editor), eds. Transplantation in the Mammalian Cns (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Publishing Company, 1989.

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15

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Siamak Tabibzadeh. Endometrium. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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16

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Siamak Tabibzadeh. Endometrium. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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17

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Siamak Tabibzadeh. Endometrium. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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18

(Editor), John D. Aplin, Asgerally T. Fazleabas (Editor), Stanley R. Glasser (Editor), and Linda C. Giudice (Editor), eds. The Endometrium: Molecular, Cellular and Clinical Perspectives, Second Edition (Reproductive Medicine & Assisted Reproductive Techniques). 2nd ed. Informa Healthcare, 2008.

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19

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Asgerally T. Fazleabas. Endometrium: Molecular, Cellular and Clinical Perspectives, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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20

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Asgerally T. Fazleabas. Endometrium: Molecular, Cellular and Clinical Perspectives, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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21

Glasser, Stanley R., Linda C. Giudice, John D. Aplin, and Siamak Tabibzadeh. Endometrium. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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22

The Endometrium. Informa Healthcare, 2002.

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23

Stanley, Glasser, ed. The Endometrium. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

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24

Powell, Roger A., Aaron N. Facka, Mourad W. Gabriel, Jonathan H. Gilbert, J. Mark Higley, Scott D. LaPoint, Nicholas P. McCann, Wayne Spencer, and Craig M. Thompson. The fisher as a model organism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0011.

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The literature on fishers - medium-sized, North American carnivores - is broad, despite being limited, and traditional ecological knowledge of Native Americans contributes to our understanding of fishers. Fishers are generalist predators but also specialized predators of North American porcupines. Over trapping, habitat loss and climate change reduced fisher populations after European colonization of North America. Protection and reintroductions led to general but not to universal population recovery, contributing to the understanding of reintroduction science, including population genetics of both rare and expanding populations. Although adapted to live in old forests with complex structure, some fishers have colonized fragmented habitats, including suburbs. Models of fisher habitat, energetics, sexual dimorphism, genetics, and use of space illustrate the diversity of approaches possible for carnivore studies. Thus, the fisher has become a model organism for ecological and conservation research on mammalian carnivores.

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25

Bates, Gillian P., and Christian Landles. Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0016.

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This chapter begins by reviewing the mammalian models of Huntington’s disease (HD) that have been developed using mice, rats, and a number of large animals, including sheep, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Analysis of these models, together with genetically engineered mice created through specific manipulations of the mouse genome, has provided considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of HD. The number of potential therapeutic targets that have been proposed for HD is considerable, and their preclinical evaluation in HD mouse models is being used to select targets that should be pursued in drug development programs. Hence, mouse models have been used extensively to validate therapeutic targets and in the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The limitations of these studies are discussed, and best-practice approaches are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a summary of the gene therapy approaches that are being developed, including strategies to lower the levels of huntingtin.

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26

Chaudhry, Bill, José Luis de la Pompa, and Nadia Mercader. The zebrafish as a model for cardiac development and regeneration. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0029.

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The zebrafish has become an established laboratory model for developmental studies and is increasingly used to model aspects of human development and disease. However, reviewers and grant funding bodies continue to speculate on the utility of this Himalayan minnow. In this chapter we explain the similarities and differences between the heart from this distantly related vertebrate and the mammalian heart, in order to reveal the common fundamental processes and to prevent misleading extrapolations. We provide an overview of zebrafish including their husbandry, development, peculiarities of their genome, and technological advances, which make them a highly tractable laboratory model for heart development and disease. We discuss the controversies around morphants and mutants, and relate the development and structures of the zebrafish heart to mammalian counterparts. Finally, we give an overview of regeneration in the zebrafish heart and speculate on the role of the model organism in next-generation sequencing technologies.

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27

Silvers, W. K. Coat Colors of Mice: A Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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28

Silvers, W. K. The Coat Colors of Mice: A Model For Mammalian Gene Action And Interaction. Springer, 2011.

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29

Prescott, Tony J., and Leah Krubitzer. Evo-devo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0008.

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This chapter explores how principles underlying natural evo-devo (evolution and development) continue to inspire the design of artificial systems from models of cell growth through to simulated three-dimensional evolved creatures. Research on biological evolvability shows that phenotypic outcomes depend on multiple interactions across different organizational levels—the adult organism is the outcome of a series of genetic cascades modulated in time and space by the wider embryological, bodily, and environmental context. This chapter reviews evo-devo principles discovered in biology and explores their potential for improving the evolvability of artificial systems. Biological topics covered include adaptive, selective, and generative mechanisms, and the role of epigenetic processes in creating phenotypic diversity. Modeling approaches include L-systems, Boolean networks, reaction-diffusion processes, genetic algorithms, and artificial embryogeny. A particular focus is on the evolution and development of the mammalian brain and the possibility of designing, using synthetic evo-devo approaches, brain-like control architectures for biomimetic robots.

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30

Wilsey, Brian J. Biodiversity of Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0002.

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Grasslands can be surprisingly diverse and contain many charismatic flora and fauna. Plant species are often combined into functional groups. Three major conceptual models: competitors-stress tolerants-ruderals (CSR); the leaf traits, plant height, seed mass (LHS); and R*, used to classify grassland species are described by the author. There are three distinct groups of mammalian herbivores based on the ways that herbivores harbor cellulose degrading microbes: hindgut fermentation, foregut fermentation, and foregut fermentation with rumination. Grasslands have a smaller number of bird species than forested systems, and the bird species that are endemic to grasslands tend to be specialized to open habitat (e.g., large flightless birds). Abundant insects can gathered into feeding groups. Single-celled organisms are important in grassland nutrient cycling and as mutualists and pathogens and are extremely abundant in soil. Soil pH is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity (as in plants), with diversity higher in neutral than in acidic soils.

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31

Cellular track model of biological damage to mammalian cell cultures from galactic cosmic rays. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1991.

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32

Hernandez-Ledezma, Jose Juan P. Improvement of freezing techniques for mammalian embryos and oocytes using the mouse as a model. 1988.

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33

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2021.

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34

Addie, Siobhan, Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Sarah H. Beachy. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2020.

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35

Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Sarah H. Beachy, and Anna Nicholson. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2020.

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36

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2020.

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37

Bonnie Fagan, Melinda. Individuality, Organisms, and Cell Differentiation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0006.

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This chapter builds on earlier arguments concerning the individuality of stem cells. The author has argued in previous work that stem cells are not biological individuals in the same way as specialized cells of multicellular organisms (e.g., neurons, red blood cells, muscle cells) but that some stem cells (cultured pluripotent stem cells) can be considered biological individuals by analogy with multicellular organisms. More precisely, the author claims that cultured pluripotent stem cells can be considered model organisms for studying early mammalian development. An important objection to this model organism thesis is that cultured pluripotent stem cells lack the organization (functional integration and cohesive unity) required for an entity to be an organism. This chapter explicates and rebuts a strong version of this objection and, in the process, clarifies the ontology of stem cells as experimental entities.

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38

Woodburne, Michael O., Gregg F. Gunnell, and Richard K. Stucky. Land Mammal Faunas of North America Rise and Fall During the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55485/rkck3803.

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Climatic warming at the beginning of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) resulted in major increases in plant diversity and habitat complexity reflective of temporally unique, moist, paratropical conditions from about 53–50 Ma in the Western Interior of North America. In the early part of the EECO, mammalian faunal diversity increased at both local and continental scales in conjunction with a major increase in tropicality resulting from mean annual temperatures reaching 23 ̊C and mean annual precipitation approaching 150 cm/yr. A strong episode of taxonomic origination (high number of first appearances) in the latest Wasatchian and earliest Bridgerian Land Mammal Ages apparently was in response to these greatly diversified floral and habitat associations along with increasing temperature and precipitation. This is in contrast to a similar increase in first appearances at the beginning of the Wasatchian (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM) that can be traced instead to climate-induced transcontinental immigration. In the later part of the EECO, from Br-1b–Br-3, climatic deterioration resulted in a major loss of faunal diversity at both continental and local levels, apparently mirroring climatic deterioration. Relative abundance shifted from diverse, evenly distributed communities to much less diverse, skewed distributions dominated by the condylarth Hyopsodus. Evolutionary innovation through the 53–50 Ma interval included a modest overall increase in body size and increased efficiency in carnivory and folivory as reflected by within-lineage patterns of evolution. Rather than being “optimum,” the EECO engendered the greatest episode of mammalian faunal turnover of the first 15 million years of the Cenozoic era, with both first and last appearances at their highest levels. Both the PETM and EECO faunas were climatically shaped.

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39

Meilhac, Sigolène M. Cardiac growth I: Cardiomyocyte proliferation. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0009.

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Efficient contraction of the heart depends on the size and oriented architecture of the myocardium. This is severely compromised by myocardial infarction or in cardiomyopathies. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying heart growth has attracted much attention over the past decade, after the demonstration that the mammalian heart has some potential to regenerate, thus raising hopes that heart repair may become a reality. The mechanisms of cardiac growth during development have been well studied in the mouse model, taking advantage of sophisticated genetic engineering and new tools for tracking cell lineages and behaviour. We discuss the current view of the intrinsic regulation of cardiomyocyte behaviour, as well as how it is modulated by interplay with other cardiac cell types or with the environment. Such fundamental knowledge is important for understanding the origin of congenital heart defects and for the development of novel strategies of heart repair.

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40

Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.

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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.

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41

Bannister, John. Great Whales. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643096196.

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Whales are mysterious and fascinating creatures. Despite modern technology, their world is still largely unexplored and unknown. They can only be seen, or rather glimpsed, when they are near the sea surface, either from boats, or perhaps from shore, or underwater by divers. They also reach astonishing sizes – the blue whale, for example, can grow to 30 metres in length, equivalent to the height of a six-storey building, and can weigh more than 130 tonnes. Seven ‘Great Whales’ are found in the coastal waters surrounding Australia. These include six of the largest baleen whales – blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, sei whale, Bryde’s whale and southern right whale – and the sperm whale, the largest toothed whale. This book provides a detailed account of these extraordinary mammals. As well as the seven Great Whales, a smaller species – the minke whale – is included because of its special interest to Australians. The book describes whales’ highly specialised mammalian structure and biology, and the history of people’s association with them, at first through legend and wonder, then whaling, and more recently whale watching. It also looks at their past and current status, and the conservation initiatives that are in place to protect them from existing or potential threats. With both historical and recent photographs, as well as an extensive glossary, Great Whales will be enjoyed by natural history enthusiasts, zoologists and students alike.

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42

Meng, X. J. Hepatitis E virus. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0048.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.

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