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1
Askar, Askar, and Amaury Capdeville Chapuzet. "Investigation Of The Impact Of Exchange Rates, Interest Rates, Economic Growth, And Circulation Of Electronic Money On Inflation In Malaysia." Tamansiswa Management Journal International 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/tmji/vol512022008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project intends to research the effects of the USD vs Malaysian Ringgit exchange rate, Malaysia's central bank interest rate, The growth of the economic in malaysia, the circulation for electronic money in Malaysia on inflation in Malaysia. Bank Negara Malaysia is a secondary data source for this investigation, global financial institution (IMF), also the World Bank with a monthly research period from January 2012 to January 2020. We use Model for Error Correction (ECM) model for the investigate some influence relationship at the long and short run.We found that a stronger USD further depresses the Malaysian ringgit and has an impact on increasing Malaysia’s inflation on the long and short run. When the Malaysian central bank interest rate are higher, the more it will push Malaysia’s inflation. And the higher economic growth in Malaysia, the more accelerating inflation at Malaysia, at long and the short run. However, some circulation of electronic money in Malaysia only has a short-term impact on inflation and in the long term the impact is not significant.
2
Alvarez, Ravis Chena, and Siti Nor Atikah. "The Malaysian Perception Toward Foreign Tourists in Malaysia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i2.162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to collect, process, analyze and describe the perception of Malaysian towards foreign tourists in Malaysia. This research is a descriptive analysis. Data collected using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Data analysis in the study was carried out using data reduction techniques, data interpretation and conclusion drawing. The results show that 1). Public perception of foreign tourists in Malaysia shows that Malaysians are very supportive of foreign tourists coming to Malaysia. 2). Positive and negative impacts of foreign tourists coming to Malaysia; the positive impact, with the presence of tourists can increase Malaysia's foreign exchange and advance the country. As for the negative impact, Malaysians also negatively perceive black tourists such as from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka who usually bring problems in Malaysia such as narcotics and crime.
3
Azilah Mohamad, Ayu Nor, Wayu Nor Asikin Mohamad, Abdul Razak Salleh, and Mohamed Ali Haniffa. "The Impact of the Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963: A Historical Highlight." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i2.42.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses the impact of Malaysia's formation on September 16, 1963. The establishment of Malaysia involves Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore. Planning at the early stage includes Brunei but the State withdrew at the end of Malaysia's formation. Singapore also dropped out from the Malaysia Formation two years later in 1965. The formation of Malaysia has affected Malaysia to this day. The objective of the study is to discuss the benefits of politics, socialization and racial relations in Malaysia. Among the things discussed in this article are the benefits of the platform of socialisation and racial relations in Malaysia as well as the political aspects. Both of these were examined using historical approaches and library research. The findings show that Malaysia's establishment has made Malaysia a unique nation with racial diversity. This includes the establishment of many political parties based on their respective race or tribe, especially in Sabah and Sarawak. All Malaysians enjoy the benefits of Malaysia’s establishment for harmony and peace.
4
BARKER, THOMAS ALEXANDER CHARLES. "Screen Connections between Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China." Issues & Studies 54, no. 01 (March 2018): 1840002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251118400027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To date Malaysia has occupied a peripheral position in studies of Chinese cinemas and East Asian pop culture, often overlooked in favor of the more productive centers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and increasingly China. By engaging with the field of Chinese transnationalism as developed by Aihwa Ong and others, this paper reconsiders Malaysia’s place in the broader Chinese media landscape and the role of Chinese Malaysians as agents driving Malaysia’s engagement with Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. Focusing on Malaysia, this paper explores Malaysia’s screen connections to China through the two vectors of Malaysian migration and Chinese co-productions entering Malaysia. Increasingly, Malaysian creative workers who are already quite mobile are moving in increasing numbers to Mainland China and working on Chinese entertainment projects. Primarily, they take on intermediary roles within China’s growing entertainment industries which need cosmopolitan, multi-lingual creative labor as it increasingly globalizes and seeks foreign partners. Conversely, as China’s industry expands outwards, it seeks co-production partners and locations and has found Malaysia to be conducive. In outlining this new screen industry relationship, this paper suggests cultural and economic implications and futures for Chinese cinemas in Southeast Asia and the role of Malaysia’s ethnic Chinese population.
5
Zakaria, Mohd Fahimi, and Ashlah Ibrahim. "Chinese Civilization in Malaysia: History and Contribution." Journal of Social Science and Humanities 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.jssh.2022.1.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia is a multicultural country with diversity. Among the cultures here are the Chinese inclusive of all their subcultures. This paper discusses the contribution of the Chinese civilization to Malaysia. Malaysian Chinese has contributed a lot to the building of Malaysia both culturally and economically. They arrived in Malaya in the year of 1500 and have embedded themselves by bringing their economical capabilities as well as religious and linguistic values. Chinese Malaysian have layered identities based on ancestry. Upon arrival in Malaya many years ago, they were here as traders who eventually married locals and begun the early assimilation of Malayan Chinese. However, in the early of 1900 they were brought into Malaya under the British rule to mine the tin mines in land rich in natural resources. The final wave is recent and include Malaysia’s My Second Home program. Among the contributions of Malaysian Chinese is wealth. Some of the richest Malaysians and successful businesses are Chinese-owned. There is also no shortage of Chinese architecture in Malaysia and that has also influenced the art industry. Mandarin is the main language spoken by Malaysian Chinese and is used in all vernacular schools and businesses as the official method of communication. However, there are many sub-cultural languages among the Chinese community as well. The Chinese have also brought their religion which is mainly Buddhism, Taoism, or Confucianism. Chinese religions are more of a way of life rather than a worship of a supreme being.
6
Mohamad, Ayu Nor Azilah, Abdul Razak Salleh, and Wayu Nor Asikin Mohamad. "Malay Language as the State Emblem of Malaysia." e-Jurnal Bahasa dan Linguistik (e-JBL) 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53840/ejbl.v4i2.121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia has its own identity through nationhood symbols. These nationhood symbols include the National Flag, the National Coat of Arms, the National Flower, the National Language and the National Anthem. This article discusses the Malay language as a symbol of Malaysia's nationalism. The methodology uses bibliographic research methods by referring to books, journals, magazines and print media copies. The results of the study found that the Malay language is one of the identities of the Malaysian nation that acts as a symbol of Malaysian identity, the unification of the voice of Malaysians, and a medium for unity among the plural society in Malaysia. As stated in the 1957 Education Ordinance, the Malay language serves as a medium to increase the understanding of unity among the plural society in Malaysia. The position of the Malay language continues to be strengthened when it is elevated as the main medium of instruction in the national education system as a part of the process of building a nation. The Malay language continued to expand with the emergence of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) and the National University of Malaysia (UKM). This means that the Malay language symbolises Malaysia to the world. Furthermore, the Malay language is closely related to other ethnic languages spoken in the archipelago. It is hope that the Malay language as stated in Article 152 in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia continues to be used as a part of ‘Language is the Soul of the Nation's.
7
Sidhu, Pramita Kaur. "Textual analysis on Rehman Rashid’s “A MALAYSIAN JOURNEY”." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v2i1.293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“A Malaysian Journey” is written by Rehman Rashid, a Malaysian Bumiputra, born in Taiping (p 25), whose father is of Arab –Indian parentage while his mother is from a Tamil –Eurasian parentage (p39-41). The text describes two journeys, the first being a physical journey that Rehman Rashid, the writer himself undertakes upon his return home to Malaysia, while the second journey is an emotionally critical, highly personal, expressive and hopeful journey on Malaysia’s pre and post independence history and its impact on the him as an individual and on the multiethnic Malaysian society. Both journeys, however, attempt to introduce readers to the social matrices, politics, religion (practiced by the majority) and culture of Malaysians. The goals are here to challenge reader’s existing socio-political perceptions on pre and post independent Malaysia and to shape writer’s own discernment and consciousness on his social cultural background.
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Marzali, Amri. "ISYU KETUANAN MELAYU DI MALAYSIA." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v10i2.824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ketuanan Melayu” is a conception of Malay political hegemony in Malaysia. The terminology was firstly introduced by a member of Parliament of Malaysia from the United Malay National Organization, namely Dato’ Abdullah Ahmad, in a speech offered at the Institute of Intenational Affairs, Singapura, Agustus 30, 1986. The speech was originally aimed at countering the negative propaganda proposed by the Malaysian Indian and the Malaysian Chinese, who accused that the special socio-political privileges given to the indigenous Malaysian peoples in the Malaysia’s Constitution (partaicularly in article 153) and the affirmative discriminative New Economic Policy of 1971 have been a servere strategy to condemn the Indian and Chinese Malaysians. On the other hand, the Malays in Malaysia traced the idea of Malay political hegemony from the political situation in the period of Malay kingdom of Melaka in the 15th century. They considered the period of Melaka as the golden age of Malay political sovereignty in Selat Melaka. When Melaka was occupied by the Portuegese in the 16th century, and followed by the Dutch in the 17-18th centuries, the political sovereignty of the Malays in the Malaysian Peninsula was carried on by the newly subsequent Malay kingdoms, such as Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and others. In this article, I proposed that what is now called Malay political hegemony could be compared to what was called beschikkingsrecht in Dutch language, in the colonial period of Indonesia. This terminology was introduced by an adat law scholar, van Vollenhoven, in 1905, referring to the sovereignty of the native peoples in Malay Archipelago over their land and political state. Lastly I find the debate on the Malay political hegemony in Malaysia recently, whether between the natives versus the immigrants, or between the ruling Malays versus the opposition Malays, are pertaining with 6 articles in the Constitution and Act of Malaysian Armforce of 1972. This set of rules is knownly called Wasiat Raja-raja Melayu (The Wasiat of the Malay Sultans). Therefore, I conclude, the Malay political hegemony is constitutionalized, thus it is unnecessary for the Malays to boasting it anymore. The real problems of the Malay political hegemony now in Malaysia rests on the way it has been implemented by the Malaysian government.
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Mohd Ridzuan, Nur Qamarina, and Sahul Hamid Mohamed Maiddin. "Road Development in Five Malaysian Plan, 1966-1990." SEJARAH 33, no. 1 (June 29, 2024): ———. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol33no1.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The road network is an important factor in the development especially for developing countries. This article examines the road development in the Malaysian Plan from 1966 until 1990. Malaysia implements the development plan through various five year short plans known as the First Malaysia Plan, Second Malaysia Plan, Third Malaysia Plan, Fourth Malaysia Plan and Fifth Malaysia Plan. Road development reach a new insight and connects more people across the country. Malaysia’s achievement in developing the road infrastructure include a road numbering system, privatisation roads and the length of road where it can reach more destinations in Malaysia. This article uses a qualitative approach in writing and analysing the document sources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia such as official files of the Malaysia Plan, General Transport/Railway Study for Peninsular Malaysia, newspapers and other secondary sources. The finding shows that road network in Malaysia grew about 63 445 km in 1990 from 13 505 miles (approximately 21 734.19 km) in 1970. This figure shows that Malaysian government constructed more road infrastructure for a good system of transportation for the people.
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Zulkifli, Nur Ruhaiqa Binti, Nor Aina Fatini Binti Zakaria та Gye-Soo Kim. "디지털 트랜스포메이션(DX)을 통한 공급망 리스크 감소 전략: 말레이시아 해양 수산 유통경로 개선전략 중심으로". Korean Production and Operations Management Society 34, № 1 (28 лютого 2023): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32956/kopoms.2023.34.1.55.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When COVID-19 emerged, it affected numerous industries included fisheries supply chain in Malaysia, including Malaysia's fisheries supply chain. It was declared a pandemic in Malaysia and the government implemented the Movement Control Order (MCO), which prohibited all types of travel and Malaysia’s artisanal fishers are suffering net losses. Marine fisheries supply chain in Malaysia, The marine fisheries supply chain in Malaysia, challenges that they face are not as severe as those faced by other countries. Most fishing areas are either in rural areas and the only things that have improved are after COVID-19, when they implemented technologies. To implement such changes, the behaviour of Malaysian society and fishermen needs to be considered where the acceptance behavioural should be observesobserved. This research implemented DXAM (Digital Transformation Acceptance Model) by distributed questionnaire to 100 respondents and analysed the result using SmartPLS4. Results show that the most of the hypotheses research models were accepted and exemplifies exemplify the significance of path analysis. It shows the behaviour toward these changes is accepted where research and in-depth study are required. This study aims an improvement on Malaysia's distribution path on marine fisheries according to supply chain risk through DX. With the use of DX, it helps to produce and provide an impact that helps to improves.
11
Albury, Nathan John. "Multilingualism and Mobility as Collateral Results of Hegemonic Language Policy." Applied Linguistics 41, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 234–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article shows, with Malaysia as a case study, that an ethnonationalist language policy need not have disempowering consequences for minorities. Malaysia politicizes ethnic difference between Malaysians of Malay, Chinese, and Indian descent. Ethnic Malays enjoy economic concessions unavailable to others, law defines Malaysia as Islamic and speaking Bahasa, and Malay ethnonationalism constructs Chinese– and Indian–Malaysians as perpetual visitors. Nonetheless, Bahasa has only added to the multilingual repertoires of non-Malays, rather than replaced it. This article analyses survey data about the multilingual practices of Malaysian youth and their folk linguistic talk about what guides their multilingualism. By drawing on critical language policy, it appears that policy may be so ethnonationalist that it has caused disassociation, especially amongst Indian–Malaysians, and sustained multilingualism. The Chinese–Malaysian experience, however, is better explained by a posthumanist perspective whereby language choices appear guided by material and immaterial resources within the Chinese–Malaysian community, rather than by matters of power or politics. In any case, the relative greater multilingualism of Chinese– and Indian–Malaysians was perceived as empowering non-Malay mobility despite ethnonationalist policy.
12
Chew, Boon Cheong, Xiaobai Shen, and Jake Ansell. "Alipay entered Malaysia: a closer look at the new market entry strategy driven by Chinese tourists." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 12, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-06-2019-0069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study aims to investigate the entrance of Chinese-based Alipay’s mobile-payment (m-payment) technology into Malaysia. Malaysia allowed this entry of the first foreign m-payment company because it would allow Chinese tourists spending while they are visiting Malaysia. It will view this entrance from a Malaysian perspective. Design/methodology/approach The views of Malaysian players (Bank Negara Malaysia officers, three Malaysian banks’ officers, Alipay-Malaysia officers, airport section manager, convenience store manager and airport store sales executive) were sought via qualitative interview concerning Alipay’s entry into the Malaysian market. Respondents who had relevant knowledge and/or were involved in Alipay m-payment technology development in Malaysia were contacted, while there remainder were obtained by snowballing. Secondary data was collected from Bank Negara Malaysia’s policy, three Malaysian banks’ reports, the Alipay-Malaysia public statements and the Airport and Convenience Store reports. Triangulation using primary and secondary data was used to safeguard the validity and reliability of the outcomes. Findings The entry strategy used by Alipay was different from those reported in previous studies. The establishment of Alipay-Malaysia was the first element of the “mode of entry” gaining pioneer status in Malaysia. The next stage was gaining support from Bank Negara Malaysia-Malaysian Central Bank and three Malaysian banks (Maybank, Public Bank and CIMB) through collaborative ventures with Alipay-Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., leading to acceptance nationwide by local merchants. The key driver of acceptance being Chinese outbound tourists in Malaysia. Research limitations/implications This case study was conducted during the early implementation of Alipay in Malaysia from 2015 until April 2019. During this period, there were challenges due to the lack of primary data. These were overcome by the support from the respondents and the secondary data. Practical implications This study contributes to insights from a different entry strategy that used tourism as a leading force. This can give guidance to other m-payment service providers or other countries as m-payment technology recipient about “market entry strategy” and “modes of entry” following Alipay’s approach. Originality/value To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the nature of Alipay m-payment in Malaysia. This qualitative study has examined the new phenomenon regarding how Alipay entered the Malaysian market. Moreover, this study can also contribute new insights into the existing theory of “market entry strategy” in terms of Alipay’s tourist-based approach.
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Razali, Nurul Aimi, Muhammad Helmy Sabtu, Khairul Azman Mohamad Suhaimy, Peng Kee Chang, and Khairol Anuar Kamri. "Impak Pandemik Covid-19 Terhadap Kepimpinan Malaysia di Peringkat Serantau." International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies 4, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2023.68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kajian ini menyelidik bagaimana pandemik COVID-19 memberi kesan kepada reputasi dan kepimpinan Malaysia di peringkat serantau melalui kajian terhadap beberapa aspek meliputi (i) model pengurusan pandemik, (ii) bantuan kemanusiaan, (iii) hubungan bilateral dengan negara-negara lain serta (iv) penglibatan Malaysia dalam COVAX Alliance. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa model pengurusan pandemik Malaysia boleh menjadi rujukan bagi negara-negara serantau dan kepimpinan Malaysia dalam bantuan kemanusiaan semasa pandemik berada pada tahap yang baik. Bagaimanapun, hubungan bilateral Malaysia dengan negara-negara kuasa besar dunia sepanjang pandemik COVID-19 meningkatkan risiko kebergantungan atau keterikatan Malaysia terhadap kuasa luar. Selain itu, penglibatan Malaysia dalam COVAX Alliance didapati tidak meningkatkan pengaruh kepimpinan Malaysia di peringkat serantau. Kajian ini menyumbang dalam pembangunan reputasi dan kepimpinan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara yang kuat, maju dan berdaulat serta bertanggungjawab terhadap komuniti antarabangsa.
This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Malaysia’s reputation and leadership at the regional level by revieweing several aspects including (1) the pandemic management model, (ii) humanitarian aids, (iii) bilateral relations with other countries and (iv) Malaysia’s involvement in the COVAX Alliance. The findings of this study show that Malaysia’s pandemic management model can be a reference for regional countries and Malaysia’s leadership in humanitarian aids during the pandemic was at a good level. However, Malaysia’s bilateral relations with the world superpowers throughout the pandemic increases the risk of Malaysia’s binding dependence on foreign powers. In addition, Malaysia’s involvement in the COVAX Alliance was found not to increase the influence of Malaysian leadership at the regional level. This study contributes to the development of Malaysia’s reputation and leadership as a strong, developed and sovereign country who is responsible towards the international community.
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Rakhim, Dinah, Verly Veto Vermol, and Rafeah Legino. "Designing Movable Kitchen Cart through the Elements of Traditional Baba Nyonya House." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI5 (August 29, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi5.2926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia is known for its multicultural diversity, which is heavily influenced by the ancient Malay culture, indigenous peoples and the cultures of Malaysia's second main ethnics groups - the Chinese and Indian. For centuries, our cultures have blended to create Malaysia's diverse heritage. Sadly, Malaysians are slowly losing their ancient culture due to modernisation. One particular culture of Malaysia that is close to extinction is the Peranakan culture. The researcher found it vital to implement our cultural motif into product design, so she has come out with a freestanding kitchen with an influence of the Peranakan motif. Keywords: Free-standing Cabinets, Kitchen, Peranakan. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI5.2926
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Haneef, Mohamed Aslam, Selamah Abdullah Yusof, Ruzita Mohd Amin, and Hazizan Md Noon. "Values and Their Relationship to Social Problems in Malaysia." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i3.1921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study analyzes the relationship between values and social problems for Malaysian teenagers. Malaysia has undergone a tremendous social transformation that has affected many of its traditional and religious values and norms. This development is said to have contributed to a r.ise in social problems. Our basic premises are that values are reflected by behavior and that religion plays an important role in Malaysians' value formation. In this context, and since !slam is Malaysia's official religion, the measurement of values is based on the works of al-Ghazali and Rokeach.1 Some suggestions also are provided for future development policies.
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Hardianto, Usman, Siti Hodijah, and Rahma Nurjanah. "Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor CPO provinsi Jambi ke Malaysia." e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 8, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v8i3.7282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the study was to determine and analyze the development of production, exchange rates, CPO prices, Malaysian GDP, and Jambi Province CPO exports to Malaysia and the effect of production, exchange rates, CPO prices, Malaysian GDP on Jambi Province CPO exports to Malaysia. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of time series data for 2000-2017. The results show that the average development of Jambi Province CPO exports to Malaysia is 4.10% per year, Jambi Province CPO production is on average 4, 10% per year, the average exchange rate is 2.64% per year, the average CPO price is 8.63% per year, and Malaysia's GDP is 4.89% per year on average. Based on the results of multiple linear analyses, it can be concluded that CPO production, CPO prices, exchange rates, and Malaysian GDP together affect the volume of Jambi Province's CPO exports to Malaysia. While partially production and GDP have a negative and insignificant effect on Jambi Province's CPO exports to Malaysia, the exchange rate and CPO prices positively and significantly impact Jambi Province's CPO exports to Malaysia. Keywords: Production, Price, Exchange rates, Gross Domestic Product
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Widyawati, Siska, and Sumaiyah Binti Muhd Radzi. "Perception of Malaysian Society Toward Existence of Indonesian Workers in Malaysia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i2.159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research was to find out how the perception of Malaysian society towards Indonesian Workers (TKI) in Malaysia. This research is descriptive intended to describe carefully the particular social phenomena that are being studied by developing concepts and gathering facts by using observation, interview and documentation studies in data collection. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data obtained from Indonesian workers in Malaysia. Primary data is collected by interviewing resource persons and conducting observations or open observations related to the perception of the Malaysian public towards Indonesian migrant workers. The subject of this study is that the Malaysians themselves can provide their views or perceptions of migrant workers, not limited to their social status. The analysis results of this study include: 1) Protection and Legal Status of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia, 2) The Influence of Indonesian Migrant Workers on availability of employment in Malaysia, 3) Interaction between Indonesian labor migrants and Malaysian society,4) Problems faced by Indonesian labor migrants in Malaysia.
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Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Enhancing Civilisational Dialogue between Malaysia and the European Union." ICR Journal 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2010): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i1.690.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Malaysia started with the 1980 European Commission-ASEAN Agreement which has made it possible for Malaysia to benefit from a number of ASEAN and Asia-wide cooperation programmes. The EU Delegation to Malaysia was opened in 2003 and since then dialogue, policy interaction and cooperation with both federal and state authorities, the Malaysian and EU business community as well as the civil society has increased progressively. Moreover, Malaysia is also the EU’s second most important trading partner in ASEAN. No bilateral preferential trade arrangements exist between Malaysia and the EU, but under the new Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), in force since January 2006, the share of Malaysia’s merchandise exports to the EU eligible for preferential treatment rose from 16 per cent to 81 per cent. Over 70 per cent of Malaysia’s exports to the EU now enter duty-free. Malaysia records a trade surplus with most EU Member States.
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Alatas, Sharifah Munirah. "Applying Syed Hussein Alatas’s Ideas in Contemporary Malaysian Society." Asian Journal of Social Science 48, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2020): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04803007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract What do Malaysians understand by the term, “intellectual”? Is the intellectual in the Malaysian context undefined, or insignificant? Do Malaysians see the need for intellectuals? Answers to these questions reflect the extant to which Malaysia has advanced in her post-colonial development. Amidst the race towards IR 4.0 and Society 5.0, Malaysia’s education system lags behind and leaders continue to be embroiled in identity politics. Syed Hussein Alatas, a world-renowned Malaysian intellectual, raised these questions in the 1950s. His writings focus on social change, corruption, and intellectual captivity. Even though his writings are easily accessible, his ideas have not been widely assimilated by Malaysia’s ruling elite, as part of the reform agenda. This article highlights the relevance of Alatas’s ideas in Malaysia’s current socio-political transformation. It concludes that leadership’s failure to identify relevant problems is because they have neglected the vital role of intellectuals, such as the critical ideas of Syed Hussein Alatas.
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Haidhar Kamarzaman, Mohd, Muhammad Ariff Bin Mohd Rajoli, Mohd Asyran Safwan Kamaruzaman, Mohamad Azwan Kamarudin, Muhammad Zaimuddin Mohd Zakarim, and Muhammad Nazri Rostam. "RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AMONG MALAYSIAS DIVERSE SOCIETY." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 01 (January 31, 2024): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Religious practices in Malaysian society are an important aspect of their daily lives. Malaysia is a multicultural and multireligious country, with Islam being the predominant religion, while Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism are also recognized. In the religious practices in Malaysia, there are several key features that influence how Malaysian people carry out their religious beliefs.Firstly, Islam is the primary religion in Malaysia, with the majority of the population being Muslims. Islamic practices include performing the five daily prayers, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and adherence to Sharia law.Secondly, there are Buddhist religious practices among the Chinese and Thai communities in Malaysia. They follow Buddhist teachings by attending temples, engaging in meditation, and practicing values such as kindness and simplicity.Thirdly, the Indian community in Malaysia practices Hinduism. They worship various Hindu gods and goddesses through religious ceremonies, such as worship and offerings at Hindu temples. Festivals like Deepavali are also part of their religious practices.Fourthly, Christianity is also present in Malaysian society, especially among the indigenous population and the Chinese minority.They attend churches and perform religious rituals based on Christian teachings, including reading the Bible and celebrating Christmas.Fifthly, there are also minority religions such as Sikhism and traditional religions among the indigenous Orang Asli communities. They practice unique religious rituals based on their beliefs.Religious practices in Malaysia often closely intertwine with local culture and artistic heritage. Additionally, Malaysia celebrates various religious festivals with enthusiasm, reflecting the diversity and tolerance in Malaysian society.This study attempts to examine the overview of religious practices in the diverse society of Malaysia. The research uses qualitative methods involving data collection, data analysis usinghistorical research methodology, and document analysis. The study findings indicate that religious practices in Malaysian society reflect the religious and cultural diversity of the country. Despite differences in religious practices and beliefs, Malaysia has successfully achieved a unique religious harmony where various religious communities coexist peacefully and respect each other. This is a significant feature that enriches Malaysias cultural heritage.
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Musa, Mahamad Amer, and Noraini Zulkifli. "The US-Malaysia Maritime Security Cooperation and Implication Towards Malaysia’s National Security." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): e001306. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i2.1306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maritime security cooperation is a strategic approach engaged by the Malaysian government that involves a bilateral agreement with the United States (US), including the various agencies and organizations. The involvement with maritime security is due to the emergence of serious Non-Traditional Security (NTS) threats over the Malaysian waterways (Straits of Malacca, the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea in Eastern Sabah). The bilateral security cooperation aims to overcome the Malaysian government’s gaps and limitations to govern its waterways. A qualitative method was used in this research to explain the implication of the US-Malaysia maritime security cooperation towards Malaysia’s national security, specifically in the maritime domain, from 2010 until 2021. This research has three objectives, namely; 1) to investigate maritime security issues and challenges; 2) to identify the importance of the US Malaysia maritime security cooperation; 3) to analyze the implications of security cooperation towards Malaysia’s national security. The national security concept was used in this research to support the maritime security collaboration between the US and Malaysia. This study found that Malaysia faces challenges and constraints from obsolescence, lack of maritime assets, and weaknesses in enforcing maritime laws, mainly dealing with increasing traditional and non-traditional security threats. Second, Malaysia can reduce the gap in the governance of maritime routes through bilateral security cooperation with the US. Third, Malaysia can maintain the peace and security of its maritime routes and improve and strengthen bilateral cooperation with the US through various stages, especially economic recovery in the post-pandemic era of COVID-19.
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Ali, Asem Shehadeh, Zina Hussain Al-Qahtani, Shafarif Ghani, and Fahed Maromar. "DEVELOP A PILOT COURSE IN TEACHING ARABIC FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES FOR HUMANITARIAN VOLUNTEERS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 7, no. 48 (December 15, 2022): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.748001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Volunteers are less commonplace among Malaysians today. The then-prime minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Mohd. Najib Tun Abdul Razak has encouraged voluntary work as a multiethnic Malaysian social lifestyle to make Malaysia a center and volunteer model. The statistics released by UNHCR in Malaysia in October 2018 show about 8645 registered refugees in Malaysia coming from Arab countries including Yemen, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. The number of refugees increasing every day, and this situation paves the way for Malaysians to participate in voluntary work. This study aims to achieve the following objectives: Statement of language requirements in the field of humanitarian work; to demonstrate skills to focus on humanitarian volunteers; and to design the standard statement of Arabic language for professional purposes in the field of humanitarian work.
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Nidatya, Nurfarah, Muhammad Kamil Ghiffary Abdurrahman, and Dini Putri Saraswati. "Indonesia's Foreign Policy : Suspends Sending Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) to Malaysia After the Establishment of the Online Maid System (SMO) by the Malaysian Government." JDKP Jurnal Desentralisasi dan Kebijakan Publik 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jdkp.v4i1.6363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia stopped sending Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) to Malaysia after the establishment of the Online Maid System (SMO) by the Malaysian government. SMO created various issues for PMI, especially in protecting their rights. A qualitative method was used in this study. This study discusses various factors that underlying Indonesia's foreign policy to freeze on sending PMI to Malaysia in 2022 after the establishment of the Online Maid System (SMO) by the Malaysian Government. This foreign policy analysis used funnel of causality theory from Eugene Wittkopf. This study results showed that domestic and international factors influenced in formalizing foreign policy. Domestic factors affected Indonesia's foreign policy to freeze on sending of PMI to Malaysia in 2022 after the establishment of the Online Maid System (SMO) by the Malaysian Government, including the Indonesian government's policy regarding regulation and protection of the migrant workers rights. Similarly, the role and influence of community and human rights activists in Indonesia who struggled the rights and interests of Indonesian migrant workers. The international factors, including global human rights issues for Indonesian Migrant Workers, Malaysia's policy in implementing the Online Maid System and bilateral relations between Indonesia and Malaysia related in sending PMI to Malaysia.
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Islam, Rabiul, Awang Dzul-Hashriq Dharfizi, and Sabina Sultana. "THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATIONS BEHIND MALAYSIA’S ENERGY INITIATIVES." Journal of Governance and Development (JGD) 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jgd2022.18.2.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines Malaysia’s involvement in activities which render energy as the subject and/or object of foreign policies, either via bilateral or multilateral engagements, from the perspective of Neoliberal Institutionalism. Malaysia’s increased involvement in theglobal energy market necessitates this research which seeks to determine the significance of energy in Malaysia’s economy anddiplomacy, to understand Malaysia's motivation for its involvement in these co-operations. For this research, information is obtained through various official sources, interviews, published statistical data and past studies. The research shows that energy contributes significantly to Malaysia’s economy. Malaysia’s involvement in Lao PDR-Thailand- Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) initiative demonstrates the viability of multilateral electricity trade in the region. The Four-Fuel Diversification Policy 1981 (4FDP 1981) which increases natural gas utilization and the construction of the Peninsula Gas Utilisation (PGU) pipeline in Peninsular Malaysia are related to Malaysia’s involvement in Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MT-JDA), whereas these initiatives contribute towards enhancing Malaysia’s energy security, Malaysia can still play proactive roles in regional energy cooperation, as regional energy hub or transit state. Malaysia might also want to consider consolidating its energy administration for efficiency. Malaysia’s experience in negotiating for JDA is also useful in addressing the current disputes in South China Sea.
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Sigit and Rachel Shannon Twigivanya. "Malaysian Perceptions of China Following the Asian Financial Crisis." Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 22, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/seamj-02-2022-b1004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines Malaysia's perception of China following the Asian Financial Crisis. The Asian Financial Crisis, which occurred in 1997, resulted in a contraction in Malaysia's GDP, which resulted in increased unemployment in Malaysia. China is a rising economy. Several bilateral visits and trade missions meet both states to achieve an advantageous economic position. Malaysia's decision to rely on China despite historical events that had sparked tensions between the two countries. Despite Malaysia's economic downturn, the country is taking swift action to address the issue. During the crisis, Malaysia viewed Western countries as irresponsible and allowed the situation to deteriorate, which later became the reason for Malaysia's relationship with China. The crisis, however, has influenced Malaysian Chinese businesses to improve their foreign policy and bilateral relations. This paper contends that Malaysia recognizes the importance of its bilateral relationship with China in stabilizing its economic development and social activity following the crisis.
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Annisa, Revi, and Abishaah BT Akhubar Ali. "Community Perception of The Conversion of Forest Land Into Building Land in Bangsar South Malaysia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i2.161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conversion of land function in Bangsar South Malaysia occurred due to the development of forest land use into building land. The conversion of this land has not been fully carried out and is still under construction. Some Malaysians reject the land conversion function by making a petition to refuse land conversion activities to be carried out in Bangsar South Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to find out the perception of Malaysian people about the conversion of forest land into building land in Bangsar South Malaysia. The collection data method used in this research is the interview technique. The results of this study indicate that the Malaysian public's perception of the conversion of forest land to building land in Bangsar South Malaysia showed disagreement with some of the reasons they put forward. The reasons for the refusal by the Malaysians include damaging to the forest areas, reducing buffer zones, causing the possibility of flooding, increasing environmental temperature, causing a lack of absorption of groundwater and reducing fauna habitat in the forest which causes the fauna to move towards residential areas and disturb the security of the surrounding population.
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Koshovyi, Serhii. "Ukraine-Malaysia Relations: Priorities and Machinery." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyses the trends and developments in Ukraine-Malaysia relations since their establishment in 1992. During the contemporary period, the economic, cultural, tourism links and other aspects of bilateral relations have expanded. There is plenty of scope for trade to continue growing. In fact, Ukrainian-Malaysian relations are complex, multifaceted, and have significant potential for further development. Ukraine sees Malaysia as an important and stable partner in Southeast Asia, a leading member of ASEAN and a moderate representative of the Islamic world. Both being UN members, Ukraine and Malaysia share a common perspective on a broad range of regional and global issues. This is followed by a whole complex of Malaysian issues, namely foreign, domestic, security policies, regional cooperation and others. The article also assesses the contemporary trends in and prospects for Malaysian multilateral ties by identifying the changing dynamics that have brought a qualitative shift in Malaysia’s relationships with the US, China, and Japan. Conclusions have been made on the enhancement of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The author concludes that the relations with Malaysia should be focused on the further intensification of political dialogue, maintenance of economic cooperation with Malaysian partners, search for opportunities for industrial and investment cooperation, taking into account national interests, as well as securing main lines of sectoral cooperation and developing cultural and humanitarian cooperation. The issue of expanding the legal framework of bilateral relations with Malaysia remains relevant. Therefore, today there is a need to elaborate a new format of relations between Ukraine and Malaysia. Keywords: Ukraine, Malaysia, Southeast Asian countries, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), foreign policy, diplomatic relations, security, regional cooperation, newly-industrialized countries, ‘second wave’, infrastructure.
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Mohd Subri, Irwan, Mohd Hapiz Mahaiyadin, Suhazeli Abdullah, and Hasanah Abd Khafidz. "Pengetahuan Dan Penerimaan Masyarakat Islam di Malaysia Terhadap Vaksin COVID-19." Ulum Islamiyyah 33, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no2.384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are concerns among some Malaysians about the Pfizer vaccine to curb the spread of the Covid 19 pandemic. Aims and Objectives: This study is aimed at measuring the level of Muslim knowledge in Malaysia on their acceptance of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine brought in by the Malaysian government. Methodology: The study used quantitative methodology by disseminating questionnaires to 1745 respondents online. Results and Findings: The findings showed that the level of knowledge and acceptance of the Malaysian Muslim community on this issue is at a satisfactory level.
Abstrak
Terdapat kebimbangan segelintir masyarakat Malaysia tentang vaksin Pfizer bagi mengekang penularan pandemik Covid 19. Tujuan dan Objektif: Kajian tinjauan awal ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tahap pengetahuan penerimaan masyarakat Islam di Malaysia terhadap vaksin Pfizer COVID-19 yang dibawa masuk oleh kerajaan Malaysia. Metodologi: Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan borang soal selidik kepada 1745 responden melalui dalam talian. Hasil dan Dapatan: Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap pengetahuan dan penerimaan masyarakat muslim Malaysia mengenai isu ini di tahap memuaskan.
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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "Islamic Family Law Reform: Problems and Prospects." ICR Journal 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2011): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v3i1.579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This Special Issue of Islam and Civilisational Renewal carries selected papers from the ‘International Conference on the Family Institution in the Twenty-First Century: Ideals and Realities’, held at IAIS Malaysia on 13-14 December 2010. The event was jointly organised by IAIS Malaysia, the Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM), Yayasan Pendidikan Islam (YPI), Yayasan Ubaidi, the Journalists and Writers Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), and the Malaysian Turkish Dialogue Society, and officiated by Senator Dato, Sri Sharizat Abdul Jalil, Malaysia’s Minister of Women, Family and Community Development.
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Cheok, T. N., and C. L. Soo. "A desktop study on fish assemblages in Malaysian lotic habitats." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A desktop study on freshwater fish in Malaysian lotic habitats was conducted to provide an overview of the freshwater fish assemblages in Malaysia. Secondary data was extracted from literature that retrieved from major scientific databases including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. A total of 385 fish species from 49 families were documented in Malaysian lotic habitats based on secondary data analysis. The Cyprinidae family is the most abundant fish family in Malaysia with 88 species recorded, followed by Danionidae (44), Bagridae (27), and Osphronemidae (21). The Cyprinidae family has the top five fish species recorded most frequently in Malaysian lotic habitats, which are present in the majority of Malaysia’s states. Approximately 47% of fish species are restricted to just one state of Malaysia, demonstrating endemism of freshwater fish is high in Malaysian lotic habitats. Fish assemblages were found to be similar in Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Terengganu, and Johor, but very different in Sabah, Sarawak, Penang, Negeri Sembilan, and Selangor. Connectivity between lotic habitats in each state, land use, endemism, and invasive species may all influence the fish assemblages in each Malaysian state. This study revealed that ichthyofaunal research is lacking in several Malaysian states. More research should be done in those states to fill in the research gaps and present the most up-to-date information on Malaysia’s ichthyofaunal study.
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Ali, Asem Shehadeh. "Teaching Arabic for Professional Purpose: Develop a Pilot Course for Humanitarian Volunteers in Malaysia (Mengajar Bahasa Arab untuk Tujuan Profesional: Mengembangkan kursus perintis untuk sukarelawan kemanusiaan di Malaysia)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i4.1006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Presently there are very few Malaysian Volunteers. The former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato 'Sri Najib Abdul Razzaq, had encouraged volunteerism as a multi-ethnic Malaysian social lifestyle, to make Malaysia a center and volunteer model. Showing statistics released by UNHCR in Malaysia in October 2018, there are about 8645 registered refugees in Malaysia coming from Arab countries including Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Palestine. The refugees are increasing every day, and this situation paves the way for Malaysians to participate in voluntary work. This study aims to achieve the following objectives; Statement of language requirements in the field of humanitarian work, to demonstrate skills to focus on humanitarian volunteers and to design the standard statement of Arabic language for professional purposes in the field of humanitarian work. Keywords: Arabic for special purposes, Arabic for Professional Purposes, humanitarian volunteers, Curriculum. Abstrak Pada masa ini terdapat sangat sedikit Sukarelawan Malaysia. Mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Dato 'Sri Najib Abdul Razzaq, telah mendorong kesukarelaan sebagai gaya hidup sosial pelbagai etnik Malaysia, untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebagai pusat dan model sukarelawan. Menunjukkan statistik yang dikeluarkan oleh UNHCR di Malaysia pada Oktober 2018, terdapat sekitar 8645 pelarian berdaftar di Malaysia yang berasal dari negara-negara Arab termasuk Yaman, Syria, Iraq dan Palestin. Pelarian semakin meningkat setiap hari, dan keadaan ini membuka jalan bagi rakyat Malaysia untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pekerjaan sukarela. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai objektif berikut; Pernyataan keperluan bahasa dalam bidang pekerjaan kemanusiaan, untuk menunjukkan kemahiran untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada sukarelawan kemanusiaan dan merancang pernyataan standard bahasa Arab untuk tujuan profesional dalam bidang pekerjaan kemanusiaan. Kata Kunci: Bahasa Arab untuk tujuan khas, Bahasa Arab untuk Tujuan Profesional, sukarelawan kemanusiaan, Kurikulum.
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Victoria, Ong Argo, and Fadly Ameer. "SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 2, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v2i2.3306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia with an area of 329 758 km2 and a population in 2007 amounted to 27.17 million. Of the total population in 2007, 60% are ethnic Malay “Bumiputera”, 26% ethnic Chinese, 8% Indians, 5% other ethnic Bumiputera, and 1% other ethnic groups such as Arabic, Sinhalese, Eurasian and Europe.[1] Under the constitution, Malays are Malaysian citizens who practice a traditional Malay, Melayu Language, and Muslim. Approximately 25% of the Malaysian population is Chinese, and 7% is made up of India. Almost 85% of the races Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. More than half the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of non-Malay indigenous people. The entry of another race to some extent reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states. In addition, Malaysia also has a population that comes out of Europe and the Middle East. Malaysia's population density is not distributed evenly, with 17 million of the 25 million people living in Peninsula Malaysia.
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Victoria, O. Argo, and Fadly Ameer. "Systems and Political Development in Malaysia." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i3.3271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia with an area of 329 758 km2 and a population in 2007 amounted to 27.17 million. Of the total population in 2007, 60% are ethnic Malay “Bumiputera”, 26% ethnic Chinese, 8% Indians, 5% other ethnic Bumiputera, and 1% other ethnic groups such as Arabic, Sinhalese, Eurasian and Europe.[1] Under the constitution, Malays are Malaysian citizens who practice a traditional Malay, Melayu Language, and Muslim. Approximately 25% of the Malaysian population is Chinese, and 7% is made up of India. Almost 85% of the races Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. More than half the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of non-Malay indigenous people. The entry of another race to some extent reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states. In addition, Malaysia also has a population that comes out of Europe and the Middle East. Malaysia's population density is not distributed evenly, with 17 million of the 25 million people living in Peninsula Malaysia.Keywords: Malaysia; Politic; Constitutional.[1] Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Andaya, 1983, History of Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Macmillan Publishers, p. 6-7
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Muzir, Nur Ayeesha Qisteena, Md Rayid Hasan Mojumder, Md Hasanuzzaman, and Jeyraj Selvaraj. "Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148320.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electric vehicles (EVs) in Malaysia are gaining more attention and interest from the public. However, the electric vehicle’s exposure, awareness, and sales are still low compared to other countries. In this review, the challenges associated with implementing the electric vehicle culture in Malaysia are thoroughly reviewed, including the obstacles that the Malaysian government, policymakers, EV manufacturers, and EV users face in terms of EV cost, travel demand, charging station availability, impact on the power grid, and battery capacity. Then, all the identified challenges have been addressed by considering the user behavior, travel demand, socio-economical culture of Malaysia, current policies taken by the government of Malaysia, and the psychological outlook of Malaysians towards EV adoption. Moreover, potential suggestions have been proposed that the government of Malaysia may adopt during policy planning and when seeking to provide incentives to the users. Finally, a concrete conclusion has been drawn by disseminating the vision about the future of EVs in Malaysia. The proposed review of the technologies, challenges, prospects, and potential solutions associated with EV adoption in Malaysia can provide a base for proper strategic policy and help policymakers frame strategies to achieve the targets. This review could help achieve sustainable EV transport, and the successful implementation of Malaysian National Automotive Plan 2020, with the goal of adopting next-generation green vehicles.
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Cheng, Lim Yin. "P-015 RESPIRATORY FITS TEST PANEL REPRESENTING POPULATION OF MALAYSIA." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction The existing respiratory fits test panels (RFTPs) are based on Bivariate and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which utilize American and Chinese head and facial dimensions. As RFTPs based on local facial anthropometric data for Malaysia are not available, this study was conducted with the aim to develop new RFTPs using Malaysian data. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted across Malaysia among 3,324 participants of the study of National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020 aged 18 and above. Ten head and facial dimensions were measured. Face length and face width were used to construct a bivariate facial panel, whereas the scores from the first two PCA were used to develop the PCA panel. Results This study showed that Malaysians have the widest upper limit for facial width. It also found that two factors could be reduced from the PCA analysis, with PCA 1 representing head and facial size and PCA 2 representing facial shape. Our bivariate panel could accommodate 94.1% of the population, while our PCA panel accommodated 95.5%. Discussion and conclusion This was the first study to use Malaysian head and facial anthropometry data to create bivariate and PCA panels. Respirators constructed using these panels are likely to fit >94% of Malaysia’s population.
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Dahlan, Akehsan, Ungku Ahmad Ameen Ungku Mohd Zam, Thinakaran Kandayah, and Ninik Nurhidayah. "Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for Older Persons with Dementia in Malaysia." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 8, no. 25 (July 31, 2023): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8i25.4835.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dementia-related cognitive impairment presents challenges to the quality of life of older individuals. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), an effective non-pharmacological intervention developed in the United Kingdom, faces limitations in its applicability to the cultural context of Malaysia. This study aims to culturally adapt and validate CST in Malaysia using the Formative Method for Adapting Psychotherapy (FMAP) model. Culturally tailored activities were developed to meet the preferences and needs of older Malaysians. The findings suggest that the Malaysian version of CST is a feasible and effective intervention for enhancing cognitive function among older individuals with dementia in Malaysia.
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Md Kasim, Azrin, Lee Wei Chang, Nuratiqah Mohamad Norpi, Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim, and Azirah Hashim. "Enhancing Research Mechanisms and Institutional Processes in Malaysia: A Case Study of Universiti Malaya (UM)." Journal of Research Management & Governance 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jrmg.vol4no1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia’s research and development landscape has grown tremendously over the last decade. The growth of scholarly output in Malaysia has also risen significantly compared to countries such as China, Singapore and Australia. Malaysia has made it a target that research output and quality will increase through an expenditure of 1.3% of the GDP allocated to Research and Development (R&D). Thus far, Malaysia has achieved phenomenal growth within the research sector, with a four-fold increase in the number of citations and has generated approximately RM1.25 billion through 11% yearly growth in the number of patents from Malaysian Universities. This case study aims to provide, firstly, an overview of research governance in Malaysia, and secondly, a discussion of research governance practices at Universiti Malaya (UM). Data is obtained from the 11th Malaysian Plan (2016-2020) and linked to the Malaysian Transformation Program. The Malaysian Education Blueprint for Higher Education (2015-2025) launched in 2015 also outlined a comprehensive transformation for research in higher education programmes. In addition, other published documents on research governance practices by agencies providing research funding were also reviewed. This case study highlights best practices in research management and governance to strengthen and further enhance the current research management and governance in support of the Malaysian government’s initiative towards achieving a high-income nation status.
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Low, Ming Yuan, Sheen Tse Kuek Ser, and Gurpreet Kaur Kalsi. "Rojak: An Ethnographic Exploration of Pluralism and Music Therapy in Post-British-Colonial Malaysia." Music Therapy Perspectives 38, no. 2 (2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miaa014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The purpose of this discursive exploration that is influenced by ethnography and autoethnography is to present how Western-based music therapy intersects with the pluralistic healthcare culture in Malaysia. We will first be situating music therapy as a Eurocentric-based healthcare practice. We will then introduce the history of Malaysia and healthcare culture through a pluralistic lens, drawing inspiration from a popular Malaysian street food—rojak, a form of salad. We use rojak as an analogy to honor Malaysia’s food culture while drawing similarities between the diverse flavors and textures between the distinct components of rojak, with the unique pluralism that exists throughout Malaysian culture and healthcare practices. Through this rojak pluralist lens, we will share several unique Malaysian vignettes to explore the different ways we consider Eurocentric music therapy as a potentially colonial practice, ranging from postcolonial theory perspective to a pragmatic, inclusive perspective. As Malaysia has maintained its pluralistic culture as a uniquely multiracial Asian country despite the lengthy history of colonization, we offer these Malaysian, post-British-colonial music therapy vignettes in this article.
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Shah, Dato’ Raja Reza Raja Zaib. "Malaysia–Ukraine: Fair and Square Partnership." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interview examines the achievements of bilateral relations of Ukraine and Malaysia since the establishment of the Embassy of Malaysia in Kyiv. It is stressed that Malaysia founded its diplomatic mission in Kyiv 15 years ago. At the nascent stage of cooperation, education was its most important component and catalyst of development due to many Malaysians pursuing studies in Ukraine. Nowadays, the Embassy changed the accent to popularization of Malaysia as an educational center for foreign students, including those from Ukraine. The Embassy is also increasingly focused on the development of tourism. From the beginning of 2019, Malaysia has offered a range of courses in a wide spectrum of reams conducted under the auspices of the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP), an international cooperation programme ensuring training and technical consulting in crucially important realms for developing countries. It offers services, inter alia, in diplomacy and crisis management, courses on physical infrastructure, combating corruption, and the development of electric power and solar power stations as well as customs system. It is mentioned that bilateral trade turnover between Ukraine and Malaysia has increased for the last two years after stagnation. The accelerated increase in trade between Malaysia and Ukraine is partially driven by initiatives conducted by the Governments of Malaysia and Ukraine, with the assistance of Malaysian and Ukrainian business communities, to find common means for boosting cooperation. In January 2018, business meetings took place in Kuala Lumpur, organised with the assistance of the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE). The seminar brought together 19 Ukrainian companies and trade associations. It is stated that despite the signature of the 2007 Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Defense Sphere between Malaysia and Ukraine, activities of the two states in this realm are still limited. Key words: Malaysia, cooperation, tourism, education, turnover.
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Sayaka, Bambang, and Setyo Adhie. "Stabilisasi Harga Pangan Nonberas di Malaysia." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 34, no. 1 (May 24, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v34n1.2016.71-86.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<strong>English</strong><br />Malaysian Government applies policy on non-rice price stabilization through farmers’ product purchase, incentives for farmers, and retail price control. This paper aims (i) to review Malaysia’s policy on food production; (ii) to assess price control and farmers’ protection policy; and (iii) to learn a lesson from Malaysia’s success in stabilizing strategic goods prices. Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCC) controls strategic goods price established by Malaysian Government. Federal Agricultural Marketing Agency (FAMA) controls domestic supply of agricultural products such that the prices are feasible to farmers but affordable to consumers. Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia could learn from success of this neighboring country in protecting farmers for producing agricultural products in order to maintain domestic supply and to stabilize food price.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Malaysia melakukan stabilisasi harga pangan nonberas melalui jaminan pembelian hasil panen petani, insentif kepada petani, dan pengendalian harga eceran. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk (i) melakukan tinjauan kebijakan Pemerintah Malaysia dalam produksi pangan; (ii) mempelajari kebijakan pengendalian harga pangan strategis dan perlindungan bagi petani; dan (iii) mengambil manfaat dari keberhasilan Malaysia dalam mengendalikan harga produk strategis. Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Koperasi, dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK) Malaysia mengendalikan harga eceran kebutuhan pokok yang sudah ditentukan oleh Pemerintah Malaysia. Federal Agricultural Marketing Agency (FAMA) mengendalikan pasokan produk pertanian ke pasar domestik dengan menjaga harga dasar yang menguntungkan bagi petani tetapi masih terjangkau bagi konsumen. Kementerian Pertanian Indonesia bisa belajar dari pengalaman negara jiran tersebut untuk membantu petani agar tetap bergairah menghasilkan produk pertanian sehingga pasokan dan harga pangan relatif stabil.
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Khiyar, Khiyar Abdalla. "Malaysia: 30 Years of Islamic Banking Experience (1983-2012)." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 10 (September 19, 2012): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i10.7259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Malaysia proved to be at the forefront of Islamic banking and finance by adopting a dual banking system where the conventional and Islamic banking systems co-exist. The Islamic banking has been in operation since 1983 and offers a variety of Islamic financial instruments. In such a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, customers get the financial products and services they like. In the early 1980s, the government encouraged all Malaysians to be involved in the fast-track development process with a vision to make Malaysia a fully industrialized country by the year 2020. Actually, the development of Malaysias dual banking system is tied up with its social and economic policy and that is why it was fully supported by the countrys top leadership in addition to the Central Bank, the Parliament, and the public in general. Islamic banks can motivate Muslims to increase savings and reduce hoarding. This kind of motivation was expected to enhance their participation in the development process contributing to savings mobilization and capital accumulation in order to improve their standard of living and bring them up to par with their countrymen of Chinese origin. Among the countries with a free market economic system, Malaysia has emerged as the first country to implement a dual banking and financial system. The Malaysian model has been recognized by many Islamic countries as the model to emulate.
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GRISMER, L. LEE, ZAHARIL DZUKAFLY, MOHD ABDUL MUIN, EVAN S. H. QUAH, BENJAMIN R. KARIN, SHAHRUL ANUAR, and ELYSE S. FREITAS. "A new skink of the genus Subdoluseps (Hardwicke & Gray, 1828) from Peninsular Malaysia." Zootaxa 4609, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4609.2.10.
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An integrative taxonomic analysis of Subdoluseps herberti from southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia and S. samajaya from Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo) recovers the former as paraphyletic with respect to the latter. The analyses recover the three southernmost populations of S. herberti in Peninsular Malaysia as conspecific and the sister lineage of S. samajaya, whereas S. herberti from Thailand and northern Peninsular Malaysia constitute the sister species to S. samajaya plus the southern three Peninsular Malaysian populations. As such, the southern populations are described herein as S. malayana sp. nov. and all three species are referred to as the S. herberti group. Clade boundaries and breaks within this group on the Thai-Malay Peninsula occurring at the Isthmus of Kra, across the Kangar-Pattani line, and between the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Borneo are consistent with phylogeographic patterns of other Sundaic taxa. The discovery of S. malayana sp. nov. continues to underscore the fact that, despite the well-studied nature of the lizard fauna of Peninsular Malaysia, much of it still remains unrealized and for conservation efforts to move forward, field research followed by expeditiously revised taxonomies must continue.
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Daud, Mohd Zaid, Nur Farhani Zarmani, and Mohd Amzari Tumiran. "ANALYSIS OF HALAL ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT ON IMPORTED FOOD PRODUCTS IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Halal Ecosystem and Management Practices 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 08–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631//ijhemp.11002.
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The entry of imported food products into Malaysia is on an increasing trend. However, the halal monitoring and enforcement system's weakness has given room to irresponsible entrepreneurs not conforming to the manual procedure for Malaysia's halal certification. This weakness gives rise to various malpractices, including the smuggling activities, forgery of international halal logo and certificate, and attempts of contaminating with nonhalal ingredients in the food processor. The management of the halal assurance system on imported food products in Malaysia is carried out by JAKIM and other government agencies such as the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumers Affairs (KPDNHEP), Ministry of Health (MOH), Food Safety Information System of Malaysia (FOSIM), Royal Malaysian Customs Department, Malaysian Quarantine and Inspection Services (MAQIS), Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) and Local Authority. The monitoring and enforcement are based on Manual Procedure for Malaysian Halal Certification (MPPHM), Malaysian Standard (MS), Trade Descriptions Act 2011 (TDA 2011), and other related directives. Therefore, despite many agencies contributing to this matter, an analysis of Halal Assurance Management on Imported Food Products in Malaysia is crucially needed to manage halal monitoring and enforcement. This study may contribute to halal management in Malaysia to develop a systematic halal assurance management system, particularly for imported food products. This study can provide a guideline for imported food product entrepreneurs in conforming to the act, regulations, procedure, and standard specified by the authorities. The implication of this study also benefits the consumers. They will become more confident in the halal status of imported food products and entrust the Malaysian management of halal assurance in the monitoring and enforcement system.
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Tan, Andrew Huey Ping, Khin Fai Chen, and Eng Hwa Yap. "System Dynamics of a Marine Renewable Energy Scheme (MRE) for Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (September 2014): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.318.
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MRE provides great potential for Malaysia, an emerging economy, to diversify its primary energy mix and ensuring the security of its energy supply. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of each MRE type is studied alongside hydrographical and geographical conditions of Malaysian waters. It is based upon this knowledge that an MRE scheme is proposed for Malaysia. However, introducing a complex MRE system into Malaysia’s energy pool requires in-depth understanding of key governing factors and the dynamic behaviours of its implementation using a systemic approach. Results from system dynamics modelling have identified key-enablers to fast-track the implementation of MRE in Malaysia.
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Hong, Tan Chuie, and A. Solucis Santhapparaj. "Skilled Labor Immigration and External Trade in Malaysia: A Pooled Data Analysis." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 5, no. 4 (2006): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915006779206088.
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AbstractThis paper attempts to further the immigrant-link literature by applying, for the first time, gravity models to Malaysia. Specifically the paper seeks to quantify the impact upon Malaysia's bilateral trade flows of ASEAN and non-ASEAN skilled immigration, and to identify the underlying mechanisms underpinning this relationship. The results indicate that skilled immigration positively affects both the imports and exports of Malaysia. Immigrant-link is stronger between Malaysia and ASEAN countries than to non-ASEAN countries. The magnitude of the elasticity with respect to trade is larger for imports than for exports. Skilled immigrants' demand for native products outweighs the business-links formed between Malaysian trading partners.
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Imelda, Umaya Bebi. "DIPLOMASI PUBLIK INDONESIA KE MALAYSIA PASKA KEBIJAKAN PENENGGELAMAN KAPAL MALAYSIA DI LAUT INDONESIA." Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 1, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.1.1.1-38.2019.
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The main objective of this study is to analyze Indonesian public diplomacy toward the Malaysian public to improve Indonesia positive image following the negative effect of the Indonesia government ship sinking policy. Malaysian public reacts negatively after the Indonesian government sinks Malaysia’s ship which illegally fishing in Indonesia territory. Indonesia uses public diplomacy to manage the negative reaction of Malaysia public. This research uses the descriptive method through literature reviews. Researchers adopt the concept of public diplomacy proposed by Kishan S. Rana. There are 3 components, namely News Management, Country as Brand, and An Alternative Approach. This research concludes that Indonesia has conducted public diplomacy to the Malaysian public through news management in Indonesian media and Youtube, re-branding with Wonderful Indonesia, and an alternative approach through the cultural expo.
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Ibrahim, Abdullah, Anuar Safian, Ahmad Aizudin Md Rami, Wan Khairul Aiman Wan Mokhtar, and Farah Syazrah Mohd Ghazalli. "The Influence of Public University Student Leadership on Democratization Education in Malaysia." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 12, no. 3 (July 17, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v12i3.20089.
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Malaysia's progress depends on the effectiveness of leaders in maintaining unity based on the principles of Rukun Negara and upholding the existing law. The development of democratization education is extremely important to ensure the well-being of our beloved Malaysia. This process must take place perfectly for the well-being of Malaysian citizens towards continuing to lift the country's progress in the future. Students are the front line of the country on their shoulders carrying the trust of leadership and the future of the country. They play an important role as future leaders and need to have a high level of understanding and appreciation of democratization and duty as Malaysians. Specifically, this research examines the impact of student leadership on the democratization of education in Malaysian public universities. The student leadership questionnaire developed by Kouzes & Posner in 2007 and the democratized education questionnaire developed by Evans & Rose in 2007 adopted a cross-sectional survey method in the data collection process. A total of 326 student leaders of Peninsular Malaysia Public University participated as the study’s Respondents. Student leadership has also had a 39.6% impact on democratized education. This research can be used by national leaders, university administrations, and the Ministry of Education as a guide for assessing the leadership of future national leaders. It can be used as a basic reference to improve various knowledge of leadership management based on democratization education as the basis for the formation of the identity of Malaysian leaders.
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Ab Malek Zaki, Farah Nuraishah, Mohd Na’eim Ajis, and Mohd Fitri Abdul Rahman. "The Future of Malaysia’s Dependency on Indonesian Foreign Labors: Findings from Key Informants’ Interview." EDUCATUM Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol8.1.10.2022.
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International migration has become major contemporary change in this era, especially in both developed and developing countries, including Malaysia and Indonesia. Malaysia’s transformation in preparing the country to become industrial based economy has shaped the country as one of the favorite countries in Southeast Asia region for foreign labors migration. The highest migration for job seeking came from neighboring country especially Indonesia. The migration of Indonesians not only drive by the job opportunities but supported by the history of community mobility, geographical proximity, existence of social networks and the similarities of languages, religions and cultures. The arrival of Indonesian labors to Malaysia is a constant necessity for both countries. This paper aims to predict Malaysia’s dependency on Indonesia’s foreign labors in the future. This paper employs qualitative approach in gathering data using five key informants from various authorities involve in the recruitment and management process of foreign labors in Malaysia. It is found that geographical location and job offers are among the pulling factors for the Indonesian foreign labors to choose Malaysia as working destination. Employers in Malaysia too prefer Indonesian foreign labors to reduce their operational cost. The weakness of Malaysian policies and law also does not help in reducing the number of Indonesian foreign labors. Thus, it can be concluded that it is a tough effort to make Malaysia reduce its dependency on Indonesian foreign labors in near future.
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Khin, Aye Aye, and Kho Guan Khai. "Estimation of the Company Value of Palm Oil Production İn Malaysian Listed Companies: The Panel Data Model Approach." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(85).
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The production of crude palm oil in Malaysia fluctuated from 1.2 million tonnes in 2010 to 1.8 million tonnes in 2018. For the domestic consumption of crude palm oil in Malaysia increase gradually between 2.2 million tonnes in 2010 and 3.6 million tonnes in 2018. Besides that, Malaysia was one of the major oil exporters among the 10 countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the exports of palm oil constituted about 90% of Malaysia's palm oil production. The exports of palm oil in Malaysia fluctuated from 1.3 million tonnes in 2010 to 1.4 million tonnes in 2018 whereas the imports of Malaysia's crude palm oil also fluctuated significantly from 121,300 tonnes in 2010 to 108,600 tonnes in 2018. Recently, there were many accusations on palm oil in Malaysia due to the environmental unfriendly product by the European Parliament and decided to ban palm oil biofuel by 2020. This will have negative impact on the company value (company's share price) by reduction in the revenue for the palm oil production companies. Moreover, palm oil was one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world and it was also the fourth-largest contributor to the Malaysian economy. Malaysia's palm oil industry has been a prominent industry that created economic growth and development. Therefore, this research was very important because the world's palm oil production was growing every year, driven largely by the growth of the European Union's biofuel markets and food demand in India and China (Clay, 2013). The palm oil industry facing the another challenging issue was to demonstrate its commitment to sustainable palm oil production. To overcome this issue, many agricultural food industries were promoting certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO) as proof of sustainability in the palm oil supply chain and achieved the buyer's demand (May, 2012). This situation has raised uncertainty to investigate the determinants of the company value in Malaysia's palm oil industry. Furthermore, there are many researchers had done the research over the past few decades, so there are many different perspectives on the determinants of company value in the palm oil industry in Malaysia. Keywords: Environmental Accounting (EA), Environmental Performance (EP), Information Disclosure (IN), Company Value (CV), Malaysian Selected Palm Oil Listed Companies.
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Weiss, Meredith L. "Malaysia’s Anwar, Anwar’s Malaysia." Current History 122, no. 845 (September 1, 2023): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.217.
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Paralleling dramatic shifts in Malaysian politics since the 1980s have been the twists and turns in the life of Anwar Ibrahim, who became prime minister after decades of striving in November 2022. From student firebrand to wily political strategist, Anwar has been both insider and outsider, balancing principles and ambition, from the streets to prison to parliament, and back around again. Throughout, he has done surely more than anyone else to coax Malaysia along new sociopolitical paths, helping to elevate both conservative Islamism and progressive political liberalism, in novel combinations. His critics are fierce; his fans at least as much so—but his legacy is undeniable.