Дисертації з теми "Maladies infectieuses émergentes – Maladies transmissibles émergentes"
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Altmann, Mathias. "Détection, investigation et contrôle des maladies émergentes. Expériences en santé mondiale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0217.
Повний текст джерелаContext: the emergence of infectious diseases is the consequence of dynamic imbalances, within complex ecosystems distributed at a given geographical scale including humans, animals, pathogens and the environment. The increasing globalization of trade implies an increase in international flows of travelers and goods which can promote the spread of infectious diseases. From now on, a health crisis in one region or country can have very rapid repercussions on health and the economy in many parts of the world. Detecting emergences and understanding them through field investigations are essential steps to better control future epidemics and pandemics. Experience: during my professional career, my own work has allowed me to address these three dimensions through three studies that have resulted in publications in international peer-reviewed journals. Study 1) During a nationwide outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 in 2011, I explored the timeliness of the German surveillance system for detection, and recommended a review of the surveillance system by organizing reporting by doctors and heads of laboratories in a centralized and shared database with different access rights by health services at local, regional and national level. Study 2) Following the influenza pandemic in 2009, I investigated and compared the characteristics of severe pediatric cases in Germany during two epidemic seasons. The unchanged severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the first post-pandemic season (2010-11) and the consistently high proportion of possibly hospital-acquired infections highlighted the challenge of preventing pediatric cases beyond the pandemic situation. Study 3) During the Ebola virus (EVD) outbreak in 2014, I evaluated the performance of contact tracing in Liberia as a specific control measure. Despite the unprecedented scale of contact tracing for EVD in Liberia, its ability to detect new cases was limited, especially in urban areas and during the epidemic peak. Discussion: the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in surveillance systems in almost all countries. Lessons learned during previous epidemics and pandemics such as those to which I had been exposed professionally and which I report here have been insufficiently considered. In Africa, estimates of incidence and mortality are respectively 100 times and 15 times higher than official reports. Explanations for these very large differences include weak surveillance systems, insufficient use of contact tracing, screening and diagnostic tests, and lack of access to care. Improving surveillance systems for emerging diseases requires: 1) accelerating the digitization and networking of health information systems at all levels, from health centers and peripheral laboratories to the international level; 2) the capture, effective use and linking of other data sources (communitybased, death registries, animal and environmental data) and the regulated use of the internet and social networks; 3) to strengthen the skills and expertise of field epidemiologists and their networking; 4) to invest in research during and between epidemics; and 5) that donors and governments recognize the inevitability of future epidemics of infectious and other disease conditions with serious consequences, our vulnerability to them and the need to invest in global health
Guérin, Philippe Jean. "Utilisation de la surveillance sanitaire des voyageurs comme système sentinelle de détection de maladies émergentes : exemple des maladies entériques." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066366.
Повний текст джерелаGérardin, Patrick. "Impact en population de l'épidémie de Chikungunya à l'Ile de La Réunion." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066042.
Повний текст джерелаChikungunya is an emerging infectious disease caused by an alphavirus (CHIKV) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (Ae albopictus, Ae aegypti). In years 2004-2007, several large scale outbreaks have hit the Indian Ocean area. Our objectives were to assess the burden of the epidemic in the Reunion island community (post-epidemic seroprevalence rate: 38. 2%, 300,000 persons infected) in terms of perceived morbidity, health-related quality of life (QoL), to identify the prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain of chikungunya rheumatism (RMSP), and finally to determine the neurocognitive outcome of children infected at birth due to the vertical transmission of the virus. In the aim to measure the populational impact of the epidemic, we conducted two telephonic surveys using two random samples of the population of a seroprevalence survey. CHIKV was involved in a third of RMSP, 10% of light cerebral disorders, 7. 5% of sensorineural impairments, on average eighteen months after the end of the outbreak. The Qol was slightly altered in CHIKV-infected subjects. Predictors of chronic RMSP were age greater or equal than 45 years, severe initial rheumatic involvement at the acute phase of infection, and finally a strong humoral response against the CHIKV at plateau phase (high specific IgG titres). To measure the neurocognitive outcome of perinatal infection, we followed-up during two years a cohort of infected and uninfected children. More than half of infected children had a psychomotor delay, which correlated with the severity of the initial presentation. Our original findings open very interesting perspectives for the understanding of this new chronic infectious disease
Vittecoq, Marion. "Maladies infectieuses émergentes au sein des zones humides méditerranéennes dans le contexte des changements globaux." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20269/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last decades, the emergence of numerous infectious diseases such as SARS and AIDS has raised awareness of the close links that exist between animal health, human health and ecosystem health. Many of the emerging pathogens have a zoonotic origin (i.e. they originally circulated among animal populations). The health risks associated with the emergence of these diseases are progressing under the influence of global changes that affect ecosystems and contacts between hosts. The prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases require an in-depth understanding of their dynamics in all the compartments in which they occur. The aim of the present work is to improve our understanding of these phenomena within the context of Mediterranean wetlands by focusing on two emerging pathogens: Influenza A viruses (IAV) and West Nile virus. The thesis is structured around three research axes i) Using epidemiological surveillance of wild birds to investigate the circulation of West Nile virus in the Mediterranean Basin ii) Exploring IAV dynamics in the different compartments in which they circulate and at their interface iii) Determining the role of environmental conditions in IAV dynamics, especially within human populations. Our results highlight the value of long-term interdisciplinary studies for the understanding of the epidemiology of emerging diseases. They also emphasize the role of human activities and environmental conditions in the dynamics of these diseases. Our studies open up perspectives for combining emerging disease risk management and the management of ecosystems and populations. They also argue in favour of further developing this type of approach in order to meet the challenge of emerging pathogen prevention and control
Dalmon, Anne. "Caractérisation biologique et moléculaire de deux crinivirus de la tomate et structure génétique des populations de Bemisia tabaci." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22082.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) are two emerging criniviruses inducing yellowing symptoms in tomato. They are restricted to the phloem, difficult to purify and cannot be transmitted by mechanical inoculation. A part of their genome was sequenced in this work. TICV, for which this is the first known sequence, appeared as one of the most divergent species within the genus. The ToCV sequence was very close to those already available and confirmed a very low intraspecific genetic diversity. The capsid proteins were expressed in E. Coli and used for producing specific antisera. ELISA tests were developed for routine diagnosis. If both viruses are transmitted by the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, only ToCV is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. T. Vaporariorum transmitted efficiently both viruses. No functional complementation allowing transmission of TICV by B. Tabaci from co-infected plants was observed. The low dispersal of TICV probably results from its exclusive transmission by T. Vaporariorum, while the higher dispersal of ToCV could be linked to the spreading of B. Tabaci. Two invasive groups of B. Tabaci, B and Q, are predominant in the Mediterranean basin. Using microsatellite markers, we showed that group Q is largely predominant in France. No geographic and host plant effects were observed. High genetic flows and recent introduction are inferred from the low differentiation observed, and confirmed by CO1 sequences. Co-infections of criniviruses with other common tomato viruses did not induce any strong effects on symptoms and virus accumulation, suggesting that they would not increase the phytosanitary risk associated to criniviruses
Padmanabhan, Babu roshan. "Taxano-genomics, a strategy incorporating genomic data into the taxonomic description of human bacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5056.
Повний текст джерелаMy PhD project was to create a pipeline for taxono-genomics for the comparison of multiple bacterial genomes. Secondly I automated the process of assembly (NGS) and annotation using various open source softwares as well as creating in house scripts for the lab. Finally we incorporated the pipeline in describing several bacterial species from out lab. This thesis is subdivided mainly into Taxono-genomics and Microbiogenomics. The reviews in taxono-genomics section, describes about the technological advances in genomics and metagenomics relevant to the field of medical microbiology and describes the strategy taxono-genomics in detail and how polyphasic strategy along with genomic approaches are reformatting the definition of bacterial taxonomy. The articles describes clinically important bacteria, their whole genome sequencing and the genomic, comparative genomic and taxono-genomic studies of these bacteria
Genton, Céline. "Capacités de récupération d’une population de gorilles de plaine de l’Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) suite à un effondrement démographique engendré par une épidémie à virus Ebola." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/cd5f9a9b-be38-47b8-bc6d-97524144347a.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of Ebola epidemics which induced up to 95% mortality in Western lowland gorilla populations (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) led to the classification of this taxon as "critically endangered". This study focuses on the recovery potential of gorilla populations after Ebola. On the basis of an unique set of data in pre- and post-epidemic periods, we evaluated the impact of the epidemic on the social structure and dynamics of a population. We then estimated its potential of recovery during the six years following the outbreak. Our results on demography and dynamics, coupled with statistical approaches and a modeling work at a demographic age and sex level, including immigration, showed1) a deleterious impact on the breeding potential, 2) the advantages of the social flexibility and the social organization of gorillas in the recovery of the demographic structure of their population, 3) the role of immigration in the long-term recovery of population size. Our determination of the demographic features characterizing a population affected by Ebola allowed us to specify that a studied neighboring population was unaffected. These findings highlighted that Ebola impact had been heterogeneous at a regional level, which probably induced some population fragmentation. This new insight lets discuss the hypotheses on the emergence and spread of the virus and questions the impact of the fragmentation on population dynamics and recovery of affected local populations. Our results suggest a low resilience of populations of lowland gorillas against Ebola virus and the threat to population persistence
Xing, Weijia. "Epibasket : un système d'information pour l'investigation épidémiologique en temps réel lors d'une épidémie de maladie infectieuse émergente." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066426.
Повний текст джерелаLebarbenchon, Camille. "Maladies infectieuses et écosystèmes : écologie des virus influenza aviaires en Camargue." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20079.
Повний текст джерелаEmerging infectious diseases are particularly studied and monitored today because of their unprecedented increase in number, speed and wideness of dispersion within wildlife, domestic or human populations. In humans, it is now estimated that 75% of these emerging diseases have a zoonotic origin, meaning they are caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted naturally between humans and other vertebrate animal species. The origin of the emergence of these zoonoses is directly linked to human interference with the natural environment, to a greater or lesser degree. Within this framework, my thesis specifically focuses on the interactions between pathogens responsible for these diseases and ecosystems. The objectives were (i) to study interactions between human activities, parasites and ecosystems through synthesis and discussion papers; (ii) to study in more detail the ecology of avian influenza viruses in the Camargue, especially the prevalence of infections in bird communities present throughout the year, the role of aquatic ecosystems in the temporal dynamics of the disease, and genetic characteristics of the circulating virus; (iii) to study more specifically highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses within the Camargue but also on a wider scale, particularly to highlight the need to integrate knowledge about the ecology of the host and the functioning of ecosystems in the study of this emerging disease. The work led to increased knowledge of the ecology of influenza virus in the Camargue and, more generally, to stress the need to study pathogens responsible for emerging zoonotic diseases at the level of ecosystems
Baudouin, Alice. "Rôles relatifs des facteurs démographiques, sociaux et sélectifs sur la sélection de partenaires reproducteurs chez le gorille des plaines de l'ouest." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B057/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn many species, it has been shown that strategies of choice of socio-sexual partners by an individual are related to the phenotypic or genetic quality of these partners and are likely to maximize the quality of its descendants and improve its own fitness. We investigated the partner choice in western lowland gorilla females in studying their social dispersion and the relative influence of the social environment and the characteristics of adult males in females’ decisions, to stay in a social group or to emigrate, and in their choice of the group into which immigrate. We showed that females preferentially migrated towards breeding groups rather than solitary males and towards younger rather than aging groups. Groups of 10-15 individuals were avoided. Females emigrated from groups containing a large proportion of individuals affected by skin disease. In the short term after a demographic die-off due to an Ebola epidemic, female’s emigration rates declined in large groups, suggesting better reproductive and protective value of surviving males. The influence of the genetic characteristics of the sexual partners in the choice of females, in particular the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that encode proteins involved in immune defenses, may be involved in partner choice in some primates. Its possible involvement had never been studied in the gorilla. In this perspective we have sought to develop a method to study this gene complex from non-invasive DNA samples (feces), that is to say with weakly concentrated and degraded DNA. We defined a new primer and then used high throughput sequencing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and a MHC-linked microsatellite marker to determine a population-level analysis method. Eight new MHC alleles were detected by high throughput sequencing. The microsatellite marker has a complex amplification pattern and requires protocol optimization that will reduce the cost of analyzing MHC variability at the population level. Our developments open new perspectives for the study of the influence of CMH on partner choice in wild populations of primates
Reynes, Jean-Marc. "Virus émergents et chauves-souris au Cambodge." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30076.
Повний текст джерелаThe reservoir of rabies in wildlife is unknown in Cambodia although the disease is commonly reported in the country. Furthermore, pteropid bats, suspected to be the natural reservoir of the deadly henipaviruses, are present in Cambodia suggesting the presence of theses viruses in the country. Consequently, we conducted our research work to look for emerging viruses belonging to the genera Lyssavirus and Henipavirus, in bats in Cambodia. We got the serologic evidence of lyssaviruses infection in bats, but the(se) virus(es) could not be isolated. Interestingly, we got one Nipah virus isolate from the urine of one Pteropus lylei specimen. This result strengthens the hypothesis that flying foxes are the natural host of Nipah virus. In addition, during these investigations, we isolated the orthobunyavirus Kaeng Khoi, of which the medical importance is inknown
Voinson, Marina. "Émergence et contrôle des épidémies dans les populations humaines." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R063.
Повний текст джерелаInfectious diseases have shaped the history of the human species. Nowadays, the emergence of new pathogens threatens public health. Understanding the interaction between pathogen ecology and human behaviour can help understanding the dynamics observed in human populations. In this thesis, two main axes were studied: the epidemic dynamics of emerging infectious diseases (EID's) in human populations and the impact of human behaviour on the control of infectious diseases. The epidemic dynamics of emerging pathogens is poorly understood because it is often studied without taking into account the effect of their characteristics, namely their persistence in a reservoir population and their ability to emerge in a broad range of species. For the first time, we modeled the dynamics of EID's and highlighted that transmission from both the reservoir and intermediate populations are critically important to consider in order to understand the many and unpredictable outbreaks that can be observed. Thereafter, the impact of human behaviour on infectious diseases control was studied by considering two aspects, vaccination decision-making and cultural practices. We show that consideration of cognitive biases related to vaccination decision-making and the interaction between behaviour and epidemiology can lead to the fluctuations observed in vaccination coverage. Finally, the study of cultural practices has shown that, although often assumed to favour the spread of pathogens in a population, certain practices can limit disease transmission. The results taken together suggest that an ecological approach is key for predicting the dynamics underpinning the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and adapt control strategies
Cheatsazan, Hamed. "Asymptomatic interaction with the fatal amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis : costs, environmental drivers, the outcome and the risk of chytridiomycosis for the palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus)." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2350/.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis was to study the costs, environmental drivers, and the outcome of asymptomatic chytridiomycosis for the palmate newt, Lissotriton helveticus. After reviewing related scientific literature we tested for the impact of subclinical Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection on condition and sexual traits. We studied the impact of asymptomatic Bd infection on newts' reproductive output, the development and survival of larvae and also considered the impact of environment on sub-lethal costs and host resistance against infection. Finally, the costs and the impact of the infection on a population with a recent, natural Bd exposure were investigated. Collectively, our results show that newts are incurred by sub-lethal costs which impair host's reproduction and survival. Newts that have already been exposed to Bd are found to be tolerant to the infection and can serve as infection reservoir
Ninio, Camille. "Fièvre catarrhale ovine dans les Ardennes : étude de la biologie des Culicoïdes et de leur rôle épidémiologique." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMP203/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the late 90’s, Bluetongue disease (BT) can be considered as an emerging arbovirose inEurope. This disease is mainly transmitted to ruminants by the bites of minute size midges,the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), also known as biting midges. An outbreak of BTserotype 8 occurred during summer 2006, in the region of Maastricht (Netherlands) andspread quickly to the Ardennes region. The epizooty lead to severe losses in cattle and sheepholdings. These events highlighted the lack of knowledge on the vectorial capacity ofpaleartic Culicoides species, and more generally on their biology.Three approaches are successively treated in this document. They are all based on field workconducted mainly in two holdings located in the Ardennes region.First, an experiment to assess oral susceptibility of Culicoides to Bluetongue virus (BTV) 8was undertaken. Field collected and emerging Culicoides coming from the Ardennes wereengorged on viremic small ruminants. At the end of the experiments, one Culicoides obsoletusfemale was found bloodfed and laid eggs. She was tested for BTV and was found weaklypositive for BTV genome. This result and the difficulties met during the experiment havebeen discussed.The second study focused on the bloodmeal origin of engorged females of Culicoides. Thesewere collected by light traps set in different kinds of environment. Molecular markers wereused in order to amplify the DNA of vertebrates present in the stomach of bloodfed females.Some of the species processed belonging to the Obsoletus or the Pulicaris complex, andCulicoides dewulfi fed on a wide variety of hosts, including domestic ruminants and wildanimals. Moreover, this kind of study brings information on the ecology of different speciesof Culicoides.Finally, a faunistic survey is presented. It was achieved through light trap collections ofmidges and also thanks to the sampling of potential breeding sites. Biodiversity in thecollection of midges captured by light traps between the two holdings were compared.Differences observed are discussed taking into account the differences in breeding practicesbetween the two holdings and the breeding sites investigations. Numerous species ofCulicoides emerged in the laboratory from soil samples which were macroscopicallydescribed. Breeding sites of C. obsoletus, which were not well documentated in the literature,were found in both farms. These were monitored over some months.This work contributes to a better knowledge of the Culicoides present in the Ardennes andtheir biology. It highlights the species which are closely related to the cattle holdingenvironment, and those which are ubiquist. Some of these studies could be continued in orderto highlight the species more related to the forested areas, and to set new experiments onvectorial competence and capacity
Sourisseau, Marion. "Etude des interactions virus-cellule et cellule-cellule lors de l'infection par le VIH-1 ou le virus Chikungunya." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077058.
Повний текст джерелаWe have studied the replication and the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transfer of two viruses, HIV and Chikungunya (CHIKV). The role of cell contacts during HIV replication has been demonstrated, but remained partly characterized. We have designed various assays to monitor HIV cell-cell transfer. We report that cellular contacts drastically enhance viral transmission, when compared to infection with free virus. Cell-to-cell transfer is associated with the formation of virological synapses between infected cells and recipients. These structures share some characteristics with immunological synapses but proteins required for their constitution is poorly characterized. We have examined the rôle of ZAP-70, a kinase regulating T-cell activation and immunological synapse formation. HIV replication was severely impaired in ZAP-70 defective lymphocytes. We further demonstrate that ZAP-70 is required for cell-to-cell transfer and formation of virological synapses. These results bring new insights into the links that exist between HIV spread and T-cell activation. An outbreak of CHIKV infection recently occurred in La Reunion Island. This virus is poorly characterized. We have studied the replication and the tropism of this virus. We show that human adherent cells (epithelial and endothelial cells), and, to a lower extent, primary macrophages are sensitive to infection. In contrast, lymphoid and monocytoid cell lines, primary blood-derived cells do not allow viral replication. We further report that viral entry and fusion involve a pH-dependent endocytic event. Moreover, CHIKV is very sensitive to the antiviral activity of IFNs. Altogether, these results bring novel insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating HIV and CHIKV replication
Arsevska, Elena. "Élaboration d'une méthode semi-automatique pour l'identification et le traitement des signaux d'émergence pour la veille internationale sur les maladies animales infectieuses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS008/document.
Повний текст джерелаMonitoring animal health worldwide, especially the early detection of outbreaks of emerging and exotic pathogens, is one of the means of preventing the introduction of infectious diseases in France.Recently, there is an increasing awareness among health authorities for the use of unstructured information published on the Web for epidemic intelligence purposes.In this manuscript we present a semi-automatic text mining approach, which detects, collects, classifies and extracts information from non-structured textual data available in the media reports on the Web. Our approach is generic; however, it was elaborated using five exotic animal infectious diseases: african swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue, Schmallenberg, and avian influenza.We show that the text mining techniques, supplemented by the knowledge of domain experts, are the foundation of an efficient and reactive system for monitoring animal health emergence on the Web.Our tool will be used by the French epidemic intelligence team for international monitoring of animal health, and will facilitate the early detection of events related to emerging health hazards identified from media reports on the Web
Noël, Harold. "Le rôle des formes infracliniques dans l’émergence des infections vectorielles ? L'apport des investigations de terrain." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS357.
Повний текст джерелаConditions recently proved favourable to transmission of emerging vector-borne diseases, chikungunya, dengue and urogenital schistosomiasis in mainland France.Santé publique France, the Agency in charge of public health surveillance in France is at the forefront of detecting and investigating emerging infectious disease in order to guide prevention and control measures. Assuming that each outbreak constitutes a situation of "natural experimentation", the aim of this thesis was to show how outbreak investigations give the opportunity to acquire rapidly scientific knowledge on the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the introduction, dissemination and endemisation of vector-borne diseases.Through a meta-analysis of per and post-epidemic seroprevalence studies,we have shown that the chikungunya virus lineage that emerged in the Indian Ocean in 2004 is associated with a lower frequency of asymptomatic infections. In a dengue serosurvey in Nîmes in 2015, we showed that the diffusion potential of dengue in France is currently limited. Screening data of urogenital bilharziasis in persons exposed in Corsica showed a high frequency of pre-symptomatic infections suggestive of a risk of endemisation of the disease that justified its inclusion on the list of notifiable diseases.This thesis work shows that a pragmatic approach based on sensitive surveillance associated with early field outbreak investigations can significantly contribute to both emerging infections control and the advancement of knowledge
Ngounga, Tatsiana Olyane. "Outils moléculaires de détection des virus géants de la famille des Mimiviridae et des Marseilleviridae : application à des échantillons environnementaux et humains." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5075.
Повний текст джерелаThe giant viruses of amoebas( Acanthamoeba) are double stranded DNA viruses. These giant viruses have been isolated essentially from water and soil samples collected in various geographic regions around the world or from human samples (stool, blood and bronchoalveolar fluid). These giant viruses are divided into four viral families among which those comprising the largest number of representatives are the Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae families, whose respective founders are Mimivirus and Marseillevirus and comprise 44 and 20 representative members, respectively. Giant viruses of amoeba are ubiquitous in our biosphere, which means that humans can be exposed to them. In this Thesis, we initially wrote a review of the literature describing the tools to detect the present of these giant viruses in humans, including serology, culture isolation, PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Secondly, we designed and evaluated the performance of five real-time PCR systems targeting the members of the 3 groups of mimiviruses of amoeba, their virophages and the marseilleviruses. We were involved in a third work that described the different isolation procedures on amoebae used so far in our laboratory for giant viruses. Finally, in a fourth preliminary work, we looked by PCR for the presence of mimiviruses and marseilleviruses DNA in 701 plasma from patients infected with HIV-1. In summary, our work described the developed PCR assays for the study of giant viruses, and their performance and limitations, and it contributed to the tools and evidence for the study of the involvement of the giant amoeba virus in human pathology
Lefeuvre, Pierre. "Recombinaison et émergence virale : le modèle des Begomovirus." La Réunion, 2008. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/08_11-lefeuvre.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаEmerging viruses are defined as those that have recently appeared or those whose populations have recently increased in prevalence, pathogenesis and / or geographical distribution. Understanding the pathways viruses use to evolve and adapt to new ecological niches is a central issue of viral emergence. Among phytoviruses, Begomovirus genus (circular single strand DNA) is responsible of numerous emerging diseases on crops. Recent studies have shown the existence of indigenous and exotic begomovirus complexes in the South West Indian Ocean Islands. This region, because of its isolation and its ecological richness, represents an opportunity for begomovirus diversity study and the understanding of evolutionary factors involved in. In Reunion Island, the accidental and successive introduction of two exotic and invasive strains of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), gave us the opportunity to study the spatial and temporal evolution of this viral complex in a tropical and insular ecosystem. This study has put forward a rapid displacement of TYLCV-Mld by TYLCV-IL strain. Our analyses of pathogenicity showed no statistical difference in fitness between the two strains, but the virulence tests have demonstrated that TYLCV-IL present a higher virulence than TYLCV-Mld. Hypotheses about those differences and explanation of TYLCV-Mld displacement in regards to the recombinant nature of TYLCV-IL were proposed. In the broader context of the South West Indian Ocean Islands, the study of begomovirus genetic diversity has shown the existence of an extraordinary viral diversity. Phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrates that the island viruses are associated with the 'African Mediterranean' monopartite and bipartite begomovirus group and that they display a polyphyletic origin. An analysis of evolving factors associated with the genesis of this diversity, enabled (1) to show that recombination had taken a dominant place in the evolution of these viruses, and (2) to describe the existence of hot and cold spots of recombination on begomovirus genome. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive analysis based on begomovirus sequences available in public databases, has led to suggest the intervention of mechanistic factors and / or selective pressure in shaping recombination patterns. Mechanistic factors due to conflicts between replication and transcription complexes were proposed to be involved in the creation of recombinant viruses. The study of recombinant protein disruption level (SCHEMA analysis) demonstrates that newly created recombinants are under strong purifying selection acting on deleterious rearrangements. Ultimately, it would only remain the reasonably adapted recombinant viruses, for which recombination has not disrupt the multiple interactions networks encoded by the genome and responsible of its biological functions. Finally, enlargement of the same analysis to all circular single strand DNA viruses, viruses presenting a wide host ranges (animals, plants and bacteria), demonstrated once again the importance of recombination in their evolution and that purifying selection shapes recombination profiles. The ability of begomovirus to exchange genetic material by recombination and the existence of high mutation rates appear to be a strong advantage for the adaptation to new ecological niches offered by their vectors and its worldwide spread. Those factors made begomovirus having a strong emerging potential, domain in which they were already successful
Jagadesh, Soushieta. "Biogeography of Emerging Infectious Diseases In search for the hotspots of Disease X: A biogeographic approach to mapping the predictive risk of WHO’s Blueprint Priority Diseases Emerging human infectious diseases of aquatic origin: a comparative biogeographic approach using Bayesian spatial modelling Global emergence of Buruli Ulcer Spatial variations between Leishmania species: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species in French Guiana Mapping priority neighborhoods: A novel approach to cluster identification in HIV/AIDS population." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0007.
Повний текст джерелаThe COVID-19 pandemic highlights that the spread of infectious diseases goes beyond geographical boundaries. Simultaneous changes in local biodiversity and land use, the increasing international connectivity through human transport and trade and the imminent threat of climate change have increased the risk of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The current public health response to emerging infectious diseases (EID) by passive surveillance has proven largely ineffective in preventing and controlling disease outbreaks. The way toward is to “get ahead of the curve” by identifying potential hotspots of disease emergence and detecting the environmental triggers such as land transformation, biodiversity loss and climate change. I used a biogeographic approach to study and analyze disease emergence across different taxonomic pathogen groups such as bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal, globally and in French Guiana, a French Overseas territory located in South America. I found that regions at risk of floods, recent conversion of forest to agricultural lands and increasing minimum temperature (i.e. temperature at night) caused by cli mate change were drivers for disease emergence locally and globally across the different pathogen groups. The main findings of the PhD thesis are the following:1. Biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of EIDs with using existing human cases data, remote sensing imagery and unconventional statistical models is effective to “get ahead of the curve” in the detection of regions at risk and the management of EIDs.2. EIDs are not unprecedented but predictable by identifying and managing the triggers of disease emergence, which have a direct link with the anthropization of the environment
Kernif, Tahar. "Etudes des relations puces et bactéries en zone méditerranéenne et tropicale : épidémiologie moléculaire et modèles expérimentaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5004.
Повний текст джерелаFleas are found worldwide on mammals and birds, and are vectors of several zoonoses of public health importance. Consequently, flea-borne infections are emerging or reemerged throughout the world, and their incidence is on the rise. Yet their occurrence in some regions and their association with different flea species remain poorly studied in several countries in the world. We analyzed by epidemiological, microbiological and molecular tools the emerging zoonotic bacteria in fleas collected from wild and domestic animals in France, Tahiti Island, Borneo Island, Laos and Algeria. Through our investigations, we have helped to enrich the map of distribution of bacteria carried by fleas.Although the body louse is considered the main vector of B. quintana, the recent reports of the presence of B. quintana DNA in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and in human fleas (Pulex irritans) were reported. To evaluate the relationship between the fleas and B. quintana, including studies of maintenance and transmissions of B. quintana, require the use of large numbers of live laboratory-raised fleas. A protocol of maintenance and containment of laboratory un-infected and infected fleas were established. Subsequently, we developed an experimental model of infection fleas by B. quintana that is in progress. The preliminary results show a power of acquisition of this bacterium by C. felis fleas
Leangapichart, Thongpan. "Phenotypic and genomic analysis of multi-drug resistant bacteria in travelers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0183.
Повний текст джерелаAntibiotic resistance in bacteria is increasing and become a worldwide problem. Newresistance bacteria or mechanisms are emerging and spreading rapidly. Recently, thetransmission of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria among humans, animals, and the variousenvironments are vastly recognized. With the growth of international travels over the pastdecades, this provides opportunities for AR bacteria to be spread rapidly from one geographiclocation to another. During trips, travelers changed diets, lifestyles, and their environmentsresulting in the alteration of AR patterns of bacteria residing in the gut. Thus, internationaltravelers are one of the most important modes for the acquisition and spread of AR genes.The largest annual mass gathering, the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) is well known as a sourcefor infectious diseases transmission such as influenza, meningococcal outbreaks ortuberculosis. Thus, travelers, especially pilgrims, are one of the most significant sources forspreading AR bacteria. However, studies of the transmission and acquisition of AR genesduring Hajj in pilgrims are scarce. Therefore, this research thesis was carried out with threemain objectives to better understanding the prevalence of AR genes and bacteria during Hajj:(i) epidemiological surveillance of AR genes in pilgrims before and after Hajj, (ii) risk factorsanalysis concerning AR genes acquisition in pilgrims, (iii) molecular epidemiological studiesof AR bacteria in pilgrims, including patients, animals, and environment with the use ofmulti-locus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing
Dhondt, Kévin. "Etude des mécanismes de haute pathogénicité des Henipavirus." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0954/document.
Повний текст джерелаHenipaviruses are highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses. They can infect a broad spectrum of mammals including flying foxes (Pteropus fruit bats), its reservoir, pigs and humans. As there are neither therapeutic drugs nor efficient prophylactic treatment towards these highly lethal viruses, they have to be manipulated in biosafety level-4 laboratories. In the first part of this thesis, we study the role of glyco-amino-glycans on Henipavirus infection and their potential use as treatment. In the second part, we describe the interaction between the host immune system and the pathogen. To investigate these interactions, we took advantage of different transgenic mouse models deficient for some immune pathways. Indeed, although mice possess the viral entry receptor for Henipaviruses, they do not succumbed to intraperitoneal infection. We analyzed the susceptibility to Nipah virus (NiV) infection of mice deleted for different components of innate and adaptive immune systems. Obtained results showed that some of these mice can be used as new models for NiV immunopathogenesis study. This study also suggests that type I interferon system plays a major role in limitation of viral spreading to the brain and that T cells are necessary for full viral clearance. Macrophages act at the crossroad of immunity, between innate and adaptive system. Finally, we deal with the preliminary phases of a project which aims to identify the differences, at a molecular level, of interaction between non-structural viral proteins and innate immunity proteins in mice and human. Such differences could explain the different clinical patterns that are observed in these species. In conclusion, this thesis allowed to identify new animal models and to better characterize host-pathogen interactions, from molecular to whole organism level. However, the precise mecanisms of these interactions remain to be elucidated and would probably help to understand the great diversity of pathogeny of Henipaviruses
Joffrin, Léa. "Écologie et évolution de coronavirus dans des populations de chauves-souris des îles de l’ouest de l’océan indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/19_39_LJoffrin.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаZoonoses account for 60% of emerging infectious diseases, among which 70% originate from wildlife. Bats host many infectious agents, including viruses responsible for zoonoses in humans such as Ebola, Nipah or Hendraus. For the last two decades, new bat viruses have emerged in human and animal populations, causing major threats for public and animal health. Coronaviruses (CoV) such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Acute Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS) are responsible for thousands of deaths in humans and pigs. Although many studies have described bat CoVs around the world, current knowledge about the diversity and risks associated with emerging CoVs in island ecosystems remain to be precisely assessed.In this work, we investigated the ecology and evolution of coronaviruses in bats by assessing the level of bat exposure to CoVs, and the evolutionary history in the phylogeographic context of the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. Based on the molecular screening of 1088 samples, we report, for the first time the presence of CoVs in insectivorous bats on Mayotte, on Madagascar, in Mozambique and on Reunion Island. The overall prevalence of bats positive for CoV was 8.0% ± 1.2%, with significant variation between continental Africa and islands, as well as between bat families. We found a large diversity of α-CoVs and β-CoVs, some being genetically related to those detected in human (e.g. HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV). These CoVs were phylogenetically structured by bat family, supporting a long history of co-evolution between bats and their associated CoVs in the region. We then focused on the Reunion free tailed bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui), an endemic species on this island, and investigated temporal infection dynamics in a maternal colony, during two consecutive years. Results highlighted a major variation in the prevalence of infected bats during the maternity season, with patterns similar for both years and the presence of two peaks of infection. Indeed, one pic occurs during the colonization of the maternity colony (associated to an increase in host density), and another about a month after the beginning of parturition (potentially associated to a loss of maternal antibodies in newborns). This work provides strong support for a long history of coevolution between bats and their CoVs in the Western Indian ocean, although within-island speciation for each bat families also occurs. Ecological and biological factors influencing the infection dynamics highlights a different level of CoV transmission risks to other hosts, including humans, associated to bat communities inhabiting each island, as well as to temporal variations in host population structure
Ahuka, Mundeke Steve. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaires des rétrovirus simiens et évaluation du risque de transmission à l'homme en Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T002.
Повний текст джерелаSIVs and SLTVs infecting apes and monkeys in Africa are the progenitors of HIV and HTLV. Numerous African non-human primates are infected with SIV and STLV and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Therefore the risk of cross-species transmissions from primates to humans is still persistent. We showed that SIVagi infecting captive agile mangabey is most closely related to SIVrcm from a wild-caught red capped mangabey from Cameroon. We observed also phylogeographic clustering among SIVdeb strains from Cameroon, DRC and Uganda, but also among distinct areas in Cameroon. We adapted and evaluated a novel high troughput immune assay that included 34 different HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Using this tool and others, we found a high SIV and STLV prevalence especially among the most hunted monkeys in DRC. We identified also new SIV and STLV lineages. On the other hand, we did not find any evidence of SIV infection in bonobos. However, we showed, for the first time, that fecal samples could be used to detect STLV infection in bonobos that are naturally infected with STLV-2 and 3. The results obtained during this thesis contribute to the improvement of our knowledge on retroviral infections in nonhuman primates from Central Africa, complete information on HIV and HTLV reservoirs and provide background information on human transmission risk of these infections in central Africa especially in DRC
Carolan, Kevin. "Ecological niche modelling and its application to environmentally acquired diseases, the case of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20178/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Buruli ulcer is an emerging environmentally acquired infectious neglected tropical disease. It causes permanent disability and disfigurement in victims. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans; however the environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of this bacterium are not known. Attempts to manage the disease have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir of M. ulcerans. Certain environments have been associated with the disease, notably disturbed aquatic environments composed of small bodies of stagnant water. There is no known vector, though aquatic insects have been implicated as possible vectors. A full understanding of the distribution and mode of transmission of the bacterium would help in management of the disease.In this thesis, we use the tools developed in ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of M. ulcerans. Following the construction of a model in Cameroon, Central Africa, and tested against a second database in French Guiana (South America), the pathogen is found to have notable seasonal changes in its distribution in our study sites in Cameroon. In the wet season, M. ulcerans is more common in large watersheds, while in the dry season the bacterium is more common in small watersheds. This enabled the generation of hazard maps of the pathogen distribution in the study region, which will be used in future studies and management of the disease. Following this we undertook ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of the aquatic insects suspected to be vectors of M. ulcerans. Based on a sampling protocol that spanned the country of Cameroon, we undertake maximum entropy modelling, which enabled us to interpolate our model across all of West Africa. With these maps we explore the correlation between the predicted distribution of the insects to the prevalence of the Buruli ulcer. We find a significant positive correlation between the distribution of the insects and the distribution of the disease, and find that this correlation undergoes significant changes in space and time, consistent with the model of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease.Finally, in collaboration with other authors, we have assisted in exploring how the distribution of M. ulcerans changes according to community structure networks, how the distribution of the Buruli ulcer disease changes in our study region of Akonolinga, Cameroon, and how the distribution of the disease changes at a larger scale, between Benin and Nigeria. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the distribution and drivers of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer, providing evidence of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease, and the first hazard maps of the pathogen for Akonolinga, Cameroon
Epelboin, Loïc. "Émergence de zoonoses en Amazonie : épidémiologie comparée de la leptospirose et de la fièvre Q en Guyane française." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаAmong the numerous infectious diseases of interest in French Guiana (FG), two of them, two zoonoses, have recently experienced a revival of interest leading in a few years to a marked improvement in their knowledge. Several studies allowed as well discovering unexpected epidemiological features that have led us to question their emerging or reemerging character.Although cosmopolitan and with tropical a tropism, leptospirosis has been barely described in FG and on the Guiana Shield. The literature is old and reports only clinical cases or series, the most recent publication dating back to 1995. Several studies are presented in this work which have allowed to know a little more about this bacterial infection: exhaustive review of the literature, retrospective study of the reference national center reports, a retrospective multicenter study on leptos-piroses managed in FG between 2007 and 2014, with analysis of its determinants, demographic, ecological, clinical, sero-epidemiological, and a study comparing Guianese severe forms to those of North Africa.Although its presence had been suspected as early as the 1950s in FG, Q fever or Coxiella burnetii infection had not aroused interest locally until the late 1990s. The work here presents the progression of the knowledge of this bacterial infection, also cosmopolitan, but with unusual local specificities. In the course of the discoveries around this Guianese outbreak, we will present the contribution of our team to the progression of knowledge on this pathology and the contribution of answers bringing as much new questions. Thus the discussion will focus on this particular genotype, MST17, found exclusively in FG, which results in the highest incidence of Q fever in the world, a prevalence among pneumonias never found elsewhere. Moreover, the epidemiological cycle of the bacterium, usually based on livestock, seems to follow a completely different path and find its reservoir in wildlife. We also wonder about the contrast between the major public health problems that this disease represents in FG and the anecdotal character in the rest of Latin America.Finally, although these two zoonotic diseases may be described as "new diseases" in FG, it is likely that leptospirosis presents a recent increase in the number of cases related to the improvement of diagnostic techniques and the sensitization of physicians to this disease, but without real emergence, while Q fever seems to present a true emergent profile, with a recent increase in its incidence, and many unknowns linked to a very particular genotype.Many questions concerning these two infections remain unanswered, and the work is immense to better understand the stakes of these two diseases, both on the scale of FG and that of the Amazonian region and the Latin American continent
Yama, Ninon Ines. "Viruses in rodents : from field work to virus discovery and characterization." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5037.
Повний текст джерелаEmerging diseases currently represent 65% of recent major disease outbreaks. Of them, 75% are associated with wildlife. Recently, an increasing number of newly discovered viruses have been associated with small terrestrial mammals, particularly with rodents, pointing at this group as one of the most dangerous potential sources of emerging or re-emerging diseases. To meet these challenges for public health, a proper surveillance becomes necessary, which passes by detection of pathogens in human and risky groups of animals, including field investigations. Yet this can be achieved only by using proper techniques of samples treatment and pathogen detection. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the main tool used for the detection of pathogens in routine diagnostic and research. Yet, several researches showed that some substances can inhibit PCR, causing false-negative results. Therefore, we initiated a screening program targeting rodents for the presence of known and unidentified viruses. A total of 1441 rodents were trapped during field campaigns organized in Europe and Africa, between 2002 and 2011. At first we investigated on PCR inhibitors and discussed techniques of treatment of samples allowing reducing the influence of inhibitors in rodent samples. Among the extraction techniques tested, EZ1 virus mini kit and RNAnow extraction reagent were more effective than NucleoSpin virus kit or TRIzol extraction reagent. Also, the use of lungs and kidneys was preferable to the use of liver and spleen, the quantity of inhibitors being higher in the last two organs. No significant difference was observed between storage at -80°C, or in RNAlater RNA stabilization reagent