Дисертації з теми "Maladies bactériennes – Lutte contre"
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Riffaud, Christine. "La bactériose du melon : écologie et stratégies de lutte contre Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10017.
Повний текст джерелаLavigne, Jean-Philippe. "Lutte contre les infections bactériennes : de l'optimisation de l'administration d'antibiotiques à l'étude d'un modèle de virulence (Brucella suis)." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T015.
Повний текст джерелаBernatchez, Alex. "Étude des propriétés antibactériennes de composés d'huiles essentielles contre des agents pathogènes d'aquaculture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40301.
Повний текст джерелаGuerinot, Cassandra. "Conception bio-inspirée d'architectures moléculaires amphiphiles pour combattre les infections bactériennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2024UCFA0085_GUERINOT.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered as key components of the innate immune system. Their interest is based on their broad spectrum of activities and their low propensity to induce bacterial resistance, making them a good alternative to current antibiotics. Unfortunately, their direct therapeutic use is often hampered by poor pharmacokinetics and high cost. However, AMPs are a great source of bio-inspiration for the development of peptidomimetics, designed to reproduce the mechanism of action of AMPs while improving the therapeutic profile. The aim of this thesis is therefore to design a variety of amphiphilic cationic peptoid architectures (oligomers of N-substituted glycines), inspired by the structure of cationic AMPs, and to study their antimicrobial potential on a wide panel of bacteria in the planktonic state, in biofilm form or sanctuarized inside cells. Cationic amphiphilic architectures have been designed by exploiting triazolium-type side chains, capable of inducing a strong cis-directional effect on backbone amides and providing the necessary cationic charge. This manuscript details the synthetic strategies developed to obtain linear peptoids exhibiting a PolyProline I-type helical architecture, as well as macrocyclic peptoids designed to promote a facial amphiphilic architecture. Evaluation of their antibacterial activity and selectivity is presented, highlighting important structural parameters and sequence optimization. Part of this work was also focused on the design of peptoids targeting bacteria with the ability to sanctuary themselves inside human cells, thanks to the insertion of side chains promoting cell penetration
Tremblay, Vanessa. "Évaluation de différents extraits végétaux et sels organiques et inorganiques pour lutter contre la tache bactérienne de la laitue." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34485.
Повний текст джерелаHaidar, Rana. "Caractérisation, criblage et mise en oeuvre de souches bactériennes issues du vignoble bordelais pour la lutte biologique contre les champignons impliqués dans la Pourriture grise et l'Esca de la vigne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0155/document.
Повний текст джерелаBiological control of gray mold and grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), which are major fungal diseases of grapevine, has a considerable potential development in the current context of reduction of chemical input in viticulture.The aim of this study was to select and study bacterial strains for antagonism against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, and two key pathogens involved in GTDs: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Neofusicoccum parvum. The main screening experiments for antagonistic activity of 46 bacterial strains, isolated from Bordeaux vineyards, have been carried out under different in vivo and in planta conditions. The efficacy of protection by the antagonistic strains significantly depended on the bacterial strain, the targeted pathogen species, the host plant tissue or organ and, for N. parvum, also on the application mode of the bacterial strain and, for B. cinerea, on the transposon genotype: transposa or vacuma.A significant reduction in length of necrosis due to P. chlamydospora and/or N. parvum, ranging between 40 and 64% in non-grafted vine cuttings, resulted from three bacterial strains: Pantoea agglomerans (S1), Paenibacillus sp. (S19) and Bacillus pumilus (S32). These strains were thoroughly further investigated to determine their major modes of action by i) Antibiosis ii) production of antifungal volatile organic compounds, which have been identified, and/or iii) induction of different grapevine defense genes. Concerning B. cinerea, Enterobacter cowanii (S22), Enterobacter sp. (S23) Bacillus ginsengihumi (S38), Bacillus sp. (S43, S46) were of prime importance in the biocontrol by producing anti-Botrytis volatile and diffusible compounds or by competing for nutrients (case of E. cowanii S22)
Pruvost, Olivier. "La maladie des taches noires de la mangue (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae) : étude bactériologique, biologique, épidémiologique et mise au point des bases d'un système de lutte intégrée dans les confitions de l' Île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112020.
Повний текст джерелаAn extensive study was undertaken to characterize 94 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae responsible for bacterial black spot of mangoes. Studies on carbohydrates assimilation, susceptibility to antibiotics and to heavy metal salts, serotyping and phage-typing, plasmid patterns as well as to pathogenicity to several hosts have revealed a large variability within the isolates. Biological and epidemiological studies of the pathogen under Reunion Island conditions have allowed us to establish susceptibility and receptivity periods of host tissues and their relations to climatic conditions. The pathogen is able to survive as an epiphyte on leaves, buds and immature fruit. Its mode of spread has been studied. Chemical and biological disease control were evaluated and resuls show that disease control may be achieved by using an antagonistic strain of Bacillus subtilis or B. Amyloliquefaciens
Selmi, Hela. "Effet de l'ajout de biochar sur la symbiose tripartite Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-luzerne (Medicago sativa L.), sur la production d'inocula bactériens et envers la lutte aux agents pathogènes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26598.
Повний текст джерелаSustainable agriculture is based on the use of less chemical inputs and promotes the use of biological products such as biochar. Many studies clearly indicate that some biochars can stimulate biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Our project aims to study the effect of a biochar (Pines, 700ºC) on the tripartite symbiosis Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-Medicago sativa L., on the production of bacterial inocula and on the fight against pathogens. A culture of alfalfa inoculated with two strains of E. meliloti A2 or S14, in the presence of Rhizophagus irregularis and in a soil amended with 0, 15 or 30% of biochar (vol:vol) was conducted. A significant stimulation of mycorrhization was observed in the presence of 15% biochar and A2 or S14. However, inoculation of alfalfa with A2 or S14 had no significant effect on yields, indicating the presence in soil of effective strains of E. meliloti. A study on survival of rhizobia and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 at 4°C and 25°C was conducted for 120 days. It showed that biochar (15%, vol:vol) promotes significantly the survival of rhizobial cells but for Bacillus subtilis it is the Pro-mix without biochar which supports better cell survival. Thus, the biochar effect on survival of microorganisms depends on the dose of biochar used. The effect of biochar amendments on P. ultimum and FORL colonization and infection was also evaluated. The study of the effect of three doses of biochar (0, 15, 30%; vol:vol) on pathogens showed that high doses may offer a good environment for pathogens development. Our study was performed using a single type of biochar with three doses. Therefore, it is very important to test other types and doses of biochar to be able to make recommendations.
Alaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Повний текст джерелаPortrait, Véronique. "Contribution à la lutte contre la contamination salmonellique des volailles par l'administration de souches bactériennes à activité anti-Salmonella." La Rochelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LAROS171.
Повний текст джерелаMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. "Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Повний текст джерелаGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Capini, Christelle. "Immunisation active anti-cytokine dans la lutte contre les maladies auto-immunes." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066395.
Повний текст джерелаNgo, Chung Thuy. "Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Pelat, Thibaut. "Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Повний текст джерелаRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Bourgouin, Catherine. "Les Toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et de Bacillus sphaericus leur utilisation en lutte biologique contre les vecteurs de maladies tropicales /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376121877.
Повний текст джерелаSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Повний текст джерелаTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. "Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Повний текст джерелаCacas, Jean-Luc. "Rôle des lipoxygénases et des lipides acyles-hydrolases de type patatine dans l'exécution du processus de mort cellulaire hypersensible chez les plantes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22010.
Повний текст джерелаLeroy, Valentin. "Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Повний текст джерелаDemeule, Elizabeth. "Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Повний текст джерелаMousques, Adeline. "Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Повний текст джерелаMalembic, Sylvie. "Evaluation de la stratégie planticorps comme méthode de lutte contre les mollicutes phytopathogènes : Action in vitro d'anticorps recombinants sur Spiroplasma citri : Résistance de tabacs exprimant des anticorps recombinants à l'infection par le phytoplasme du stolbur." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28900.
Повний текст джерелаPhytoplasmas are phloem-restricted wall-less bacteria of the class mollicutes which have resisted in vitro cultivation so far. They are responsible for numerous plant diseases and there is no curative method for disease control. An antibody-based resistance method is evaluated in our laboratory for the stolbur phytoplasma. It consists in expressing scFv recombinant immunoglobulins (Ig) specific for this phytoplasma in tobacco plants, natural hosts for this pathogen. First we demonstrated that both native Ig and recombinant scFv, specific for the major surface protein of the culturable phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri, inhibit its growth in vitro. Secondly, we engineered various anti-stolbur scFv constructions for their expression in tobacco plants via the apoplastic (35-pel-scFv plants) or symplasmic (35-scFv and RSS-scFv-KD) pathway, to evaluate their production into the phloem sap were phytoplasmas are located. Our results indicate that scFv, although produced in large amounts in 35-pel-scFv tobaccos, were probably not, or only slightly, present in the phloem sap. Only a transient disease resistance was observed in these plants. Indeed, it has been recently demonstrated that many phloem sap proteins are produced in the cytoplasm of companion cells and that they move towards sieve tubes via plasmodesmatas. Transgenic tobaccos plants in which scFv expression was targeted to the cytoplasm either constitutively (35-scFv) or specifically to phloem tissues (RSS-scFv-KD), in spite of a good transcription of scFv mRNAs, did not produce detectable amounts of scFv. These tobaccos, as previously, showed little resistance to the disease. As scFv inhibit in vitro growth of phytopathogenic mollicutes, the plantibody strategy appears to be well adapted to control phytoplasma diseases. However, targeting scFv in the phloem sap has to be optimized and various alternatives for sap targeting are discussed
Jousse, Cyril. "Contribution à la lutte contre les maladies du bois de la vigne, en particulier l'esca." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185265.
Повний текст джерелаNous avons étudié les propriétés de PA, PC et EL, en particulier l'impact sur leur croissance de fongicides commerciaux et de fongicides systémiques synthétisés au laboratoire, ainsi que de molécules naturelles. Ces pathogènes ne présentent pas la même sensibilité à ces molécules et l'un d'eux (PA) est peu affecté par divers traitements. En parallèle, nous avons étudié les propriétés d'ambimobilité de l'acide salicylique (AS) et de quelques-uns de ses dérivés halogénés.
Nous avons montré que F 30, un dérivé acide du fenpiclonil, est mobile dans les boutures de vigne après application foliaire. Il est en partie retenu dans le bois et libère la molécule parent dans les racines. L'acide 5-chlorosalicylique (5-ClAS), connu pour être plus actif que AS pour stimuler les défenses naturelles, présente une mobilité voisine de celle de AS. Sur ces bases, F 30 et 5-ClAS ont été retenus pour des tests préliminaires de traitement par voie foliaire de boutures de vigne infectées.
Cette recherche exploratoire souligne la complexité de la problématique, une lutte chimique (fongicide), génératrice de contraintes, devant s'intégrer dans une stratégie globale de contrôle.
Mille, Bruno. "La rhynchosporiose de l'orge à Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) DAVIS : élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte, importance relative des différentes sources d'inoculum." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112110.
Повний текст джерелаNew cultural practices against barley scald disease were proposed and some epidemiological characteristics of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) Davis, especially importance of seeds, assessed both directly showing its presence and indirectly by field trials. The first analysis method, a "classical" one, associated barley seeds disinfection with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and bactericidal and fungicidal solution, before placing them on the elective ("barley") and selective medium (terramycine + iprodione + procymidone + 2,4 D). But the experiments were not adequatly successful. The second method, immunofluorescence, allowed routine analysis of seeds samples. Moreover, a higher specificity of immunsera was obtained by complex immunization procedures including different antigenic forms. The chemical treatments of seeds and sprayings of fungicides on the soil that were tested allowed estimation of the comparative importance of "seeds" and "soil" inoculum. They also demonstrated that such applications can be useful as cultural techniques. Lastly, varietal mixtures can be used as a strategy to limit disease spreading in the crop
Martoub, Maria. "Impact global de l’huile minérale blanche sur le pathosystème plante-puceron-virus : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les virus non persistants." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0121.
Повний текст джерелаMineral oil weekly spray has been shown to efficiently reduce non persistent PVY transmission in the field. To date, its mode of action is poorly understood. In this project we assessed mineral oil effect on each partner of the plant – aphid – virus system. We showed that potato plant treatment prior to viruliferous aphid infestation, led to significantly reduced virus YNTN transmission. Besides, it affects M. Euphorbiae behaviour and physiology. Indeed, we characterized negative effects on adult orientation and nymphal survival. Other probiotic effects characterized were: enhanced longevity and reproduction of surviving adults, and some parameters related to feeding behaviour as well. Surprisingly, we demonstrated that direct aphid exposure to mineral oil is sufficient to trigger similar aphicid and probiotic effects. Eventually, we show that plant treatment triggers cellular events similar to pathogen perception and signalling response. Our results highlight the high-potential use of mineral oil as alternative method in virus transmission control, for its efficacy and environment friendly use as well
Gbedjissi, Louis Ghélus. "Relations mollusques - diptères sciomyzidae, implications dans la lutte contre les distomatoses au Bénin." Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG0312.
Повний текст джерелаSeven Sepedon and 1 Sepedonella are found in Benin. Population levels fluctuate following permanent or temporary states of aquatic habitats, rainfall and human activities. Complete life cycles are gave for 6 species. Larval predation is tested with various snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnaea natalensis, Bulinus forskalii, known to their implication as intermediate-host of animal or human distosomiasis. Sepedon knutsoni and Sepedonella nana attack and consume only on aquatic oligochaeta Aulophorus furcatus. This annelidophagous behavior is probably derived from the habitual malacophagous known for all Sciomyzidae larvae. Sepedon ruficeps larvae are both malacophagous and annelidophagous. S. Umbrosa larvae are parasitoid of the terrestrial gastropoda Subulina octona which is attacking by forcing its mouth. S. Trichrooscelis larval are parasitoi͏̈d of Succinea campestris, occasionnaly eat Lymnaea natalensis. With a higth predation by their instar larvae, S. Ruficeps is a very good species in a tentative to reduce the snails levels implicated in the distosomiasis. But, the larval predation to depend on size and snail behavior
Martini, Jessica. "Acteurs et dynamiques d’action publique autour de la lutte contre les maladies chroniques dans un pays sous régime d’aide: Le cas de la lutte contre le diabète au Mali." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/308303.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Santé Publique
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Marchive, Chloé. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un gène codant un facteur de transcription de type WRKY chez la Vigne, VvVRKY1 : implication dans les mécanismes de défense." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13144.
Повний текст джерелаAffia, Hicham. "Évaluation de différents sels et mélanges de sels pour lutter contre "Pseudomonas cichorii" dans la laitue." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26797.
Повний текст джерелаBen, M'henni Yosra. "Gestion de la maladie de dépérissement du pommier : criblage in vitro et in planta des activités protectrices d’une collection de microorganismes contre les Pythiacées et caractérisation chimique du principal actif produit par l’isolat A. westerdijkiae A7 Biocontrol and growth promotion potential of combined application of Trichoderma simmonsii and Aspergillus westerdijkiae in Apple root stock dieback." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS127.
Повний текст джерелаApple dieback is a telluric disease caused by several Pythiaceae species. It is responsible for serious damage and loss of trees in many orchards in Tunisia. As the chemical control of this disease poses eco-toxicological problems and the prophylactic means have limited effectiveness, other means of fight are actively sought. The objective of this thesis was to identify a new biological control agent against oomycetes responsible for this disease from a collection of Tunisian fungal and bacterial isolates as an alternative to chemical control. The fungal isolates studied belonged to the genera Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., The bacterial isolates to the genus Bacillus spp. clade subtilis. Fungal isolates strongly inhibited the growth of Pythiaceae in vitro (> 40%) compared to bacterial isolates; in particular, the culture filtrates of isolates A. westerdijkiae A7 and T. simmonsii A2. The evaluation of the preventive and curative activity against Pythiaceae on apple rootstocks of these two fungal isolates and of the Bacillus B2 strain showed that T. simmonsii A2 was the most effective when applied preventively. Likewise, the combination of the Bacillus B2 strain and the A. westerdijkiae A7 isolate induced good protection against Pythiaceae as a preventive measure. The combination of the T. simmonsii A2 and A. westerdijkiae A7 isolates resulted in better protection in curative therapy, while the combination of the three isolates together greatly reduced the protective activity. Our study reveals the potential of Tunisian isolates, alone or in combination, as biological control agents against apple dieback as well as an additional beneficial effect on plant growth observed at the level of the roots and the length of the stems. Thus, we have selected the best candidates acting by antibiosis for the identification of the main active agents responsible for anti-oomycete activity. The A. westerdijkiae A7 isolate was retained with 100% inhibition of mycelial growth of the Pythiaceae isolates tested. Several successive purification steps of the culture filtrate made it possible to identify penicillic acid (3-mehoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acid) as the main molecule responsible for inhibiting growth mycelia of the Pythiaceae tested. Since penicillic acid has toxic properties for human and animal health, isolate A. westerdijkiae A7 cannot be used as BCA since it produces this mycotoxin despite our promising results in planta. All of this work shows the anti-oomycete potential of microorganisms in vitro, which may differ from the protective activity against Pythiaceae in planta. They also reveal the need to characterize the active molecule for the toxicity studies necessary for the development of a biocontrol product
Audette, Carolane. "Interaction entre le nématode à kyste (Heterodera glycines) et Phytophthora sojae chez le soya." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33829.
Повний текст джерелаThe soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the leading cause of economic losses in soybean in the United States. In Canada, it has been found in Ontario in 1988 and continues to spread every year. It was identified for the first time in Quebec in 2013 and soybean growers have already begun to deploy management tools. The most commonly used control method against SCN is the use of quantitative resistance genes and crop rotation. However, the most damaging organism in soybean in Quebec currently is Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae. This root disease can also be controlled by genetically resistant cultivars (qualitative resistance with Rps genes). Because SCN is now present in regions struggling with P. sojae, it is important to determine if the cultivars will express sufficient resistance against these two major pathogens. In this context, the main objective of this project was to evaluate the interaction between these two organisms on soybean, according to the resistance (qualitative Rps genes/ or quantitative resistance to SCN) of the cultivars used. This study, in a hydroponic system, demonstrated that P. sojae has a negative impact on SCN capacity to produce cysts produced. This suggests that P. sojae might influence SCN development. On the other hand, resistant cultivars were not affected by the presence of both pathogens and the presence of the nematode did not influence the efficacy of qualitative Rps resistance gene against P. sojae. As a result, cultivars resistant to both pathogens are a good option for preventing and controlling these diseases.
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, and Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
St-Laurent, Marianne. "Amélioration de la lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points en framboisières sous grands tunnels : essais d'un supplément nutritif, de plantes-réservoirs et de brumisation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29866.
Повний текст джерелаHigh tunnels show many benefits for raspberry production, including increased yield and improved fruit quality. However, this crop management approach also provides an environment that fosters outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although some miticides are available, pre-harvest application intervals and pesticide resistance development can be problematic. Phytoseiid predatory mites, such as Neoseiulus fallacis, are recognized for their efficacy in controlling spider mites. However, repeated introductions often must be made during a season, resulting in significant cost. To reduce these costs and thereby make biological control more attractive to growers, we tested a food supplement for predators, a banker plant and misting. The main objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of integrated control against spider mites while decreasing the number of predator introductions in raspberry production under high tunnels. The specific objectives were to determine the effectiveness of four integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in raspberry under high tunnels and estimate their cost ($ / ha) in comparison to conventional control (mitices only) methods. The tested approaches combined different strategies: introduction of Neoseiulus fallacis predators; addition of Sorbaria sorbifolia as a banker plant; use of a pollen-based food supplement for predators, “Nutrimite", from Biobest; and misting. Tests were conducted at two raspberry farms in the greater Quebec City (Quebec, Canada) area. Data collected by monitoring populations of both spider mites and predators show that the pollen supplement has a positive effect on the predatory ability of N. fallacis and that misting tends to reduce T. urticae densities.
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Повний текст джерелаCedeno, Virna. "Prévention des maladies et amélioration génétique de la crevette : Litopenaeus vannamai en Equateur." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20243.
Повний текст джерелаAllaire, Mathieu, and Mathieu Allaire. "Diversité fonctionnelle des Pseudomonas producteurs d'antibiotiques dans les rhizosphères de conifères en pépinières et en milieu naturel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18046.
Повний текст джерелаLa production de millions de semis voués à la reforestation est affectée par les problèmes de pourritures racinaires. Afin de développer des agents de biocontrôle adaptés aux pépinières, nous criblons les populations de Pseudomonas spp. des rhizosphères d’épinettes provenant de pépinières et de milieu naturel, pour détecter des gènes de production d’antibiotiques. Nous avons isolé plusieurs souches portant des gènes de production de phloroglucinol, de pyrrolnitrine, de cyanure d’hydrogène et de phénazines. L’analyse de ces gènes montre que pour les producteurs de phloroglucinol, un génotype est dominant dans les pépinières, alors qu’un génotype différent est dominant chez les souches provenant de milieu naturel. Ces dernières possèdent également les gènes de synthèse de la pyrrolnitrine et leur capacité d’inhiber Cylindrocladium floridanum in vitro est supérieur. De plus, en se basant sur la séquence du gène phzC, nous avons isolé trois groupes de producteurs de phénazines, dont deux provenant de milieu naturel et un de pépinière. L’analyse du gène de la portion 16s de l’ARN ribosomal confirme que ces trois groupes appartiennent à différente espèces.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Gravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Повний текст джерелаBarrera, Gaytan Juan Francisco. "Dynamique des populations du scolyte des fruits du caféier, hypothenemus hampei (Coléoptera : Scolytidae), et lutte biologique avec le parasitoi͏̈de Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), au Chiapas, Mexique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30085.
Повний текст джерелаBala, Kanak. "Biological control of Botrytis cinerea, a destructive plant-pathogen." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS047.
Повний текст джерелаThe pesticides used in agriculture for controlling phyto-pathogens have hazardous health effects on plants, animals and humans. Massive application of toxic pesticides is a serious problem today in almost all developing countries. Developing safer, environment-friendly biological products may help in overcoming the risks posed by pesticides and may also help in protecting public health, thereby promoting safer means of pest control. This thesis aims at the Biological control of plant diseases by non-phytopathogenic microorganisms, isolated from soil of vineyards and rhizosphere of crop fields. Introduction of these microorganisms leads to a twofold benefit 1. Biological control of the disease by the antagonist effect of the micro-organisms; 2. Enhanced disease resistance in plants to phytopathogens. Hence, these microorganisms could serve as an alternative to chemical control of plant diseases. Grapevine is challenged every year by fungal and viral and bacterial parasites. Among the fungal, the major ones are downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola, powdery mildew by Uncinula necator, black rot by Guignardia bidwellii, phomopsis leaf, cane spot and fruit rot disease by Phomopsis viticola, Eutypa Dieback by Eutypa armeniaceae and grey mould by Botrytis cinerea. Crown gall by bacterial parasite Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and viral diseases includes Peach Rosette mosaic virus disease, tomato ringspot and tobacco ringspot by nematode Xiphinema americanum. .
Pichard, Brigitte. "Bacillus polymyxa, inhibiteur de parasites microbiens du chou-fleur." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2018.
Повний текст джерелаLeyronas, Christel. "Avancées dans la compréhension des Neotyphodium et Epichloe, clavicipitacées endophytes des graminées fourragères et à gazon : méthodes de lutte." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAP0001.
Повний текст джерелаDelannoy, Etienne. "Caractérisation de péroxydases associées à la défense du cotonnier ("Gossypium hirsutum") contre "Xanthomonas campestris" pathovar "Malvacearum"." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20175.
Повний текст джерелаCorre, Marie-Hélène. "Identification et caractérisation de composés produits par des bactéries environnementales pour la lutte biologique contre Legionella pneumophila." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2309/document.
Повний текст джерелаWater is essential to sustain life and water sources used for human consumption must be biologically safe, to avoid any risk for health. Indeed, the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water are infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila. However, more efforts are needed to control disinfection by-products and minimize people exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals while maintaining adequate disinfection to ensure good water quality. Thus, this work aimed to find natural antibacterial compounds to control L. pneumophila growth using bacteria from freshwater environments. Environmental aquatic bacteria were sampled from five freshwater sources to get a large culturable bacterial collection. A total of 273 bacterial isolates were recovered and screened for their ability to produce anti-Legionella compounds. Among those, 178 (65%) were shown to be active against L. pneumophila. Four strains (Aeromonas bestiarum SW257, Rahnella aquatilis SW265, Flavobacterium spp. PW52, and Pseudomonas spp PW329) were next selected for the characterization of their active compounds. A. bestiarum SW257 produces an anti-Legionella peptide, and Flavobacterium spp PW52 produces a mixture of anti-Legionella compounds with surface active properties, named flavolipids. Finally Pseudomonas sp. PW329 delivers many volatile organic compounds, and R. aquatilis SW26 produces a anti-Legionella siderophore
Poilleux, Francine. "La fédération girondine de lutte contre les maladies respiratoires : adaptation d'une structure à l'évolution de la pathologie respiratoire." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M222.
Повний текст джерелаRezgui, Awatef. "Étude de la microflore colonisant les tissus ligneux de Vitis vinifera : Intérêt pour le développement d’agents de biocontrôle contre une maladie du bois de la vigne, l’esca." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0449/document.
Повний текст джерелаGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as esca are of major concern for viticulture worldwide. In Tunisia, knowledge about the symptoms of this disease and the microflora associated with, is still incomplete despite their ability to cause considerable damage to vineyards. In France, around 13% of whole vineyard is unproductive because of GTDs, and no effective treatment currently exists. In that context, the objectives of the present PhD study were: (i) to characterize the fungal microflora inhabiting the wood tissues of Tunisian esca-foliar symptomatic vines in order to identify the pathogens responsible for wood decay. (ii) To investigate the bacterial microflora colonizing the wood tissues of Tunisian grapevines cv. Muscat d’Italie in order to find a suitable Biological Control Agent (BCA) that can be applied to vineyards. First, in order to better characterize the microflora colonizing the wood tissues of vine, samples were collected from 10 vineyards in the north of Tunisia. Fungal isolates were obtained from trunk of grapevines showing decline, small and distorted leaves and chloroses. To identify the isolated fungal species, sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rDNA was performed (ITS1 and ITS4 primers). Three pathogens, i.e. Lasidiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum and Schizophyllum commune, described in the literature as involved in GTDs were isolated for the first time in Tunisia. Their pathogenicity was confirmed in planta. Moreover, the coinoculation of these 3 fungi in planta, showed that they displayed a competitive inhibition effect on each other. In another study, two others pathogens involved in GTDs, i.e. Phomopsis viticola and Diploidia seriata were also isolated from the same region. This PhD also aimed at identifying the bacterial microflora inhabiting the wood tissues of escafoliar symptomatic vines, i.e. necrotic and non-necrotic wood, using microbiological and molecular approaches. Complex bacterial communities, as shown by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analyses, colonize both types of wood tissues. After isolation, the 19 most abundant cultivable strains were sequenced (16S rRNA and rpoB genes) and identified as belonging to four genera: Bacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas and Curtobacterium. They were then screened for their in vitro antagonistic traits against the three pathogenic fungi L. pseudotheobromae, N. parvum and S. commune. Based on the results obtained, two bacterial strains were selected: B. subtilis (strain B6) and Pantoea agglomerans (strain S5), respectively isolated from Tunisian and French grapevines. They were then tested in planta on young vines of cv Muscat d’Italie and Cabernet Sauvignon against two fungal pathogens involved in GTDs, i.e. N. parvum (isolated from Tunisian wood) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (isolated from French vines). Young vines of both cultivars were inoculated by B. subtilis B6, P. agglomerans S5 or the combination of B6+S5, singly or in combination with N. parvum and P. chlamydospora. In terms of plant protection, the most efficient condition to reduce in planta necrosis caused by the fungal pathogens in the two cultivars was the combination of the two bacteria. However, bacterial treatments were significantly more efficient to reduce necrosis caused by N. parvum or P. chlamydospora in Muscat d’Italie than in Cabernet Sauvignon
Marcillaud, Laurence. "Etude des propriétés antimicrobiennes d'un extrait végétal : applications dans les domaines viticole et œnologique." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR20632.
Повний текст джерелаPellan, Lucile. "Décryptage des mécanismes impliqués dans le biocontrôle des champignons mycotoxinogènes des céréales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG036.
Повний текст джерелаDeciphering the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of mycotoxinogenic fungi of cereals.Cereals are the first factor of consumer exposure to mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites synthesized by particular moulds and which present a risk for human and animal health. The species Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides are thus responsible for the production of trichothecenes and fumonisin-like mycotoxins, respectively, with a high impact especially in pre-harvest. With the decrease of pesticide use due to their toxicity, an alternative strategy to control these fungal diseases in the field may be the use of antagonistic microorganisms. Non-pathogenic, these biocontrol agents (BCAs) are able to limit the progression of Fusaria and their synthesis of mycotoxins through various biological mechanisms, however still poorly understood. In this context, the objectives of this study are to evaluate by which mechanisms three selected BCAs (Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma asperellum, Pythium oligandrum) can modulate the growth and mycotoxin production of Fusarium pathogens, in vitro and in situ. Antagonistic activities and varying levels of inhibition of growth (up to 80%) and mycotoxinogenesis (up to 90%) have been observed in vitro depending on BCAs, pathogens or culture conditions. The hypotheses are then verified and completed thanks to the development of a toolbox of tests specific to certain modes of action. Their chronology is evaluated throughout the interaction, from pathogenic spore germination to the formation of perithecia, by testing a wide variety of BCA mechanisms: synthesis of anti-germinative compounds, mycophagy, chitinolytic enzyme synthesis, emission of volatile antifungal compounds, inhibition of mycotoxin biosynthesis pathways, mycotoxin bio-transformation, spatial and nutritional competition or impact on pathogen conservation. S. griseoviridis presents nutritional competition capacities, but its main strategy is based on antibiosis, through the synthesis of numerous antifungal compounds that offsets a significant deficit in spatial colonization capacity. However, it can stimulate the mycotoxin production. T. asperellum is capable of activating a very wide range of defenses and attacks combining the synthesis of various antifungal compounds (metabolite, enzymes, VOCs), with different targets (spores, mycelium, mycotoxins), and a direct action by mycoparasitism. The efficacy of P. oligandrum is mainly due to its strong capacity to colonize the environment, with a direct action via microbial predation and reduction of perithecia formation. These in vitro performances could also be analyzed in F. graminearum in situ throughout its life cycle (from colonization of ears to survival in culture residues), and put into perspective with the different modes of action identified in each of the BCAs. The whole project has led to important advances in deciphering the mechanisms of action of BCAs and proposes ways of improvement to optimize the use and efficacy of these antagonists. Thus limit the use of chemical plant protection products, while maintaining a healthy production with low levels of mycotoxins
Adamolle, Cécile. "Le virus de la sharka : obtention et caractérisation partielle d'anticorps polyclonaux spécifiques de protéines non structurales : approche de la bio-écologie de deux sérotypes épidémiques en verger." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28233.
Повний текст джерелаAnastasi, Carole. "Innovation moléculaire à visée thérapeutique : Conception, synthèse et évaluation des propriétés antivirales de nouveaux dérivés de la 2',3'-didésoxy-3'-thiacytidine : Mécanisme d'action : drogue et prodrogue?" Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22068.
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