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Статті в журналах з теми "Makran (Iran)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 13 квітня 2024

Оновлено: 25 травня 2024

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1

Hafeez Abbasi, Muhammad Imran. "IS MAKRAN A SEPARATE MICROPLATE? A SHORT REVIEW." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 5, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2021.01.05.

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Makran Subduction Zone (MZS) is important as this region lies on both sides of the border of Iran and Pakistan along the coastline. Makran Subduction complex has pervasive seismicity and diverse focal mechanism solutions and being in the vicinity of Triple Junction where three major Tectonic plates; Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates are connecting. Both of Chabahar and Gwadar ports are located in this vicinity, on which China is investing for CPEC, Belt and Road Initiative. The whole world is looking at these projects of Makran, as this may define and transform the future of trade. Hence Geoscience point of view is notable as well in consideration for the successful execution of these projects. Several Microplates/blocks have been proposed around the vicinity MSZ and Indian-Eurasian Plate boundary including the Ormara microplate, Lut Block, Helmand Block, and Pakistan-Iran Makran microplate (PIMM). The purpose of this review is to shed light on PIMM. Despite previous researches related to Makran, still many researchers are working to solve puzzles related to the complexity of MSZ. It is divided into Eastern and Western Makran due to seismicity and North to South into four parts based on stratigraphy, thrusts and folds. This review aims to give suggestions for the hypothesis on PIMM which was inferred as a separate microplate.

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2

Delavar, M. R., H. Mohammadi, M. A. Sharifi, and M. D. Pirooz. "TSUNAMI RISK ASSESSMENT MODELLING IN CHABAHAR PORT, IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-461-2017.

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The well-known historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) region was generated by the earthquake of November 28, 1945 in Makran Coast in the North of Oman Sea. This destructive tsunami killed over 4,000 people in Southern Pakistan and India, caused great loss of life and devastation along the coasts of Western India, Iran and Oman. According to the report of "Remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami", compiled by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC), the maximum inundation of Chabahar port was 367 m toward the dry land, which had a height of 3.6 meters from the sea level. In addition, the maximum amount of inundation at Pasni (Pakistan) reached to 3 km from the coastline. For the two beaches of Gujarat (India) and Oman the maximum run-up height was 3 m from the sea level. In this paper, we first use Makran 1945 seismic parameters to simulate the tsunami in generation, propagation and inundation phases. The effect of tsunami on Chabahar port is simulated using the ComMIT model which is based on the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST). In this process the results are compared with the documented eyewitnesses and some reports from researchers for calibration and validation of the result. Next we have used the model to perform risk assessment for Chabahar port in the south of Iran with the worst case scenario of the tsunami. The simulated results showed that the tsunami waves will reach Chabahar coastline 11 minutes after generation and 9 minutes later, over 9.4 Km<sup>2</sup> of the dry land will be flooded with maximum wave amplitude reaching up to 30 meters.

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3

Khan, Waseem, and Mahnoor Mirwani. "PROBING THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE MUD VOLCANIC CLUSTERS IN MAKRAN COASTAL ZONE, PAKISTAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.145.

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Makran Subduction Zone is formed in Late Cretaceous. It is divided into Eastern Makran at the southern edge of Helmand Block in Pakistan and the Western Makran at the southern edge of Lut Block in Iran. The velocity of convergence in Eastern and Western Makran are 42.0 mm/yr and 35.6 mm/yr repectively. Both segments are bound by strike-slip faults e.g. Ornach-Nal left lateral fault in the east and Minab right lateral in the west. Stratigraphically, the zone comprises Formations of ages ranging from Cretaceous to Holocene. In the Eastern Makran, most of the mud volcanoes are located along strike which include Awaran and Sipai-sing, Chandragup, Gwadar, Jabel-e-Gurab, Khandawari, Kund Malir, Ormara and Offshore mud volcanoes. The continental margin of Makran is an ideal environment of Oxygen Maximum Zone which receives organic rich matters in its sediments by marine organisms. Several assisting factors play significant roles in erupting the fluid and methane gasses through the mud vents in Makran Coastal Region such as tectonic stresses, oil, saltwater, and transmitting freshwater in the sedimentary environments.

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4

Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, and Abbas Bahroudi. "Holocene Sedimentary Record and Coastal Evolution in the Makran Subduction Zone (Iran)." Quaternary 2, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2020021.

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The western Makran coast displays evidence of surface uplift since at least the Late Pleistocene, but it remains uncertain whether this displacement is accommodated by creep on the subduction interface, or in a series of large earthquakes. Here, we address this problem by looking at the short-term (Holocene) history of continental vertical displacements recorded in the geomorphology and sedimentary succession of the Makran beaches. In the region of Chabahar (Southern Iran), we study two bay-beaches through the description, measurement and dating of 13 sedimentary sections with a combination of radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Our results show that lagoonal settings dominate the early Holocene of both studied beach sections. A flooding surface associated with the Holocene maximum transgression is followed by a prograding sequence of tidal and beach deposits. Coastal progradation is evidenced in Pozm Bay, where we observe a rapid buildup of the beach ridge succession (3.5 m/years lateral propagation over the last 1950 years). Dating of Beris Beach revealed high rates of uplift, comparable to the rates obtained from the nearby Late Pleistocene marine terraces. A 3150-year-old flooding surface within the sedimentary succession of Chabahar Bay was possibly caused by rapid subsidence during an earthquake. If true, this might indicate that the Western Makran does produce large earthquakes, similar to those that have occurred further east in the Pakistani Makran.

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5

Safari, A., A. M. Abolghasem, N. Abedini, and Z. Mousavi. "ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM VALUE FOR DIP ANGLE AND LOCKING RATE PARAMETERS IN MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 27, 2017): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-523-2017.

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Makran subduction zone is one of the convergent areas that have been studied by spatial geodesy. Makran zone is located in the South Eastern of Iran and South of Pakistan forming the part of Eurasian-Arabian plate's border where oceanic crust in the Arabian plate (or in Oman Sea) subducts under the Eurasian plate ( Farhoudi and Karig, 1977). Due to lack of historical and modern tools in the area, a sampling of sparse measurements of the permanent GPS stations and temporary stations (campaign) has been conducted in the past decade. Makran subduction zone from different perspectives has unusual behaviour: For example, the Eastern and Western parts of the region have very different seismicity and also dip angle of subducted plate is in about 2 to 8 degrees that this value due to the dip angle in other subduction zone is very low. In this study, we want to find the best possible value for parameters that differs Makran subduction zone from other subduction zones. Rigid block modelling method was used to determine these parameters. From the velocity vectors calculated from GPS observations in this area, block model is formed. These observations are obtained from GPS stations that a number of them are located in South Eastern Iran and South Western Pakistan and a station located in North Eastern Oman. According to previous studies in which the locking depth of Makran subduction zone is 38km (Frohling, 2016), in the preparation of this model, parameter value of at least 38 km is considered. With this function, the amount of 2 degree value is the best value for dip angle but for the locking rate there is not any specified amount. Because the proposed model is not sensitive to this parameter. So we can not expect big earthquakes in West of Makran or a low seismicity activity in there but the proposed model definitely shows the Makran subduction layer is locked.

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6

Ayub, Mubarak, and Safi Ullah Khan Marwat. "State and Society under the Zikris in Makran: A Historical Account." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. II (June 30, 2023): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(viii-ii).11.

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Makran is the South-Western division of Balochistan, Pakistan and the South-Eastern region of Sistan-wa-Balochistan, Iran. Makran has been of great importance to many superpowers of the last thirteen centuries. Macedonians, Sassanid Persians, Sindhi Brahmins, and Arabs had all laid nominal claim to Makran at various times. It has been the battlefield for several ancient powers such as Sassanid, Indians and Greek. Throughout the medieval era, it was dominated by the Arabs and other Central Asian dynasties such as the Seljuks, Ghaznavids and Ghorids. During the 16th century, it was also invaded by the Portuguese. However, authority always remained with local rulers, particularly the Maliks, the Buledis and the Ghichkis. The Zikris are the followers of Sayyid Muhammad Jaunpuri and recognized him as Mahdi. During the 15th century, the Zikrism spread rapidly in Makran and gained considerable political support as it succeeded to establish a state in Makran. However, during the 18th century, the Zikri State was attacked and occupied by the ruler of Kalat State, Khan Mir Nasir Khan. The Zikri ruled Makran for almost three centuries, which was known for justice, peace and prosperity in Makran. The paper examines the historical development of the Zikri State in Makran and also discusses its socio-political structure and administration in the light of primary sources.

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7

Haberland, Christian, Mohammad Mokhtari, Hassan Ali Babaei, Trond Ryberg, Mehdi Masoodi, Abdolreza Partabian, and Jörn Lauterjung. "Anatomy of a crustal-scale accretionary complex: Insights from deep seismic sounding of the onshore western Makran subduction zone, Iran." Geology 49, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47700.1.

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Abstract The Makran subduction zone has produced M 8+ earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis in historic times, hence indicating high risk for the coastal regions of southern Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring countries. Besides this, the Makran subduction zone is an end-member subduction zone featuring extreme properties, with one of the largest sediment inputs and the widest accretionary wedge on Earth. While surface geology and shallow structure of the offshore wedge have been relatively well studied, primary information on the deeper structure of the onshore part is largely absent. We present three crustal-scale, trench-perpendicular, deep seismic sounding profiles crossing the subaerial part of the accretionary wedge of the western Makran subduction zone in Iran. P-wave travel-time tomography based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm as well as the migration of automatic line drawings of wide-angle reflections reveal the crustal structure of the wedge and geometry of the subducting oceanic plate at high resolution. The images shed light on the accretionary processes, in particular the generation of continental crust by basal accretion, and provide vital basic information for hazard assessment and tsunami modeling.

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8

Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, and Abbas Bahroudi. "Extension at the coast of the Makran subduction zone (Iran)." Terra Nova 31, no. 6 (July 30, 2019): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12419.

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9

Negaresh, Hossein. "Mud volcanoes in Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces, Makran Coast, Southeast Iran." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 54 (November 1, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm54200801.

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10

Nemati, Majid. "Seismotectonic and seismicity of Makran, a bimodal subduction zone, SE Iran." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 169 (January 2019): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.08.009.

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11

Harzhauser, Mathias, Markus Reuter, Tayebeh Mohtat, and Werner E. Piller. "Early Miocene reef- and mudflat-associated gastropods from Makran (SE-Iran)." PalZ 91, no. 4 (June 17, 2017): 519–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0354-8.

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12

Hadi, Mehdi, Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi, Jafar Sharifi, Mohammad Parandavar, Zoila Graciela Castillo-Rodríguez, Francisco A. Vega-Sandoval, and Francisco J. Vega. "Late Miocene mollusks from the Dar Pahn Unit, Makran, SE Iran." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 76, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): A091223. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2024v76n1a091223.

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Diverse, abundant and well-preserved mollusk fauna are here reported for the first time from the eastern coast Makram area, where Upper Miocene (Tortonian) sediments of the Dar Pahn Unit crop out, representing shoreface tidal influenced deposits composed mainly of ligh-gray marls. Multiple articulated bivalves and completely preserved the gastropod and bivalve shells indicate little or no transport at all from the original habitat of the mollusk assemblage. A total of 313 specimens, from which 271 correspond to gastropods, were identified only at generic level, since the purpose of this contribution is to offer an introduction to this exceptionally well-preserved mollusk assemblage. Previous studies of the area include detailed nannoplankton biostratigraphy and the report of a balaenopterid cetacean. Future studies include the detailed identification of the specimens, along with sediment analysis in order to find protoconchs and offer an extended version of this introductory report.

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13

Rashidi, Amin, Denys Dutykh, Zaher Hossein Shomali, Nasser Keshavarz Farajkhah, and Mohammadsadegh Nouri. "A Review of Tsunami Hazards in the Makran Subduction Zone." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090372.

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The uncertain tsunamigenic potential of the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) has made it an interesting natural laboratory for tsunami-related studies. This study aims to review the recent activities on tsunami hazard in the Makran subduction zone with a focus on deterministic and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments. While almost all studies focused on tsunami hazard from the Makran subduction thrust, other local sources such as splay faults and landslides can be also real threats in the future. Far-field tsunami sources such as Sumatra-Andaman and Java subduction zones, commonly lumped as the Sunda subduction zone, do not seem to pose a serious risk to the Makran coastlines. The tsunamigenic potential of the western segment of the MSZ should not be underestimated considering the new evidence from geological studies and lessons from past tsunamis in the world. An overview of the results of tsunami hazard studies shows that the coastal area between Kereti to Ormara along the shoreline of Iran-Pakistan and the coastal segment between Muscat and Sur along Oman’s shoreline are the most hazardous areas. Uncertainties in studying tsunami hazard for the Makran region are large. We recommend that future studies mainly focus on the role of thick sediments, a better understanding of the plates interface geometry, the source mechanism and history of extreme-wave deposits, the contribution of other local tsunamigenic sources and vulnerability assessment for all coastlines of the whole Makran region.

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14

Zahedi, Rahim, Erfan Sadeghitabar, and Abolfazl Ahmadi. "Solar energy potential assessment for electricity generation on the south-eastern coast of Iran." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.3.

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Among the types of renewable energy, solar energy has received more attention due to its ability to convert directly into electricity and heat, its ease of use, its possibility of storage, and its endlessness, so in recent decades, a lot of research has been done on solar energy systems in the world and in Iran. Considering Iran's potential in the field of solar energy and the country's need for this type of energy, it is necessary to locate and identify suitable sites for the use of solar energy. In this research, the potential of generating power from solar energy on the ocean coasts of south-eastern Iran has been investigated. The geographical data of the solar radiation map of Iran was used to estimate the power of electrical energy from spatial limiting criteria for the feasibility of installing photovoltaic panels at the power plant scale. Finally, the total power of electricity that can be extracted from suitable places in the region was calculated; results showed that 37.5% of the Makran area is exploitable as solar farms. With a conversion efficiency of 15% and an area factor of 70%, annual electricity production for the exploitable area is roughly 17200 GWh, which can be a driving force for the industrial, economic and social development of Makran region.

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15

Jamshidzehi, Abdulaziz, Mir Farhad Ghalehbandi, Fatemeh Kashaninasab, and Elham Shirazi. "Sleep-Wake Pattern of Adolescents in Makran Region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran." Qom Univ Med Sci J 16, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/qums.16.4.2582.1.

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Background and Objectives: Sleep is a complex biological process. Early insomnia is one of the most common problems among young people. This study aims to investigate the sleep-wake pattern of adolescents in Makran region of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran Methods: In this descriptive study, 530 high school students in Makran region of Sistan Baluchestan province (three main cities of Saravan, Iranshahr, Chabahar) in the academic year 2019-2021 were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. They completed a demographic form and the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ). Data were analyzed in SPSS softwareو version 21 software using independent t-test and ANOVA. Results: The students had moderate circadian rhythm, but sleep preferences were reported in these students mostly among boys. The preferred pattern of students in Iranshahr, Saravan and Chabahar cities was the sleep preference. The wake preference, sleep preference, and peak performance preference of students in Iranshahr were lower than in Saravan and Chabahar cities. Conclusion: The sleep-wake pattern of adolescent students in Makran region of Sistan Baluchestan province is at a moderate level, and all students prefer the sleep pattern over other patterns. It is recommended that the circadian rhythms of these students should be investigated and the necessary measures should be taken to inform their parents and adjust the school and home schedule so that the students have better sleep.

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16

Garassino, Alessandro, Giovanni Pasini, Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi, Mehdi Hadi, Meraj Parsazad, Torrey Nyborg, and Francisco J. Vega. "New report of decapod crustaceans from the Miocene of Iran." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 76, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): A200324. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2024v76n1a200324.

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We report some brachyuran crabs from the late Miocene of Dar Pahn unit, Makran Province, Iran. The studied specimens have been assigned to Ixoides MacGilchrist, 1905, with I. miocenicus n. sp. (Leucosiidae Samouelle, 1819) and Persianus arcuatus n. gen., n. sp. (Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815). Ixoides miocenicus n. sp. represents the first fossil representative of the genus, enlarging its stratigraphic range to the Miocene. Persianus arcuatus n. gen., n. sp. represents the first report of a portunid crab from the Miocene of Iran. We also report an indeterminate majoid crab, representing the first report for the Majoidea from the Miocene of Iran. Finally, one portunid crab is compared with Persianus n. gen. based on some similar morphological characters.

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17

Grando, Gianluca, and Ken McClay. "Morphotectonics domains and structural styles in the Makran accretionary prism, offshore Iran." Sedimentary Geology 196, no. 1-4 (March 2007): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.05.030.

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18

McCall, G. J. H. "The geotectonic history of the Makran and adjacent areas of southern Iran." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 15, no. 6 (December 1997): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-9547(97)00032-9.

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19

Esmaeili, Rasoul, Wenjiao Xiao, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Ji’En Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yasser Abd El-Rahman, Chunming Han, et al. "Makran ophiolitic basalts (SE Iran) record Late Cretaceous Neotethys plume-ridge interaction." International Geology Review 62, no. 13-14 (September 2, 2019): 1677–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1658232.

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20

Hadavi, F. "Calcareous nannofossils from the Konarak area of the Makran, Iran: A note." Journal of Nannoplankton Research 22, no. 3 (2000): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.58998/jnr2108.

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21

Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, Abbas Bahroudi, and Bastian Schneider. "Dating and morpho-stratigraphy of uplifted marine terraces in the Makran subduction zone (Iran)." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-321-2019.

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Abstract. The western part of the Makran subduction zone (Iran) is currently experiencing active surface uplift, as attested by the presence of emerged marine terraces along the coast. To better understand the uplift recorded by these terraces, we investigated seven localities along the Iranian Makran and we performed radiocarbon, 230Th∕U and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the layers of marine sediments deposited on top of the terraces. This enabled us to correlate the terraces regionally and to assign them to different Quaternary sea-level highstands. Our results show east–west variations in surface uplift rates mostly between 0.05 and 1.2 mm yr−1. We detected a region of anomalously high uplift rate, where two MIS 3 terraces are emerged, but we are uncertain how to interpret these results in a geologically coherent context. Although it is presently not clear whether the uplift of the terraces is linked to the occurrence of large megathrust earthquakes, our results highlight rapid surface uplift for a subduction zone context and heterogeneous accumulation of deformation in the overriding plate.

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22

Abdetedal, M., Z. H. Shomali, and M. R. Gheitanchi. "Crust and upper mantle structures of the Makran subduction zone in south-east Iran by seismic ambient noise tomography." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-1-2014.

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Abstract. We applied seismic ambient noise surface wave tomography to estimate Rayleigh wave empirical Green's functions from cross-correlations to study crust and uppermost mantle structure beneath the Makran region in south-east Iran. We analysed 12 months of continuous data from January 2009 through January 2010 recorded at broadband seismic stations. We obtained group velocity of the fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves from empirical Green's functions between 10 and 50 s periods by multiple-filter analysis and inverted for Rayleigh wave group velocity maps. The final results demonstrate significant agreement with known geological and tectonic features. Our tomography maps display low-velocity anomaly with south-western north-eastern trend, comparable with volcanic arc settings of the Makran region, which may be attributable to the geometry of Arabian Plate subducting overriding lithosphere of the Lut block. At short periods (<20 s) there is a pattern of low to high velocity anomaly in northern Makran beneath the Sistan Suture Zone. These results are evidence that surface wave tomography based on cross correlations of long time-series of ambient noise yields higher resolution group speed maps in those area with low level of seismicity or those region with few documented large or moderate earthquake, compare to surface wave tomography based on traditional earthquake-based measurements.

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23

Derakhshani, Reza, Mojtaba Zaresefat, Vahid Nikpeyman, Amin GhasemiNejad, Shahram Shafieibafti, Ahmad Rashidi, Majid Nemati, and Amir Raoof. "Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Watershed Morphometry in Makran." Land 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040776.

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This study proposes an artificial intelligence approach to assess watershed morphometry in the Makran subduction zones of South Iran and Pakistan. The approach integrates machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and multivariate linear regression (MLR), on a single platform. The study area was analyzed by extracting watersheds from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and calculating eight morphometric indices. The morphometric parameters were normalized using fuzzy membership functions to improve accuracy. The performance of the machine learning algorithms is evaluated by mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and correlation coefficient (R2) between the output of the method and the actual dataset. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.974, MSE of 4.14 × 10−6, and MAE of 0.0015. The results of the machine learning algorithms were compared to the tectonic characteristics of the area, indicating the potential for utilizing the ANN algorithm in similar investigations. This approach offers a novel way to assess watershed morphometry using ML techniques, which may have advantages over other approaches.

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24

Banijamali, Babak, Amirhamed Alviri, Ehsan Rastgoftar, and Mohsen Soltanpour. "A CASE-STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS STABILITY AGAINST MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE TSUNAMIS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.44.

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A case-study pertaining to a number of existing breakwaters located on northern coastlines of the Gulf of Oman, directly facing the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) sets the context in order to elucidate the adopted methodologies for both Probabilistic Tsunamis Hazard Analysis (PTHA) as well as investigating breakwater stability in the event of a major tsunami. MSZ stretches from west to east for over 900 (km), affecting the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, Oman and UAE as a potential source of tsunami hazard. According to historical data, the last reported MSZ generated tsunami which was triggered by the 1945CE earthquake of 8.1 (Mw) magnitude caused human fatality figures of up to almost 4,000, in addition to major structural devastation in its wake. Of particular interest, is the fate of existing breakwaters along the northern shorelines of the Gulf of Oman whose design criteria did not initially incorporate tsunami-related considerations, providing impetus for the modeling, design & analysis efforts presented in this article to serve the two-fold objective of assessing the need for strengthening existing structures, which are virtually all of the rubble-mound type, as well as deriving suitable design criteria for new breakwaters in the MSZ related tsunami affected region of Iran, earmarked for significant new developments.

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25

Sakhaei, Seyed Reza, and Ghasem Ghorbani Rostam. "Crustal deformation analysis in Zagros and Makran zones, based on GPS permanent network data." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 50, no. 1 (May 24, 2020): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2020.50.1.4.

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We present an analysis of strain based on the evaluation of crustal deformation in Zagros and Makran, which has implications in terms of the dynamics of the study area. We have used data from 17 permanent GPS stations of the Cartographic Centre of Iran spanning the period 2011–2013. The raw observed data were in RINEX format. The elements of strain tensor were calculated by a 2D isoparametric method and the inversion of strain equation. Then the dilatation (extension and compression) and shearing were obtained through the analysis of eigenvalue and eigenvector of tensors. In most cases compression has overcome the extension, which can be expected due to the convergence of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The compression axis is nearly vertical along the Zagros causing reverse and thrust faults in Zagros. Due to the N–S trending of the Sabzvaran–Jiroft–Kahnuj fault system and to the direction of compression and extension, the system will be of strike–slip mechanism. Sudden changes of shearing can be used to identify the strike–slip faults. As observed in this study, there were sudden changes in shearing of the Rafsanjan and Jiroft–Kahnuj faults. The P/T axis rotates significantly in the Zagros–Makran transition zone. Moreover, the Makran's P/T axis is smaller than the P/T axis of Zagros, which demonstrates that the impact of the Arabian plate, moving towards Iran, is greater than the impact of the Indian subcontinent plate movement. The values of the counter-clockwise rotation rate at stations located east of the Zagros–Makran transition zone are higher than at other stations. Also the velocity vectors at stations were determined while using the software GAMIT/GLOBK.

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26

Sholeh, Ali, Ebrahim Rastad, David Huston, J. Bruce Gemmell, and Ryan D. Taylor. "The Chahnaly Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit, Western Makran Volcanic Arc, Southeast Iran." Economic Geology 111, no. 3 (April 8, 2016): 619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.3.619.

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27

Moghadam, Hadi Shafaii, Shoji Arai, William L. Griffin, Mohamed Z. Khedr, Emilio Saccani, Hadrien Henry, Suzanne Y. O'Reilly, and Ghasem Ghorbani. "Geochemical variability among stratiform chromitites and ultramafic rocks from Western Makran, South Iran." Lithos 412-413 (March 2022): 106591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106591.

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28

Feizi, Faranak, Mehran Arian, and Artin Arian. "Mud Diapirism on the Makran, Iran: Case Study on the Napag Mud Volcano." Open Journal of Geology 05, no. 05 (2015): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2015.55027.

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29

Shahabpour, Jamshid. "Tectonic implications of the geochemical data from the Makran igneous rocks in Iran." Island Arc 19, no. 4 (September 28, 2010): 676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2010.00723.x.

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30

Crimes, T. P., and G. J. H. McCall. "A diverse ichnofauna from Eocene‐Miocene rocks of the Makran Range (S.E. Iran)." Ichnos 3, no. 4 (January 1995): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420949509386394.

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31

Motaghi, K., E. Shabanian, and T. Nozad-Khalil. "Deep structure of the western coast of the Makran subduction zone, SE Iran." Tectonophysics 776 (February 2020): 228314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228314.

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32

Souri, Maryam, Ahmad Ahmadikhalaji, Mohammad Ebrahimi, and Rasoul Esmaeili. "Petrology and geochemistry of the amphibolites from Makran accretionary complex, Southeast of Iran." Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/ijcm.31.1.45.

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33

Momeni, Payam, Katsuichiro Goda, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, and Jinhui Qin. "Stochastic Analysis of Tsunami Hazard of the 1945 Makran Subduction Zone Mw 8.1–8.3 Earthquakes." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110452.

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Анотація:

Historical records of major earthquakes in the northwestern Indian Ocean along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) indicate high potential tsunami hazards for coastal regions of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and western India. There are fast-growing and populous cities and ports that are economically important, such as Chabahar (Iran), Gwadar (Pakistan), Muscat (Oman), and Mumbai (India). In this study, we assess the tsunami hazard of the 1945 MSZ event (fatalities ≈300 people) using stochastic earthquake rupture models of Mw 8.1–8.3 by considering uncertainties related to rupture geometry and slip heterogeneity. To quantify the uncertainty of earthquake source characteristics in tsunami hazard analysis, 1000 stochastic tsunami scenarios are generated via a stochastic source modeling approach. There are main objectives of this study: (1) developing stochastic earthquake slip models for the MSZ, (2) comparing results of the simulation with the existing observations of the 1945 event, and (3) evaluating the effect of uncertain fault geometry and earthquake slip based on simulated near-shore wave profiles. The 1945 Makran earthquake is focused upon by comparing model predictions with existing observations, consisting of far-field tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges in Karachi and Mumbai and coseismic deformation along the Pakistani coast. The results identify the source model that matches the existing observations of the 1945 Makran event best among the stochastic sources. The length, width, mean slip, and maximum slip of the identified source model are 270 km, 130 km, 2.9 m, and 19.3 m, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami heights along the coastline to the location of a large-slip area is highlighted. The maximum heights of the tsunami and coseismic deformation results at Ormara are in the range of 0.3–7.0 m and −2.7 to 1.1 m, respectively, for the 1000 stochastic source models.

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34

Barbero, Edoardo, Morteza Delavari, Ashgar Dolati, Leila Vahedi, Antonio Langone, Michele Marroni, Luca Pandolfi, Federica Zaccarini, and Emilio Saccani. "Early Cretaceous Plume–Ridge Interaction Recorded in the Band-e-Zeyarat Ophiolite (North Makran, Iran): New Constraints from Petrological, Mineral Chemistry, and Geochronological Data." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121100.

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The North Makran domain (southeast Iran) is part of the Makran accretionary wedge and consists of an imbricate stack of continental and Neo-Tethyan oceanic tectonic units. Among these, the Band-e-Zeyarat ophiolite consists of (from bottom to top): ultramafic cumulates, layered gabbros, isotropic gabbros, a sheeted dyke complex, and a volcanic sequence. Sheeted dykes and volcanic rocks are mainly represented by basalts and minor andesites and rhyolites showing either normal-type (N) or enriched-type (E) mid-ocean ridge basalt affinities (MORB). These conclusions are also supported by mineral chemistry data. In addition, E-MORBs can be subdivided in distinct subtypes based on slightly different but significant light rare earth elements, Th, Nb, TiO2, and Ta contents. These chemical differences point out for different partial melting conditions of their mantle sources, in terms of source composition, partial melting degrees, and melting depths. U-Pb geochronological data on zircons from intrusive rocks gave ages ranging from 122 to 129 Ma. We suggest that the Band-e-Zeyarat ophiolite represents an Early Cretaceous chemical composite oceanic crust formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting by partial melting of a depleted suboceanic mantle variably metasomatized by plume-type components. This ophiolite records, therefore, an Early Cretaceous plume–ridge interaction in the Makran Neo-Tethys.

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35

Ghanavati, Ezatollah, Majid Shah-Hosseini, and Nick Marriner. "Analysis of the Makran Coastline of Iran’s Vulnerability to Global Sea-Level Rise." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080891.

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The SE coast of Iran is of great economic and environmental importance. Global climate change affects this coastline through sea level rise (SLR), compounded by a decrease in sediment budgets in coastal areas. This study developed a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for the SE coast of Iran using satellite, instrumental and field data. Eight risk variables were defined: coastal slope, regional coastal elevation, mean tidal range, mean significant wave height, rate of relative sea-level change, rate of shoreline change, environmental sensitivity and socio-economic sensitivity. The coast was divided into 27 segments based on geomorphic, environmental and socioeconomic traits. Coastal segments were categorized based on their vulnerability to each risk factor using a CVI. The resulting maps highlighted the vulnerability of each coastal segment to SLR. Approximately 50% of the coast is comprised of mostly rocky shores, which are less vulnerable to SLR. Approximately 33% of the coastal length, including sandy beaches, tidal flats and mangrove forests, were determined to be highly vulnerable to SLR. Approximately 12% of the coastline was determined to be moderately vulnerable. Population centers and infrastructure were ranked as highly-to-moderately vulnerable to SLR. This study highlighted the high vulnerability of low-lying areas, such as lagoons and mangroves, in the western part of the Iranian coast of Makran. Proper coastal management and mitigation plans are essential in the future to protect coastal societies and environments.

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36

Hoechner, Andreas, Andrey Y. Babeyko, and Natalia Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1339-2016.

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Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude-frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.

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37

Hoechner, A., A. Y. Babeyko, and N. Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 5191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-5191-2015.

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Анотація:

Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude–frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.

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38

JOULADEH-ROUBAR, ARASH, LALRAMLIANA, SABER VATANDOUST, HAMID REZA GHANAVI, and JÖRG FREYHOF. "Cabdio occidentalis, a new species from Lake Mashkid basin and the Makran region (Teleostei: Danionidae)." Zootaxa 5360, no. 3 (October 27, 2023): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.7.

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Cabdio occidentalis, new species, is described from the Lake Mashkid basin and the Makran region of Iran. It is distinguished from other species of the genus by a combination of characters: 38–42+1–2 total lateral-line scales, 19–23 predorsal scales, 9–11 pectoral-fin rays, and the absence of a keel between the pelvic-fin base and the genital papilla. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence separates C. occidentalis from C. morar, its closest congener, by a p-distance of 5.5%.

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39

ZAREI, FATAH, MARCELO KOVAČIĆ, HAMID REZA ESMAEILI, and MEHDI GHANBARIFARDI. "Morphological and molecular characterization of the Makran Glossogobius cf. giuris (Teleostei: Gobiidae) and the Glossogobius giuris species complex taxonomy." Zootaxa 5346, no. 1 (September 15, 2023): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5346.1.2.

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The Indo-West Pacific Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) species complex has four spatially circumscribed independent lineages, partially taxonomically resolved. A sample of gobies from the G. giuris species complex was recently collected from the Makran River System, south-eastern Iran, which drains into the northern Oman Sea. The taxonomic status of this population was clarified using a molecular and morphological framework. Molecular and morphological data both revealed that the examined sample from the Makran River System is conspecific with G. giuris B which is widely distributed in the coastal habitats and basins of the Indian Ocean. In addition, consensus from different molecular species delimitations, K2P genetic distance, and tree topologies confirmed the four lineages of the G. giuris species complex as distinct taxonomic entities, hereby highlighting the necessity of an integrative morphological and molecular approach to complete the clarification of taxonomic diversity within this group. Glossogobius giuris species complex taxonomy is discussed and solution recommended.

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40

Mehdinia, Ali, Fatemeh Bateni, Davoud Jahedi Vaighan, and Neda Sheijooni Fumani. "Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in marine sediment of Makran region, Chabahr bay, Iran." Marine Pollution Bulletin 164 (March 2021): 112038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112038.

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41

Zafarani, H., and M. R. Soghrat. "Selection and Modification of Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Makran Subduction Zone, Southeast Iran." Pure and Applied Geophysics 178, no. 4 (March 15, 2021): 1193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02690-6.

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42

Shahparian, Mina, Sima Fakheran, Hossein Moradi, Mahmoudreza Hemami, and Mohammad Shafiezadeh. "Modeling Habitat Suitability of the Dolphins Using MaxEnt in Makran Sea, South of Iran." Journal of Oceanography 7, no. 28 (January 1, 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.joc.7.28.47.

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43

Shirazi, Rouhollah. "The petroglyphs of the Kajou Valley, Makran, Iran: Tang Sar, Dehirak and Deskigan assemblages." Paléorient 42, no. 1 (2016): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2016.5700.

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44

Hunziker, D., J. P. Burg, E. Moulas, E. Reusser, and J. Omrani. "Formation and preservation of fresh lawsonite: Geothermobarometry of the North Makran Blueschists, southeast Iran." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 35, no. 8 (August 4, 2017): 871–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12259.

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45

Kananian, Ali, Thierry Juteau, Hervé Bellon, Ali Darvishzadeh, Mossaieb Sabzehi, Hubert Whitechurch, and Luc-Emmanuel Ricou. "The ophiolite massif of Kahnuj (western Makran, southern Iran): new geological and geochronological data." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 332, no. 9 (May 2001): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8050(01)01574-9.

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46

Okal, Emile A., Hermann M. Fritz, Mohammad Ali Hamzeh, and Javad Ghasemzadeh. "Field Survey of the 1945 Makran and 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunamis in Baluchistan, Iran." Pure and Applied Geophysics 172, no. 12 (August 9, 2015): 3343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1157-z.

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47

Khan, Waseem, Ke Zhang, Hao Liang, and Pengpeng Yu. "Geochemical Assessment of River Sediments at the Outlets of Eastern Makran, Pakistan; Implications for Source Area Weathering and Provenance." Minerals 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030348.

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The river sediments in the eastern Makran were investigated to determine the influence of climate, tectonics, and source rocks based on the geochemistry of sediment delivery to the offshore marine basin. Samples were collected at the outlets of four major drainage basins. The specimens were analyzed by XRF, ICP–MS, and ICP–AES. The geochemical concentrations of major, trace, and rare earth elements show great variation among the four outlets. The Rakhshan Kaur (RK), Shadi Kaur (SK), and Dasht Kaur (DK) represent more sorted and matured detrital sediments than those of the Hingol Kaur (HK). The detrital sediments at all outlets represent mostly humid climates except for the DK which falls at the junction of humid and semi-arid conditions. The studied samples show a low level of source area weathering. The sedimentary provenance of the RK and DK is due to the heterogeneous sources of detritus from Iran in the west and the older Eocene-Holocene sedimentary successions in the east. The sediment carried by SK is probably from the late Oligocene–Holocene succession from central and coastal Makran. The HK represents a heterogeneous provenance from the Kirthar-Sulaiman Belt, Bela Ophiolites, and sedimentary successions of central and coastal Makran. The tectonic environments of all river sediments signify a continental arc rather than an active continental margin.

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48

Khiabani Moghadam, آرش, محمد Poosti, and غلامرضا Ghadami. "Geothermobarometry and petrogenesis of Chahar Dahane peridotites, West margin of Makran zone, Hormozgan province, Iran." Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 28, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijcm.28.3.723.

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49

Moazzen, Mohssen, and Hadi Omrani. "Iranshahr Blueschists as Results of Subduction of the Neotethys Inner Makran Oceanic Crust, SE Iran." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (December 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_41.

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50

Abedi, Maysam, and Abbas Bahroudi. "A geophysical potential field study to image the Makran subduction zone in SE of Iran." Tectonophysics 688 (October 2016): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.025.

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