Дисертації з теми "Maïs – Effets de la lumière"
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Serouart, Mario. "Intraspecific competition in maize : Observation through in situ phenotyping, in silico modelling, light regime and application to sowing structure optimization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0427.
Agroecology integrates ecological principles into agriculture to enhance crop resilience by limiting inputs and maximizing efficiency of natural resources or mechanisms. This latter point is the focus of this thesis. Indeed, one option to enhance the performance of agricultural systems is to optimize plant architecture increasing radiation interception efficiency. This improvement could be achieved through a natural mechanism called phenotypic plasticity. In a competitive environment, with high plant density, maize plants optimize their position by adjusting the arrangement of their photosynthetic organs (leaves) based on neighboring plants, through biophysical processes. Thus, a shade reduction dynamic could limit the illuminated surface area lost at the canopy level. Following this hypothesis, this study aims to understand the influence of plant canopy on its ability to intercept light. This involves two levels of study: maize architecture at the individual plant level and the overall population architecture through sowing patterns, defined by density and row spacing. Our analyses rely on both true field trials, to be as close to real conditions (in situ) as possible, and 3D reconstructions of canopy, establishing a radiative balance on these virtual scenes (in silico). Concerning in situ data, they were collected over the three years of thesis. An unique panel of five hybrid was studied under various sowing patterns configurations, creating more or less competitive environments depending on plant density and spacing between them. A set of aerial characteristics was precisely described for each treatment and trial. This was done through manual acquisitions or indirect estimations using high-throughput phenotyping. Special emphasis was placed on genetic and environmental differences in leaf orientations. This focus, on this specific trait, is due not only to its importance in light interception but also to a lack of knowledge identified in the state of the art. For this purpose, we developed an image analysis algorithm to describe the interactions gxE of induced plasticity by modifying row spacing. Subsequently, thanks to this focus and using data from other aerial parameters collected, allometric relationships were used to model (in silico) virtual canopies. These relationships are considered realistic as they explicitly derive from what was observed in the field. In these cases, they are referred as digital twins. This reconstruction method allowed simulating several architectural specificities both at the individual and population levels. Thus, estimating their influence on the light regime to extract ideotypes, i.e., the best theoretical configurations for optimizing yield. Finally, these conclusions were compared to the actual yield measurements from the three years of experiments to study the reliability of the integrative approach on the yield maximization issue. The results of these analyses revealed significant differences both within hybrids and sowing patterns. Particularly in leaf positioning, showing a strong predominance of leaves oriented perpendicularly to the row direction with increasing intra-row competition. However, we found that this behavior ultimately had little influence on light interception thanks to sensitivity analysis (max. 25% importance). However, it turned out that vertical leaf inclination is the main architectural variable that regulates light intensity and its distribution. In this regard, plants with more erectophilic leaves will result in increased canopy photosynthesis. Finally, the configuration of the sowing pattern played a crucial role. According to this thesis work, reducing row spacing systematically had a positive impact on yield, regardless of the density considered. The magnitudes of yield gains involved in narrowing rows are approximately +1.0 to 2.0 t/ha when sowing at high density (>10 plts/m²) and considering relatively short row distances (<0.6m)
Tremblay-Boeuf, Valérie. "Effets des contraintes mécaniques sur l'exsudation racinaire du maïs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL079N.
Lejeune, Pierre. "Etude physiologique de l'initiation de l'inflorescence femelle chez le maïs (Zea mays L. )." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10286.
Tchénio, Paul. "Transitoires cohérents en lumière incohérente : effets de champ fort." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112006.
Eyheraguibel, Boris. "Caractérisation des substances humiques biomimétiques : effets sur les végétaux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7380/1/eyheraguibel.pdf.
L'Huillier, Laurent. "Biodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols ferrallitiques ferritiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : effets toxiques de Ni sur le développement et la physiologie du maïs." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20292.
CHAMAILLARD, KARINE. "Etude statistique des effets de rugosite des grains de poussieres sur leurs proprietes optiques." Cergy-Pontoise, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CERG0081.
Bellando, de Castro Louis. "Localisation de la lumière et effets coopératifs dans des nuages d'atomes froids." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988897.
Zec, Mile. "Effets de l'application foliaire de phosphore, de magnesium et de zinc sur maïs (Zea mays L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212034.
Boivin, François. "Effets de la géométrie de surface de champs de maïs sur la rétrodiffusion du ROS-C." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7823.
Delteil, Aymeric. "Exaltation multicorps du couplage lumière-matière." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793607.
Shlesinger, Ilan. "Contrôle de l'émission spontanée de lumière par effets collectifs en présence d'un résonateur." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLO006/document.
Spontaneous emission of light is not an intrinsic property of an emitter. On the one hand, it depends on the electromagnetic environment. On the other hand, it depends on the presence of other emitters with whom it may interact and generate interferences. Up to date, very few studies address the question of multiple interacting emitters coupled to a resonator. The goal of this thesis is to combine both collective effects and nanoresonators to control the spontaneous emission and scattering of light emitters.First, we theoretically study an ideal system consisting of two emitters coupled to a resonator. The emitters are in close proximity, and the dipole-dipole interaction generates a superradiant state and a subradiant state. The system that we obtain behaves as an efficient, and tunable, single photon source and quantum memory. We then switch to the case of a plasmonic resonator with an antisymmetric mode, which allows to efficiently excite the subradiant state. We show that this results in an enhancement of the Purcell effect while maintaining a spectrally narrow state.In the second part of this thesis, we explore a system of a large number of emitters coupled to a surface plasmon travelling along a metal-air interface.The emitters are nanoplatelets, also called colloidal quantum wells. Strong coupling is obtained when a layer of nanoplatelets is deposited on top of the metal. The coupling of the nanoplatelets to the surface plasmon allows to obtain directional and polarized light emission
Kachaya, Mona. "Amas d'argent induit dans des films minces de chlorure d'argent par implantation ionique et illumination : formation et stabilité." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10069.
Cherrier, Richard. "Impact sur l'environnement de deux herbicides du maïs : la sulcotrione et l'atrazine : influence du changement d'apports organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL076N.
This study investigates the process at the origin of the become of sulcotrione in soil. We did investigate also the effect of various agricultural amendments on the dynamic of the molecule, in comparison to atrazine's. Adsorption characteristics of the molecules on soil were determined by the experiments led in batch. Degradation was followed through time in controlled conditions with incubation as weil as in natural conditions thanks to soil columns. These last were used to assess also leaching of the molecules. Results show a weak affinity of the sulcotrione with soil constituents (23% of the applied dose) as well as an easy desorption (99% of the applied dose) leading a weak hysteresis. It degradation in controlled conditions as well as natural was fairly rapid (20% mineralization, 40% of extractible residues and 30% of bound residues after 60 days). This led to the apparition of two metabolites with mainly CMBA. Percolates obtained in soil columns did confmn the mobility properties of the sulcotrione (14% of the applied dose) after a period of one month. The changes in organic amendments highlighted that the aggregates of soils amended with compost manure, in comparison to traditional amendment, showed a higher stability and a less developed network of interconnected macro-pores. These modifications decrease the availability of the intraaggregates adsorption sites towards pesticides. Our results hypothesize that we would tend towards same environmental difficultes if the sulcotrione was as much applied as atrazine
Abidi, Farouk. "Effets de la qualité de la lumière sur l'élaboration de l'architecture du rosier buisson." Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871779.
The global shape of an ornamental plant is one of its major aesthetic criteria. It is controled by its architecture, particularly by bud bursting and shoot elongation. Environmental factors including light have a strong impact on both processes. The management of the lighting conditions during plant culture could help to produce plants with innovative shapes, using environmentally-friendly practices. However, there is a significant lack of knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of plant development by light. In this thesis, we studied the effect of blue light on the architectural development of two varieties of rose bushes coupling morphological, histological and molecular approaches. Our results show that monochromatic blue light has a depressive effect on the photosynthetic assimilation of roses but induces in both cultivars, same meristem organogenetic activity, internodes growth and floral development than full spectrum light. On the contrary, the removal of blue raies from white light stimulates the elongation of the first order axis in one of the two studied cultivars. This stimulation results from the increase of leaf photosynthetic assimilation and internode cell elongation. This photo-control is exerted on the expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and cell wall loosening. Our study of photoreceptor mutants in pea suggests that phytochrome B is the major photoreceptor involved in this response to blue light
Xu, Yong. "Étude des effets de la lumière sur les propriétés électriques d’une jonction tunnel magnétique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0256/document.
This thesis is devoted to the study of the effects of light on a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). A MTJ is made of a nanometer thick insulating layer sandwiched between the two magnetic layers. When an electric current is injected into such a structure, a voltage can be measured across the insulating layer. This voltage depends on the relative orientation of the magnetizations of the two magnetic layers. This is known as the tunnel magneto-resistance effect. We have shown in this thesis that voltage depending on the orientation of the magnetic layers can be measured when the junction is illuminated with light. By studying the influence of the substrate, the position of the light beam, the wave length of light and the response of the system to a laser pulse, we have been able to demonstrate the presence of photovoltaic and Seebeck effects. These results show that it is possible, thanks to the sunlight, to read the information from magnetic memory (MRAM) made of a MTJ
Rouabah, Mohamed Taha. "Effets de cohérence en diffusion multiple de la lumière et intrication des états cohérents." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4012/document.
This work is devoted on the one hand to the investigation of coherence effects in multiple scattering of light by an atomic cloud and on the other hand to the entanglement of a deformed coherent state. The interaction between light and a dilute disordered atomic cloud gives rise to collective coherent effects due to the interaction of the induced dipoles via the external field. The behavior of such coherent effects in multiple scattering regime is an important question for various physical systems. We present two theoretical models describing those coherence effects in different scattering regimes. The scattering order expansion treatment of light scattering allows us to highlight the role of the first and second scattering orders as well as the interference between the resulting scattered fields. In the multiple scattering regime we show that the radiation pressure force is not a good observable to probe cooperative effects. Furthermore, we discover a surprising phase coherence that hints that collective effects may survive in multiple scattering regime. That could be due to a synchronization between the induced atomic dipoles. In a second part, we study the effect of an algebra deformation on entangled coherent states. Such an approach allows to describe decoherence in perturbed entangled quantum systems. We construct a deformed coherent state and calculate their concurrence. We show that algebra deformation could have a non negligible impact on bipartite entangled coherent states if those later are not maximally entangled
Chehadi, Zeinab. "Nanostructures hybrides Au/Semi-conducteur : investigation des effets plasmoniques en catalyse sous lumière visible." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0016/document.
The excitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of Gold NanoParticles (GNPs) can give many physical effects such as near-field enhancement, heat generation and hot electron injection, which have been investigated in many chemical transformations. In that context, the plasmonic photocatalysis based on electron transfer from GNP to a semi-conductor has been proposed. However, few studies are focused on the influence of LSPR features and the respective contribution of its local effects (thermal and electronic) on the photocatalytic activity. These issues are addressed herein through 3 catalytic reactions. First, the efficient and selective oxidation of glycerol in the presence of supported GNPs is demonstrated under laser irradiation and without any external source of heat, thanks to the local heat generation and hot electron transfer. The respective contributions of these effects is further investigated in plasmonic photocatalysis by following the degradation of Bisphenol-A. Our results show that GNP plays a major role through hot electron transfer but also as a nano-source of heat that accelerates the reaction and leads to a fast and total elimination of this endocrine disruptor. Finally, an optical set-up is developed for studying the plasmonic photocatalysis at the nanoscale. For this, a hybrid system of GNPs coupled to a TiO2 nanofilm is realized by laser nanostructuring. Our investigations show that photocatalytic activity is correlated to the LSPR (size and shape of GNPs, hot spots). These results open the way for exploiting valuable and industrial reactions under solar light
Verlot, Pierre. "Etude des effets de pression de radiation et des limites quantiques du couplage optomécanique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066343.
Berthier, Alexandre. "Transport du saccharose chez le Ray-grass anglais (Lolium perenne L. ) : réponse à la défoliation et à l’intensité lumineuse : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2001.
We wanted to determine the nature of sucrose transport, isolate, characterize and localize one or more sucrose transporters (SUTs) and assess if these SUTs respond to defoliation or to a modulation of light intensity before and/or after defoliation in rye-grass. Sucrose transport is apoplastic. It depends on a multigenic family of SUTs that were identified for the first time in rye-grass (LpSUT1, LpSUT2). The functional characterization of LpSUT2, which possess a cytoplasmic inner loop, was also successfully realized for the first time in a Monocot species. LpSUT2 is inhibited by fructose, which is a remarkable result for a fructan-accumulating plant, thus suggesting that this SUT could be the perception site of a sugar signal. The expression and the localization of these SUTs, mainly in the mesophyll, suggest that they play a great role for the distribution of C resources within the regrowing plant. The LpSUT1transcript level increases in the few hours following defoliation and might be regulated by sucrose content. LpSUT1 could be implicated in the lateral sucrose transport associated to the storage and/or the mobilization of fructans. The LpSUT2 transcripts are not sensitive to defoliation, but they are surprisingly modulated by light intensity before and/or after defoliation, which could strikingly match their putative role of sugar sensors. Because neither LpSUT1 nor LpSUT2 are localized within phloem tissues, this suggest the existence of other SUTs. The present results allow to better understand regrowth mechanism within a perennial forage species accumulating fructans
Ponts, Nadia. "Influence de stress oxydatifs sur la biosynthèse de mycotoxines de Fusarium spp. Contaminantes de l'épi de maïs." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13112.
Joly, Pierre. "Etude des effets de mélanges d'herbicides employés sur le maïs, sur les communautés microbiennes édaphiques : approche en microcosmes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020037.
Ibrahim, Tharwat. "Dendrologie et fonctionnement hydrique de jeunes plants forestiers en relation avec la lumière et la sécheresse édaphique." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10094.
This work had as first objective the analysis of water relations of five forest species (Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, Quercus petraea, Quercus péd onculé et acer pseudoplatanus) in relation with the irradiance. We used a conductmetre (the hydraulic methods) to measure the loss of the conductivity PLC in the side-branches (2years) for these different species. Clear differences observed between species and treatments. This gradient is strongly correlated with irradiance that branches received during the growth. Vulnerability curves for the four studied species are presented figure. We noticed a higher vulnerability for birch. The shape of the curves for the other species were very close. In each case, seedlings grown under shade presented an higher vulnerability than full light. Differences were highly significant. Differences between Psi 50% for extreme treatments (full light and deep shade) could reach 1 MPa. Xylem anatomy presents for all the studied species a high dependence with irradiance. The Oak presented the largest vessels and the weakest vessel densities globally. The impact of the luminous climate was very clean, with a gradual reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in weak light with a clean reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in all species. . . .
Paillard, Charles. "Effets photo-induits dans les multiferroïques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC055/document.
The need for clean and renewable energy, as well as constantly improved numerical performances have been two of the most important driving forces in research worldwide. In this light, multiferroic materials, which are materials presenting several ferroic order, have been widely investigated towards their application in electronics and computation, or as sensors. Recently, they have been also considered for their potential use to generate energy through the photovoltaic effect. However, power conversion have remained poor compared to existing technologies such as p-n junction silicon based solar cells, mainly because of their wide bandgap and low mobility of the carriers. Nevertheless, multiferroic materials often present a vast number of degrees of freedom, and their interaction with light cannot be reduced to the sole photovoltaic effect.In this work, we study from first-principles the interaction of light and strain in the multiferroic bismuth ferrite, and find that the so-called photostriction effect originates from a screening of the polarization at the unit cell scale, which results in a photo-induced strain via the action of the converse piezoelectric effect. A solid solution of lead nickel niobium and lead titanate, exhibiting large electromechanical properties at its morphotropic phase boundary, is then synthesized, and its optical and photoinduced properties are studied. Also, the influence of defects at domain walls in the model ferroelectric lead titanate is studied from ab-initio calculations, in order to understand why domain walls exhibit a large conductivity compared to the domains. It is found that defects are more likely to form at the domain wall, and provide it with extra-carriers. Eventually, the advances in a recently considered spin-orbit energy term, the Angular MagnetoElectric coupling (AME), are considered and applied to the Inverse Faraday Effect (IFE), that is the existence of a magnetic field induced by circularly polarized light
Briant, Tristan. "Caractérisation du couplage optomécanique entre la lumière et un miroir : bruit thermique et effets quantiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004972.
Nous avons mesuré le bruit thermique du miroir et suivi son évolution temporelle dans l'espace des phases. Nous avons refroidi le miroir en exerçant une force de friction froide et obtenu une compression du bruit thermique dans l'espace des phases.
Une étude spatiale des modes acoustiques internes a été réalisée pour différentes géométries du miroir, en balayant une force de pression de radiation sur la surface du miroir. Les résultats valident les modèles théoriques utilisés pour les interféromètres gravitationnels et permet de définir une géométrie favorable à la démonstration des effets quantiques du couplage optomécanique.
Nous présentons également une étude théorique des bruits thermiques et quantiques dans un nouveau type d'antenne gravitationnelle, constituée de deux sphères imbriquées.
Dupuis, Isabelle. "Fécondation in vitro chez le maïs : étude de la réceptivité femelle et des stress thermiques." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10079.
Askenazi, Benjamin. "Du couplage ultra-fort lumière-matière : nouvelle Ingénierie de Métamatériaux Térahertz." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC127.
Sub-wavelength patterning of one or several materials can give rire to "metamaterials", with artificial electromagnetic properties. This work is focused on the design and realization of THz metamaterials, exploiting plasmonic cavity engineering and many-body effects in a dense electron gas. In the first part of this manuscript, many-body effects are investigated through the optical response of an electron gas in a semiconductor layer. The electron gas displays a cooperative response to an incident electromagnetic field : its absorption spectrum shows a unique sharp resonance, centred at an energy that depends on the electronic density and on the confinement. A model is presented that describes infrared absorption of thin doped semiconductor layers as well as intersubband absorption in a quantum well. When a highly doped semiconductor layer is inserted in a metallic microcavity, the so called "ultra-strong" coupling regime is achieved between the electronic many-body excitation and the cavity fundamental optical mode. Through an optimization of the cavity geometry, I demonstrate a record value of the relative coupling strength at room temperature. The ultra-strong coupling regime is then used for two different applications: a metamaterial with an artificial photonic reflectivity band and a cavity with an extremely high effective index. Those cavities are then used to realize an incandescent THz source, operating at room temperature
Massier, Sébastien. "Effets du traitement par la Lumière Pulsée sur la physiologie de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et d'Enterococcus faecalis." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES030.
This work is devoted to the study of the bacterial response of Pseudomonas and Enterococcus genus against Pulsed Light treatment (PL). First, the characterization of the PL decontamination unit has chosen a configuration for achieving uniform treatment and to know the physical characteristics. On the other hand, very rapid kinetics destructions of bacterial cultures are obtained in this configuration (reduction of 9 logarithm units a few seconds). In this study, we showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually more sensitive than Enterococcus faecalis with respect to the same intensity treatment. However and interestingly Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to adapt to a lethal treatment LP when subjected to sublethal PL doses. While Enterococcus faecalis showed a mutation rate increased after treatment. These different mechanisms used by bacteria in order to cope with the deleterious PL effects were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in these responses
Obeid, Nada. "Régime juridique du divorce : causes et conséquences, réforme du droit libanais à la lumière du droit français." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G012.
Lebanon is known for its original and specific system relevant to its history and the Lebanese society is a pluralistic society made up of different communities, each having its own traditions, beliefs and organization. This pluralism permeates the various structures of the State, based on the balance of representation of communities. It also reflects on its legal system, which seeks to preserve the communities’ identities, mainly in matters of personal status where the traditional powers of the religious authorities are recognized by the State and ensured by civil effectiveness. However, religious pluralism and the prevalence of the religious in terms of civil status are considered "as an anachronism, as a brake retarding the growth of the State and the realization of the unity of the Nation". Thus, for the same cause and for the same reasons, the inhabitants of the same country, Lebanon, are judged differently, and sometimes in a contradictory manner as well, for the sole fact that they belong to such a religion and not to another. In marriage law, divorce, for the same reasons, may be legitimately granted to some and legitimately denied to others. Moreover, "based on truths often revealed, religious rights would be incapable of conveying the reforms that modern society calls for", in particular the liberalization of the right of divorce which explicitly retains only divorce-sanction and implicitly divorce-remedy due to illness only. The confrontation of the family rights of the divorce - Lebanese and French - will make it possible to highlight the differences which oppose them and the principles that underlie them and to see in what sense and to what extent a reform of the Lebanese law of the divorce is possible in the light of the French law of divorce, the civil law which has liberalized the conception of divorce
Leitao, Louis. "Impact de l'ozone sur la photosynthèse : effets sur les carboxylases (PEPc et Rubisco) des plantes en C3 et en C4." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3016.
In order to study chronic and realistic ozone stress on C3 and C4 plant carboxylating enzymes, effects of increasing ozone concentrations on PEPc (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) enzymes have been determined and compared in bean (C3) and maize (C4) plants. We intended to seek possible correlations between carboxylases ' activity, quantity and quality, and connect them to pigment contents which can describe foliar senescence state. Using an open top chamber technology, it has been determined that, according to pollutant concentration and dynamic of exposure, ozone can modify bean and maize carboxylases' activity and quantity, as well as pigment contents. These modifications could be associated with foliar symptoms and/or plant biomass reductions. On bean, ozone could stimulate PEPc anaplerotic isoform activity whereas it could reduce Rubisco's one. Rubisco activity decrease had been associated with the formation of Rubisco small subunits carbonyls and with a decrease of native Rubisco's amount. In maize plants, moderate ozone concentrations have been shown to stimulate PEPc and Rubisco activities and contents whereas these same criteria were reduced by higher ozone concentrations. Real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that only some of these variations can be explained at transcriptional level
Rousselet-Perraut, Karine. "Modélisation des effets de polarisation dans un interféromètre stellaire : application aux observations astronomiques haute résolution angulaire en lumière polarisée." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30034.
Arthaut, Louis-David. "Effets de la lumière bleue et du champ magnétique sur la synthèse des ROS par le cryptochrome." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS400.
Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that absorb blue light, they are found in animals and plants and have multiple signaling roles. In plants they can regulate growth, development, circadian rhythms or stress; in animals they also regulate circadian rhythms and stress responses. Their activation in the presence of blue light is reflected biochemically by the photoreduction of the flavin which is associated with these proteins, this cofactor then triggers a conformational change of the C-terminus domain that will allow the binding of cryptochromes to multiple partners responsible for signaling. Today, research on the functioning of cryptochromes is based on new fields of study, among them are their link with the ROS and their sensitivity to magnetic fields. In our work we show for the first time that animal cryptochromes can also directly synthesize some ROS after activation in blue light, and that this synthesis which is also observed in plants has a signaling role. Finally, we have linked their magnetoreception property with their ROS synthesis in animal cell models
Forzani, Céline. "Caractérisation de fragments d'ADN de plantes et de "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" conférant à la levure une résistance au nickel." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20205.
Cottier, Florent. "Interaction lumière-atomes : approche de champ moyen et fluctuations d’intensité." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4024/document.
In this thesis, we investigate the coherent scattering of light propagating in a random medium. We are interested in phenomena like the super- and subradiance and Anderson localization that are related to waves interferences and spatial disorder. However, the fundamental difference between subradiance and Anderson localization still needs to be clarified. This thesis gives new elements for the understanding of these phenomena and we present a new method to observe Anderson localization. A mean-field model that does not contain disorder is developed, and we show that super- and subradiance do not require disorder whereas Anderson localization does. In this theoretical work, the coupling between the light and many atoms is reduced to a coupling matrix between the atoms by tracing over the degrees of freedom of the light, which results in a linear problem for the atomic dipoles. The study of the eigenvalues and eigenmodes of this matrix then allows to determine the super- and subradiant modes, and to probe the Anderson localization phase transition with a scaling analysis. Furthermore, the link to the experiment is realized by showing that the intensity fluctuations present an increase at the localization transition. The system is studied in the steady-state regime when the medium is continuously charged by a laser until reaches a stationary regime, and the decay dynamics, when the laser is switched off, so the cloud releases the energy stored. Finally, we present a preliminary work that shows that the diagonal disorder might be a good strategy to reach Anderson localization
Sentenac, Hervé. "Relation structure-fonction dans la racine : effets du squelette pariétal sur les transports membranaires." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20210.
Boivin, Catherine. "Effet de l'intensité lumineuse sur le contrôle de la reproduction chez la brebis et sur la croissance des agneaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24666/24666.pdf.
Lachance, Marie-Pier. "Impact d'une photopériode prolongée en maternité sur les performances et le comportement des truies et des porcelets." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27193/27193.pdf.
Martineau, Elsa. "Rôle joué par le potassium dans la réponse au déficit hydrique du maïs (Zea mays L.) : des mécanismes physiologiques au fonctionnement intégré du peuplement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0286/document.
Potassium (K) is a major nutrient known to help plants resist drought. In the context of climate change,quantifying the role of K on maize physiological acclimation to reduced precipitations is essential to betterpredict future productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under controlled or field conditions weresubmitted to different K and water levels. Plant growth (shoot and root biomass, grain yield) as well as plantwater status (transpiration, stomatal conductance, water potential) and ecophysiological mechanisms of Carbonmetabolism (photosynthesis, sugar transport) were studied. Regardless of the water regime and experimentalconditions, K nutrition increased growth and whole-plant development and improved grain yield. The effect ofwater stress on stomatal regulation was not straightforward and depended on the level of K fertilization. Theeffects of water or K deficit tend to decrease photosynthesis. Drought or K nutrition affected more leafphotosynthesis in old than in young leaves, and sugar transport did not seem to be a growth limiting factor. Ourresults demonstrated a strong effect of K on biomass production and a higher water use efficiency with less of animpact on leaf-level physiology. This better water use was mainly the consequence of the positive effect of leafarea on yield, and not due to a reduce water use
Martinet, Quentin. "Étude des effets environnementaux sur les modes acoustiques confinés de nanoparticules par diffusion inélastique de la lumière." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1152/document.
Over the past twenty years, inelastic light scattering by vibrational eigenmodes of nanoparticles, called Lamb modes, has proven to be an effective method for characterizing the size and mechanical properties of nano-objects. The resonant frequency of a nano-sphere, in the gigahertz range, is given, as a first approximation, by the ratio of the acoustic velocity of the bulk material and the size of confinement. The refinements of the theoretical model allow to obtain, from these eigenmodes, information on the shape and local environment of nano-objects.The objective of this thesis is to probe the domain of validity of the Lamb model, to analyze the different impacts of the environment on eigenmodes and to develop a new strategy to measure them. Several aspects of interaction with the external medium can be considered depending on the system studied. On the one hand, the delocalization of the acoustic wave in the case of core shell systems is ruled by the acoustic impedance of the core and the shell and leads to a mechanical coupling. On the other hand, the inertial mass effect induced by the presence of organic ligands on the surface of the particle modifies the resonant frequency. The validity of both approaches is discussed according to the configuration and these models are applied to real cases, such as semiconductor core shell nanoparticles and nanoplatelets, or gold colloidal clusters. The inertial mass effect is significant for small objects and it is shown the feasibility to realize ultra-sensitive nano-balance capable of probing the local environment of nano-objects. Furthermore, in the case of gold clusters, this approach makes it possible to discuss the limit of the Lamb model, based on continuum mechanics, to interpret vibrations involving only six atoms. Thanks to low frequency Raman spectroscopy, it appears that the experimental results are in good agreement with both the continuum mechanics approach, by considering the inertial mass effect, and also with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the experimental development of an optical set-up capable of measuring low frequency Raman modes on a single nanoparticle in a liquid medium is presented. This technic requires to localize a nanoparticle in a liquid medium with plasmonic tweezers and to enhance the low frequency Raman signal by stimulating vibrational modes with electrostriction. The perspectives are to apply this method to the dynamical study of a single object such as viruses or proteins
Martinot-Lagarde, Gregoire. "Effets mécaniques de la lumière sur des sphères de polystyrène dans l'eau : mesure et applications physico-chimiques." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10595.
Kojadinovic, Mila. "Effets antagonistes de l'oxygène et de la lumière sur la régulation de la photosynthèse et de la respiration chez Rhodopseudomonas palustris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22041.pdf.
The photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris is able to develop using photosynthesis or respiration. Extraordinarily, it possesses six bacteriophytochromes and two PpsR transcriptional regulators. This work aimed at studying bacteriophytochromes and PpsR roles in the regulation of photosynthesis and respiration by light and oxygen. The study of photosystem synthesis and respiratory activity in Rps. Palustris WT, or inactivated in bacteriophytochromes or in PpsRs showed that (i) the bacteriophytochrome RpBphP1, activated by a far red illumination can trigger photosystem synthesis, by counterbalancing PpsR2 repressive effect, from microaerobic to aerobic conditions ; (ii) that LH2 antennae synthesis is activated by the PpsR1 transcriptional regulator and the bacteriophytochrome RpBphP4, which, depending on the Rps. Palustris strain, can be an oxygen sensor or a light sensor and (iii) that RpBphP1, PpsR1 and PpsR2 are involved in the regulation of Rps. Palustris respiratory activity by far red light. Considering the results obtained combining in silico, molecular biology and biochemistry approaches, we propose that the bacteriophytochrome RpBphP1, by inhibiting PpsR2 activation on the transcription of sucA – encoding the subunit E1 of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, a central enzyme in the Krebs cycle – is responsible for a 40% respiration limitation under far red illumination relative to darkness. Our results showed that a far red illumination, via RpBphP1 action on PpsR2, has a double effect since it activates photosystem synthesis on the one hand, and limits respiration on the other hand. This work also revealed that PpsR1 and PpsR2 regulators are both transcriptional repressors and activators, which can have joint or opposite effects. Finally, we showed that the molecular mechanisms responsible for the metabolic regulations encountered in Rps. Palustris are not all retrieved in the phylogenetically closely related bacterium, Bradyrhizobium ORS278
Laffort, Brigitte. "Orientation spatiale et lumière polarisée chez Talitrus saltator (Crustacea, Amphipoda) aspects comportementaux et évolutifs." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30104.
Bockstaller, Christian. "Taille et forme des semences de maïs (Zea mays l. ) : variabilité et effets sur la croissance, le développement et le rendement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_BOCKSTALLER_C.pdf.
N'Zoué, Affoué Angèle. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des souches de Bradyrhizobium impliquées dans les cultures mixtes niébé-soja-arachide/céréales (maïs) en Côte d’ivoire : approche méthodologique par analyse multi-locus (MLSA) : étude des effets PGPR sur le maïs." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20221.
Bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. In Côte d'Ivoire, mixed-cropping systems associating cowpea, groundnut, soybean and maize are practiced in agriculture. The aim of this PhD was to describe the genetic and functional diversity of legume symbionts found in these mixed-cropping systems, and their PGPR effects on maize. First we developed a Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (on 9 conserved genes) on a collection of reference strains (from Aeschynomene) to detect most informative genes for Bradyrhizobium classification. Three gene-loci dnaK, glnB and recA congruent among each other and with previous taxonomic data, were chosen to study the genetic diversity of two collections of strains derived from mixed cereal/legume crops in Côte d'Ivoire and from soybean in India. Symbiotic properties of isolates from Côte d'Ivoire were analyzed in detail, revealing a large functional diversity in terms of plant host range (cowpea, groundnut and soybean) with variable efficiency according to strains. Several efficient strains on legumes also showed plant growth promotion (PGP) on traditional maize varieties from Côte d'Ivoire, demonstrating tripartite rhizobium-legume-cereal interactions. Microscopic observation using GUS and GFP-labeled bacteria evidenced the endophytic status of several strains on maize. Some of the known characteristics of PGP effect were found in several strains (siderophores, ammonium production, pectinase, cellulase). These strains are promising models in fundamental research and could have beneficial applications for agriculture in Africa
Courties, Alicia. "Les effets de la lumière sur le métabolisme du carbone des bactéries marines contenant la protéorhodopsine : cas d’étude en culture continue d’une Gammaprotéobactérie Photobacterium angustum S14." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066672.
Since its discovery more than 10 years ago, there are more and more studies about proteorhodopsin. This protein seems to be significant in marine ecology considering its large global distribution among many bacterial taxa; but its role remains controversial. Although light response from proteorhodopsin-containing prokaryotes (PCPs) seems to be strain-dependent, it has been hypothesized that the main function of proteorhodopsin was to provide an advantage to PCPs during starvation conditions. In this work, we investigated the increase knowledge about the role of proteorhodopsin regarding the organic carbon utilization efficiency measured in the proteorhodopsin-containing Gammaproteobacterium (Photobacterium angustum S14) in the light compared to the dark. Carbon-limited continuous cultures have been used to mimic environmental conditions. Yields and energetic maintenance were determined according to Pirt’s model (1965) with acid pH or without supplementary pH-stress. We observed highest energetic maintenance in the dark under pH stress condition. However, when light-dark cycles were used, the energy required for bacterial maintenance was significantly decreased during all the run and nearly in the range without pH stress. Taking together, it seems that the response of P. Angustum S14 to light is more linked to the energetic balance than substrate concentration. The innovative results indicate a possible reason why many studies did not observe positive effects on bacterial growth and yield. In addition, PCP sequencing was performed to confirm these conclusions at a more large taxa scale
Briand, Decré Gwenaëlle. "L’influence des stimuli lumière et température sur les réponses émotionnelles et conatives des consommateurs au sein du point de vente." Paris 9, 2011. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2011PA090012.
While the influence of lighting and temperature on consumer behavior in retail outlets is of conceptual and managerial importance, they are understudied aspects of store environment. Based on a multidisciplinary literature (social psychology, psychiatry, ergonomics, medicine) and on Stimulus-Organism-Response models, our research aims at studying (1) the effect of these stimuli on affective and behavioral responses in retail outlets, (2) and the effect of uncomfortable levels of temperature as well. The moderating effects of season, optimal stimulation level and gender have been studied. From this perspective, two experiments have been conducted, one with digitally manipulated pictures and one in laboratory. The findings of the two experiments are convergent considering the main hypotheses and the influence of key variables. Managerial and conceptual implications are discussed
Lapie, Clémentine. "Caractérisation de la rhizodéposition du maïs (Zea mays L.) en réponse à la présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et d’éléments traces métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0237.
This thesis focuses on the functioning of the rhizosphere in the context of revegetation of contaminated soils. We evaluated the impact of model contaminants (phenanthrene and cadmium) on maize (Zea mays L.) rhizodeposition to better understand the role of rhizodeposition in the plant's tolerance to this type of abiotic stress. To this end, a system of plant cultivation and rhizodeposit collection was set up to assess the response of maize to pollutant exposure. Our methodological development aimed at placing the plants in conditions as close as possible as those of soil cultivation, while allowing the collection of the two main families of rhizodeposits: root exudates and mucilage. Tools for characterizing the collected rhizodeposits were developed (colorimetric analyses, LC-MS, GC-MS) in order to determine the main families of compounds emitted by roots such as carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins and organic acids. Finally, the role of the molecules highlighted in our experiments on pollutant dynamics was discussed. This study revealed changes in the metabolic profile of rhizodeposition in presence of pollutants and those differences may vary considering the nature of the pollutant (organic or metallic). Cd caused a decrease of almost all compound emissions by maize roots (total carbon, carbohydrates, amino acids). Only proteins did not appear to be affected by the presence of the metal, while the exudation of organic acids increased with Cd exposure. Phenanthrene, on the other hand, increased the quantity of exuded carbon while it decreased the carbon secreted in the mucilage. In addition, it induced an increase in the emission of simple and polymerized carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins while diffused organic acids decreased. In addition to the presence of pollutants, the development of maize was studied by analysing its rhizodeposition at the 4, 6 and 8-leaf stages. The effect of Cd on exudation seemed to increase from the 6-leaf stage, while that of phenanthrene tended to decrease. On the other hand, the influence of pollutants on mucilage seemed less marked and more constant over time. Finally, many rhizodeposited molecules have been identified as playing a role in the pollutants’ dynamics in the soil and therefore in their tolerance by the plant, in particular through complexation or solubilisation mechanisms
Mihiretie, Besira. "Effets mécaniques de la lumière sur des particules anisotropes micrométriques et dynamique du mouillage à l'interface eau-air." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869331.
Roco, Fossa Rodrigo. "Les effets de pairs à la lumière des interactions entre élèves et des dimensions subjectives du vécu scolaire." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665829.
Mihiretie, Besira. "Effets mécaniques de la lumière sur des particules anisotropes micrométriques et dynamique du mouillage à l’interface eau-air." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14813/document.
We report experiments on ellipsoidal micrometre-sized polystyrene particles. The particle aspect ratio (k) varies between about 0.2 and 8. These particles are manipulated in water by means of a moderately focused laser beam. We observe the levitation and the dynamical state of each particle in the laser beam, in bulk water or in contact to an interface (water-glass, water-air, water-oil). In the first part, we show that moderate-k particles are radially trapped with their long axis lying parallel to the beam. Conversely, elongated (k>3) or flattened (k<0.3) ellipsoids never come to rest, and permanently “dance” around the beam, through coupled translation-rotation motions. The dynamics are periodic or irregular (akin to chaos) depending on the particle type and beam characteristics. We propose a 2d model that indeed predicts the bifurcation between static and oscillating states. In the second part, we apply optical levitation to study the transition from total to partial wetting of the particles at the water-air interface. We show that the dynamics of the transition is about independent of particle shape, and mainly governed by the pinning-depinning mechanism of the contact line