Дисертації з теми "Maintenance de l'information génétique"
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Challita, Jihane. "Study of the mechanisms reponsible for the cohesion of sister chromosomes in bacteria." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL038.
Повний текст джерелаDuring cell proliferation, the maintenance of genetic information is essential. In bacteria, replication and segregation are concomitant. Replication starts at the single, bidirectional origin of replication of bacterial chromosomes. Two replication arms are then defined, and replication ends in a region diametrically opposite to the origin, the terminus. As replication progresses, the newly replicated sister chromosomes migrate to opposite cell compartments. However, microscopic observations suggest that there is a delay between replication and segregation, and that this delay varies along the length of chromosomes. The delay between replication and segregation of the sister copies of a genomic position is referred to as sister chromatid cohesion. During my PhD, I used the high-resolution tool that allows for a genome-wide analysis of Sister Chromatid Cohesion (High-SC2) and studied the cohesion profile of the model organism Vibrio cholerae. It has been shown in E. coli that the cohesion responsible for the variation of segregation speed is modulated by Topoisomerase IV, a major decatenating enzyme. One of the identified partners of this decatenase is an SMC complex, MukBEF. Cells carrying a mukB deletion show a production of anucleate cells, and a mispositioned origin of replication. Chromosome segregation is impaired, and therefore sister chromatid cohesion is increased overall. The Topo IV-MukBEF interaction is regulated by MatP, which seems to displace MukBEF from the terminus of replication, facilitating the association of the MukBEF complex with the origin of replication. I therefore decided to investigate the role of MukB, in the formation of the long-range patterns of cohesion in V. cholerae. Using genetic approaches coupled with the High-SC2 assay, I demonstrated that the deletion of mukB leads to an increase in cohesion on Chr1, especially on its left replication arm, far from the origin. These results suggested that MukB does not preferentially act on specific regions and that the differential effect of the mukB deletion on Chr1 and Chr2 is probably linked to differences in their origin of replication and/or partition systems. Previous observations in the lab have in fact shown that a double deletion of MukB and ParAB1 leads to a strong phenotype, thus I investigated its effect on the cohesion profile. My results show an additional increase of cohesion in Chr1 near the ori, suggesting that the partitioning system acts on the decohesion of the ori domain while MukB acts on the chromosomal arms. In addition, it has been shown that MatP kept the sister-copies of the ter domain of Chr1 together until cell division. I used the Hi-SC2 assay to study its role in the increased cohesion of this region. I showed that MatP was responsible for the cohesion of the ter1 domain at cell division not behind the replication fork, unlike MukB. My results have also shown that it is the density of the matS sites located on the ter domain of each chromosome that influence the level of cohesion of these domains
Guillaume, François. "Intégration de l'information moléculaire dans l'évaluation génétique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00574562.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Zihan. "Etude sur le droit à l'information génétique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30183.
Повний текст джерелаGenetic information has brought about profound social reform as one of the most important information resources in modern society. The protection of genetic information has concerned benefits of different entities including individuals, families, economic institutions and countries in multiple dimensions, such as private life, market and national strategy. In most of the prior research in this field, genetic information was confused with gene, as the material carrier, tissue samples and other type of personal information, neglecting the particularity of genetic information, or mere questioning of ethics and principles. But it is not enough to resolve the social problems and disputes in the case. This article establishing the vision of rights standard, along the research approach of "fact-theory-system", answers the questions: why protecting genetic information and why taking it as a right (Introduction). The article discusses the object of rights to genetic information(Chapter One), the subject of rights to genetic information(Chapter Two), the attributes of rights to genetic information(Chapter Three), developing the protection principles of rights to genetic information(Chapter Four). Finally, based on the above discussion, the author summarizes and reaffirms that the rights to genetic information is pointing to a new-type right by exploring the practice of protecting genetic information rights. In particular: In the first chapter, the author explores the genetic information, as the right object, in technological transformation. First of all, the paper defines the genetic information which differs from gene with the attributes of information and it must be acquired by Nucleic acid analysis and other scientific analysis. Second, the paper focusing on the social changes brought by genetic information, the author mainly explores the deep implications from technology to thinking-genetic information has been applied into DNA recombination technology, Human Genome Project and bio-pharmaceutical industries bring about great influence to our life through criminal justice and paternity test. Along with the technological innovation and thinking changes, new interests and disputes happened together. At last, the author explains the particularities of genetic information in technological transformation from the objective and subjective aspects
Pigeon, Anna. "Les enjeux juridiques de l'accès à l'information génétique." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10008.
Повний текст джерелаLe résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
Huang, Ying. "Elaboration of customized maintenance document for complex mechanical products." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6006.
Повний текст джерелаMaintenance documents are traditionally provided in the form of hardcopy supports for different users like end-users, maintenance technicians and manufacturers. These documents are generally elaborated for a standard product configuration and for general utilization conditions. In the traditional maintenance document, maintenance requirements are often predesigned. Once it is published, it is difficult to be updated to follow the product versions changing or to be adapted according to various Utilization Conditions (UCs). Therefore, the end users or technicians need more time to decide what appropriate maintenance tasks should be accomplished on the new configuration product with a new UC. In order to solve the problems discussed above, a more intelligent maintenance document (dynamic, electronic, customized) is proposed in this thesis which is named Customized Maintenance Document (CMD). The goal of this thesis is to outline a methodology for developing a CMD which shows how to customize the maintenance document for complex mechanical products to be used in different typical contextual conditions, for users with different skill levels and tasks. Three steps are focused in this thesis : knowledge integration process, decision making system design, and document model adoption. After collection and analysis of historical data (such as : utilization condition, structural data and operational data), knowledge is elicited in the form of case and embedded in the system to predict the failure rate of each unit. A multi-model decision making system is designed aiming to help users to find the most ideal maintenance tasks by analyzing the environment in which the complex mechanical product is operating. In order to present information in a better form and take the contextual knowledge into consideration, a semantic document modeling is designed which includes three layers : customized data modules layer, task-oriented document layer, and semantic network layer
Gallezot, Gabriel. "Techniques de l'information : usages de l'I.S.T. et construction des connaissances des recherches en génomique." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010608.
Повний текст джерелаFallet, Emilie. "Reconnaissance et maintenance des télomères en sénescence chez saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066800.
Повний текст джерелаTelomeres are the ends of linear chromosomes. Their specific nucleoprotein structure, consisting in repeated DNA sequences associated with specialized proteins, allows cells to distinguish them from DNA double-strand breaks. In Eukaryotes, they are maintained by a specialized cellular reverse-transcriptase, the telomerase. In the absence of telomerase, telomeres progressively shorten with each round of DNA replication until they promote a cycle arrest, termed replicative senescence. This arrest involves the DNA damage signalling pathway. During my PhD, I explored the specificities of the telomeric structure during the shortening process leading to replicative senescence. I discovered that the DNA damage tolerance pathway is involved at telomeres. I also showed that short telomeres accumulate long 3’-single-stranded DNA tails, providing an explanation for the type of signalling and subsequent cell cycle arrest. These short telomeres are also subject to the action of the homologous recombination factors. I found that these factors act in a process that preserves the structure of short telomeres without elongating them, thus ensuring cell proliferation potential after the loss of telomerase
Huynh, Khac Tuan. "Quantification de l'apport de l'information de surveillance dans la prise de décision en maintenance." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788661.
Повний текст джерелаHuynh, Khac Tuan. "Qualification de l'apport de l'information de surveillance dans la prise de décision en maintenance." Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0013.
Повний текст джерелаCondition and health monitoring can bring out useful information for the maintenance decision-making but few models allow their integration in the decision process. This thesis aims to construct new probabilistic quantitative models to evaluate the value of this kins of information depending on ith quality and on the nature of the observed variables. The proposed stochastic failure and measurement models take account the degradation/failure sensor data, the impact of operational environment on the degradation, as well as the nature of control techniques. Based on these models, we propose different maintenance policies and we develop the associated cost model to study the best methods for the exploitation of monitoring information. The studies in this thesis show the advantage of developing quantitative maintenance decision framework which allows integrating and evaluating the impact of condition monitoring information on the performance of maintenance operations
Alaoui, Selsouli Moulay Marouane. "Modélisation et résolution d'un problème de la planification conjointe de production et de maintenance." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2009.
Повний текст джерелаThe production and maintenance planning have often been planned separately. Indeed, resources are always considered to be available during the production planning; and preventive maintenance activities are usually scheduled in specific time periods in order to avoid a production interruption. In practice, a bad preventive maintenance policy generates a rise in unplanned shutdowns of production and a reduction of the available resources. Consequently, productivity in the manufacturing plant will be decreased and lead times will no longer be respected. To overcome these issues, we study a new integrated production and maintenance planning problem that combines single level multi-items capacitated lot sizing problem with shortage cost and a maintenance problem where preventive maintenance activities are planned in time windows. Thus, we will model the problem and propose three approaches of finding a solution. The first one is a heuristic based on the relaxation of capacity constraints and a smoothing procedure to find a feasible solution. The second heuristic is based on the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition and rounding and smoothing procedures to construct a solution. The last approach is a coupling method of a genetic algorithm and a lagrangean relaxation. Various tests are performed in order to show the advantages and limitations of each approach before comparing their respective performances
Rey, Alexandrine. "Le traitement de l'information génétique par le droit : L’exemple de l’information liée à la diversité biologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD032.
Повний текст джерелаGenetic information is rarely dealt with directly by law, although certain categories of intellectual property law, such as a patent or a plant variety certificate, are privileged receptacles. Moreover, if the states reaffirmed their sovereignty over genetic resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol, the result is a principle of fair and equitable sharing of benefits between providers and users, which promoted the recognition of a new good: genetic information. Indeed, using a neocapitalist approach to conservation, mastery of genetic information is a lever for the conservation of biodiversity and a rebalancing of North / South relations. However, the property of the material resource has proved to be a determining trading factor in order to gain control access towards genetic information through its utilities.This principle of access and benefit-sharing enshrines a special link between information and its biological support in the sense that the genetic information studied by the researcher remains a local product or even a work of ancestral preservation by the Farmers or local communities. It is therefore an atypical form of dependence between genetic information and the geographical origin of the resource, that needs to be hinged with intellectual property rights. The latter is unable to solely pursue the logic of innovation without running the risk to bypass the commitments made by the international community on benefits access and sharing. Moreover, a Fair and Equitable sharing of benefits has to be taken broadly and is in no way limited to the benefits ensuing the filing of an IP. The digital revolution experienced by biotechnology activities, especially through Bioinformatics, allows the creation of new values which are mainly non-appropriable although reserved to a very large extent by Northern countries and to which access is essential in a genuine Development of research capacity in the Southern Countries. Indeed, beyond the financial benefits and the technology transfer opportunities, these non-monetary benefits are essentials in order to perpetuate the original goals which are battered by techonological developments. Yet the European Union Regulation of the 16 April 2014 on measures concerning user compliance in the Union with the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use and the French Law for the Recovery of Biodiversity, Nature and Landscapes of August 8, 2016 are struggling to trigger and ensure a real dynamic of sharing around modern research practices, in a context where access to the message carried by a DNA sequence can be obtained independently of the biological resource, in particular through bioinformatics databases or synthetic biology.Beyond the findings of this study, it is time to reflect on the construction of a new form of governance, encompassing genetic information in digital format and responding to new questions raised by big data, as well as data mining. The idea of an equitable contractual common good, modeled on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, seems to us to be a future issue for a certain survival of the principles of the Convention on Biodiversity
Bukhari, Syed Irfan Ahmad. "Role of the microrna pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans germline maintenance." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28961/28961.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSmall non-coding RNA pathways assume pleiotropic roles in the regulation of multitude of biological processes. These non-coding RNAs have been shown to be involved in germline development in diverse species, in addition to their well-known participation in gene regulation and viral resistance pathways. However, the contribution of the miRNA, one of the small non-coding RNA pathways in germline biogenesis has remained elusive. Since ALG-1 and ALG-2 are exclusively involved in the miRNA pathway and indispensible for miRNA mediated gene silencing, we decided to genetically manipulate these genes to address whether miRNA pathway plays an important role in germline proliferation and differentiation using C. elegans as animal model. As double knockout of alg-1 and alg-2 leads to sterility, which mirrors the phenotypes of Drosha and Dicer mutants, we reasoned that the miRNA pathway proteins are crucial in germline maintenance. To delineate the role of ALG-1 and ALG-2 in the complex processes of germline regulation, we first investigated the brood size of alg-1(gk214) and alg-2(ok304) animals. Both mutants had significantly decreased brood size, which could result from defects in germline proliferation, meiosis or gamete formation. An extensive analysis of the germline of these mutants revealed a smaller mitotic region with less number of proliferating germ cells compared to the wild type. We also observed early entry into meiosis in alg-1(gk214) and alg-2(ok304). Using immunofluorescence and transgenic reporters, we confirmed ALG-1 and ALG-2 expression in DTC, a specialized cell located at the tip of both C. elegans gonadal arms that regulates mitosis-meiosis transition. Using transgenic line with alg-1 expressed exclusively in the DTC, we were able to partially rescue the brood size defect and completely restored the number of cells in the mitotic region. These mutants also presented defects in gamete formation and an increase in germ cell apoptosis. Interestingly, we observed that the disruption of five miRNAs expressed in the DTC display similar phenotypes as observed in alg-1 and alg-2 mutants. Finally, gene expression analysis by microarray of alg-1 mutant gonads indicates that the miRNA pathway is involved in the regulation of different pathways important for germline proliferation and differentiation. Together, our data supports the role of miRNA pathway in controlling germline biogenesis in C. elegans.
Séguy, Anne Noyes Daniel. "Décision collaborative dans les systèmes distribués application à la e-maintenance /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2009. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000813.
Повний текст джерелаFournès, Florian. "Etude du système Xer au travers de la transmission verticale et horizontale de l'information génétique chez les bactéries." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30143/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe genetic information of bacteria is generally carried by circular replicons: chromosomes and plasmids. One of the serious disadvantages of circular replicons is their high sensitivity to rearrangements caused by homologous recombination. An odd number of crossing-over, during or after the replication of these replicons, results in the formation of dimeric molecules. These dimers correspond to a covalent fusion between the two copies of the replicon. If they are not resolved, the dimers will not segregate properly at the time of cell division. The resolution of multimeric forms of circular plasmids and chromosomes is mediated by an efficient and highly controlled site-specific recombination mechanism: the Xer system. The mechanisms of resolution of the chromosome and plasmid dimers are different. In addition, even if the chromosome dimer resolution system is controlled in time and space, in many bacteria it is hijacked by mobile genetic elements called IMEXs (Integrative Mobile Elements Exploiting Xer). The Xer system is then involved in the vertical and horizontal transfer of genes, illustrating how the same molecular machine can intervene in several biological processes. For this, different external actors will play a key role in controlling a central Xer machine and thus bring a variety of mechanisms, each dedicated to a specific biological process. In order to better understand the differential controls of the Xer system, I focused on mobile genetic elements. By studying the intra-chromosomal stability of IMEXs and the resolution of large plasmids dimers, I was able to show that FtsK is involved in the stabilization of the acquired mobile genetic elements
Reyterou, Claude Louis. "Une méthodologie pour l'intégration des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication dans les processus de maintenance aéronautique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ECAP0888.
Повний текст джерелаBedhiafi, Walid. "Sciences de l'information pour l'étude des systèmes biologiques (exemple du vieillissement du système immunitaire)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066139/document.
Повний текст джерелаHigh-throughput experimental approaches for gene expression study involve several processing steps for the quantification, the annotation and interpretation of the results. The i3 lab and the LGIPH, applies these approaches in various experimental setups. However, limitations have been observed when using conventional approaches for annotating gene expression signatures. The main objective of this thesis was to develop an alternative annotation approach to overcome this problem. The approach we have developed is based on the contextualization of genes and their products, and then biological pathways modeling to produce a knowledge base for the study of gene expression. We define a gene expression context as follows: cell population+ anatomical compartment+ pathological condition. For the production of gene contexts, we have opted for the massive screening of literature. We have developed a Python package, which allows annotating the texts according to three ontologies chosen according to our definition of the context. We show here that it ensures better performance for text annotation the reference tool. We used our package to screen an aging immune system text corpus. The results are presented here. To model the biological pathways we have developed, in collaboration with the LIPAH lab a modeling method based on a genetic algorithm that allows combining the results semantics proximity using the Biological Process ontology and the interactions data from db-string. We were able to find networks with an error rate of 0.47
Chapel, Gwenda-ella. "Modélisation et diagnostic des conceptions d'élèves de niveau seconde sur l'information génétique, lors de l'élaboration d'expérience à l'aide de LabBrook." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721782.
Повний текст джерелаChapel, Gwenda-Ella. "Modélisation et diagnostic des conceptions d'élèves de niveau seconde sur l'information génétique, lors de l'élaboration d'expérience à l'aide de LabBrook." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS011/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aims of this work (modelisation and diagnostic) are realised thanks to the design and the experimentation of a didactical situation with the design of an experiment that have the following problem to solve: How can we modify the genetics information? The situation designed to obtain the students' productions is on the web site LabBook and it is organised in some tools, including COPEX, which scaffold the activity of experimental procedure's design. This situation proposes an environment with the nine biological levels where students can place the genetics information: Environment, Organism, Organ, Cell, Nucleus, Caryotype, Chromosome, Gene and DNA. Those levels were determined thanks to the study of researches on the students' difficulties in genetics and thanks to the epistemological analysis of the reference knowledge. The situation was proposed after an a priori analysis in the theoretical framework of TSD of Brousseau (1998) and the cK¢ model of Balacheff (1995). The students' productions analysis give us results about the biological level where they realise their experiment, about the biological object used in this level and the method of genetics information's modification. We find more answers at levels Chromosome, Gene and DNA. About biological objects, the most used are those, which give their name to the level, and the method of modification is exchange, substitution. The cK¢ model is used too formalise conceptions obtained from the students productions. We modelised nine conceptions, which represent the conceptions of the genetics information modification for 50 percents of students
Giard, Lise. "L'utilisation de l'information génétique à des fins médicales face au droit à la liberté de la vie privée en droit québécois." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ53949.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLapointe, Julie. "Communication intrafamiliale de l'information génétique chez les personnes testées pour une susceptibilité au cancer du sein liée aux gènes BRCA1/2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29508/29508.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPorreca, Rosa Maria. "The role of human RTEL1 in telomere maintenance." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066422.
Повний текст джерелаRtel1, regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1, was discovered as an essential factor for telomere length maintenance and genomic stability in mice. In humans, germline mutations in RTEL1 have been found in patients with Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS), a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita. However, the precise mechanism of action of the protein in human cells remains largely unknown. To investigate the function of RTEL1 in human telomere metabolism we used a knockdown approach by specific siRNAs and quantitative-FISH to measure telomere length after depletion of RTEL1 in different cancer cell lines. Our results show that down-regulation of RTEL1 induces shortening of telomeres only in cells with very long telomeres and high telomerase activity. We also demonstrate that upon depletion of RTEL1 there is a different stochiometry of shelterin proteins at telomeres: increased levels of TRF2 and decreased levels of POT1. Importantly, the overexpression of the POT1 OB fold can rescue the shortening of telomeres caused by the knockdown of RTEL1 indicating that RTEL1 may play an important role in the stability of the overhang and in its accessibility to telomerase. We also find an affect of RTEL1 on Telomeric non-coding RNA (TERRA) metabolism. Indeed, depletion of RTEL1 in human cell lines reduces the total amount of TERRA present in the nucleus and in particular of telomere-associated TERRA. Moreover, we find that this reduced number of UUAGGG repeats is caused by TERRA degradation, therefore we propose that RTEL1 has a role in stabilizing TERRA at telomeres
Supiot, Elsa. "Les tests génétiques : contribution à une étude juridique." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010307.
Повний текст джерелаChable, Stéphanie. "Vers des correcteurs réduits robustes à des variations paramétriques." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ESAE0015.
Повний текст джерелаKaabi-Harrath, Jihène. "Contribution à l'ordonnancement des activités de maintenance dans les systèmes de production." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259516.
Повний текст джерелаLouis, Alexandra. "La maîtrise de l'information scientifique, clé de l' "après séquençage" : développement d'un serveur dédié à l'analyse du génome de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERSA013.
Повний текст джерелаZinn-Justin, Anne. "Développement de la méthode non paramétrique d'analyse de liaison génétique WPC pour la prise en compte de l'information héritée par descendance au niveau d'un ou plusieurs marqueurs génétiques : application à des données familiales concernant l'alcoolisme et la bilharziose." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T024.
Повний текст джерелаLinkage analysis methods search for a familial cotransmission between a phenotype and a genetic marker, in order to loccalize on a chromosornal region a gene influenc!ng the phenotype. The WPC ("Weighted Pairwise Correlation") model-free linkage analysis method, introduced par Commenges in 1994, can be applied to all kind of phenotypes, without any distributional assumption, and is especially suitable for the analysis of large pedigrees. We developed the WPC method to take into account several unlinked marker loci (multi-loci analysis) and to incorporate the ldentical By Descent (IBD) information in the calculation oftlie resemblance at a marker locus (two-point analysis) or in a chromosomal region (multipoint analysis). Simulation studies conducted under various genetic models showed that two-locus tests were more powerful than one-locus tests, and confirmed that the use of the WPC-IBD method leads to a large increase of power, especially in the situation of poorly informative markers. Use of multipoint information in the re-analysis of breast cancer data from the BCLC ("Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium") led to a substantial gain in power as compared to two-point analysis. The use of two-point and multipoint WPC-lBD methods for the analysis of COGA (''Collaborative Study on the Genetic of Alcoholism'') data confinned the involvement of chromosome 4q2l containing Alcohol Dehydrogcnase (ADH) genes in predisposition to alcoholism. Analysis of infection levels by Schistosoma mansoni in schistosomiasis in Brazilian data using WPC-IBD two-point and multipoint one-locus and two-locus methods showed linkage to three chromosomal regions (1p21-q23, 7q135-q36 and 6p21-q21 ), in addition to 5q31-33 where was mapped the SMI gene
Vernay, Bertrand. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Otx2 lors de la maintenance de l'identité du mésencéphale et de la différenciation neuronale dans le mésencéphale murin." Strasbourg 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13138.
Повний текст джерелаThe transcription factor Otx2 is required to determine mesencephalic versus metencephalic (anterior rhombencephalon) territory during embryogenesis. So far, this function of Otx2 involves positioning and maintaining the mid-hindbrain organizer (MHO) at the border between midbrain and anterior hindbrain. Otx2 expression is maintained in midbrain progenitors long after this organizer is established suggesting that Otx2 could play a role during neurogenesis. I used a conditional knock-out strategy (system CRE-LoxP) to study Otx2 function during neurogenesis in the neuroectoderme and my analysis is focused on neuronal identity in mesencephalon in absence of Otx2. Following Otx2 deletion in mesencephalic neuronal progenitors, some progenitors adopt a rhombencephalic fate that is normally repressed by Otx2 in mesencephalon. Indeed, ectopic cerebellar cells and ectopic serotonergic neurons are observed in dorsal and ventral mesencephalon respectively. Gene expression analysis show that the mesencephalic neuronal progenitors adopt rhombencephalic fate at the expanse of mesencephalic fate (dopaminergic and red nuclei neurons) and we conclude that Otx2 prevents the formation of cerebellar neurons and serotonergic neurons in midbrain presumably by repressing the expression of genes such as Math1 (cerebellum) and Nkx2-2 (serotonergic neurons) in progenitors. In summary, this work demonstrates that Otx2 is required in midbrain progenitors to maintain mesencephalic fate and repress rhombencephalic differentiation program independently of its earlier patterning function at the mid-hindbrain border
Masmoudi, Malek. "Planification et ordonnancement de projet sous incertitudes : application à la maintenance d'hélicoptères." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure de l'aeronautique et de l'espace, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665403.
Повний текст джерелаMoulin, Cécile. "La recherche d'un équilibre entre le droit à l'information de la parentèle et le droit au secret du patient au gré de l'évolution de la médecine génétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0775.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent attraction of the French authorities for the development of the genetic medicine drew our attention. The establishment of the project "France genomic 2025” tends to place the genetic medicine in the center of the medical services. However, it engenders complex ethical and legal questions. The interest of the relatives to be informed in case of a serious risk for their health have raised wide debates. The protection of the health of these third parties in the patient—physician relationship enters in conflict with the patient’s right of confidentiality. French authorities were among the first to try to create a balance between those two interests. The objective of this analysis will be to identify the difficulties met by the parliament and to propose solutions to advance the French law in its research of creation of a just balance between the rights of the patients and the allies. This joint study of the French and foreign rights will lead us to propose the creation of a new tool of balance in the service of the public health
Bertrand, Raphaëlle. "Maintien à court terme de l'information chez l'enfant de 2 à 6 ans : oubli temporel et aide au maintien du but." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL023/document.
Повний текст джерелаWorking memory is an essential component of thought that is highly involved in learning and academic achievement. However, it is rarely studied in preschoolers, mainly because of a lack of suitable paradigms. Therefore, this thesis investigated the functioning of working memory in children between 2 and 6 years. For this purpose, two original paradigms were used. They were designed to be close to game situations which should help young children to focus their attention on the task. Firstly it was shown that the recall performance decreased over time, even in the absence of an interfering task. Children of this age therefore use a passive maintenance, i.e. without spontaneously implementing any strategy of maintenance. Furthermore, the decline of the information was similar through age. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that the rate of information forgetting did not vary between 2 and 6. Finally, none of these two factors, i.e. implementation of a strategy of maintenance and change in the speed of forgetting can explain the increase in memory capacity between 2 and 6 years of age. Secondly, it has been shown that the intrinsic characteristics of the task could lead to improved recall performance, perhaps by inducing a strategy of maintenance. Particularly, the implementation of a motor activity, i.e. walking during the retention period, has enabled these young children to counteract to some extent the temporal decay of information. Then, the implementation of a motor activity, by directing the attention of young children to a visual cue related to the goal of the task, help them to maintain in memory the purpose of the task. Attentional resources could be harnessed to improve performance of recall, perhaps by implementing a retention strategy
Billard, Pauline. "Maintenance télomérique : intérêt dans le diagnostic des gliomes en lien avec le métabolisme mitochondrial." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1303.
Повний текст джерелаThe Shelterin complex, made of 6 proteins (POT1 / TRF1 / TRF2 / TIN2 / RAP1 and ACD) plays a major role in telomeres. Thus, it allows the protection of the telomeric single-stranded end by the formation of the D-loop, the regulation of DNA damage signaling pathways; it participates in telomere replication and controls the accessibility and processivity of the telomerase, the unique enzyme allowing telomere lengthening. During this thesis, my work was organized in 2 main axes, the first, fundamental, was interested in the extra-telomeric effects of the ACD protein (also called TPP1). The second, more transversal, focused on the processes of telomere maintenance in gliomas. Concerning the first aspect, it is now known that the ACD protein makes the link between TIN2 and TERT (catalytic subunit of telomerase) in the telomeres. These two proteins can also partially localize to the mitochondria and then have various effects on mitochondrial metabolism, on the oxidative stress regulation or on the mitophagy process. Thus, and following in silico predictions of a putative MTS for ACD, we hypothesized that ACD could be the missing partner of TIN2 and TERT in the mitochondria. In this case, it then remained to identify its mitochondrial functions. After demonstrating the partial localization of ACD in the mitochondria by different methods, we were able to demonstrate its influence in the protection against oxidative stress. Thus overexpression of ACD reduces secondary production of mitochondrial oxygen radicals and loss of mitochondrial DNA. Oxidative stress causing reduction of ACD mitochondrial foci. Secondly, we looked at the telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) that cancer cells acquire in order to override replicative senescence. In this sense, tumors can reactivate telomerase (95% of cancer) or use an alternative process (ALT) based on homologous recombination (5% of cancer). In the case of gliomas, up to 25% of tumors use the ALT process, associated with the loss of ATRX, the other gliomas use telomerase and typically have a mutation of the TERT promoter (TERTmt). These two molecular markers also have diagnostic and prognostic value and are part of the WHO histo-molecular classification criteria. But, 4 to 28% of gliomas (depending on the subtypes) do not have an ATRX alteration or TERT mutation suggesting activation of one of the TMM by other alterations or even other pathways. In this sense, we have developed a test measuring the true TMM based on the detection of c-circles (a marker of ALT) and proposed a patented algorithm (TeloDiag) taking into account this TMM, IDH mutations and the histological grading. The TeloDiag makes it possible to re-classify 38% of atypical gliomas (at the molecular level). It generated a new category of high grade IDHwt and ALT + tumors, not found in the WHO classification and showing a tendency for a better prognosis than IDHwt glioblastomas (TERTmt). Finally, we provided the proof of concept of the feasibility of this circulating test for IDHmt astrocytomas
Eid, Rita. "A la recherche des effets de l'inactivation génétique d'ATRX dans le déclenchement de la voit ALT (télomérase-indépendante) de maintenance des télomères dans les cellules cancéreuses." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4021/document.
Повний текст джерелаMutations in ATRX, a chromatin remodeling protein, have been found, in several clinical studies, associated with the telomerase-independent ALT pathway of telomere maintenance in several types of cancer. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we have shown that ATRX localized to subtelomeric regions of human tumor cells in culture. Cohesin has recently been shown to be part of telomeric chromatin. Here, using ChIP, we showed that genetic inactivation of ATRX provoked a diminution in the amount of cohesin in subtelomeric regions of telomerase-positive glioma cells. Moreover, inactivation of ATRX also led to a diminution in the amount of TERRAs, non-coding RNAs resulting from transcription of telomeric DNA. Our data suggest that ATRX might establish functional interactions with cohesin on subtelomeric chromatin in order to control TERRA levels and that one or the other or both of these events might be important for ALT mechanisms
Woerlé, Johanne. "L'information du patient en oncogénétique : l'annonce du résultat négatif issu du test de prédisposition BRCA chez le cas-index." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH030.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last decades, major progresses have been realized in oncogenetics. This medical activity based on scientific advances in molecular genetics predicts cancer risk. However, no deleterious mutation is detected by BRCA1/2 genetic testing for the majority (80 %) of women who suffer from either breast or ovarian cancer. Under this condition, the result is considered as “inconclusive” although there remains an increased risk for developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. The failure to identify a mutation in a diagnostic test does not rule out the existence of a predisposing factor. Surveillance should be pursued for both the patients and their families. In association with genetic counselors of the region Rhône-Alpes, we considered useful to address the question of information delivery in the context of an inconclusive result. We investigated on one hand the benefit from a written document delivered to patients upon the appointment, and on the other hand the usefulness of a disclosure session. We also investigated how patients experienced the oral information given during the counsel session. Therefore, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 88 women while 172 women answered a questionnaire. The observations demonstrate : - a written document, summarizing the oral information delivered by the oncologist, is useful for patients with an inconclusive result; - a disclosure session is absolutely necessary to announce the inconclusive result; - the presence of a “paradox” when the inconclusive result is delivered as a negative one, increasing the degree of comprehension of information more difficult
Liu, Yinling. "Conception et vérification du système d'Information pour la maintenance aéronautique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI133.
Повний текст джерелаOperational support is one of the most important aspects of aeronautical maintenance. It aims to provide a portfolio of services to implement maintenance with a high level of efficiency, reliability and accessibility. One of the major difficulties in operational support is that there is no platform that integrates all aircraft maintenance processes in order to reduce costs and improve the level of service. It is therefore necessary to build an autonomous aircraft maintenance system in which all maintenance information can be collected, organized, analyzed and managed in a way that facilitates decision-making. To do this, an innovative methodology has been proposed, which concerns modelling, simulation, formal verification and performance analysis of the autonomous system mentioned. Three axes were addressed in this thesis. The first axis concerns the design and simulation of an autonomous system for aeronautical maintenance. We offer an innovative design of an autonomous system that supports automatic decision making for maintenance planning. The second axis is the verification of models on simulation systems. We propose a more comprehensive approach to verifying global behaviours and operational behaviours of systems. The third axis focuses on the analysis of the performance of simulation systems. We propose an approach of combining an agent-based simulation system with the “Fuzzy Rough Nearest Neighbor” approach, in order to implement efficient classification and prediction of aircraft maintenance failures with missing data. Finally, simulation models and systems have been proposed. Simulation experiments illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach
Pluchon, Pierre-François. "Exploration du réseau d’interactions impliqué dans la maintenance génomique de l'Archaea hyperthermophile Pyrococcus abyssi." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0070/document.
Повний текст джерелаDNA replication, recombination and repair are central and essential mechanisms in all cells. Highly efficienthigh-fidelity chromosome replication is vital for maintaining the integrity of the genetic information and for theavoidance of genetic disease. Archaeal replisome is described as simplified version of the eukaryotic system.However, DNA repair is still enigmatic, as many essential repair proteins have not been identified in Archaealgenomes. The question of DNA repair is even more puzzling while many Archaea lives under extremetemperature that promotes DNA instability and catalyses nucleobase damages. Thus, HyperthermophilicArchaea (HA) must have solved a molecular problem (spontaneous loss of native DNA structure) at amagnitude that mesophilic organisms do not face. A highly adapted DNA maintenance system must operate inorder to maintain DNA integrity. Those mechanisms and their possible coordination with DNA replication arestill unknown. Here, I report the first protein-protein interaction network of genomic maintenance in HA. Using AP-MSapproach we identified new protein complexes potentially implicated in DNA replication, recombination andrepair of HA P. abyssi. Topological analysis of the network highlighted both known and unknown partners ofessential and conserved protein of genomic maintenance. From the network emerges multifunctional clustersintegrating both replication and recombination proteins and revealing new aspects of the transcriptionmachinery. I also provide experimental confirmation of some of the interactions we detected.I propose that the interactions we observe reflects the interplay between recombination and replicationmachineries that likely interfaces with regulatory elements involved in the control of the DNA damageresponse, as shown by the identification of a new factors, presumably involved in the coupling of DNArecombination and DNA synthesis at the replication fork
Faria, Maria Paula Marçal Grilo Lobato de. "Données génétiques informatisées : un nouveau défi à la protection du droit à la confidentialité des données personnelles de santé." Bordeaux 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR40030.
Повний текст джерелаAfter a description of the dangers posed to human privacy by "new genetics" and informatics, this thesis leads to the conclusion, by means of an analysis of the portuguese juridical framework, in a compared law perspective, of the right to confidentiality, medical secrecy and personal data protection laws, that contemporary law needs a special legal statute to rule the confidentiality of personal health genetic data without which fundamental human rights will be in threat
Lemor, Mélanie. "Influence de la variation de la concentration intracellulaire des désoxyribonucléotides et rubbonucléotides sur la stabilité génomique chez Pyrococcus abyssi." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0097/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the three domains of life that include Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea, one molecule has the sovereign ability to govern life, and not the least one, the mother of all biological mechanisms, DNA. Maintaining the integrity of genomes is obviously essential for life, and faithful DNA replication and repair are the guarantees. The fidelity of these two processes may vary depending on the availability and levels (balance and ratio) of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) and ribonucleotides (rNTPs) during the cell-cycle. Even if intracellular concentration of nucleotides is largely documented in Eukarya and Bacteria, it remains limited in Archaea. From many years one group of Archaea is of great interest for studying genomic maintenance, because of its ability to survive in extremes environments. Pyrococcus abyssi is one of them that is used as biological model for deciphering the stability of DNA at elevated temperature in LM2E. The present work focuses on genomic integrity and particularly on the functional characterization of the three DNA polymerases: PolD, PolB and the p41/p46 complex. Initially, the nucleotide pool has been evaluated in exponentially growing cells using the highly sensitive method that combined chromatography and mass spectrometry (zicHILIC-MS-MS). The results show that rNTPs content is 20-fold higher than dNTPs. For that reason, fidelities of DNA polymerases are challenged to select the correct dNTP over the most abundant rNTP during DNA synthesis. Despite the fact that some mechanisms allow the exclusion of rNTPs from entry to the Pol active site, recent findings indicate that ribonucleotides are incorporated by different DNA Pols with surprisingly high frequency. In this work, the obtained intracellular balance and ratio of rNTPs and dNTP have been used to analyze their effect on DNA synthesis by P. abyssi DNA Pols and cell-free extracts. Our results clearly demonstrate that rNTP incorporation is detectable with distinct efficiencies among DNA pols. Secondly, the consequences of the presence of rNMPs in a DNA template on DNA polymerisation has been examined and highlights that cell-free extracts are able to bypass a single rNMP as well as replicative DNA polymerases. To strengthen that study, single nucleotide incorporation opposite rNMP or dNMP has been carried out and the results demonstrate that replicative Pyrococcus abyssi DNA Pols can basepair the complementary rNTPs opposite dNMPs, and vice-versa, the complementary dNTPs opposite rNMPs.Furthermore, the preliminary results obtained about the nucleolysis activities of the PolD small subunit, DP1, show that the DNA polymerase D is able to remove rNMPs from a DNA strand, suggesting a first level of protection against ribonucleotide contamination of DNA. Definitely, these data indicate that the presence of transient embedded rNMPs in genomic DNA represents a universally conserved phenomenon across Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
Ben, Amor Mohamed Hedi. "Méthodes numériques et formelles pour l'ingénierie des réseaux biologiques : traitement de l'information par des populations d'oscillateurs. Approches par contraintes et Taxonomie des réseaux biologiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENS020/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is concerned by the engineering of complex systems from a desired dynamics. Particularly, we are interested by populations of oscillators and genetical regulatory networks. In a first part, we start from a hypothesis introduced in neuroscience, which highlight the role of neural synchronization in the cognitive processing. We propose to use this hypothesis in a more general panorama to investigate the computing with populations of oscillators. We discuss about the isochrons of few oscillators selected according to their symmetry in the state space. Therefore, we define procedures for making footprints, for reading and for reorganizing information by a population of oscillators. As a perspective, we propose a system of lattices of Wilson-Cowan oscillators organized in several interconnected layers. This system properly mixes synchronization and desynchronization by using two types of coupling : pulsed and continuous coupling. At the end of this part, we propose to use this system in order to detect the edges of an image. In the second part, we propose a constraint-based approach to determine the structure of genetic regulatory networks starting from incomplete knowledge on their structure and their dynamics. The formalism we use is widely called thresholded Boolean automata networks or Hopfield-like networks. As an proof of concept, we apply this method to determine the regulatory network of Arabidopsis thaliana flower morphogenesis. We obtain 532 valid models instead of one unique solution and then classify them by using structural robustness criteria. By this way, we showed the potential of this approach in determining and classifying thresholded Boolean automata networks like genetic regulatory networks or neural networks. This works leads to many applications, in particular the developpement and the design of new methods for processing information and the design of systems of unconventional computing
Cioli, Claudia. "Organisation multi-échelle du cortex humain : des réseaux anatomo-fonctioneles à l'expression des gènes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066412/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is conceived in the present panorama of fast development of large databases gathering experimental results about the organization of the human brain at different scales. This abundance of information calls for an intra and inter-disciplinary effort aimed to synthesize this information in a coherent way.The aim of this thesis was to contribute to this effort for knowledge synthesis to better understand the multiscale organization of the cerebral cortex. The work followed two paths: an intra-disciplinary effort to bring together results produced by the brain imaging community with particular focus on Resting State and Task Based MRI experiments; an inter-disciplinary attempt to draw a link between the anatomo-functional organization of the cortex as emerging from brain imaging studies and the cortical patterns of gene expression as revealed by recently published atlases of the adult human brain transcriptome.The thesis is organized into three parts: In Part I studied the anatomo-functional organization of the human cortex starting from brain imaging studies. In Part II we studied the link between cortical gene expression and the anatomo-functional organization of the cortex both in term of their topography and in term of their function, focusing in particular on information processing and memory formation. In Part III we present a platform that we developed to favor knowledge integration between cognitive networks and gene expression databases.In perspective we show how our approach may provide new insights to the debate about neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases on one hand, modeling of dynamical processes in different areas of the cortex on the other
Said, Maha. "Interplay Between Senataxin and FANCD2 in Genome Maintenance DNA Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability: Dangerous Liaisons." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL050.
Повний текст джерелаGenomic instability is an enabling characteristic of cancer and a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. In the scientific community, there is a general consensus that DNA replication stress (RS), which arises following the cell’s exposure to various exogenous and endogenous genotoxic agents, is a key driver of genomic instability.Interestingly, the genome organization and dynamics per se can also favor RS under some circumstances. Examples of genomic regions where completion of replication is particularly challenging are common fragile sites (CFS), genomic loci that tend to form breaks, gaps, or constrictions on mitotic chromosomes under RS conditions. Recently, a plethora of proteins that guard the genome from RS, which if mutated can induce genome instability have been identified. In more recent years, scientists have discovered that a key source of RS, and subsequently genomic instability, is transcription, especially if not spatially and temporally separated from replication. Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure disease characterized by congenital abnormalities and cancer predisposition, caused by mutations in any of the 22 identified FANC genes. FA is characterized by chromosome fragility and hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand-crosslinking (ICL) agents. Furthermore, the FA proteins play roles in resolving DNA damage arising during replication and transcription, and in coordinating both processes. Interestingly, breakpoints occurring in FA cells frequently overlap CFS. At CFS, FANCD2 is recruited with structure-specific endonucleases SLX4, XPF–ERCC1 and MUS81–EME1 to process replication intermediates that can lead to chromosome segregation defects. In addition, FANCD2 at CFSs limits the formation of R-loops. R-loops play key regulatory roles, but may also pose a threat to the genome when they occur in an unscheduled manner. R-loops are monitored by resolving factors such as senataxin (SETX), a RNA:DNA helicase mutated in neurodegenerative diseases. SETX is implicated in several genome maintenance pathways analogous to those regulated by FANC proteins. Prominent functions shared by SETX and FANC proteins include the coordination of replication with transcription and the repair of ICLs. In addition, SETX functions in concert with BRCA1 (FANCS) to allow faithful transcription termination, and forms nuclear foci in response to replication stress, both critical for the maintenance of the genome. Loss-of-function of SETX also causes infertility in mice (a phenotype common to FA mice and patients). Taking into account the common cellular processes that the FANC pathway and SETX participate in, we asked whether there is a functional relationship between them in the maintenance of the genome stability. I show that the absence of SETX induces spontaneous breaks on mitotic chromosomes. The regions involved in these breaks are targeted by FANCD2, which participates in resolution of under-replicated DNA during mitosis, preventing chromosome mis-segregation and allowing cells to continue proliferating. I also show that FANCD2 promotes mitotic DNA synthesis that is dependent on MUS81 and XPF. Co-depleting FANCD2 and SETX impairs cell proliferation, an effect that appears specific to transformed cells. Therefore, I uncovered a synthetic lethal interaction between SETX and FANCD2 that may be exploited in cancer therapy
Rosier, Marion. "L'acceptabilité de l'annonce de la découverte d'une anomalie génétique non sollicitée dans le cas de maladies multifactorielles et de maladies monogéniques." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20099.
Повний текст джерелаOur research dealt with the acceptability of announcing unsolicited findings discovered during sequencing. Two hundred and eleven people from the general public, 144 patients under supervision in a Medical Genetics unit and 94 health professionals judged the acceptability of the announcement of a genetic unsolicited finding thanks to scenarios constructed on the base of the Functional Theory of Cognition (Anderson, 1981, 1982, 1996). This was developed by the combination of 4 factors: the information and the consent of the patient, the prevention and the treatment of the detected genetic abnormality, the probability of developing the disease associated to the genetic abnormality (the penetrance), and the decision of revelation by the physician to the patient. The 449 participants answered to a 3 series of 12 scenarios differing by the three modalities of the “information and consent” factor, that is to say 3 x 449 = 1437 profiles of responses. All of the factors had a significant effect, except for the “Penetrance” factor. Six groups of profiles were distinct according to their patterns of responses. The individual variables such as belonging population, age group, status and confrontation to a similar situation presented as those as in the scenarios had a significant effect. The acceptability of announcing the discovery of genetic unsolicited findings was influenced by the factors and different positions were found facing this ethical questioning
Nguyen, Ho Si Hung. "Développement d'une stratégie de regroupement dynamique d'actions de maintenance pour un système de production géographiquement dispersé." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0131/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the recent years, the Geographically Dispersed Production System (GDPS) with a number of advantages such as saving the product delivered costs (closed to the clients), improving quality of services (short delivery time, high quality after-sales services) has been extensively developed by many manufacturing companies to ensure their competitiveness. In operation, the GPDS faces many challenges concerning standards, regulation, production management, and especially maintenance planning and optimization due to the geographical dispersion of production sites. However, few studies have been developed for maintenance strategies of GDPSs. To face this challenge, the main objective of this thesis is to develop a dynamic grouping maintenance strategy for a GDPS with consideration of dependencies between at both component and site level (economic, geographical dependencies) and impacts of dynamic contexts (i.e. varying deterioration rate of components, change of maintenance routes, maintenance opportunities, etc.). In this strategy, maintenance routing and scheduling are jointly considered in a global model. The model aims at finding an optimal maintenance and routing plan. For this purpose, a cost structure and a dependence model jointly considering economic and geographical dependence are formulated. They are used as a basis for the development of the global model of maintenance routing and scheduling. In addition, to find a joint optimal maintenance and routing plan, advanced algorithms using jointly Genetic Algorithm and Branch and Bound are proposed. Finally, a numerical study is investigated to evaluate the performance and the advantage as well as limits of the proposed maintenance strategy
Chevigny, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des fonctions de TRCF et de RADA dans l'expression et la maintenance des génomes des organelles chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ042.
Повний текст джерелаThe mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes whose expression and maintenance depend on factors encoded by the nuclear genome. The plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is characterized by important recombination activities that modulate its structure and contribute to its evolution. During my thesis, I characterized the RADA helicase that is involved in the late stages of organelle homologous recombination. RADA has similar functions to its bacterial homolog (RadA), but seems to play a more important role in plant organelles. The expression of the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) relies on two types of RNA polymerases: NEP encoded by the nuclear genome and PEP encoded by the cpDNA. During my thesis, I also studied the role of TRCF, an homolog of the Mfd factor which is addressed to chloroplasts. In bacteria, Mfd is involved in the release of stalled RNA polymerases by lesions and the recruitment of repair factors. In Arabidopsis, TRCF is no longer involved in repair but appears to play a role in the regulation of chloroplast gene expression
Cippelletti, Emma. "Aide à la conception, test de l’usage et de l’acceptation d’un logiciel de maintenance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH038/document.
Повний текст джерелаWith the development of new information and communication technologies, working procedures are increasingly computerized. This increasing computerization of working procedures raises the question of their acceptance by workers who have to appropriate new ways of doing their work. The present thesis aims to examine the conditions for the adoption of technologies conveying work procedures by maintenance technicians. Four studies are carried out on two fields of research (aeronautical maintenance and industrial maintenance) with the aim of understanding how maintenance technicians perceive and use these computerized working procedures. Two studies are carried out in the field of aeronautics and aim to investigate the social acceptability and the use of three new formats of procedures (3D animation, 2D and photos) before they are set up in the workshops. Study 1 examines the perception of new procedure formats by technicians (N = 136). The results of this study show that beliefs related to usefulness and ease of use are the main predictors of behavioral intention. In addition, it appears that beliefs differ depending on the type of use behavior of the procedures (daily or exceptional use). In order to understand the possible difficulties in using these new formats, Study 2 concerns the realization of user tests (N = 41). The aim is to study the usefulness and usability of the new procedural formats compared to the current format (text + image). The results show that all technicians succeed in maintenance, regardless of the format used. In addition, in general, new formats allow technicians to be more efficient because they take less time with new formats (3D animation and photos) than with reference formats and so errors made during maintenance are reduced. The new formats, with the presence of visual information, facilitate the location of the information on the equipment. Finally, a large majority of technicians intend to use the new formats. Two other studies are carried out in the field of industrial maintenance on the acceptance and use of a management of procedures software by the technicians. In this framework, study 3 concerns the perception of software in use by maintenance technicians (N = 61). The results highlight the belief in perceived compatibility as the main predictor of attitude, behavioral intention, and actual use of the software. In order to investigate the actual use of the software, study 4 deals with the analysis of the activity of 8 technicians from four workshops (filmed observation and interview). The results show that the software is suitable for only some of the technicians. Indeed, it seems to represent a brake for experienced technicians and moderately experienced technicians in the sense they are constrained in the use of the software (impossibility to navigate freely between the steps). However, the software proves to be a valuable help for inexperienced technicians (help support, training aid ...). Recommendations are made to improve the design of the software studied. In particular, improvements in the design of the three new formats of aeronautical maintenance procedures are suggested (adapting the format to the task carried out, improving the ergonomics of the touch pad...). In the second case, we make recommendations to modify the procedure management software and make it more compatible with the work of the technicians (setting up an expert mode, facilitating the search for information, navigating freely between steps …)
Chardonnens, Anne. "La gestion des données d'autorité archivistiques dans le cadre du Web de données." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/315804/5/Contrat.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this thesis is the management of authority records for persons. The research was conducted in an archival context in transition, which was marked by the evolution of international standards of archival description and a shift towards the application of knowledge graphs. The aim of this thesis is to explore how the archival sector can benefit from the developments concerning Linked Data in order to ensure the sustainable management of authority records. Attention is not only devoted to the creation of the records and how they are made available but also to their maintenance and their interlinking with other resources.The first part of this thesis addresses the state of the art of the developments concerning the international standards of archival description as well as those regarding the Wikibase ecosystem. The second part presents an analysis of the possibilities and limits associated with an approach in which the free software Wikibase is used. The analysis is based on an empirical study carried out with data of the Study and Documentation Centre War and Contemporary Society (CegeSoma). It explores the options that are available to institutions that have limited resources and that have not yet implemented Linked Data. Datasets that contain information of people linked to the Second World War were used to examine the different stages involved in the publication of data as Linked Open Data.The experiment carried out in the second part of the thesis shows how a knowledge base driven by software such as Wikibase streamlines the creation of multilingual structured authority data. Examples illustrate how these entities can then be reused and enriched by using external data in interfaces aimed at the general public. This thesis highlights the possibilities of Wikibase, particularly in the context of data maintenance, without ignoring the limitations associated with its use. Due to its empirical nature and the formulated recommendations, this thesis contributes to the efforts and reflections carried out within the framework of the transition of archival metadata.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Frénoy, Antoine. "Second order selection pressures promoting the evolution and maintenance of cooperation in microbial and in silico systems." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T050/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first part, I show how digital organisms adapt their genomes to encode cooperation-related genes in a more constrained way (evolvability suppression), especially using operons and overlaps also involving essential genes. In the second part, we experimentally test this view of gene overlaps as an evolutionary constraint, using both algorithmic and synthetic biology tools that we have developed. In the third part, I use agent-based simulations to show how a form of division of labour can be interpreted as a cooperative system in the light of modern evolutionary theory. In the final part, I show that the patterns of dispersal of cooperative alleles due to hitchhiking phenomena play an important role in the evolution of cooperation. The last result holds even though the hitchhiking mechanisms also applies to non-cooperative alleles, thanks to the relatedness (at cooperation-related loci) created by the local invasion of beneficial mutations (at loci not related to cooperation). The beneficial mutations form a complex and interesting equilibrium with mutational robustness, which I investigate using in silico evolution. On the whole, these results call for a more careful consideration of the second-order selection pressures in the study of social evolution, and show the necessity for more realistic models allowing to integrate such evolutionary forces. My thesis research specifically highlights the importance of the mutational landscape in the study of microbial populations and shows the increasing potential of synthetic biology as a tool to study such landscape and microbial evolution in general
Audry, Julien. "Réplication et maintenance des télomères chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe : Rôle du complexe RPA dans la prévention ou la résolution de structures secondaires de type G-quadruplexes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4013.
Повний текст джерелаTelomeres are nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosome ends from degradation and ensure replication of the terminal DNA. In fact, many of replication proteins are involved in telomere maintenance, like RPA (Replication Protein A). RPA is a highly conserved heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA-binding protein involved in DNA replication, recombination and repair. In S. pombe a mutation in the largest RPA subunit (Rpa1-D223Y) leads to substantial telomere shortening. In this study, we found that the D223Y mutation leads to the accumulation of aberrant secondary structures at telomeres. The presence of these secondary DNA structures correlates with a high association of Polα with telomeres suggesting that this mutation impairs lagging strand (G-rich) telomere replication. Strikingly, heterologous expression of the budding yeast Pif1 known to efficiently unwind G-quadruplex, human PIF1 and Phf1 (homolog of Pif1 in S.pombe) rescue the telomeric length defects of the D223Y cells. Furthermore, in vitro data show that the identical D to Y mutation in human RPA specifically affects its ability to bind G-quadruplex. We propose that RPA prevents the formation of G-quadruplex structures at lagging strand telomeres to facilitate telomerase action at telomeres. Furthermore, the study, in S.pombe, of the stability of G-rich repeat sequences (minisatellite CEB25) as known to form G4 enforce the hypothesis that RPA can prevents the formation of G4 or helps to solve this structure
Shim, Grace. "Influence of Individual Radiosensitivity on Biological Responses to Ionizing Radiation Dose Estimation and the Role of Telomere Maintenance." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T050/document.
Повний текст джерелаExposure to ionizing radiation (IR), from both natural and man-made sources, is an inevitable part of modern life. It is well established that there are considerable inter-individual variations in sensitivity to IR among healthy individuals and cancer patients. However, the mechanisms involved in the heterogeneity of biological responses to IR are not well understood, and a reliable biodosimetric and clinical approach to measure and rank radiosensitivity remains to be established. In this thesis, we study the extent and impact of individual radiosensitivity in healthy individuals in the contexts of emergency dosimetry and radiotherapy, and we explore the roles of telomeres in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity and long-term human health risks following IR exposure (specifically, cardiovascular diseases and/or cancer). First, in the context of dosimetry in the event of an emergency situation (when rapid dose estimates of each individual in an irradiated population are needed), we demonstrate that the impact of individual radiosensitivity can be negligible using global cellular measurements of γH2AX fluorescence via flow cytometry in human fibroblasts and lymphocytes at 4 hours post-irradiation; this method could be an effective and rapid biodosimetry tool that can aid in the medical triage of irradiated individuals in an emergency setting based on individual levels of exposure. Second, we study the extent and influence of individual radiosensitivity on the induction of chromosomal aberrations following a routinely administered dose of 2 Gy during conventional fractionated photon radiotherapy (γ-rays) in lymphocytes of healthy individuals. For these analyses, we define individual radiosensitivity based on the frequency of IR-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which were calculated from the scoring of chromosomal aberrations visualized with telomere/centromere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TC-FISH). This TC-FISH staining of metaphasic chromosomes enhances the “gold standard technique” of biodosimetry (the dicentric chromosome assay) with the visualization of telomeres and centromeres and thereby provides improved simplicity and sensitivity to the classical cytogenetic assay. We also compare individual radiosensitivity following γ-irradiation to that following carbon irradiation, an up-and-coming ion species currently being used in heavy ion radiotherapy. We provide dose response curves for both γ- and carbon irradiations based on the calculated frequency of IR-induced DNA DSBs at a range of doses, and estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of carbon irradiation relative to γ-irradiation. We then estimate the RBE of a third type of IR also frequently used in heavy ion radiotherapy (proton beams) in comparison to γ-irradiation, and compare individual radiosensitivity to each of these three types of IR with different IR energies. Third, we evaluate the roles of telomeres and telomere maintenance in the prediction of individual radiosensitivity; we find that inherent mean telomere length in combination with the IR-induced change in mean telomere length may be a strong predictor of individual radiosensitivity. Finally, we show how telomeres could be linked to long-term health risks following IR exposure: we demonstrate that telomere shortening could be a new prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy, and discuss how telomeres could be key players in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In conclusion, we deliberate the relationships between telomere maintenance, radiation effects, and individual radiosensitivity, and propose a model of how telomeres could play crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases and the process of IR-induced carcinogenesis
Reymonet, Axel. "Modélisation de connaissances à partir de textes pour une recherche d'information sémantique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2155/.
Повний текст джерелаWith the spreading of Internet and local networks, numerical documents have been undergoing deep mutations, mainly due to the diversification of supports (text, image, sound, video) and their high number accessible by computers. Information Retrieval (IR) has thus become crucial: any user of a search engine wants it to be able to process textual contents to find automatically all documents relevant for their query. In order to compare a query with a document, semantic IR needs two prior operations to be carried out: obtaining a model for the handled knowledge and using it to index semantically the textual data. In this thesis, we study Ontological and Terminological Resources (OTR) adapted for IR and we develop a formalism which, unlike classical approaches, explicitly describes the relationship between terms and concepts, while respecting OWL-DL standard. Afterwards, we broach the topic of maintaining an OTR for IR: when a domain evolves in time, its corresponding OTR must be modified accordingly. The originality of our approach lies in the parallel computing of OTR maintenance and semantic indexing: the engineer can define rules which evaluate automatically the correctness of the OTR with respect to the expected indexing results; applied to the documents to be indexed, these rules help to spot the ones which show the necessity of maintaining the OTR. The tool then displays these documents with evolution advice. Our last contribution consists in integrating our OTR formalism and the maintenance cycle into a global semantic IR process. We especially focus on the semantic matching between a document and a keyword based query. We propose a semantic similarity measure which takes into account both the taxonomical proximity of two notions and the way each one is semantically connected to other entities. The relevance of our contributions was mainly tested by the implementation and use of a prototype tool for semantic IR as part of a partnership with ACTIA, a company specialized in automotive diagnosis
Cohen, Véronique-Déborah. "La spécificité des contrats liés aux technologies issues du numérique. Quelles singularités ces contrats présentent-ils, comparés à ceux du monde analogique ?" Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020083/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last decades, the fast-evolving technologies and the information and communication technologies (I.C.T) have been widespread in the current analogical world. They are engendered agreements which need a particular approach and which can’t be ignored today, because of their difficulties of application, interpretation, and even of qualification. The analogical world failed to offer a legal framework to that innovative and dynamic digital world creating tremendous legal uncertainty. Consequently, the emerging lack of appropriate agreements forced policymakers, regulators and legislators to elaborate new governance, new regulation and new acts to respond to those needs and expectations issued of the Information Society. The purpose is also to answer to the real needs of the lawyers and the professors of Law. These agreements are very different of the agreements of the analogical world in numerous points, but are inscribed in a logical and natural evolution of the Right of contracts. That’s why, it’s necessary to know what is their place in the legal life, and above all, how they are perceived and analyzed regarding the more "classical" contracts of the analogical world. Furthermore, other questions may be asked : in which kind of environment they evolve? What is characterizing the contracts linked to the information and communication technologies? What makes them so specific and so particular compared with the other agreements? The dematerialization of technology centered object can influence their way of formation, their execution and the balance of the agreements? What are their legal implications? If these agreements make reference to an specific and technical terminology of I.C.T., to the digital world, and if their object may be complex, in reality, the services generated by the Information Society are surrounding us in our daily life and are not different of the services we know since ever