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Готові списки джерел за темами / Magnitude of radioactive pollution / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Magnitude of radioactive pollution"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Saito, M. U., T. Doko, and F. Koike. "Forecasting Radiation Effects on Wildlife in Japan After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Based on Limited Information of Post-Accident Early Stage in 2011." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2 (November 11, 2014): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-13-2014.

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Due to the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake, massive radioactive materials were released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Fukushima NPP). It is crucial to predict the regional distribution and magnitude of the effects on wildlife by radioactive materials. However, during the post-accident early stage in 2011, limited information on large-scale pollution and prediction maps was open to public. Hence, this paper aimed to provide (1) the pollution map covering areas within 300 km from the Fukushima NPP where the radiation intensity exceeded 0.5 μSv/h, (2) pollution maps which predicted air dose for the next 30 years after the accident, and (3) maps of areas where wildlife might be affected by radioactive isotopes by the Fukushima nuclear accident. First, the relative contributions of <sup>131</sup>I, <sup>134</sup>Cs, and <sup>137</sup>Cs were estimated from time series observation data. Second, a 30-year prediction of the pollution was calculated based on the isotope half-lives. Third, the chronic radiation effects on vertebrates were estimated using the threshold dose rate proposed by Sazykina et al. (2009). We examined the chronic radiation effects on morbidity, reproduction, and longevity. The results indicated that radioactive materials could have affected vertebrate morbidity within a 350 km<sup>2</sup> area in early April 2011; the threshold level was the median result of Sazykina et al. (2009) with bootstrapping. Based on the prediction, a 15.5 km<sup>2</sup> region will remain affected after 30 years. These areas should be monitored to confirm the effects of radioactivity on wildlife.

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2

ISHII, K., A. TERAKAWA, S. MATSUYAMA, A. HASEGAWA, K. NAGAKUBO, T. SAKURADA, Y. KIKUCHI, et al. "MEASURES AGAINST RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION DUE TO FUKUSHIMA FIRST NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENTS PART I: DAMAGE SITUATION OF THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 01n02 (January 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908351240030x.

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The great East Japan earthquake consisted of three catastrophes. The first one was the earthquake, the second one was the tsunami and the third one was nuclear power plant accidents. The magnitude 9 was recorded. After the earth quake, huge tsunami waves of above 16m height hit the east coast of Northeastern Japan. Many people died and many things were lost. The tsunami caused the accident of Fukushima first nuclear power plant which resulted in a serious radioactive pollution.

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3

Synkevych, R. O. "Methods and information systems for identification of sources of radioactive air pollution by inverse modeling." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2021-4-78-90.

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The paper reviews the methods for identifying an unknown source of pollution by inverse mod-eling and information systems for air pollution forecasting and analysis. Several different for-eign and Ukrainian air pollution forecasting systems, such as the European Union's Nuclear Emergency Response System RODOS, have been developed on the basis of atmospheric transport models. However, the key data that determine the quality of forecasting in such sys-tems are the characteristics of the emission sources. In the case of detection of pollution from an unknown emission source, there should be performed inverse simulation. The use of the RODOS system, as well as other existing forecasting systems for such a task is possible but it requires multiple manual start of calculations of atmospheric transfer models in the reverse mode. Presented in the paper results of the application of inverse modeling methods during ra-diation incidents of the last decade demonstrate that modern methods of inverse modeling are sufficiently developed to set the task of automating inverse modeling in information systems for air pollution analysis and forecasting. Even though these methods not always can exactly identify the source of emissions due to the lack of measurements and poor conditioning of the inverse atmospheric transport problem, their application always leads to a significant reduction (by an order of magnitude or more) in the search for unknown sources compared to the detec-tion of pollutants. At present, in the existing forecasting systems the methods of inverse model-ing are only partially automated, namely for the case of known location and unknown emissions of the source of pollution. Therefore, this paper proposes the architecture of the future system for identifying unknown sources of emissions by inverse modeling.

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4

Lunn, R. J., A. D. Lunn, and R. Mackay. "Development of a Hydrogeological Model of the Borrowdale Volcanics at Sellafield." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-35-1997.

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Abstract. This work has arisen out of recent developments within the radioactive waste research programme managed by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution, UK (HMIP)*, to develop an integrated flow and transport model for the potential deep radioactive waste repository at Sellafield. One of the largest sources of uncertainty in model predictions, is the characterisation of the hydrogeological properties of the underlying strata, in particular, of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) within which the repository is to be located. Analysis of the available borehole data (that released by the proponent company, Nirex, by December 1995) for the BVG formation has indicated a dual regime consisting of flow within faults and flow within the matrix (or an equivalent porous medium containing micro-fractures). Significant relationships between permeability, depth and the presence and orientation of faults have been identified; they account for a variation of up to 6 orders of magnitude in mean permeability measurements. This can be explained in part by the effect of the orientation of the current maximum principal stress directions within the BVG: however, it is likely that permeability is also dependent on the existence of fracture families, which cannot be effectively identified from the data currently available. These analyses have enabled considerable insight to be gained into the dominant features of flow within the BVG. The conceptual hydrogeological model derived here will have a significant effect on the outcome and reliability of future radionuclide transport predictions in the Sellafield area.

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5

Murgulet, Dorina, Cody V. Lopez, and Audrey R. Douglas. "Radioactive and stable isotopes reveal variations in nearshore submarine groundwater discharge composition and magnitude across low inflow northwestern Gulf of Mexico estuaries." Science of The Total Environment 823 (June 2022): 153814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153814.

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6

Dunster, H. J. "Radioactive pollution." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, no. 1-2 (1987): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700000957x.

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SynopsisThe meaning to be assigned to “pollution” is discussed and an account given of the “natural” sources of radiation. The effects of radiation on human populations are described. The artificial sources of radiation in the environment associated with energy productions are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the effects of the discharge of radioactive waste on radiation exposures in the neighbourhood of nuclear establishments. This is followed by a consideration of nuclear accidents and the public reaction to them. Radioactive pollution and the necessary organisation for its control are discussed with particular attention being paid to the present position in the United Kingdom.

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7

Hirono, Yuhei. "Radioactive Pollution of Tea." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal) 2011, no. 112 (2011): 112_1–112_8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.2011.112_1.

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8

Zaharie, Ioan, and Mircea Goloşie. "Anthropic Radioactive Pollution in Romania." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0136.

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Abstract The paper presents some conclusions regarding the identification, processing and monitoring of sites contaminated with heavy and radioactive metals. The following categories of sites have been researched: abandoned mining areas, industrial perimeters for the processing of alloys containing radioactive metals, chemical wastes from the chemical fertilizer industry, railways and run- ways that serve to locate radioactive ores, military sites with forgotten radioactive waste, abandoned mines in which chemical and radioactive materials have been deposited, civil and industrial buildings where radioactive materials were used, tourist resorts affected by anthropic and entropic pollution, cases of radioactive floods and heavy metals from food, contamination of external geographic causes. The research includes the results related to the identification, processing and monitoring of the data of more than 350 contaminated sites.

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9

Sugimura, Yukio. "Radioactive pollution of earth's environment." Japan journal of water pollution research 11, no. 3 (1988): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.11.143.

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10

Kavach, Rakesh, Kiran Baderia, and Alok Goyal. ""INCREASING SCOPE OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3246.

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Анотація:

Environmental pollution is an occasional problem in which the difficulties of life for the bio-world including humans are increasing. Due to the qualitative degradation of the environmental elements, the natural properties of life-like elements such as air, water, soil, vegetation, etc. are getting diminished due to which the relationship between nature and organisms is deteriorating. It is well known that environmental pollution is a product of modernity. Although the phenomenon of pollution has been occurring even in ancient times, but nature was able to prevent it, due to which its outbreak was not as fierce as it is today. As the amount of pollution has exceeded the limits of nature today, its effect has started reaching near the crisis point. Environmental elements like water and air are losing their natural quality due to environmental pollution, the vegetation is getting destroyed, the nature of the weather is changing and human is getting trapped in the clutches of various diseases. It is detrimental to the bio-world, as it is oriented in the path of environmental degradation to ecological degradation. Scientists believe that if the same momentum of pollution continues for the next 50 years, a catastrophe can come. The Western Industrial Revolution has made man insensitive to such an extent that he is cutting the branch on which he is sitting. Some scientists of the developed countries have been forced to say that the progressive nations of the west are exporting pollution to poor developing countries.According to the National Environmental Research Institute, pollutants causing harmful changes in the natural environment are released from matter and energy releases in the form of wastes resulting from human activities. Pollutants that pollute the environment are placed in two groups on the basis of origin. Can be (a) natural pollutant and (b) man-made pollutant. पर्यावरण प्रदूषण एक ऐसी सामयिक समस्या है जिसमें मानव सहित जैव जगत् के लिए जीवन की कठिनाईयाँ बढ़ती जा रही हैं। पर्यावरण के तत्त्वों में गुणात्मक ह्रास के कारण जीवनदायी तत्त्व यथा वायु, जल, मृदा, वनस्पति आदि के नैसर्गिक गुण ह्रसमान होते जा रहे हैं जिससे प्रकृति और जीवों का आपसी सम्बन्ध बिगड़ता जा रहा है। यह सर्वज्ञात है कि पर्यावरण प्रदूषण आधुनिकता की देन है। वैसे प्रदूषण की घटना प्राचीनकाल में भी होती रही है लेकिन प्रकृति इसका निवारण करने में सक्षम थी, जिससे इसका प्रकोप उतना भयंकर नहीं था, जितना आज है। चूँकि आज प्रदूषण की मात्रा प्रकृति की सहनसीमा को लाँघ गई है फलतः इसका प्रभाव संकट बिन्दु के समीप पहुँचने लगा है। पर्यावरण प्रदूषण से जल और वायु जैसे जीवनदायी तत्त्व अपनी नैसर्गिक गुणवत्ता खोते जा रहे हैं, वनस्पतियाँ विनष्ट होती जा रही हैं, मौसम का स्वभाव बदल रहा है और मानव विविध बीमारियों के चंगुल में फँसता जा रहा है। यह जैव जगत् के लिए अपषकुन है, क्योंकि पर्यावरण ह्रास से पारिस्थितिकी विनाष के राह में उन्मुख है। वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि अगले 50 वर्षों तक यदि प्रदूषण की यही गति बनी रही तो महाप्रलय आ सकता है। पष्चिमी औद्योगिक क्रान्ति ने मनुष्य को इस हद तक संवेदनहीन बना दिया है कि वह जिस डाल पर बैठा है उसी को काट रहा है। विकसित देषों के कुछ वैज्ञानिक यह कहने के लिए बाध्य हुए हैं कि पष्चिम के प्रगतिषील राष्ट्र, प्रदूषण का निर्यात गरीब विकासषील देषों में कर रहे हैं।राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण शोध संस्थान के अनुसार मनुष्य के क्रिया-कलापों से उत्पन्न अपषिष्टों के रूप में पदार्थ एवं उर्जा विमोचन से प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में होने वाले हानिकारक परिवर्तनों को प्रदूषण कहा जाता है।पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करने वाले प्रदूषकों को उत्पत्ति के आधार पर दो समूहों मेें रखा जा सकता है- (क) प्राकृतिक प्रदूषक तथा (ख) मानव निर्मित प्रदूषक।

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11

Vinaya Satyawan Savitri, Tari. "Radioactive Pollution in Drinking Water." Acta Scientific Microbiology 4, no. 6 (May 7, 2021): 03–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2021.04.0846.

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12

Lavrentyeva, G. V., I. I. Silin, and B. I. Synzynys. "Geosystem pollution by radioactive strontium near a regional radioactive waste repository." Water Resources 43, no. 7 (December 2016): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0097807816070071.

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13

Khomutinin, Y., О. Glukhovsky, V. Protsak, V. Kashparov, S. Levchuk, and V. Pavliuchenko. "Cartographing of "spots" of radioactive pollution." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 2(78) (June 7, 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2018.2(78).08.

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The methodology was proposed and the algorithm was developed for mapping and delineating the "spots" of radioactive contamination territory by the 137Cs. The methodology is based on the principle of multi-stage (successive approximations) widely used in geological surveys. Herewith, the 137Cs contamination density at each point is considered as a random variable with a lognormal probability distribution. The implementation of the algorithm is based on optimization of the number of sampling points necessary for estimating the density of soil contamination with a given relative error at the identification of a "spot" of contamination. The results of testing the algorithm confirmed the effectiveness and stability of its operation, as well as the simplicity of practical application. The proposed methodology makes it possible to substantially minimize the costs of field work for sampling soil and measuring the content of radionuclides in them.

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14

Fritsch, Par Olivier, Barbara Hohn, Lgor Kovalchuk, and Olga Kovalchuk. "Des bio-indicateurs de pollution radioactive." Biofutur 2000, no. 205 (November 2000): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0294-3506(01)80048-x.

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15

Masood, Ehsan. "Pollution inspectors 'inconsistent' about radioactive material." Nature 380, no. 6570 (March 1996): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380096b0.

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16

Butusov, O. B., D. V. Popov, and N. I. Redikultseva. "Computer simulation of fuzzy equation of transfer of radioactive pollution." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-4 (December 20, 2012): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68492.

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The paper deals with the mathematical model and computer software for solution of fuzzy transfer equation for modeling of distribution of radioactive pollution into environment under destruction of radioactive waste storage with the interval uncertainty of a number of physico-chemical parameters of distribution of radioactive contamination (rate of rise of groundwater from radioactive waste storage and radioactive pollution diffusion coefficients in the geological layer).

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17

Jones, Peter. "Radioactive atoll leaks." Marine Pollution Bulletin 22, no. 12 (December 1991): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(91)90238-n.

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18

Mehrabova, Matanat. "Detectors in Barrier Structures of Metal-Lamellar Semiconductors." Key Engineering Materials 446 (July 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.446.1.

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Recently peaceful use of the nuclear energy and radioactive nuclides has increased the radiation pollution factor in the world and radiation safety problems have become actual ones. The development of the nuclear power engineering, protection and processing of radioactive wastes of nuclear reactors, the use of radioactive isotopes in national economy, nuclear explosion, industrial wastes and etc. may cause the radioactive pollution of the environment. In the case of such pollution the environment as well as living organisms are exposed to radioactive radiation (a-, b-, γ- etc.). Radioactive substances emit radioactive rays and as their decay time varies for natural and artificial radioactive substances the time of their environmental effect ranges from some years to million years.

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19

Schwarz, G., and F. Lange. "The Magnitude and Characteristics of Radioactive Material Shipments in Germany." International Journal of Radioactive Materials Transport 5, no. 2-4 (January 1994): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/rmt.1994.5.2-4.145.

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20

Malanca, Alberto, Lorenzo Achilli, and Sandro Fabbri. "Radioactive anomalies in a northeastern Brazilian town." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 30, no. 5 (June 1995): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529509376245.

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21

Sharyapova, E. A., A. V. Shuvaev, and I. O. Zhavoronkova. "Radiation pollution as a threat to the environmental security of the Russia." Sociology and Law, no. 4 (January 9, 2022): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2021-4-101-108.

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The topic of the article is relevant — the problem of radioactive waste management, since the task of increasing the level of security of organizations of the country’s nuclear power-industrial complexes is one of the priorities for ensuring state and public security in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. The growth of radioactive waste is a hazard to human health and the environment. The state needs a unified regulation of the radioactive waste management policy and prevention of radioactive disasters.

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22

Захаркевич, І. В., and А. К. Запольський. "RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF THE GROUNDWATER IN ZHITOMIR REGION." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-9300422011139069.

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23

Bulatov, V. I. "Nuclear resource management and radioactive pollution in Russia." Geography and Natural Resources 36, no. 2 (April 2015): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s187537281502002x.

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24

Dorozynski, A. "Radioactive pollution exposed by low tide in France." BMJ 314, no. 7084 (March 22, 1997): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7084.845c.

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25

Sawidis, T. "Radioactive Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems from Macedonia, Greece." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900013.

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26

Baykara, O., H. Hasar, E. Öbek, and M. Doğru. "Determination of radioactive pollution from an open landfill." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 265, no. 1 (June 2005): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0793-7.

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27

Bech, Jaume, Manuela Abreu, Elena Korobova, Annamaria Lima, and Carmen Pérez-Sirvent. "Radioactive chemical species in soils: Pollution and remediation." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 142 (July 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.05.002.

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28

Sawidis, T. "Radioactive pollution in freshwater ecosystems from Macedonia, Greece." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00211334.

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29

Krivolutski, D. A., Natalia V. Lebedeva, and Ida I. Shuktomova. "Birds as objects in bioindication of radioactive pollution." Acta Biologica Hungarica 50, no. 1-3 (March 1999): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543038.

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30

Osmanlioglu, Ahmet Erdal. "Utilization of coal fly ash in solidification of liquid radioactive waste from research reactor." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 32, no. 5 (March 17, 2014): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x14523664.

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In this study, the potential utilization of fly ash was investigated as an additive in solidification process of radioactive waste sludge from research reactor. Coal formations include various percentages of natural radioactive elements; therefore, coal fly ash includes various levels of radioactivity. For this reason, fly ashes have to be evaluated for potential environmental implications in case of further usage in any construction material. But for use in solidification of radioactive sludge, the radiological effects of fly ash are in the range of radioactive waste management limits. The results show that fly ash has a strong fixing capacity for radioactive isotopes. Specimens with addition of 5–15% fly ash to concrete was observed to be sufficient to achieve the target compressive strength of 20 MPa required for near-surface disposal. An optimum mixture comprising 15% fly ash, 35% cement, and 50% radioactive waste sludge could provide the solidification required for long-term storage and disposal. The codisposal of radioactive fly ash with radioactive sludge by solidification decreases the usage of cement in solidification process. By this method, radioactive fly ash can become a valuable additive instead of industrial waste. This study supports the utilization of fly ash in industry and the solidification of radioactive waste in the nuclear industry.

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31

Benarie, Michel. "Radioactive aerosols." Science of The Total Environment 126, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90492-b.

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32

Liland, A., P. Strand, I. Amundsen, H. Natvig, M. Nilsen, R. Lystad, and K. E. Frogg. "Advances in NORM management in Norway and the application of ICRP's 2007 Recommendations." Annals of the ICRP 41, no. 3-4 (October 2012): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.021.

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Анотація:

In Norway, the largest reported quantities of radioactive discharges and radioactive waste containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) come from the oil and gas sector, and smaller quantities of other NORM waste are also produced by industrial or mining processes. The Gulen final repository for radioactive waste from the oil and gas industry from the Norwegian continental shelf was opened in 2008 and has a capacity of 6000 tonnes. As of 1 January 2011, a new regulation was enforced whereby radioactive waste and radioactive pollution was integrated in the Pollution Control Act from 1981. This means that radioactive waste and radioactive pollution are now regulated under the same legal framework as all other pollutants and hazardous wastes. The regulation establishes two sets of criteria defining radioactive waste: a lower value for when waste is considered to be radioactive waste, and a higher value, in most cases, for when this waste must be disposed of in a final waste repository. For example, waste containing ≥1 Bq/g of Ra-226 is defined as radioactive waste, while radioactive waste containing ≥10 Bq/g of Ra-226 must be disposed of in a final repository. Radioactive waste between 1 and 10 Bq/g can be handled and disposed of by waste companies who have a licence for handling hazardous waste according to the Pollution Control Act. Alternatively, they will need a separate licence for handling radioactive waste from the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The goal of the new regulation is that all radioactive waste should be handled and stored in a safe manner, and discharges should be controlled through a licensing regime in order to avoid/not pose unnecessary risk to humans or the environment. This paper will elaborate on the new regulation of radioactive waste and the principles of NORM management in Norway in view of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's 2007 Recommendations.

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33

Lodge, James P. "Nuclear Power: Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 21, no. 5 (January 1987): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90259-9.

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34

Kim, Yong-ha, Sotira Yiacoumi, Athanasios Nenes, and Costas Tsouris. "Incorporating radioactive decay into charging and coagulation of multicomponent radioactive aerosols." Journal of Aerosol Science 114 (December 2017): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.09.024.

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35

Gribacheva, N. P., G. M. Gecheva, and V. M. Stefanova. "Air pollution monitoring with mosses in Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria." Bulgarian Chemical Communications 51, no. 2 (2019): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.2.5043.

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For the first time a complex study of the bioaccumulation of 22 macro- and microelements, as well as of 18 rare earth and radioactive elements in mosses was applied in the territory of Western Rhodopes. The research is a part of the international program (ICP Vegetation, UNECE) that has been carried out in most of the European countries since 1987. Certain local emitters like old and open mines, serpentines, as well as cross-border transmission were identified. In addition, highest concentrations of radioactive elements were registered in the area of an old uranium mine and most elevated sites, probably due to increased wet deposition. Both heavy metals and toxic elements, as well as radioactive elements maxima were lower than measured highest levels for Bulgaria and Europe. In such studies, inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICP-MS) could be recommended.

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36

Kovalchuk, V., I. Kozlov, O. Dorozh, N. Bogdanov, and N. Meletenko. "WATER RESISTANCE OF SOLIDIFIED RADIOACTIVE WASTE." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 2, no. 61 (2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.61.2020.07.

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The results of experimental studies of leaching characteristic of liquid radioactive waste of radionuclides from cement matrices for long-term storage are considered. It is shown that leach ability is a characteristic of the chemical resistance of matrices, indicating the ability of the matrix material to prevent the spread of radionuclides localized in them into the environment. It is noted that the rate of leaching of radionuclides from cement matrices changes with the time of their contact with aqueous media. Chronometric dependences of leaching rates are presented and analysed. It is shown that they consist of two sections of different duration. The initial section, lasting up to 250 hours, is distinguished by a higher steepness with a decrease in the absolute value of the speed to 2 orders of magnitude. The subsequent section, lasting up to 2500 hours or more, is characterized by an asymptotic decrease in speed to a constant minimum value. Approximating functions of the experimental chronometric dependences of radionuclide leaching were obtained in the form of power-logarithm expressions, valid in the intervals of the duration of the experiments, with a reliability of at least 0.9. It is shown that monovalent sodium and cesium ions are most intensively subject to leaching. The absolute values of the rates of leaching of monovalent nuclides are two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of divalent ones, all other things being equal. The content of the nuclide in the composition of the compound material has a significant effect on the leaching rate. An increase in matrix temperature promotes an increase in leaching rates, which is most likely due to a positive temperature coefficient of diffusion characteristics. Irradiation of the matrices decreases the leaching rate as a result of a decrease in the porosity of the matrix body and the formation of poorly soluble hydrates. The redox values of matrix-bound solutions have no significant effect on the leaching rate.

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37

Abdelsalam. "Diffusion of Radioactive Materials in the Atmosphere." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajes.2009.53.57.

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38

Solomatina, V. D., M. V. Malinovskaya, M. A. Fomovskiy, and N. A. Mogilevich. "Peculiarities of Fish Metabolism under Conditions of Radioactive Pollution." Hydrobiological Journal 37, no. 5 (2001): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/hydrobj.v37.i5.70.

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39

., V. Durand, C. Mercat-rommens ., P. Curmi ., M. Benoit ., and B. Briand . "Modelling Regional Impacts of Radioactive Pollution on Permanent Grassland." Journal of Agronomy 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2007.11.20.

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40

Pavlik, Bohuslav, and Jan Engelsmann. "Experience with airborne detection of radioactive pollution (ENMOS, IRIS)." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 72, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(03)00203-0.

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41

Chevychelov, A. P., A. P. D’yachkovskii, P. I. Sobakin, and L. I. Kuznetsova. "Surface water radioactive pollution in South Yakutia anthropogenic landscapes." Contemporary Problems of Ecology 3, no. 4 (August 2010): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s199542551004003x.

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42

Miller, C. "Efficiency, Equity and Pollution: The Case of Radioactive Waste." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 7 (July 1987): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190913.

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The absence of compensation for third parties who are the victims of residual (that is, permitted) pollution can entail a violation of Rawls's second principle of justice. Environmental pollution, insofar as it is an uncharged cost, may lead also to an economically inefficient distribution of goods and services. Radioactivity and radiation dose are forms of pollution for which a control philosophy has been adopted which demands a consideration of efficiency implications. In addition, a discharger of radioactive waste must ensure that the overall benefits resulting from the waste-generating practice exceed the total costs. But dissimilar distributions of costs and benefits may leave certain individuals worse off as a result of that practice. The use of different schemes of compensation for those adversely affected by radioactive waste repositories is examined.

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43

Singh, Jaspal, Lakhwant Singh, Surinder Singh, and H. S. Virk. "Seasonal variation study of radon pollution at radioactive sites." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 19, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(91)90228-a.

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44

Vu, Anh Lan Thi, Dung Van Nguyen, and Hoa Thi Nguyen. "Study using Vetiver grass to treat radioacitve pollution at Sin Quyen copper miner area, Lao Cai Province." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).13.

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Анотація:

The article introduces the research results of using Vetiver grass in radioactive environment treatment (water waste, mud waste) in Sin Quyen copper mine area, Lao Cai province. After 30 days, uranium absorption efficiency reached 77.4% and thorium 83.5%, the total alpha and beta activity of the water dramatically declined, alpha treatment efficiency reached 95.3% while beta treatment efficiency reached 93.7%. The model of radioactive pollution treatment by Vetiver showed high efficiency, simple operation. Therefore, it is very promising to apply the treatment of radioactive sludge, radioactive waste sludge in the process of exploiting and processing Sin Quyen copper ore in particular, the areas of radioactive mineral mining in general.

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45

Hamilton, E. I. "Radioactive waste management." Science of The Total Environment 43, no. 1-2 (May 1985): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(85)90041-5.

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46

Goryachenkova, T. A., A. P. Borisov, G. Yu Solov`eva, E. A. Lavrinovich, I. E. Kazinskaya, A. N. Ligaev, A. V. Travkina, and A. P. Novikov. "Content of technogenic radionuclides in water, bottom sediments and benthos of the Kara sea and shallow bays of the Novaya zemlya archipelago." Геохимия 64, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 1261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-752564121261-1268.

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During the expedition on the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh research vessel in 2016 year it was established that the content of radioactive cesium in the sea water of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago bays and open sea are at a level corresponding to the global fallout (1 Bq /m3). Plutonium content in water is slightly higher .The activity of neptunium in water is an order of magnitude higher than the activity of plutonium (0.761.89 Bq/m3), although its content in global fallout is almost two orders of magnitude lower than the plutonium content. The plutonium content in the bottom sediments of the Kara Sea is 0.23.8 Bq/kg. The content of radioactive cesium is as high as possible in the mouth of the Yenisei River (up to 21 Bq/kg) Analysis of benthic samples showed that the content of radioactive cesium and plutonium in samples taken in the bays of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is below the detection limit. The neptunium content in the benthos samples is above the detection limit and amounts to 180 Bq/kg wet weight. It was showed that the content of neptunium in benthos is one of the indicators of radioactive contamination of the marine environment.

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47

Barker, James J. "Thermocouple placement and hot spots in radioactive waste tanks." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 31, no. 6 (July 1996): 1487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376437.

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48

Hutchinson, T. P. "Classroom note: Radioactivity half-lives considered as data." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912697000060.

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Half-lives of radioactive nuclides range over more than 20 orders of magnitude. It is striking that, nevertheless, statistical laws may be discovered in these numbers: a log-normal distribution provides a good description.

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49

Borisenko, G. S., Yu I. Zuenko, and E. O. Basyuk. "RESULTS OF MONITORING ON RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF COMMERCIAL MARINE ORGANISMS IN THE NORTH-WEST PACIFIC AFTER THE ACCIDENT AT FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION IN 2011." Journal of Oceanological Research 48, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2020.48(4).4.

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Results of several years monitoring on radioactive pollution of fisheries objects in the Russian EEZ and adjacent North-West Pacific (fish, crabs, shrimps, marine algae) after the accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in 2011 are generalized. Two catastrophic releases of radioactive isotopes to atmosphere and directly to the ocean happened at Fukushima in late March and early April, 2011. However, not a single case of dangerous pollution of fish or seafoods caught by Russian fishermen was detected. The highest activity of radioisotopes (137Cs up to 8.1 Bq/kg, 134Cs to 6.9 Bq/kg ww) was found for fish (pink salmon juveniles) caught off Kuril Islands in several days after the strongest release of radionuclides into the atmosphere. Soon, in summer 2011, the level of radioactive pollution in this area came close to the regional background level, the pre-accident level was restored in 2012, and the tendency to decreasing of radioactive pollution (that was observed after the nuclear tests termination) was restored in 2013. The observed radioactive contamination of fish, invertebrates and algae tissues is considerably (in 1–2 orders) below the sanitary permissible levels for isotopes of Cs and Sr. Lack of significant consequences of the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for bioresources of Russian waters is explained by spatial patterns of the water drift from Fukushima coast driven by oceanic currents in spring-summer of 2011 that was directed generally eastward, far from the Russian coasts. There is noted that radioactive contamination of fish tissues is determined by current radiation situation (here and now), no signs of accumulation and transfer of pollution by migratory species are found.

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50

Blanco, P., M. T. Oms, J. M. Estela, V. Cerdà, M. Casas, J. Mañas, J. Pons, et al. "Determination of heavy metals and radioactive elements in purifier sludge." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 25, no. 7 (October 1990): 855–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529009375603.

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