Статті в журналах: "Magneto-electric (ME) multiferroic materials"

1

Kumar, Ashok, Nora Ortega, Sandra Dussan, Shalini Kumari, Dilsom Sanchez, James Scott, and Ram Katiyar. "Multiferroic Memory: A Disruptive Technology or Future Technology?" Solid State Phenomena 189 (June 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.189.1.

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The term "Multiferroic" is coined for a material possessing at least two ferroic orders in the same or composite phase (ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, ferroelastic); if the first two ferroic orders are linearly coupled together it is known as a magnetoelectric (ME) multiferroic. Two kinds of ME multiferroic memory devices are under extensive research based on the philosophy of "switching of polarization by magnetic fields and magnetization by electric fields." Successful switching of ferroic orders will provide an extra degree of freedom to create more logic states. The "switching of polarization by magnetic fields" is useful for magnetic field sensors and for memory elements if, for example, polarization switching is via a very small magnetic field from a coil underneath an integrated circuit. The electric control of magnetization is suitable for nondestructive low-power, high-density magnetically read and electrically written memory elements. If the system possesses additional features, such as propagating magnon (spin wave) excitations at room temperature, additional functional applications may be possible. Magnon-based logic (magnonic) systems have been initiated by various scientists, and prototype devices show potential for future complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Discovery of high polarization, magnetization, piezoelectric, spin waves (magnon), magneto-electric, photovoltaic, exchange bias coupling, etc. make bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3, one of the widely investigated materials in this decade. Basic multiferroic features of well known room temperature single phase BiFeO3in bulk and thin films have been discussed. Functional magnetoelectric (ME) properties of some lead-based solid solution perovskite multiferroics are presented and these systems also have a bright future. The prospects and the limitations of the ME-based random access memory (MERAM) are explained in the context of recent discoveries and state of the art research.

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N. V., Srihari, K. B. Vinayakumar, and K. K. Nagaraja. "Magnetoelectric Coupling in Bismuth Ferrite—Challenges and Perspectives." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121221.

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Multiferroic materials belong to the sub-group of ferroics possessing two or more ferroic orders in the same phase. Aizu first coined the term multiferroics in 1969. Of late, several multiferroic materials’ unique and robust characteristics have shown great potential for various applications. Notably, the coexisting magnetic and electrical ordering results in the Magnetoelectric effect (ME), wherein the electrical polarization can be manipulated by magnetic fields and magnetization by electric fields. Currently, more significant interests lie in significantly enhancing the ME coupling facilitating the realization of Spintronic devices, which makes use of the transport phenomenon of spin-polarized electrons. On the other hand, the magnetoelectric coupling is also pivotal in magnetic memory devices wherein the application of small electric voltage manipulates the magnetic properties of the device. This review gives a brief overview of magnetoelectric coupling in Bismuth ferrite and approaches to achieve higher magnetoelectric coupling and device applications.

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Shi, Yang, and Yongkun Wang. "Size-Dependent and Multi-Field Coupling Behavior of Layered Multiferroic Nanocomposites." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020260.

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The prediction of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in nano-scaled multiferroic composites is significant for nano-devices. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear multi-field coupling model for ME effect in layered multiferroic nanocomposites based on the surface stress model, strain gradient theory and nonlinear magneto-elastic-thermal coupling constitutive relation. With this novel model, the influence of external fields on strain gradient and flexoelectricity is discussed for the first time. Meanwhile, a comprehensive investigation on the influence of size-dependent parameters and multi-field conditions on ME performance is made. The numerical results show that ME coupling is remarkably size-dependent as the thickness of the composites reduces to nanoscale. Especially, the ME coefficient is enhanced by either surface effect or flexoelectricity. The strain gradient in composites at the nano-scale is significant and influenced by the external stimuli at different levels via the change in materials’ properties. More importantly, due to the nonlinear multi-field coupling behavior of ferromagnetic materials, appropriate compressive stress and temperature may improve the value of ME coefficient and reduce the required magnetic field. This paper provides a theoretical basis to analyze and evaluate multi-field coupling characteristics of nanostructure-based ME devices.

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4

HU, JIA-MIAN, JING MA, JING WANG, ZHENG LI, YUAN-HUA LIN, and C. W. NAN. "MAGNETOELECTRIC RESPONSES IN MULTIFERROIC COMPOSITE THIN FILMS." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 01, no. 01 (January 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x11000021.

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Multiferroic composite thin films of ferroelectrics and magnets have attracted ever-increasing interest in most recent years. In this review, magnetoelectric (ME) responses as well as their underlying ME coupling mechanisms in such multiferroic composite thin films are discussed, oriented by their potential applications in novel ME devices. Among them, the direct ME response, i.e., magnetic-field control of polarization, can be exploited for micro-sensor applications (sensing magnetic field, electric current, light, etc.), mainly determined by a strain-mediated coupling interaction. The converse ME response, i.e., electric-field modulation of magnetism, offers great opportunities for new potential devices for spintronics and in data storage applications. A series of prototype ME devices based on both direct and converse ME responses have been presented. The review concludes with a remark on the future possibilities and scientific challenges in this field.

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5

Hait, Swarnali, and Kalyan Mandal. "Enhancement of Curie temperature of gallium ferrite beyond room temperature by the formation of Ga_0.8Fe_1.2O₃−Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ composite." AIP Advances 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 025345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000438.

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Multiferroic materials with good magneto-electric coupling are of great interest due to their enormous applications in the field of spintronic devices. Magnetoelectric (ME) gallium ferrite is an interesting material due to its room temperature (RT) piezoelectricity and near RT ferrimagnetism along with significant ME coupling (10−11 s/m at 4.2 K). The work aims to increase the magnetic transition temperature (TC) of the material above RT so that the material can have strong ME coupling at room temperature and can be implemented for practical applications. Several earlier reports have shown the magnetic transition temperature of Ga2−xFexO3 increases with higher Fe contents. Hence, we chose to study the properties of Ga2−xFexO3 (GFO) only for x = 1.2. Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) is another material that is RT ferromagnet material with very high resistivity (∼1012 Ω cm). In this work, by forming a GFO-YIG composite with only a 10% concentration of YIG, the phase transition temperature is increased beyond room temperature from ∼289 K for GFO to ∼309 K for 0.9 GFO-0.1 YIG. The remnant magnetization is also enhanced from 0.211 emu/g to 2.82 emu/g reporting a magnetization of ∼8.2 emu/g at 30 kOe.

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6

Pradhan, Dhiren K., Shalini Kumari, and Philip D. Rack. "Magnetoelectric Composites: Applications, Coupling Mechanisms, and Future Directions." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102072.

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Multiferroic (MF)-magnetoelectric (ME) composites, which integrate magnetic and ferroelectric materials, exhibit a higher operational temperature (above room temperature) and superior (several orders of magnitude) ME coupling when compared to single-phase multiferroic materials. Room temperature control and the switching of magnetic properties via an electric field and electrical properties by a magnetic field has motivated research towards the goal of realizing ultralow power and multifunctional nano (micro) electronic devices. Here, some of the leading applications for magnetoelectric composites are reviewed, and the mechanisms and nature of ME coupling in artificial composite systems are discussed. Ways to enhance the ME coupling and other physical properties are also demonstrated. Finally, emphasis is given to the important open questions and future directions in this field, where new breakthroughs could have a significant impact in transforming scientific discoveries to practical device applications, which can be well-controlled both magnetically and electrically.

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7

Gao, Junqi, Zekun Jiang, Shuangjie Zhang, Zhineng Mao, Ying Shen, and Zhaoqiang Chu. "Review of Magnetoelectric Sensors." Actuators 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10060109.

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Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) materials with the capability of coupling magnetization and electric polarization have been providing diverse routes towards functional devices and thus attracting ever-increasing attention. The typical device applications include sensors, energy harvesters, magnetoelectric random access memories, tunable microwave devices and ME antennas etc. Among those application scenarios, ME sensors are specifically focused in this review article. We begin with an introduction of materials development and then recent advances in ME sensors are overviewed. Engineering applications of ME sensors are followed and typical scenarios are presented. Finally, several remaining challenges and future directions from the perspective of sensor designs and real applications are included.

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8

Guo, Yan, Chen Yang, and Bin Huang. "Design of Flexible FeCoSiB/ZnO Thin-Film Multiferroic Module for Low-Frequency Energy Harvesting." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135049.

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Multiphase magnetoelectric (ME) composites deposited on flexible substrates have been widely studied, which can respond to ambient mechanical, magnetic, and electric field excitations. This paper reports an investigation of flexible FeCoSiB/ZnO thin-film generators for low-frequency energy harvesting based on three substrates. Both hard substrate Si and flexible substrates (Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polyimide (PI)) are adopted to make a comparison of energy conversion efficiency. For the single ME laminate, a PET-based flexible ME generator presents the best ME coupling performance with an average coupling voltage output of ~0.643 mV and power output of ~41.3 nW under the alternating magnetic field of 40 Oe and 20 Hz. The corresponding ME coupling coefficient reaches the value of 321.5 mV/(cm·Oe) for this micrometer scale harvester. Flexible ME modules with double cantilevered ME generators are further designed and fabricated. When two PET-based generators are connected in series, the average voltage output and power are ~0.067 mV and ~0.447 nW, respectively. Although the energy harvested by ME thin-film generators is much smaller than bulk multiferroic materials, it proves the feasibility of using flexible FeCoSiB/ZnO generators for harvesting ambient magnetic energy and supplying sustainable electronic devices in the future.

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Apostolova, Iliana, Angel Apostolov, and Julia Wesselinowa. "Magnetoelectric Coupling Effects in Tb-Doped BiFeO3 Nanoparticles." Magnetochemistry 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9060142.

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The magnetic, electric, and optical properties in Tb-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles as functions of size and doping concentrations were investigated using a microscopic model, taking into account both linear and quadratic magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. We observed improved multiferroic properties and band-gap tuning. The magnetization and polarization increased with the decreased nanoparticle size and increased Tb-doping substitution x. The Neel temperature remained nearly unchanged whereas the Curie temperature was reduced with the increased x. There was doping-induced ME coupling. The dielectric constant is discussed as a function of the size, doping, and the magnetic field. The band gap decreased with the decreased size or increased Tb dopants due to competing effects of the compressive strain, oxygen defects on the surface, and Coulomb interactions. Increasing the Tb dopants and decreasing the nanoparticle size improved the ME effect.

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10

Kowal, Karol, Elżbieta Jartych, Piotr Guzdek, Agata Lisińska-Czekaj, and Dionizy Czekaj. "Magnetoelectric effect in (BiFeO3)x–(BaTiO3)1-x solid solutions." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0012.

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AbstractThe aim of the present work was to study magnetoelectric effect (ME) in (BiFeO3)x-(BaTiO3)1-x solid solutions in terms of technological conditions applied in the samples fabrication process. The rapidly growing interest in these materials is caused by their multiferroic behaviour, i.e. coexistence of both electric and magnetic ordering. It creates possibility for many innovative applications, e.g. in steering the magnetic memory by electric field and vice versa. The investigated samples of various chemical compositions (i.e. x = 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9) were prepared by the solid-state sintering method under three sets of technological conditions differing in the applied temperature and soaking time. Measurements of the magnetoelectric voltage coefficient αME were performed using a dynamic lock-in technique. The highest value of αME was observed for 0.7BiFeO3-0.3BaTiO3 solid solution sintered at the highest temperature (T = 1153 K) after initial electrical poling despite that the soaking time was reduced 10 times in this case.

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11

Xu, Zhen, and Guo-Long Tan. "Full Antiferroelectric Performance and GMR Effect in Multiferroic La0.75Ba0.25Fe12O19 Ceramic." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2023): 5718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095718.

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The potential application of multiferroic materials in new electronic devices attracts more and more attention from people either in an academic field or industry. This paper reports that M-type lanthanum-doped barium ferrite (La0.75Ba0.25Fe12O19) demonstrates full antiferroelectric (AFE) and excellent magnetoelectric coupling effects at room temperature, while its AFE phase displays a zero macroscopic net polarization. The dramatic change in the dielectric constant near the Curie temperature far below room temperature represents the transition from ferroelectrics (FE) to antiferroelectrics. The fully separated double electric polarization hysteresis (P–E) loops confirmed its AFE performance. Its EF and EA are located at 1100 kV/cm and 850 kV/cm, respectively. The large M–H loop showed a strong magnetic property simultaneously. The UV-Vis-NIR optical spectrum revealed that La0.75Ba0.25Fe12O19 is also a semiconductor, whose direct bandgap energy (Eg) was determined to be 1.753 eV. Meanwhile, La0.75Ba0.25Fe12O19 showed strong ME coupling and a GMR effect. A 1.1 T magnetic field reduced its resistance by 110% at 30 kHz. The multiple functions combined in one phase would create new options for high energy storage capacitors, microactuators, pyroelectric safety sensors, cooling devices, and pulsed power generators and so on, as well as great opportunities for generating new electronic devices with active magnetoelectric coupling effects.

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12

Xu, Hang, Bo Wang, Ji Qi, Mei Liu, Fei Teng, Linglong Hu, Yuan Zhang, Chaoqun Qu, and Ming Feng. "Modulation of spin dynamics in Ni/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 multiferroic heterostructure." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 3 (January 6, 2022): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0548-0.

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AbstractMotivated by the fast-developing spin dynamics in ferromagnetic/piezoelectric structures, this study attempts to manipulate magnons (spin-wave excitations) by the converse magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. Herein, electric field (E-field) tuning magnetism, especially the surface spin wave, is accomplished in Ni/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) multiferroic heterostructures. The Kerr signal (directly proportional to magnetization) changes of Ni film are observed when direct current (DC) or alternative current (AC) voltage is applied to PMN-PT substrate, where the signal can be modulated breezily even without extra magnetic field (H-field) in AC-mode measurement. Deserved to be mentioned, a surface spin wave switch of “1” (i.e., “on”) and “0” (i.e., “off”) has been created at room temperature upon applying an E-field. In addition, the magnetic anisotropy of heterostructures has been investigated by E-field-induced ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) shift, and a large 490 Oe shift of FMR is determined at the angle of 45° between H-field and heterostructure plane.

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Bhoi, Krishnamayee, Dhiren K. Pradhan, K. Chandrakanta, Narendra Babu Simhachalam, A. K. Singh, P. N. Vishwakarma, A. Kumar, Philip D. Rack та Dillip K. Pradhan. "Investigations of room temperature multiferroic and magneto-electric properties of (1-Φ) PZTFT-Φ CZFMO particulate composites". Journal of Applied Physics 133, № 2 (14 січня 2023): 024101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120665.

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Multiferroic composites consisting of a single-phase multiferroic [0.6(PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3)-0.4(PbFe0.5Ta0.5)O3] as a matrix and a magnetostrictive phase (Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.7Mn0.3O4) dispersed in the matrix are fabricated via hybrid synthesis technique. The structure and surface morphology studies using x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques indicate the formation of 3-0 type particulate composites. Coexistence of soft-magnetic behavior and ferroelectric characteristics are confirmed for composites from magnetization vs magnetic field (M–H) and polarization vs electric field (P–E) measurements, respectively. Magneto-dielectric (MD) measurement shows significant changes in the dielectric properties with the application of a magnetic field, indicating the existence of strong MD behavior. The biquadratic nature of magneto-electric (ME) coupling is described by the Landau free energy equation arising from the strain transfer at the interfaces between the constituent phases. The direct magneto-electric voltage coefficient measurement also confirms very strong coupling between ferroelectricity and magnetism and supports the strain-mediated magneto-electric effect in composites. The Φ = 0.3 composite exhibits the maximum ME coefficient of 20.72 mV/cm Oe with MS = 24.62 emu/g, HC = 59.66 Oe, and piezoelectric coefficient value d33 = 19 pC/N. The strong magneto-electric effect along with low dielectric loss at room temperature in these composites suggests their suitability for multifunctional magneto-electric device applications such as magnetic sensors, etc.

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Anjum, G., S. Mollah, D. K. Shukla, and Ravi Kumar. "Magneto-electric coupling in multiferroic La0.8Bi0.2Fe0.7Mn0.3O3 ceramic." Materials Letters 64, no. 18 (September 2010): 2003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.06.019.

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Glinchuk, M. D., R. P. Yurchenko, and V. V. Laguta. "Giant Magnetoelectric Response in Multiferroics with Coexistence of Superparamagnetic and Ferroelectric Phases at Room Temperature." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.10.875.

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Multiferroics are materials having two or more order parameters (for instance, magnetic, electric, or elastic) coexisting in the same phase. They have emerged as an important topic in condensed matter physics due to both their intriguing physical behaviors and a broad variety of novel physical applications they enable. Here, we report the results of comprehensive studies of the magnetoelectric (ME) effect in multiferroics with superparamagnetic and ferroelectric phases. On the example of a solid solution of PbFe1/2Ta1/2O3 with (PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3)0.7(PbTiO3)0.3 or Pb(ZrTi)O3, we demonstrate that, in the system with the coexistent superparamagnetic and ferroelectric phases, the ME coefficient can be increased up to three orders in magnitude as compared to conventional magnetoelectrics. This is supported by both theoretical calculations and direct measurements of the ME coefficient. Our study demonstrates that multiferroics with superparamagnetic and ferroelectric phases can be considered as promising materials for applications along with composite multiphase (ferroelectric/ferromagnetic) structures.

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RAMANA, M. VENKATA, N. RAMAMANOHAR REDDY, K. V. SIVA KUMAR, V. R. K. MURTHY та B. S. MURTY. "MAGNETO-ELECTRIC EFFECT IN MULTIFERROIC Ni0.93Co0.02Mn0.05Fe1.95O4-δ/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 PARTICULATE COMPOSITES: DIELECTRIC, PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES". Modern Physics Letters B 25, № 05 (20 лютого 2011): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911025742.

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Magnetoelectric composites have been synthesized by sintering mixtures of highly piezoelectric component Pb ( Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48) O 3, PZT and highly magnetostrictive piezomagnetic component Ni 0.93 Co 0.02 Mn 0.05 Fe 1.95 O 4-δ, NCMF. These composites with generic formula (1 - x) PZT + x Ni 0.93 Co 0.02 Mn 0.05 Fe 1.95 O 4-δ, where x varies as 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mole fractions, were prepared from the powders of the pure components by the conventional ceramic route. The presence of two phases in multiferroic was confirmed by XRD technique. The variation of dielectric constant and dissipation factor, as a function of frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range of 30–500°C were studied. The piezoelectric d33 coefficient of these composites was also studied in these composites. The magnetoelectric (ME) output voltage was measured in terms of the dE/dH as a function of magnetic bias field. A high value of ME output (1200 mV/Oe · cm) was obtained in the composite containing 70% ferroelectric phase ( PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3) and 30% ferrite phase ( Ni 0.93 Co 0.02 Mn 0.05 Fe 1.95 O 4-δ). These multiferroic particulate composites are used as sensors and transducers.

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HOLCOMB, M. B., S. POLISETTY, A. FRAILE RODRÍGUEZ, V. GOPALAN, and R. RAMESH. "INVESTIGATING ELECTRIC FIELD CONTROL OF MAGNETISM WITH NEUTRON SCATTERING, NONLINEAR OPTICS AND SYNCHROTRON X-RAY SPECTROMICROSCOPY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 10 (April 20, 2012): 1230004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212300046.

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This paper discusses recent efforts to control magnetism with electric fields in single and multilayer oxides, which has great potential to improve a variety of technological endeavors, such as magnetic sensing and magnetoelectric (ME) logic. The importance of electrical control of magnetism is followed by a discussion of multiferroics and MEs, which are the leading contenders for this task. The focus of this paper is on complementary methods in understanding the ME coupling, an essential step to electrical control of magnetism. Neutron scattering, nonlinear optics and X-ray spectromicroscopy are addressed in providing key parameters in the study of ME coupling. While primarily direct (single-phase multiferroics) ME materials are used as examples, the techniques discussed are also valuable to the study of indirect (e.g., multilayers and pillars) magnetoelectrics. We conclude with a summary of the field and future directions.

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Amirov, A. A., V. V. Rodionov, I. A. Starkov, A. S. Starkov, and A. M. Aliev. "Magneto-electric coupling in Fe48Rh52-PZT multiferroic composite." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 470 (January 2019): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.02.064.

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Subhani, Sk M., and A. Arockiarajan. "Study on axial resonance magneto-electric (ME) effects of layered magneto-electric composites." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 77 (September 2019): 103799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2019.103799.

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Hall, S., C. Zhang, and J. T. Wang. "Magneto-Electric (ME) Effects in BiFeO3 Ferroelectromagnet." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 23, no. 6 (January 14, 2010): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-009-0630-2.

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Gilioli, Edmondo, and Lars Ehm. "High pressure and multiferroics materials: a happy marriage." IUCrJ 1, no. 6 (October 31, 2014): 590–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252514020569.

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The community of material scientists is strongly committed to the research area of multiferroic materials, both for the understanding of the complex mechanisms supporting the multiferroism and for the fabrication of new compounds, potentially suitable for technological applications. The use of high pressure is a powerful tool in synthesizing new multiferroic, in particular magneto-electric phases, where the pressure stabilization of otherwise unstable perovskite-based structural distortions may lead to promising novel metastable compounds. Thein situinvestigation of the high-pressure behavior of multiferroic materials has provided insight into the complex interplay between magnetic and electronic properties and the coupling to structural instabilities.

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Viana, Diego Seiti Fukano, José Antônio Eiras, William Junior Nascimento, Fabio Luiz Zabotto, and Ducinei Garcia. "Controlled Atmosphere Thermal Treatment for Pyrochlore Phase Elimination of PMN-PT/CFO Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 975 (July 2014): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.975.274.

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Multiferroics are interesting materials which present more than one ferroic property and have a great potential for practical applications [,,]. In addition, the coupling of magnetic and electric properties, the magnetoelectric effect (ME), offers news possibilities to applications [2,]. The magnetoelectric effect can be observed in single-phase materials like LuFe2O4, BiFeO3, etc. [1,] or in composites like PMN-PT/CFO, BaTiO3/CoFe2O4, etc. The ME composites have advantages over single-phase materials. They are easier to fabricate, less expensive, and have a wider range of working temperatures than single-phase materials []. However, some parameters that enhance the ME response need to be optimized. These parameters are the composition, the microstructure (grain size, grain orientation) and sintering parameters [6]. Thus, this work attempts to create a synthesis protocol to prepare the ME composite PMN-PT/CFO by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) keeping the average grain size as small as possible.

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23

Rout, Jyoshna, and R. N. P. Choudhary. "Study of multiferroic properties of Bi2Fe2WO9 ceramic for device application." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 06, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x16500235.

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The Bi2Fe2WO9 ceramic was prepared using a standard solid-state reaction technique. Preliminary analysis of X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the formation of single-phase compound with orthorhombic crystal symmetry. The surface morphology of the material captured using scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibits formation of a densely packed microstructure. Comprehensive study of dielectric properties showed two anomalies at 200[Formula: see text]C and 450[Formula: see text]C: first one may be related to magnetic whereas second one may be related to ferroelectric phase transition. The field dependent magnetic study of the material shows the existence of small remnant magnetization ([Formula: see text]) of 0.052[Formula: see text]em[Formula: see text]/g at room temperature. The existence of magneto-electric (ME) coupling coefficient along with above properties confirms multi-ferroic characteristics of the compound. Selected range temperature and frequency dependent electrical parameters (impedance, modulus, conductivity) of the compound shows that electric properties are correlated to its microstructure. Detailed studies of frequency dependence of ac conductivity suggest that the material obeys Jonscher’s universal power law.

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Mettout, B., and P. Gisse. "Theory of the photovoltaic and photo-magneto-electric effects in multiferroic materials." Ferroelectrics 506, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2017.1282263.

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Jiang, Qinghui, Futian Liu, Haixue Yan, Huanpo Ning, Zsuzsanna Libor, Qi Zhang, Markys Cain, and Michael J. Reece. "Magneto-Electric Properties of Multiferroic Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-NiFe2O4 Nanoceramic Composites." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94, no. 8 (June 20, 2011): 2311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04665.x.

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26

Awan, M. S., A. S. Bhatti, S. Qing, and C. K. Ong. "Tailoring of Multiferroic Properties of BiFeO₃ Thin Films by Cation Substitution." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.102.

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Mn-doped multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFMO) thin films were deposited on LaNiO3(LNO)/SrTiO3(STO)/Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that films were bicrystalline single phase with (110) preferential orientation. Multiferroic top layer and oxide bottom electrode (LNO) epitaxially followed the buffer layer (STO). Oxygen partial pressure during deposition proved to be critical for phase formation, crystallinity and resistivity of the films. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies revealed the smooth, dense and crack free surfaces of the films. Cross-section view of the multilayers by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) gave their thickness. Mn substitution resulted in the increase of magnetization saturation, coercive field and clarity of hysteresis loop. The magneto-electric (ME) effect was demonstrated by measuring the dielectric response in a varying magnetic field. Optimally deposited BFMO films show saturated P-E loop.

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27

Vopsaroiu, M., M. Stewart, T. Fry, M. Cain, and G. Srinivasan. "Tuning the Magneto-Electric Effect of Multiferroic Composites via Crystallographic Texture." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 3017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2001649.

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28

Chermahini, Mehdi Delshad, Mohammad Maleki Shahraki, and Mahdi Kazazi. "Multiferroic properties of novel lead-free KNN-LT/20NZCFO magneto-electric composites." Materials Letters 233 (December 2018): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.09.001.

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29

Paul, Pralay, A. K. Rajarajan, S. Kuila, P. N. Vishwakarma, B. P. Mandal, and T. V. Chandrasekhar Rao. "Plausible multiferroic and magneto-electric behaviour of polycrystalline Bi0.85Gd0.05La0.1FeO3 at room temperature." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 538 (November 2021): 168253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168253.

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30

Li, Yong-Dong, and Kang Yong Lee. "Effects of magneto-electric loadings and piezomagnetic/piezoelectric stiffening on multiferroic interface fracture." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 77, no. 5 (March 2010): 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2010.01.003.

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31

Ding, Lei, Claire Colin, Céline Darie, and Pierre Bordet. "Structure, magnetic and magnetoelectric properties of Ca(Co,Mn)Ge2O6pyroxenes." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096107.

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Compounds belonging to the Pyroxene family are well known as rock-forming minerals, and have thus drawn substantial interest by mineralogists. In this family of general chemical formula AM(Si, Ge)2O6, A is usually an alkali metal monovalent cation or a divalent alkaline earth cation, and B may be a trivalent or divalent transition metal cation. Among pyroxene compounds, the monoclinic clinopyroxenes are characterized by isolated one-dimensional chains of MO6 octahedra linked by edge-sharing. Due to this specific arrangement, clinopyroxene compounds where M is a magnetic transition metal cation have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Investigations revealed that these compounds present a rich diversity of intriguing low-dimensional magnetic properties. The existence and possible interplay of low dimensionality and magnetic frustration results in multiferroic and/or magneto- electric (ME) properties. We have undertaken the study of the CaCo1-xMnxGe2O6 (0<x<1) solid solution to investigate the effect of the Co/Mn substitution on the magnetic and ME properties by means of neutron diffraction, magnetic and magneto-electric measurements. In CaCoGe2O6, strong FM interactions within the M chains dominate the AFM coupling between the chains. In contrary, the magnetic structure of CaMnGe2O6 is made of AFM chains coupled ferromagnetically. These two commensurate magnetic structures adopt two different magnetic point group that allows for linear (for Mn) and bilinear (for Co) magnetoelectric effect. For the Co/Mn solid solution, a competition exists between FM and AFM coupling within and between the chains. This results in the apparition of a spin glass state above the long range magnetic transition and for certain composition in a magnetic structure described by two propagation vectors. We will present detailed investigation of the relationship between structure, magnetic structure and ME properties for this rich series of ME compounds.

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32

Rambausek, M., and M. A. Keip. "Analytical estimation of non-local deformation-mediated magneto-electric coupling in soft composites." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2216 (August 2018): 20170803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0803.

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For a long time, the search for magneto-electric materials concentrated on multi-ferroics and hard-matter composites. By contrast, rather recently the exploitation of strain-mediated magneto-electric (ME) coupling in soft composites was proposed. The basic idea behind this approach is to combine the magneto- and electro-mechanical responses of composites consisting of a soft matrix carrying magnetic inclusions. Despite that such composites are straightforward to manufacture and have cheap constituents, they did not gain much attention up to now. In this contribution, we demonstrate that ME coupling induced by finite deformations could be of significant magnitude. Our approach relies on shape effects as a special non-local phenomenon in magneto- and electro-elasticity. Based on that we characterize an up to now overlooked ME coupling mechanism which purely relies on these shape effects in soft-matter-based magnetic and electric media. While soft magnetic media are commonly realized as composites, the coupling effect to be highlighted exists independently of the origin of a body's magnetic and electric properties. We show that the magnitude of the effect is indeed significant and, among ellipsoidal bodies, most pronounced for those of spherical to moderately prolate shape. Finite-element simulations are performed to assess the quality of the analytical predictions.

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33

Wang, Jing, Han Wang, He Jiang, Xiaohui Wang, Yuanhua Lin, and C. W. Nan. "Large Electric-Field Modulation of Magnetic Properties in Fe Films on BiScO3-PbTiO3Ceramics." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/142750.

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Based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect, we report the electric-field modulation of the magnetic properties inFe/BiScO3-PbTiO3(BSPT) film-on-ceramic substrate structure. The Fe films are directly grown on the fully-poled BSPT ceramic substrates by magnetron sputtering. An electric field applied parallel to the prepolarization direction of the piezoelectric BSPT can induce a reversible increase in the coercive fieldHcof about 30%, whereas an electric field antiparallel to the prepolarization direction can cause a persistent, tremendous decrease (as large as 97%) inHc, and a small reversal electric field can resume it back. The strain induced by the inverse piezoelectric effect is the primary mechanism behind. This large modulation of the coercive field by the electric field could inspire further exploration of electric-field-controlled magnetic switching in multiferroic heterostructures.

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34

Liu, Zhengyuan, Bingcheng Luo, and Boyu Hou. "Coexistence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in Ni-doped Al_0.7Sc_0.3N thin films." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 25 (June 20, 2022): 252904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096760.

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Development of multiferroic materials with the capability of compatibility with the current semiconductor technology is of interest for practical applications. Recent experimental discovery of robust ferroelectricity in CMOS-compatible III-nitrides offers an alluring opportunity to construct multiferroic nitrides through chemical-doping engineering. We here reported the coexistence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in Ni-doped Al0.7Sc0.3N thin films. It is found that apart from the promising ferroelectric properties, including a square-like polarization–electric field ( P–E) hysteresis loop with a large coercive field (∼3 MV/cm) and high remanent polarizations (∼100 μC/cm2), the films also exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism, with a saturation magnetization of ∼8 emu/cm3. Additionally, the magneto-dielectric effect has also been experimentally confirmed. Our work provides a reference for subsequent research on nitride multiferroic materials and related applications.

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35

Sreenivasulu, Gollapudi, Jitao Zhang, Ru Zhang, Maksym Popov, Vladimir Petrov, and Gopalan Srinivasan. "Multiferroic Core-Shell Nanofibers, Assembly in a Magnetic Field, and Studies on Magneto-Electric Interactions." Materials 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11010018.

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36

Yokota, Takeshi, Yasutoshi Tsuboi, Shinya Kito, Rempei Imura, and Manabu Gomi. "Relationship between the Crystallinity and Magnetic Properties of Cr₂O₃/LiNbO₃/Cr₂O₃ Multi-Layer Materials." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.233.

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The magnetic properties of an artificial multiferroic material, a Cr2O3/LiNbO3/Cr2O3 hetero structure with various-thickness LiNbO3 layers, were investigated. All samples showed ferromagnetism due to the existence of oxygen deficiency or an excess of the Cr2O3 layer in the LNO/Cr2O3 interface. The ferromagnetism of the samples was affected by the crystal orientation of the LiNbO3 layer, and seemed to have a major impact on the magneto-electric behavior of this hetero system.

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37

Aboudi, Jacob. "The behavior of cracked multiferroic composites: Fully coupled thermo-electro-magneto-elastic analysis." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 15 (June 13, 2018): 3037–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18781261.

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The response of cracked multiferroic composites that are subjected to thermo-electro-magneto-elastic loading is established by employing a two-scale analysis. To that end, the fully coupled constitutive and governing equations are utilized in the analysis. This form a generalization of a one-way thermal coupling analysis in which the electro-magneto-elastic field does not affect the thermal field. The micro-scale analysis is based on a micromechanical model which is capable of predicting the effective stiffness tensor of the undamaged multiferroic composite as well as the concentration tensors which enable the computation of the local field from the applied thermo-electro-magneto-elastic far-field. The macro-scale analysis provides the response of the cracked composite of periodic microstructure to the applied loading. It is based on the combined use of the representative cell method and the higher order theory. In the framework of the representative cell method, the problem for a periodic composite which is discretized into numerous identical cells is reduced to a problem of a single cell in the discrete Fourier transform domain. In the framework of the higher order theory, the governing equations and interfacial and periodic conditions formulated in the transform domain are solved by dividing the single cell into several subcells and imposing these conditions in an average (integral) sense. Results exhibit the responses caused by the application of mechanical, electric, magnetic, thermal, and heat flow loadings on two types of cracked periodically layered composites and provide comparisons between the predictions of the full and one-way thermal coupling analyses.

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38

Bersuker, Isaac B. "Origin of Perovskite Multiferroicity and Magnetoelectric-Multiferroic Effects—The Role of Electronic Spin in Spontaneous Polarization of Crystals." Magnetochemistry 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8010009.

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In this semi-review paper, we show that the multiferroic properties of perovskite ABO3 crystals with B(dn), n > 0, centers are fully controlled by the influence of the electronic spin on the local dipolar instability that triggers the spontaneous polarization of the crystal. Contrary to the widespread statements, the multiferroicity of these crystals does not emerge due to the addition of unpaired electrons (carrying magnetic moments) to the spontaneously polarizing crystal; the spin states themselves are an important part of the local electronic structure that determines the very possibility of the spontaneous polarization. This conclusion emerges from vibronic theory, in which the ferroelectricity is due to the cooperative interaction of the local dipolar distortions induced by the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE). The latter requires sufficiently strong vibronic coupling between ground and excited electronic states with opposite parity but the same spin multiplicity. The detailed electronic structure of the octahedral [B(dn)O6] center in the molecular orbital presentation shows how this requirement plays into the dependence of the possible perovskite magnetic, ferroelectric, and multiferroic properties on the number of d electrons, provided the criterion of the PJTE is obeyed. Revealed in detail, the role of the electronic spin in all these properties and their combination opens novel possibilities for their manipulation by means of external perturbations and exploration. In particular, it is shown that by employing the well-known spin-crossover phenomenon, a series of novel effects become possible, including magnetic-ferroelectric (multiferroic) crossover with electric-multiferroic, magnetic-ferroelectric, and magneto-electric effects, some of which have already been observed experimentally.

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39

Jayachandran, K. P., J. M. Guedes, and H. C. Rodrigues. "Enhancement of polarization and magnetization in polycrystalline magnetoelectric composite." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 14 (April 14, 2022): 144102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085323.

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Electrical control of magnetization or magnetic control of polarization offers an extra degree of freedom in materials possessing both electric and magnetic dipole moments, viz., magnetoelectric (ME) multiferroics. A microstructure with polycrystalline configurations that enhances the overall polarization/magnetization and that outperforms single crystalline configurations is identified in a 1–3 CoFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]–BaTiO[Formula: see text] (or CFO–BTO) composite. The characterization of local fields corresponding to the polycrystal configuration underlines a nontrivial role played by randomness in better cross coupling mediated by anisotropic and asymmetric strains. The microscopic field ( local field) profile of the composite provides rich information regarding the distribution of key parameters central to the magnetoelectric effect. The differential contractual stress level observed in the local stress profile of CFO–BTO composite upon applying an external magnetic field conforms with the previous experimental magnetostriction observed in CFO. The role played by residual stresses stemming from misalignment of the polarization in the neighboring grains in enhancing the ME coupling is briefly discussed.

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40

Singh, Kirandeep, and Davinder Kaur. "Room-temperature giant magneto-mechanical-electric cross-coupling in Si-integrated PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3/Ni50Mn35In15 multiferroic heterostructures." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 14 (March 9, 2017): 145002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa5d30.

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41

Bammannavar, B. K., and L. R. Naik. "Magnetic properties and magneto electric effect in ferroelectric rich Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4+BPZT ME composites." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321, no. 5 (March 2009): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.09.026.

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42

Uršič, Hana, Matej Šadl, Uroš Prah, and Val Fišinger. "Magnetic Force Microscopy of Multiferroic Bulk Ceramic Oxides." Crystals 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050838.

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Bulk multiferroic ceramics have been extensively studied due to their great potential for magneto-electric coupling applications such as low-power and multifunctional nano-electronic devices. In most of these studies the macroscopic magnetic performance was investigated, while the magnetic response on the micro- and nano-scale was not examined in detail. Local magnetic phenomena can be studied using magnetic force microscopy (MFM), a technique derived from atomic force microscopy. MFM measures the magnetic force between the magnetised tip and the magnetic sample. It is one of the most used methods to characterise the structure of ferromagnetic domains, because the sample preparation is simple, non-destructive and provides a relatively high-resolution image. In this review paper we focus on the MFM analyses of bulk multiferroic ceramics. The core of the article is divided into four sections: the introduction, the preparation of samples prior to MFM examination, the reviews of MFM analyses performed on bulk multiferroic ceramics with and without external magnetic fields, and finally the conclusions and an outlook for the future.

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43

Sharma, Sarita, Hakikat Sharma, Shilpa Thakur, J. Shah, R. K. Kotnala, and N. S. Negi. "Structural, magnetic, magneto-dielectric and magneto-electric properties of (1-x) Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 – (x) CoFe2O4 lead-free multiferroic composites sintered at higher temperature." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 538 (November 2021): 168243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168243.

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44

Bai, Gang, Qiyun Xie, Xueshi Qin, Jie Xu, Xiaobing Yan, and Cunfa Gao. "A generalized thermodynamic frame of magneto-electric-caloric coupling effects of single phase epitaxial multiferroic thin films." Ferroelectrics 531, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2018.1497414.

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45

Sato, Shuichi, Yoshiaki Uchida, and Rui Tamura. "Spin Symmetry Breaking: Superparamagnetic and Spin Glass-Like Behavior Observed in Rod-Like Liquid Crystalline Organic Compounds Contacting Nitroxide Radical Spins." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910.

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Liquid crystalline (LC) organic radicals were expected to show a novel non-linear magnetic response to external magnetic and electric fields due to their coherent collective molecular motion. We have found that a series of chiral and achiral all-organic LC radicals having one or two five-membered cyclic nitroxide radical (PROXYL) units in the core position and, thereby, with a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibit spin glass (SG)-like superparamagnetic features, such as a magnetic hysteresis (referred to as ‘positive magneto-LC effect’), and thermal and impurity effects during a heating and cooling cycle in weak magnetic fields. Furthermore, for the first time, a nonlinear magneto-electric (ME) effect has been detected with respect to one of the LC radicals showing a ferroelectric (chiral Smectic C) phase. The mechanism of the positive magneto-LC effect is proposed and discussed by comparison of our experimental results with the well-known magnetic properties of SG materials and on the basis of the experimental results of a nonlinear ME effect. A recent theoretical study by means of molecular dynamic simulation and density functional theory calculations suggesting the high possibility of conservation of the memory of spin-spin interactions between magnetic moments owing to the ceaseless molecular contacts in the LC and isotropic states is briefly mentioned as well.

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46

Yokota, Takeshi, Takaaki Kuribayashi, Takeshi Shundo, Keita Hattori, Yasutoshi Sakakibara, and Manabu Gomi. "Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of a Metal/ Cr₂O₃/Cr₂O_3-x/Cr₂O₃/Semiconductor Capacitor Using Magneto-Electric Materials." Key Engineering Materials 350 (October 2007): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.350.221.

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We investigated the magnetic and dielectric properties of a metal (Pt)/insulator (Cr2O3)/semiconductor (Si) (MIS) capacitor composed of magneto-electric (ME) materials. The capacitor has anti-ferromagnetic properties and a very small electrically induced magnetic moment. It also shows capacitance-voltage (C-V) properties typical of a Si-MIS capacitor without any hysteresis. By inserting a thin Cr2O3-x layer, the C-V curve has a hysteresis window with a clockwise trace, which indicates that electrons have been injected into the Cr2O3-x layer. These results indicate that this MIS capacitor contains a floating gate and an ME insulating layer in a single system.

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47

Johnson, Roger, Laurent Chapon, Kun Cao, Pascal Manuel, Alessandro Bombardi, Sunil Nair, Sang-Wook Cheong, and Paolo Radaelli. "The roles of chirality and polarity in novel multiferroics: MnSb2O6and Cu3Nb2O8." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096132.

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At room temperature Cu3Nb2O8 has a centrosymmetric, triclinic crystal structure. If cooled below 24 K, the copper magnetic moments order with a complex, generalized helicoidal magnetic structure that breaks inversion symmetry, giving rise to ferroelectricity. Unusually, the direction of the induced electric polarization vector with respect to the helicoidal spin rotation cannot be reconciled by conventional theories of magneto-electric coupling. Instead, we show that the observed multiferroic properties of Cu3Nb2O8 may be explained through a phenomenological analysis based upon coupling between the magnetic chirality, electric polarity, and a structural axial rotation. Trigonal MnSb2O6 crystallizes with a chiral crystal structure. Typically, magnetic materials with a chiral crystal lattice order with a chiral magnetic structure, where the magnetic exchange interactions and anisotropies follow the symmetry of the lattice. The magnetism of MnSi is a classic example of this scenario, in which exotic skyrmion phases emerge out of a helical magnetic state. To the contrary, we show that the low temperature magnetic structure of MnSb2O6 is cycloidal, described by a magnetic polarity as opposed to a chirality. We demonstrate through ab-initio calculations that this magnetic structure is in fact the ground state of the symmetric-exchange Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian, which has higher symmetry than the underlying crystal lattice. Furthermore, the phenomenology may be understood by considering the coupling between structural chirality, magnetic polarity, and a magnetic axial rotation. As a result, we predict MnSb2O6 to be multiferroic with a weak ferroelectric polarization.

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48

Xu, Junran, Chung Leung, Xin Zhuang, Jiefang Li, Shubhendu Bhardwaj, John Volakis, and Dwight Viehland. "A Low Frequency Mechanical Transmitter Based on Magnetoelectric Heterostructures Operated at Their Resonance Frequency." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040853.

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Magneto-elasto-electric (ME) coupling heterostructures, consisting of piezoelectric layers bonded to magnetostrictive ones, provide for a new class of electromagnetic emitter materials on which a portable (area ~ 16 cm2) very low frequency (VLF) transmitter technology could be developed. The proposed ME transmitter functions as follows: (a) a piezoelectric layer is first driven by alternating current AC electric voltage at its electromechanical resonance (EMR) frequency, (b) subsequently, this EMR excites the magnetostrictive layers, giving rise to magnetization change, (c) in turn, the magnetization oscillations result in oscillating magnetic fields. By Maxwell’s equations, a corresponding electric field, is also generated, leading to electromagnetic field propagation. Our hybrid piezoelectric-magnetostrictive transformer can take an input electric voltage that may include modulation-signal over a carrier frequency and transmit via oscillating magnetic field or flux change. The prototype measurements reveal a magnetic dipole like near field, demonstrating its transmission capabilities. Furthermore, the developed prototype showed a 104 times higher efficiency over a small-circular loop of the same area, exhibiting its superiority over the class of traditional small antennas.

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49

Rakhikrishna, R., J. Isaac, and J. Philip. "Magneto-electric coupling in multiferroic nanocomposites of the type x (NaK)LiNbO- (1−x) CoFeO: Role of ferrite phase." Ceramics International 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.212.

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50

Chauhan, Meenal, Sujata Sanghi, and Ashish Agarwal. "Crystal structure and improved dielectric, magnetic, ferroelectric and magneto-electric properties of xCoFe2O4−(1−x)BaTiO3 multiferroic composites." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, no. 10 (April 20, 2021): 13472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05925-3.

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