Статті в журналах: "Magnesium alloys Surfaces"

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Xu, Jinkai, Qianqian Cai, Zhongxu Lian, Zhanjiang Yu, Wanfei Ren, and Huadong Yu. "Research Progress on Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys with Bio-inspired Water-repellent Properties: A Review." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 4 (July 2021): 735–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0064-5.

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AbstractThanks to its excellent mechanical properties, magnesium alloys have many potential applications in the aerospace and other fields. However, failure to adequately solve corrosion problems of magnesium alloy becomes one of the factors restricting its wide use in many industrial fields. Inspired by nature, researchers designed and fabricated bio-inspired water-repellent (superhydrophobic and slippery liquid-infused porous surface) surfaces with special wetting properties by exploring the surface microstructures of plants and animals such as lotus leaf and nepenthes pitcher, exhibiting excellent corrosion-resistant performance. This article summarizes the research progress on corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys with bio-inspired water-repellent properties in recent years. It mainly introduces the corrosion reasons, types of corrosion of magnesium alloys, and the preparation of magnesium alloys with bio-inspired water-repellent properties to improve corrosion resistance. In particular, it is widely used and effective to construct water-repellent and anti-corrosion coating on the surface of magnesium alloy by surface treatment. It is hoped that the research in this review can broaden the application range of magnesium alloys and provide a powerful reference for the future research on corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

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Doskočil, Leoš, Pavlína Šomanová, Jiří Másilko, Martin Buchtík, Michaela Hasoňová, Lukáš Kalina, and Jaromír Wasserbauer. "Characterization of Prepared Superhydrophobic Surfaces on AZ31 and AZ91 Alloys Etched with ZnCl2 and SnCl2." Coatings 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101414.

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Superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared using a two-step method that involved the etching of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys and then modifying the etched alloys with stearic acid. Magnesium alloys etched with ZnCl2 and SnCl2 exhibited surfaces roughened with micro- and nanoscale hierarchical structures consisting of two chemically distinct regions (Zn/Zn(OH)2 or Sn/SnO2 and Mg(OH)2). An optimum etching time of ten minutes was chosen for both etchants. Superhydrophobic surfaces with the highest contact angle were prepared when stearic acid reacted with the etched alloys at 50 °C for 4 h. Stearic acid was bound as zinc stearate and magnesium stearate on Mg alloys etched with ZnCl2 and SnCl2 solutions, respectively. The superhydrophobic process on AZ31 alloys etched with ZnCl2 and SnCl2 improved the corrosion resistance in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution compared to bare AZ31 alloy, with the use of ZnCl2 etchant leading to better results. An improvement in the corrosion resistance of AZ91 alloy was observed when the stearic-acid-modified AZ91 alloy was etched with SnCl2. In contrast, the use of ZnCl2 etchant to pretreat AZ91 alloy resulted in a significant deterioration in corrosion properties compared to bare AZ91 alloy. The microstructure of the Mg alloy had an impact on the etching and modification process. On the basis of the findings, a characterization of the chemistry of etching magnesium alloys and the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces was proposed. Magnesium alloys were prepared with superhydrophobic surfaces, incorporating antibacterial metals, features which may increase their potential for use in medical applications.

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Gu, Ting Ting, Hong Qi Xia, Li Xin Liu, Jing Liu, Ting Qi, Hong Yang Zhao, and Zhi Gang Fang. "Electrochemical Behavior of AZ Magnesium Alloy Containing Rare Earth Element." Materials Science Forum 750 (March 2013): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.750.60.

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The electrochemical behavior of a new magnesium alloy (AZ61) containing rare earth elements-cerium (Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ce alloys) was investigated in 3% NaCl electrolyte using electrochemical methods such as linear sweep voltammetry, Tafel curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the surface morphologies of magnesium and its alloys. The results shows that compared with that of the most commonly used Mg alloy–AZ61, the cerium containing magnesium alloy exhibited higher electrochemical activity, and higher corrosion resistance. The electrochemical activity of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ce was higher than that of Mg and Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ce alloys in 3% NaCl. The corrosion resistive order decreased in the following sequence: Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ce > Mg-Al-Zn-Mn > Mg. The electrolytes favored anodic magnesium oxidation, but the alloying element of Ce facilitated the formation of dense passive films on alloy surfaces.

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Zainal Abidin, Nor Ishida, Darren Martin, and Andrej Atrens. "Magnesium Corrosion in Different Solutions." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.369.

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The corrosion mechanism of Mg alloys in Hank’s solution was elucidated by comparing the corrosion of typical Mg alloys (AZ91, ZE41 and Mg2Zn0.2Mn) and high purity Mg in Hank’s solution at room temperature and in 3% NaCl saturated with Mg(OH)2. Corrosion was characterised by the evolved hydrogen and the surfaces after the immersion tests. Corrosion in Hank’s solution was weakly influenced by microstructure in contrast to corrosion in the 3% NaCl solution, where second phases cause strong micro-galvanic acceleration. This is attributed to the formation of a more protective surface film in Hank’s solution, causing extra resistance between the alpha-Mg matrix and the second phase. The incubation period in Hank’s solution was alloy dependent.

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Emelyanenko, Alexandre M., Alexander G. Domantovsky, Valery V. Kaminsky, Ivan S. Pytskii, Kirill A. Emelyanenko, and Ludmila B. Boinovich. "The Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Alloys with Extreme Wettability." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 5454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185454.

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In this study, we applied the method of nanosecond laser treatment for the fabrication of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic magnesium-based surfaces with hierarchical roughness when the surface microrelief is evenly decorated by MgO nanoparticles. The comparative to the bare sample behavior of such surfaces with extreme wettability in contact with dispersions of bacteria cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was studied. To characterize the bactericidal activity of magnesium samples with different wettability immersed into a bacterial dispersion, we determined the time variation of the planktonic bacterial titer in the dispersion. To explore the anti-bacterial mechanisms of the magnesium substrates, a set of experimental studies on the evolution of the magnesium ion concentration in liquid, pH of the dispersion medium, surface morphology, composition, and wettability was performed. The obtained data made it possible to reveal two mechanisms that, in combination, play a key role in the bacterial decontamination of the liquid. These are the alkalization of the dispersion medium and the collection of bacterial cells by microrods growing on the surface as a result of the interaction of magnesium with the components of the buffer solution.

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6

Meng, Lingjie, Xuhui Liu, Li Liu, Qingxiang Hong, Yuxin Cheng, Fei Gao, Jie Chen, Qiuyang Zhang, and Changjiang Pan. "Comparative Investigation of the Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of the Different Chemical Conversion Coatings on the Magnesium Alloy Surfaces." Metals 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101644.

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Due to their good biodegradability and biocompatibility, magnesium alloys are widely favored as the potential candidate for the biodegradable cardiovascular stent. However, the rapid degradation and the limited biocompatibility in vivo remain the main bottlenecks that inhibit their clinical applications. The construction of the chemical conversion coating on the magnesium alloy surface represents one of the effective strategies to control the degradation rate and enhance the biocompatibility. In the present study, the different chemical conversion layers were prepared on the magnesium alloy surface by chemical conversion treatment, including sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrofluoric acid (HF), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and phytic acid (C6H18O24P6) treatment, and the corrosion behaviors and biocompatibility of the chemical conversion layers were comparatively investigated in detail. The results showed that the different chemical treatments can produce the different conversion layers on the magnesium alloy surfaces with a variety of physicochemical characteristics, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and all treatments can enhance the corrosion resistance to varying degrees. The hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of the sodium hydroxide-treated magnesium alloy were the best among all the materials. Although the hydrofluoric acid-treated magnesium alloy had produced a hydrophobic coating, the corrosion resistance still needed to be improved. Magnesium alloys treated by sodium hydroxide showed a selective promotion of albumin adsorption, while the other samples simultaneously promoted albumin and fibrinogen adsorption. For the blood compatibility, the hemolysis rates of all of the treated materials were reduced to below 5%. The samples treated by phytic acid had the smallest hemolysis rate, and the NaOH-treated magnesium alloy had the least amount of platelet adhesion and activation. An appropriate microenvironment for cell growth could be achieved by the chemical conversion treatment, according to the results of the endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation, and the NaOH-treated surface showed the best endothelial cell growth behaviors among all of the samples. In summary, the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the magnesium alloy were significantly improved by the sodium hydroxide treatment, and thus this treatment can be used as a pretreatment for the surface modification of the magnesium alloy in order to further enhance the biocompatibility when used as the cardiovascular implants.

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7

Zhang, Qianqian, and Huichen Zhang. "Corrosion resistance and mechanism of micro-nano structure super-hydrophobic surface prepared by laser etching combined with coating process." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2018-1964.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of micro-nano mixed super-hydrophobic structure on corrosion resistance and mechanism of magnesium alloys. Design/methodology/approach A super-hydrophobic surface was fabricated on AZ91 and WE43 magnesium alloys by laser etching and micro-arc oxidation (MAO) with SiO2 nanoparticles coating and low surface energy material modification. The corrosion resistance properties of the prepared super-hydrophobic surfaces were studied based on polarization curves and immersion tests. Findings Compared with bare substrates, the corrosion resistance of super-hydrophobic surfaces was improved significantly. The corrosion resistance of super-hydrophobic surface is related to micro-nano composite structure, static contact angle and pretreatment method. The more uniform the microstructure and the larger the static contact angle, the better the corrosion resistance of the super-hydrophobic surface. The corrosion resistance of super-hydrophobic by MAO is better than that of laser machining. Corrosion of super-hydrophobic surface can be divided into air valley action, physical shielding, pretreatment layer action and substrate corrosion. Originality/value The super-hydrophobic coatings can reduce the contact of matrix with water so that a super-hydrophobic coating would be an effective way for magnesium alloy anti-corrosion. Therefore, the corrosion resistance properties and mechanism of the prepared super-hydrophobic magnesium alloys were investigated in detail.

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8

Emelyanenko, Kirill A., Alexander G. Domantovsky, Elizaveta V. Chulkova, Alexandre M. Emelyanenko, and Ludmila B. Boinovich. "Thermally Induced Gradient of Properties on a Superhydrophobic Magnesium Alloy Surface." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010041.

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Fabrication of superhydrophobic coatings for magnesium alloys is in high demand for various industrial applications. Such coatings not only extend the service life of metal structures, but also impart additional useful functional properties to the coated surface. In this study, we show that nanosecond laser processing of long, thin stripes of magnesium alloys followed by the deposition of a hydrophobic agent onto the magnesium oxide layer is a simple, convenient, and easily reproducible method for obtaining superhydrophobic surfaces with property gradient along the sample. The mechanism of the gradient in wettability and electrochemical properties of the magnesium alloy surface is discussed based on the high-temperature growth of magnesium oxide and its following degradation. The latter is related to the development of internal stresses and the formation of cracks and pores within the oxide layer at prolonged exposure to high temperatures during the interaction of a laser beam with the substrate. The effect of heating during laser processing of magnesium materials with limited sizes on the protective properties of the forming coatings is elucidated.

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9

Çakır, Orhan. "Wet etching of AZ31B magnesium alloy with nitric acid." Emerging Materials Research 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.21.00015.

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Wet etching is a micromachining process in which a material is immersed in liquid chemicals or etchants to remove unwanted sections from the surface. The process is generally known as cost-effective, reliable and suitable for high-production environments. Magnesium alloys are presenting a strong popularity in recent years since it is one of the lightest engineering alloys. Hence, the micromachining of these materials is becoming an important research area. One of the promising methods is wet etching. In this experimental study, two different concentrations (10 and 20 ml) of a nitric acid solution are used at room temperature. The wet etching characteristics of a selected magnesium alloy is determined by analysing the thickness reduction and surface roughness as well as colour degradation on the machined surfaces.

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10

Ji, Yang, Mengdie Hou, Jin Zhang, Tianlin Wang, Can Cao, Huazhe Yang, and Xiaodong Zhang. "Surface Modification of WE43 Magnesium Alloys with Dopamine Hydrochloride Modified GelMA Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081074.

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As biodegradable medical implants, magnesium alloys have attracted great concerns due to their desirable biological and mechanical performances. Nevertheless, the overfast degradation rate of magnesium alloys makes it difficult to make full use of their potential in medical sciences. Therefore, it is a hot issue to control the degradation rate and functionalize the magnesium alloys via surface modifications. Herein, methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel was adopted as coatings on the surface of WE43 magnesium alloys to control the degradation behaviors of magnesium alloys. Inspired by mussels, dopamine (DOPA) hydrochloride was adopted to modify GelMA to further functionalize the coatings. The compositions, swelling properties, degradation behaviors, and morphologies of samples were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and immersion test. It was shown that GelMA-DOPA composites could be obtained and the swelling and degradation behaviors of magnesium alloys could be controlled by adjusting the compositions of GelMA and DOPA. Furthermore, the GelMA-DOPA hydrogel coatings can be tightly bonded to the Mg alloys.

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11

Guillot, J., N. Valle, E. Maitre, S. Verdier, and H. N. Migeon. "Investigation on the magnesium segregation in low-magnesium aluminium alloys." Surface and Interface Analysis 42, no. 6-7 (February 5, 2010): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.3187.

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Braszczyńska-Malik, K. N. "Mg-Al-RE Magnesium Alloys for High-Pressure Die-Casting." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0035.

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Abstract Experimental Mg-Al-RE type magnesium alloys for high-pressure die-casting are presented. Alloys based on the commercial AM50 magnesium alloy with 1, 3 and 5 mass % of rare earth elements were fabricated in a foundry and cast in cold chamber die-casting machines. The obtained experimental casts have good quality surfaces and microstructure consisting of an α(Mg)-phase, Al11RE3, Al10RE2Mn7 intermetallic compound and small amount of α+γ eutectic and Al2RE phases.

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13

Steiner Petrovič, Darja, Djordje Mandrino, Božidar Šarler, Jelena Horky, Andrea Ojdanic, Michael J. Zehetbauer, and Dmytro Orlov. "Surface Analysis of Biodegradable Mg-Alloys after Immersion in Simulated Body Fluid." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071740.

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Two binary biodegradable Mg-alloys and one ternary biodegradable Mg-alloy (Mg-0.3Ca, Mg-5Zn and Mg-5Zn-0.3Ca, all in wt%) were investigated. Surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses (XPS) of the alloy surfaces before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) were performed. The XPS analysis of the samples before the immersion in SBF revealed that the top layer of the alloy might have a non-homogeneous composition relative to the bulk. Degradation during the SBF immersion testing was monitored by measuring the evolution of H2. It was possible to evaluate the thickness of the sample degradation layers after the SBF immersion based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tilted sample. The thickness was in the order of 10–100 µm. The typical bio-corrosion products of all of the investigated alloys consisted of Mg, Ca, P and O, which suggests the formation of apatite (calcium phosphate hydroxide), magnesium hydrogen phosphate hydrate and magnesium hydroxide. The bioapplicability of the analyzed alloys with regard to surface composition and degradation kinetics is discussed.

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14

Lou, Gui, Shumin Xu, Xinying Teng, Zhijian Ye, Peng Jia, Hao Wu, Jinfeng Leng, and Min Zuo. "Effects of Extrusion on Mechanical and Corrosion Resistance Properties of Biomedical Mg-Zn-Nd-xCa Alloys." Materials 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071049.

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Magnesium alloys act as ideal biomedical materials with good biocompatibility. In this paper, the extruded biomedical Mg-6Zn-0.5Nd-0.5/0.8Ca alloys were prepared and their microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties were investigated. The results showed that the surfaces of Mg-6Zn-0.5Nd-0.5/0.8Ca alloys extruded at medium temperature were smooth and compact without cracks. The tensile strength and elongation of Mg-6Zn-0.5Nd-0.5/0.8Ca alloys were 222.5 MPa and 20.2%, and 287.2 MPa and 18.4%, respectively. A large number of dislocations were generated in the grains and on grain boundaries after the extrusion. The alloy was immersed in simulating body fluid (SBF) for the weightlessness corrosion, and the corrosion products were analyzed by FTIR, SEM equipped with EDS. It was found that the corrosion rate of Mg-6Zn-0.5Nd-0.5Ca and Mg-6Zn-0.5Nd-0.8Ca alloy were 0.82 and 2.98 mm/a, respectively. Furthermore, the compact layer was formed on the surface of the alloy, which can effectively hinder the permeation of Cl− and significantly improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

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Grubač, Z., I. Škugor Rončević, M. Metikoš-Huković, R. Babić, M. Petravić, and R. Peter. "Surface Modification of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159, no. 6 (2012): C253—C258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.047206jes.

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16

Kim, Yong Suk, J. S. Ha, and Dong Hyuk Shin. "Sliding Wear Characteristics of Ultrafine-Grained Non-Strain-Hardening Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.401.

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Coarse grains of commercial 5052 Al and 5083 Al alloys were refined by the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. Average grain size of the refined microstructure was 200 nm. The 5083 Al alloy that has higher Mg content required more deformation for the refinement. Dry sliding wear behavior of the ultra-fine grained (UFG) Al alloys was investigated using a pin-on-disk wear tester at room temperature. The UFG microstructure of the processed alloys hardly increased the wear resistance of the Al alloys in spite of the increased strength and hardness. Wear rate of the UFG Al alloys was higher than that of the non processed coarse-grained starting alloys. The SEM observation of worn surfaces revealed that surface deformation controlled the wear. The low wear resistance of the UFG Al alloys was attributed to non-equilibrium and unstable grain boundaries and low strain hardening capability of the alloys.

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Xin, Ren Long, Mao Yin Wang, Jia Cheng Gao, Pei Liu, and Qing Liu. "Effect of Microstructure and Texture on Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1160.

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Magnesium alloys are considered as candidate materials for biodegradable implants. However, the key issue is that they corrode too fast in physiological environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of microstructure and texture of magnesium alloys on their corrosion resistance. Magnesium alloy AZ31 extruded rod, hot rolled sheet and extruded sheet with different initial microstructure and texture were prepared. Then they were immersed in conventional simulated body fluid (SBF) for several days for corrosion evaluation. The corrosion products and precipitates on their surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preliminary results showed that the initial microstructure and texture of AZ31 alloys has considerable effect on the weight loss rate of the alloys, suggesting that it is possible to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloys through tailoring the microstructure and texture of the alloys.

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18

Abbas, G., Z. Liu, and P. Skeldon. "Corrosion behaviour of laser-melted magnesium alloys." Applied Surface Science 247, no. 1-4 (July 2005): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.01.169.

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López Herrera, Johan Esteban, Vanessa Hernández Montes, Claudia Patricia Betancur Henao, Juan Felipe Santa Marín, and Robison Buitrago Sierra. "Modification of ASTM B107 AZ31 and polypropylene surfaces with TiO2 particles using the dip-coating method." INGE CUC 14, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.2.2018.04.

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Introduction: Magnesium alloys have been known for its biocompatible characteristics and tissue restoration properties. On the other hand, TiO2 has been found to decrease the corrosion rates of the magnesium alloys. Objective: In this work, the dip-coating technique was used to coat the magnesium alloy with TiO2 particles in order to evaluate its corrosion resistance. Methodology: The particles were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and visual inspection. Additionally, hydrogen evolution tests were performed to understand the effect of adding TiO2 in corrosion rates of Mg-alloys. Results: The results showed the positive effect of TiO2 in the improvement of the ASTM B107 AZ31B Mg alloys corrosion by an indirect measurement through hydrogen evolution tests. The bare ASTM B107 AZ31B showed a corrosion 29 times faster compared to the coated alloy. The thickness of the coatings obtained using the dip-coating method is thinner than 20 nm. Conclusions: TiO2 particles were aggregated on the surface of the ASTM B107 AZ31B alloy with a controlled speed. SEM images have shown the improvement of the coating when the H2O concentration in the sol increased. Another important parameter is the withdrawal speed during the dip-coat process which was found to be better at a speed of 3mm/min. Hydrogen evolution in the acid solution showed that coated ASTM B107 AZ31B has less hydrogen production during the corrosion test. The dip-coating technique can also be used to coat polypropylene discs entirely.

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Mustea, Gheorghe, and Gheorghe Brabie. "The Influence of Burnishing Parameters on the Surface Quality of Bars Made from AZ61 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.135.

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In the machining of the magnesium and magnesium alloys, some difficulties are encountered during working process. Thus, in the case of turning operation, when phenomena like: splinter self-ignition and flank built-up occur during machining, special tools and coolants are required in order to diminish the effects of such phenomena. In the case of grinding operation of the magnesium and its alloys, other phenomena like: adhesion between the abrasive tools and processing materials can cause explosions and hence such operation must be conducted in special conditions. A solution that can be applied to avoid such phenomena and effects is represented by the utilization of the burnishing operation. In the present study, the influence of the burnishing process on the quality of the machined surfaces of parts made from AZ61 magnesium alloy was performed. The quality of the burnished surfaces was analyzed in terms of the roughness and hardness parameters, the parameters with the greatest influence on surfaces roughness and hardness being the burnishing feed, burnishing speed and burnishing pressure

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Kania, Aneta, Magdalena M. Szindler, and Marek Szindler. "Structure and Corrosion Behavior of TiO2 Thin Films Deposited by ALD on a Biomedical Magnesium Alloy." Coatings 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010070.

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Magnesium alloys have been investigated as temporary biomaterials for orthopedic applications. Despite their high osseointegration and mechanical (bone-like) properties, Mg alloys quickly degrade in simulated physiological media. Surface coatings can be deposited onto Mg alloys to slow the corrosion rate of these biomaterials in chloride-rich environments. TiO2 films show high potential for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. This article presents the structural observations and corrosion behavior of TiO2 thin films deposited onto a MgCa2Zn1Gd3 alloy using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Surface morphologies were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman analysis of the deposited TiO2 films was also carried out. The corrosion behavior of the uncoated alloy and the alloy coated with TiO2 was measured in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C using electrochemical and immersion tests. The microscopic observations of the TiO2 thin films with a thickness of about 52.5 and 70 nm showed that the surface morphology was homogeneous without visible defects on the TiO2 surface. The electrochemical and immersion test results showed that the thin films decreased the corrosion rate of the studied Mg-based alloy, and the corrosion resistance was higher in the thicker TiO2 film.

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Vladimirov, B. V., B. L. Krit, V. B. Lyudin, N. V. Morozova, A. D. Rossiiskaya, I. V. Suminov, and A. V. Epel’feld. "Microarc oxidation of magnesium alloys: A review." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 50, no. 3 (May 2014): 195–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375514030090.

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Yang, Qianhua, Bowen Yang, Zhibing Chu, Chun Xue, Yugui Li, Leifeng Tuo, and Hong Gao. "Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 2547–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0151.

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Abstract In this article, the compression simulation of AZ31 magnesium alloy is simulated by the molecular dynamics method. The effects of loading mode, temperature, and strain rate on the compression behavior are analyzed. The lattice distortion, mechanical behavior, structural evolution, and dislocation evolution in the compression process are deeply analyzed, and the results of different loading modes are obtained. The hexagonal close-packed (HCP) → face-centered cubic (FCC) phase transformation mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy during compression at temperature and strain rate, which is related to the mechanical behavior, has been studied completely. This article perfects the research on the compression behavior of magnesium alloys, excavates the application potential of magnesium alloys, and provides a new idea for improving the processing technology and developing high-performance magnesium alloys.

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Mao, Ping Li, Zheng Liu, Yang Li, and Li Jia Chen. "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of As-Extruded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.202.

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The investigation on fatigue behavior and fracture surfaces of fatigued specimens of as-extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy can provide a reliable theoretical foundation for both fatigue resistant design and reasonable application of magnesium alloys. Through total-strain-amplitude controlled fatigue tests and analysis on fracture surfaces of fatigued specimens, the behavior of cyclic stress response and fatigue life as well as fracture mechanism were identified for as-extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy. The experimental results show that the extruded AZ31 alloy exhibits significant cyclic strain hardening, the relation between elastic strain amplitude, plastic strain amplitude and reversals to failure can be described by Basquin and Coffin-Manson equations respectively. In addition, it has been found that fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in a transgranular mode.

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Shi, Bao Dong, Yan Peng, and Fu Sheng Pan. "Constitutive Modeling of Magnesium Alloys with Distortional Hardening." Materials Science Forum 816 (April 2015): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.816.393.

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Anisotropic mechanical behavior is one of the key factors restricting the processing procedure of magnesium alloys. This pronounced anisotropy, however, cannot be characterized by classical isotropic or kinematic hardening due to the constant shape of yield surfaces during plastic deformation. Therefore, the shape evolution of yield surfaces, also known as distortional hardening is the main way to capture the anisotropic behavior. Based on elasto-plasticity theory at finite strain, constitutive model with distortional hardening for Mg alloys is proposed. The thermodynamical consistency is proved. The anisotropic mechanical behavior of AZ31 sheet is demonstrated after material parameters calibration.

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26

Dybowski, Bartłomiej, and Andrzej Kiełbus. "Non-Metallic Inclusions in Mg-RE-Zr Casting Alloys." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.398.

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Non-metallic inclusions in Elektron 21 and WE43 magnesium alloys have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Investigations were conducted both on the fracture surfaces and microsections. Researches revealed presence of alloying elements oxides, inclusions originating in mould material and inclusions originating in the fluxes covering liquid metal surface in the cruicible. The number of inclusions is reduced by application of complex gating system and by leaving small amount of alloy in the cruicible after the pouring process.

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27

Lai, Longjie, Heng Wu, Guobing Mao, Zhengdao Li, Li Zhang, and Qi Liu. "Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Two-Dimensional TiO2/MoS2 Hydrophobic Coating on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101488.

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The corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys can be effectively improved by surface treatment. In this study, a hydrophobic two-dimensional (2D) TiO2/MoS2 nanocomposite coating was fabricated on AZ31B magnesium alloy by an electrophoretic deposition method. The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. After being modified by a silane coupling agent (KH570), the TiO2/MoS2 coating changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and the static water contact angle increased to 131.53°. The corrosion experiment results indicated that the hydrophobic 2D TiO2/MoS2 coating had excellent anticorrosion performance (corrosion potential: Ecorr = −0.85 VAg/AgCl, and corrosion current density: Icorr = 6.73 × 10−8 A·cm−2). TiO2/MoS2 films have promising applications in magnesium alloy corrosion protection.

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28

Wu, Guosong, Jamesh Mohammed Ibrahim, and Paul K. Chu. "Surface design of biodegradable magnesium alloys — A review." Surface and Coatings Technology 233 (October 2013): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.10.009.

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29

Kang, ZhiXin, Kunio Mori, and Yoshiyuki Oishi. "Surface modification of magnesium alloys using triazine dithiols." Surface and Coatings Technology 195, no. 2-3 (May 2005): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.128.

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30

Parco, Maria, Lidong Zhao, Jochen Zwick, Kirsten Bobzin, and Erich Lugscheider. "Investigation of HVOF spraying on magnesium alloys." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 6 (December 2006): 3269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.047.

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31

Huynh, Vivian, Ngan K. Ngo, and Teresa D. Golden. "Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications." International Journal of Biomaterials 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3806504.

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To improve the biocompatibility of medical implants, a chemical composition of bone-like material (e.g., hydroxyapatite) can be deposited on the surface of various substrates. When hydroxyapatite is deposited on surfaces of orthopedic implants, several parameters must be addressed including the need of rapid bone ingrowth, high mechanical stability, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and osseointegration induction. However, the deposition process can fail due to poor adhesion of the hydroxyapatite coating to the metallic substrate. Increasing adhesion by enhancing chemical bonding and minimizing biocoating degradation can be achieved through surface activation and pretreatment techniques. Surface activation can increase the adhesion of the biocoating to implants, providing protection in the biological environment and restricting the leaching of metal ions in vivo. This review covers the main surface activation and pretreatment techniques for substrates such as titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, magnesium alloys, and CoCrMo alloys. Alkaline, acidic, and anodizing techniques and their effects on bioapatite deposition are discussed for each of the substrates. Other chemical treatment and combination techniques are covered when used for certain materials. For titanium, the surface pretreatments improve the thickness of the TiO2 passive layer, improving adhesion and bonding of the hydroxyapatite coating. To reduce corrosion and wear rates on the surface of stainless steel, different surface modifications enhance the bonding between the bioapatite coatings and the substrate. The use of surface modifications also improves the morphology of hydroxyapatite coatings on magnesium surfaces and limits the concentration of magnesium ions released into the body. Surface treatment of CoCrMo alloys also decreased the concentration of harmful ions released in vivo. The literature covered in this review is for pretreated surfaces which then undergo deposition of hydroxyapatite using electrodeposition or other wet deposition techniques and mainly limited to the years 2000-2019.

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32

Rehman, Zeeshan Ur, Jong Seop Kim, David G. Churchill, and Bon Heun Koo. "Tuning Corrosion Properties of the Bio-Inspired AZ-Series Mg Alloys Using Electrochemical Surface Treatment under Varying Experimental Regimes." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111617.

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Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a preferable process applied to optimize the corrosion and wear properties of metals and their alloys, particularly magnesium (Mg) alloys used in highly demanded medical and aerospace applications. In this project, AZ series alloys (AZ31, AZ61, AZ91), which are the major commercial magnesium alloys, were coated using the PEO process under varying experimental conditions involving electrolyte with Si based ionic chemical networks together with hydroxyl and fluoride functionalities. Surface analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were further simulated and analyzed using imageJ software. SEM results showed that, increasing the concentration of Al as in AZ91 and AZ61, dendrites-dominated the microstructure at shorter processing times; a cratered-dendritic matrix was obtained at longer processing time. From the composition analysis, fluoride complex peaks were obtained for the higher Al-content alloy (AZ91), due to the localized intensive discharges made regular by the stable β-phases within the Mg matrix. Corrosion analysis was carried out using potentiodynamic polarization. The compact structure, higher growth rate, and stable chemical phases of MgF2 contributed to the highest hardness values ~1271.2 HV and corrosion potential ~−0.18 V for the AZ91 alloy.

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33

Dietzel, Wolfgang. "Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Magnesium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.373.

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The propensity of the magnesium alloys AM30 and AZ91 to environmentally assisted cracking, and in particular to hydrogen embrittlement, was assessed in constant extension rate tensile tests on smooth and pre-cracked specimens which were subjected to monotonic loading in corrosive environment. The experimental findings can be rationalized by model approaches: A meso-scale fibre bundle model was employed to simulate the results obtained in tests on smooth AZ91 tensile specimens, assuming a combination of pitting and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement as the underlying failure mechanism. The experiment data as well as the model results revealed the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on crack growth resistance. The model calculations generated fracture surfaces which were in remarkable correspondence with those observed in the experiments, and stress-strain curves similar to the experimental ones, both reflecting the influence of the applied strain rate on hydrogen induced failure. The effect of hydrogen embrittlement on cracking in AM30 was assessed using a fracture mechanics based approach. A cohesive model which accounts for hydrogen enhanced crack extension and which earlier has been successfully applied to HE of steels is currently readjusted to EAC of magnesium.

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34

Hafeez, M. A., A. Farooq, A. Zang, A. Saleem, and K. M. Deen. "Phosphate chemical conversion coatings for magnesium alloys: a review." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 17, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 827–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-020-00335-2.

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35

Zhou, Wan Qiu, Shi Wei Wu, Li Sheng, and Xin Li. "Environmental Friendly Conversion Coating Formed on Magnesium Alloys and its Anti-Corrosion Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.11.

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Conversion coatings on cast AZ91D magnesium alloy were prepared in the manganese dihydro phosphate baths. The corrosion behavior of the coated and uncoated alloys has been investigated by polarization curve methods. The morphology and composition of coated surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX ) as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. It is found that the conversion coating surface characterized by crystal particle and was composed of Mn3(PO4)2. Electrochemical investigation results indicated that the phosphate conversion coating could enhance the corrosion potential in great extent of about 1300mV compared with Mg alloy substrate.

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36

Tok, H. Y., Esah Hamzah, and Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad. "Microstructural and Corrosion Behavior of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Implant." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.331.

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Magnesium and its alloys have great potential as biodegradable metallic implant materials with good mechanical properties. However, the poor corrosion rate and the production of hydrogen during degradation hindered its application. Binary alloy, Mg-3Ca and ternary alloy, Mg-3Ca-3Zn alloy were studied to investigate their bio-corrosion properties. Microstructure evolution and surfaces of corroded alloys were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The bio-corrosion behavior of the Mg alloys was investigated using immersion and electrochemical tests in Kokubo solution. Microstructural analysis showed that binary Mg-3Ca alloy consisted of α-Mg and Mg2Ca phases and ternary Mg-3Ca-3Zn alloy consisted of α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg2Ca phases. These phases had significant effect on the corrosion resistant of the alloy. Electrochemical test showed an improvement in ternary alloys where the corrosion current density reduced from 0.497 mA/cm2 in Mg-3Ca to 0.312 mA/cm2 in Mg-3Ca-3Zn alloy. Ternary Mg-3Ca-3Zn showed significant lower corrosion rate (1.1 mg/cm2/day) compared to binary Mg-3Ca (5.8 mg/cm2/day) alloy after 14 days immersion test.

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37

Xi, Zhongxian, Chengqing Yuan, Xiuqin Bai, Chun Wang, and Anne Neville. "Preparation of Degradable Superhydrophobic Mg/P/Z/F/H Composite Materials and Their Anticorrosion." Coatings 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101239.

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In this study, the degradable superhydrophobic Mg/P/Z/F/H (magnesium/poly(-caprolactone)/zinc oxide/1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES)/heating process) composite materials were prepared through dip-coating method and heating process, for enhancing the corrosion resistance of the AZ91D magnesium alloys. The electrochemical measurements revealed that the Mg/P/Z/F/H materials significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. The Mg/P/Z/F/H composite materials exhibited efficient self-cleaning properties, good adhesion strength, and stability in wet atmosphere.

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38

Kappes, Mariano, Mariano Iannuzzi, and Ricardo M. Carranza. "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys: A Review." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 160, no. 4 (2013): C168—C178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.023304jes.

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39

Lee, Soon Gi, Gautam R. Patel, and Arun M. Gokhale. "The Effect of Inverse Macro-Segregation on Fatigue Behavior of Die-Cast AM60 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.713.

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The normal and inverse solute macro-segregation are known to occur in Al and other nonferrous alloy castings and have been well studied and documented. However, these phenomena have not been investigated in the high-pressure die-cast Mg-alloys. Consequently, the effects of macro-segregation on the mechanical properties of cast Mg-alloys have not been characterized. The objective of this contribution is to investigate the effects of inverse macro-segregation and porosity on the fatigue behavior of high-pressure die-cast AM60 alloy. It is observed that the inverse macro-segregation of eutectic phase at the cast surfaces adversely affects the fatigue behavior: the fatigue resistance decreases substantially due to the presence of the surface segregation.

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40

Zagórski, Ireneusz, and Jarosław Korpysa. "Surface Quality Assessment after Milling AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Using PCD Tool." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030617.

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Surface roughness is among the key indicators describing the quality of machined surfaces. Although it is an aggregate of several factors, the condition of the surface is largely determined by the type of tool and the operational parameters of machining. This study sought to examine the effect that particular machining parameters have on the quality of the surface. The investigated operation was the high-speed dry milling of a magnesium alloy with a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tool dedicated for light metal applications. Magnesium alloys have low density, and thus are commonly used in the aerospace or automotive industries. The state of the Mg surfaces was assessed using the 2D surface roughness parameters, measured on the lateral and the end face of the specimens, and the end-face 3D area roughness parameters. The description of the surfaces was complemented with the surface topography maps and the Abbott–Firestone curves of the specimens. Most 2D roughness parameters were to a limited extent affected by the changes in the cutting speed and the axial depth of cut, therefore, the results from the measurements were subjected to statistical analysis. From the data comparison, it emerged that PCD-tipped tools are resilient to changes in the cutting parameters and produce a high-quality surface finish.

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41

Yan, Cheng, W. Ma, V. Burg, Yiu Wing Mai, and M. G. D. Geers. "Notch Effects in Tensile Behavior of AM60 Magnesium Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.59.

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The deformation and failure behavior of an AM60 magnesium alloy was investigated using tensile test on circumferentially notched specimens with different notch radii. The strain and stress triaxiality corresponding to the failure point were evaluated using both analytical and finite element analyses. Combining with systematical observations of the fracture surfaces, it is concluded that deformation and failure of AM60 magnesium alloy are notch (constraint) sensitive. The failure mechanisms change from ductile tearing to quasi cleavage with the increase of constraint.

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42

Zheng, Wen Yue, C. Derushie, and Jason Lo. "Protection of Mg Alloys against Galvanic and Other Forms of Corrosion." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.787.

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Galvanic corrosion is a particularly important form of corrosion for Mg alloys used in automobiles. Our research work focuses on corrosion protection using cost-effective Cr-free coatings. The top-tanking coatings are found to be effective in preventing general corrosion; some of these coatings are also good for reducing galvanic corrosion and stress corrosion. A practical approach for mitigating galvanic corrosion is to increase the electrolytic resistance between the coated steel and the Mg surfaces. This has been demonstrated in the case of a conversion coating plus a powder coat applied on the surface of a magnesium alloy and in the case of a thin Mylar isolation layer installed between the Mg and the steel surfaces.

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43

Sozańska, M., A. Mościcki, and B. Chmiela. "Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Magnesium Alloys by Quantitative Fractography Methods." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0082.

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Abstract The article shows that the use of quantitative fracture description may lead to significant progress in research on the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking of the WE43 magnesium alloy. Tests were carried out on samples in air, and after hydrogenation in 0.1 M Na2SO4 with cathodic polarization. Fracture surfaces were analyzed after different variants of the Slow Strain Rate Test. It was demonstrated that the parameters for quantitative evaluation of fracture surface microcracks can be closely linked with the susceptibility of the WE43 magnesium alloy operating under complex state of the mechanical load in corrosive environments. The final result of the study was the determination of the quantitative relationship between Slow Strain Rate Test parameters, the mechanical properties, and the parameters of the quantitative evaluation of fracture surface (microcracks).

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44

Xie, Zhihui, Gang Yu, Tingjing Li, Zhenjun Wu, and Bonian Hu. "Dynamic behavior of electroless nickel plating reaction on magnesium alloys." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 9, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-011-9336-z.

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45

Hollstein, Frank, Renate Wiedemann, and Jana Scholz. "Characteristics of PVD-coatings on AZ31hp magnesium alloys." Surface and Coatings Technology 162, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(02)00671-0.

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46

El Mahallawy, N., A. Bakkar, M. Shoeib, H. Palkowski, and V. Neubert. "Electroless Ni–P coating of different magnesium alloys." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 21 (July 2008): 5151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.05.037.

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47

Höhn, Sarah, Sannakaisa Virtanen, and Aldo R. Boccaccini. "Protein adsorption on magnesium and its alloys: A review." Applied Surface Science 464 (January 2019): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.173.

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48

Ignat, Sorin, Pierre Sallamand, Dominique Grevey, and Michel Lambertin. "Magnesium alloys (WE43 and ZE41) characterisation for laser applications." Applied Surface Science 233, no. 1-4 (June 2004): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.04.002.

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49

Tao, Hong, King Ho So, Echo Li, Xue Zhu Zhang, and Gary Lai. "Surface Modifications of Mg Alloys Based on Micro-Arc Oxidation Methods from Manufacturing Perspectives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.284.

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Chemically and mechanically protective coatings are formed on surface of Magnesium alloys by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) methods. From manufacturing perspectives, modification of the obtained MAO surfaces was made in two aspects. Firstly, the protection is enhanced by forming super-hydrophobic surfaces, with water contact angle higher than 120o, attributed to hierarchical nanomicro structures. The overall process involves alkaline etching to form nanoscale structures on top of micro-porous surface achieved during micro-arc oxidation processes. Secondly, the electrical property of the MAO surfaces is modified. A film with electrical conductivity of 2.4Ω/sq is achieved by Ni deposition and characterized by four point probe measurement. The morphology, phase, and chemical composition of all surfaces are investigated by SEM and XRD analysis.

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50

Lei, X. P., G. Yu, Y. P. Zhu, Z. P. Zhang, X. M. He, B. N. Hu, and Y. Chen. "Successful cyanide free plating protocols on magnesium alloys." Transactions of the IMF 88, no. 2 (March 2010): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174591910x12646055765330.

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