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Статті в журналах з теми "Madonna, 1958- – Criticism and interpretation"
Savin, Alexey E. "Origins of the Interpretation and Criticism of Philosophical Foundations of Leninism in Western Marxism." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 458 (2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/9.
Повний текст джерелаSeptian Fatianda, Nuraini A. Manan, and Muhammad Yunus Ahmad. "PEKAN KEBUDAYAAN ACEH DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS." Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ijihc.v1i1.505.
Повний текст джерелаKovács, Gábor. "H. ARENDT‘S INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL IN THE POLITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE HUMAN CONDITION / H. ARENDT NATŪROS IR ARTEFAKTO INTERPRETACIJA ŽMOGAUS BŪKLĖSPOLITINĖJE FENOMENOLOGIJOJE." CREATIVITY STUDIES 5, no. 2 (December 9, 2012): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297475.2012.710880.
Повний текст джерелаTricahyono, Danan. "Meniti Jalan Nasionalisasi Aset Perusahaan Belanda Di Indonesia: Menguntungkan Atau Merugikan." Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 10, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jc.v10i2.13401.
Повний текст джерелаChowdhury, Srijani, and Lata Dubey. "Revisiting the “Inhabited Space” of English Country House in Sarah Waters’s The Little Stranger." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 13, no. 2 (June 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n2.46.
Повний текст джерелаScholes, Nicola. "The Difficulty of Reading Allen Ginsberg's "Kaddish" Suspiciously." M/C Journal 15, no. 1 (November 6, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.394.
Повний текст джерелаBrien, Donna Lee. "Bringing a Taste of Abroad to Australian Readers: Australian Wines & Food Quarterly 1956–1960." M/C Journal 19, no. 5 (October 13, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1145.
Повний текст джерелаShiloh, Ilana. "Adaptation, Intertextuality, and the Endless Deferral of Meaning." M/C Journal 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2636.
Повний текст джерелаDabek, Ryszard. "Jean-Luc Godard: The Cinema in Doubt." M/C Journal 14, no. 1 (January 24, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.346.
Повний текст джерелаDewsbury, John-David. "Still: 'No Man's Land' or Never Suspend the Question." M/C Journal 12, no. 1 (March 4, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.134.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Madonna, 1958- – Criticism and interpretation"
David, Lucie. "La fortune critique de Paul Morin, 1908-1958 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56946.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the critical reception of Paul Morin's first two published books: Le Paon d'email (1911) and Poemes de cendre et d'or (1922), and attempts as well to retrace their critical fortunes up until the beginning of the sixties.
Song, Jingjing. "Modernist aesthetics in the films of Wong Kar-wai." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/110.
Повний текст джерелаNickerson, Craig D. "God, vodka, and gender relationships : depictions of Soviet life in the fiction of Vasily Shukshin, 1958-74." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074535.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of History
Bonk, James Bruce. "Zheng Zhenduo and the writing of literary history in Republican China (1920-1940)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99358.
Повний текст джерелаGhezzi, Daniela Ribas. "Música em transe = o momento crítico da emergência da MPB (1958-1968)." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280599.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O trabalho analisa o processo de modernização da música popular brasileira compreendido entre 1958 e 1968, passando pelas tendências da bossa nova, da canção de protesto, da "moderna música brasileira" e do tropicalismo. No decorrer desse processo deflagrou-se a sigla MPB, reconhecível a partir de 1965. O objetivo do trabalho é o de compreender a gênese e identificar os princípios musicais que se tornaram parâmetros legítimos da produção musical conhecida como MPB, bem como o de analisar o processo de autonomização de um campo de produção simbólica: o campo da MPB.
Abstract: The work analyzes the process of modernization of brazilian popular music between 1958 and 1968, going by the trends of the bossa nova, song of protest, the "modern brazilian music", and the tropicalism. During this process emerged the acronym MPB, recognizable since 1965. The objective is to understand the genesis and identify the musical principles that have become legitimate parameters of music production known as MPB, as well as to analyze the autonomization process of a symbolic production field: the field of MPB.
Doutorado
Sociologia da Cultura
Doutor em Sociologia
Ticha, Ignatius Khan. "Evocations of poverty in selected novels of Meja Mwangi and Roddy Doyle : a study of literary representation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85650.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores fictional representations of poverty in selected novels of Meja Mwangi and Roddy Doyle, respectively Kenyan and Irish – examining techniques of literary representation and how the two authors make imaginative use of various stylistic techniques and verbal skills in a selection of their texts to achieve compelling representations of poverty. The study recognizes that poverty is one of the most recurrent subjects of discussion in the world, that it is a complex and multifaceted concept and condition and that it affects societal, political and economic dimensions of life. The study considers the (broad) United Nations definition of poverty as: “… a human condition characterised by the sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights” (United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, 2002). Rather than suggest that fiction replaces other approaches in the study of poverty, the study calls for a complementary “conversation” between fiction and the social sciences in depictions of the condition of poverty. However, the study notes the advantage that fiction has in its nuanced exploration of the subject of poverty. In fact, fiction reflects social reality in interestingly subversive but also empowering ways – showing a unique way of dealing with difficult situations. Fiction is equipped with the subtle instruments and complex power of literary devices to articulate multiple layers of possible meanings and human experiences and conditions vividly and movingly – in ways that are accessible to a variety of readers. While giving a voice to the voiceless – the poor – narrative fiction opens inner feelings and thoughts of the depicted poor and enables the reader to probe deeply into the inner feelings of characters depicted; allowing the reader to develop a deeper understanding of the condition of poverty, but also allowing the reader to bring his or her interpretation to bear on what is represented. The five main chapters of the thesis are thematically arranged, but the analysis draws on a variety of theoretical paradigms including but not limited to those of Maria Pia Lara and Mikhail Bakhtin. Significant to the study is Maria Pia Lara’s ideas of literature as a “frame for struggles of recognition and transformation” (Lara, 1998: 7) and of the “illocutionary force” (1998: 5) of literature – its ability to articulate aspects of a human condition (such as poverty) vividly and compellingly. Bakhtin’s suggestion that “language is not self-evident and not in itself incontestable” (Bakhtin, 2004: 332) is important – capturing the idea of a distinctive flexibility of discourse in the novel and rejecting simplistic ideas that there is a single truth concerning a particular situation such as poverty.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis onderneem ‘n studie van literêre voorstellings van armoede in geselekteerde romans van Meja Mwangi en Roddy Doyle, respektiewelik ‘n Keniaanse en ‘n Ierse outeur. Die analise sentreer rondom die literêre tegnieke waarvan die skrywers gebruik maak en ondersoek hul verbeeldingryke gebruik van verskillende stilistiese tegnieke en verbale kunste in ‘n seleksie van hul tekste om sodoende indrukwekkende voorstellings van armoede te boekstaaf. Die studie erken dat armoede een van die mees bespreekte onderwerpe in die wêreld is, dat dit ‘n komplekse en veelkantige konsep en tipe lewenservaring is en dat dit by sosiale, politiese en ekonomiese lewensdimensies aansny. Die studie maak gebruik van die breë definisie van armoede soos verskaf deur die Verenigde Volke: “… ‘n menslike kondisie wat gekenmerk word deur die langdurige of kroniese ontneming van die bronne, kapasiteite, keuses, sekuriteit en mag wat nodig is ten einde ‘n adekwate lewensstandaard en ander siviele, kulturele, ekonomiese, politiese en sosiale regte te kan geniet” (Verenigde Volke Kommissie van Menseregte, 2002). Instede daarvan om te suggereer dat fiksie ander maniere om oor armoede te bestudeer, behoort te vervang, stel hierdie studie voor dat ‘n komplementerende “gesprek” tussen fiksie en die sosiale wetenskappe behoort plaas te vind aangaande die toestand van armoede. Nogtans meld hierdie studie die voordeel aan waaroor fiksie beskik in die genuanseerde ondersoek aangaande die onderwerp van armoede. Fiksie reflekteer sosiale werklikhede op interessante, selfs subversiewe maar ook bemagtigende maniere – sodoende manifesteer dit ‘n unieke metode van omgaan met moeilike situasies. Fiksie beskik oor subtiele instrumente en die komplekse krag van literêre metodes om die veellagige moontlike betekenisse en toestande waardeur armoede gekenmerk word, te artikuleer – op heldere asook aandoenlike maniere wat terselfdertyd weerklank kan vind by ‘n verskeidenheid van lesers. Terwyl dit ‘n stem verskaf aan die stemloses – die armes – open narratiewe fiksie die dieper gevoelens en gedagtes van die armes en maak sulke werke dit vir die leser moontlik om deur te dring tot die binneste gevoelslewe van die karakters. Op hierdie manier maak fiksie dit vir die leser moontlik om ‘n beter begrip van die ervaringswêreld van armoedige mense te bekom, maar word dit ook vir die leser moontlik om sy of haar eie interpretasie te maak van die voorgestelde toestand van armoede. Die vyf hoofstukke van die tesis is tematies gestruktureer, maar die analise maak gebruik van ‘n paar teoretiese perspektiewe wat díe van Maria Pia Lara en Mikhail Bakhtin insluit. Lara se idees aangaande letterkunde as “[a] frame for struggles of recognition and transformation” en oor die “illocutionary force” (Lara, 1998: 7, 5) van letterkunde – m.a.w. die mag van literêre voorstellings om aspekte van menslike ervaring (bv. armoede) op duidelike en kragtige maniere uit te beeld – en Bakhtin se suggestie: “language is not self-evident and not in itself contestable” (Bakhtin, 2004: 332) is belangrik omdat dit die kenmerkende buigsaamheid van diskoers in die roman saamvat en simplistiese idees dat daar ‘n enkelmatige waarheid i.v.m. ‘n komplekse toestand soos armoede kan wees, verwerp.
Prado, Elisa dos Santos [UNESP]. "As edições não póstumas de Inocência (1872/1884), de Visconde de Taunay: análise do primeiro capítulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94090.
Повний текст джерелаEsta dissertação objetiva analisar o primeiro capítulo das duas edições não póstumas (1872 e 1884) do romance Inocência, do Visconde de Taunay (1843-1899), sob o ponto de vista filológico. Para tal foram utilizados os referenciais teóricos da filologia, da crítica textual, da crítica genética, da edótica e da estilística segundo os seguintes autores: César Nardelli Cambraia; Bárbara Spaggiari e Maurizio Perugi; Cecília Almeida Salles; Segismundo Spina; José Lemos Monteiro e Nilce Sant‟Anna Martins. Alfredo d‟Escragnolle Taunay atuou e escreveu sobre várias esferas do Brasil do século XIX, mas sua fama é atribuída a apenas duas de suas produções: La Retraite de Laguna (1871) e Inocência (1872). Pelo fato de o meio acadêmico ainda não ter ressaltado a necessidade da elaboração de uma análise aprofundada da recepção e das alterações pelas quais o romance campestre possa ter passado após tantas publicações, é que este estudo propõe a aplicação de dois procedimentos da crítica textual, recensio e collatio, por meio dos quais se revelarão, a partir de uma amostragem, as alterações às quais o texto foi submetido e a importância dessas escolhas em função de algumas coordenadas indicadas pela fortuna crítica. Este processo contribui para desmistificar o processo criativo das obras de arte (crítica genética) e também auxilia na criação de um conjunto de regras que constituem marcas de estilo do autor, presentes no processo de edição e reedição da obra
This dissertation aims to analyze the first chapter of the two not posthumous editions (1872 and 1884) of the novel Inocência, by Visconde de Taunay (1843-1899), using the philological approach. For this purpose, it was used the theoretical frame of references of philology, textual criticism, genetic criticism, ecdotics and stylistics according to the following authors: César Nardelli Cambraia; Bárbara Spaggiari e Maurizio Perugi; Cecília Almeida Salles; Segismundo Spina; José Lemos Monteiro e Nilce Sant‟Anna Martins. Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay acted and wrote about various spheres of nineteenth-century Brazil, but his fame is attributed to only two works of him: La Retraite de Laguna (1871) and Inocência (1872). Considering that academia has not emphasized the necessity of developing a thorough examination of the reception and the changes through which the country novel has spent after so many publications, this study proposes the application of two procedures of textual criticism, recensio and collatio, by means of which will show, from a sample, the changes to which the text was submitted and the importance of these choices on the basis of some coordinates indicated by critical fortune. This process helps to demystify the creative process of art works (genetic criticism) and also helps in creating a set of rules that constitute the author's style tags, present in the editing and re-editing process of the work
Babinski, Karla de Souza. "Representações de ciência e tecnologia em Gustavo Barroso (1909-1935): nacionalismo autoritário, eugenia e antissemitismo." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1641.
Повний текст джерелаO presente estudo focaliza as representações de ciência e tecnologia no pensamento do intelectual Gustavo Barroso entre o período de 1909 e 1935. Sendo um dos principais líderes da Ação Integralista Brasileira, averiguaremos especialmente a sua visão eugênica, anterior a sua participação no integralismo e a influência dessa ciência na construção de seu pensamento autoritário e antissemita. Procuramos perceber o diálogo de Gustavo Barroso, em um contexto de profundas transformações sociais e políticas, com a busca de um nacionalismo “verdadeiramente brasileiro”. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de cunho bibliográfica e documental, destacando-se a análise dos livros de Gustavo Barroso, que foram utilizados como fontes primárias: Intelligencia das Coisas(1923), Aquém da Atlântida (1931), Brasil Colônia de Banqueiros (1934), O Integralismo de Norte a Sul (1934), O Quarto Império (1935) e A Palavra e o Pensamento Integralista (1935), além de alguns de seus artigos pesquisados no acervo do Museu Histórico Nacional. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que neste período Gustavo Barroso passou a desenvolver em seus escritos uma visão política autoritária, eugênica e posteriormente, no integralismo, ligada fortemente ao antissemitismo.
This study focuses on the representations of science and technology in the thinking of the Brazilian intellectual Gustavo Barroso in the period between 1909 and 1935. As one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Integralism, we will discuss,especially, his eugenic vision, prior to his participation in integralism and the influence of this science in building his authoritarian and anti-Semitic thinking. We seek to realize Gustavo Barroso dialogue, in a context of profound social and political changes, with the search for a nationalism "truly Brazilian." The methodology used was of a documentary and literature research , highlighting the analysis of Gustavo Barroso books, which were used as primary sources: Intelligencia das Coisas(1923), Aquém da Atlântida (1931), Brasil Colônia de Banqueiros (1934), O Integralismo de Norte a Sul (1934), O Quarto Império (1935) e A Palavra e o Pensamento Integralista (1935), and, also, some of his articles surveyed in the National History Museum collection. The survey results show that in this period Gustavo Barroso went on to develop in his writings an eugenic and authoritarian political vision, later, in his integralist phase, linked strongly to an anti-Semitic view.
Hough, Lucelle. "Taal en kulturele identiteit in Mamma Medea van Tom Lanoye (2001) en Antjie Krog (2002)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20134.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the construction of cultural identity in Mamma Medea by Tom Lanoye (2001) and it’s translation by Antjie Krog (2002) by employing various theories as well as exhausting binary oppositions, and analysing the way it relates to the difference in language use between the conflicting individuals and groups in the drama. Mamma Medea is based predominantly on two versions of the Greek myth of Medea and her shocking tale of infanticide in order to wound her deceitful spouse, Jason. It follows the long tradition in literature and art wherein Medea is used to comment on the subjugation and oppression of women and non-dominant groups, as well as on the formation of the Other. Lanoye uses the details of the Ancient account, but broadens the spectrum to include commentary on contemporary themes in order to seek an alternative motivation for her premeditated infanticide. The drama does not stay within the details of the intertexts, however, and is altered so that both Medea and Jason each kill one of their children. A context-relevant approach is followed to examine how Lanoye’s drama challenges modern myths surrounding cultural identity in the Flemish-Dutch context. The latter interpretation is warranted by linking Flemish en Dutch with the groups in the drama, in accordance with the real language tension between the two language regions. In contrast to this Krog makes use of much more dialectal forms of Afrikaans reflecting the multicultural and multilingual South-African context. Her translation is not studied from a purely translational, theoretical perspective, considering that the focus of the study is on differences in cultural identity and on the differences in context wherein the respective drama and translation is produced.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die konstruksie van kulturele identiteit in Mamma Medea van Tom Lanoye (2001) en in die vertaling daarvan deur Antjie Krog (2002) aan die hand van verskeie teorieë, asook met behulp van binêre opposisies, en analiseer die wyse waarop dit onder meer saamhang met die verskille in taalgebruik tussen konflikterende individue en groepe in die drama. Mamma Medea ontgin veral twee weergawes van Griekse mites oor Medea, wat haar twee seuns op skokkende wyse vermoor om haar verraderlike eggenoot, Jason, leed aan te doen, in aansluiting by ’n lang tradisie in die literatuur en kunste waarin dié figuur veral gebruik is om kommentaar te lewer op die uitbuiting en onderdrukking van vroue en nie-dominante groepe, asook die formasie van die die Ander in verhoudinge. Lanoye verruim in sy drama die onderwerp van die konvensionele huweliksdrama en betrek hedendaagse kwessies ten einde ’n geldige eietydse motivering te verskaf vir Medea se optrede. Hy wyk onder meer doelbewus af van die brontekste deurdat hy Medea en Jason elk ’n seun laat vermoor. ’n Gemeenskapsrelevante benadering word gevolg om na te gaan hoe Lanoye se drama in die proses moderne mites rondom kulturele identiteit uitdaag binne ’n Vlaamse-Nederlandse konteks. Laasgenoemde interpretasie word ondersteun deur onderskeidelik Vlaams en Nederlands te verbind met die hoofgroepe in die drama, in ooreenstemming met reële taalspanninge tussen die twee taalgebiede. Hierteenoor maak Krog van veel meer dialektiese taalvorme gebruik in aansluiting by die multikulturele Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Haar vertaling word nie soseer vanuit ʼn vertaalwetenskaplike perspektief nagevors nie, aangesien die hooffokus val op sowel die verskille in kulturele identiteit as op verskille rakende die konteks waarin onderskeidelik die drama en die vertaling geproduseer is.
Matté, Manuela. "A construção da identidade feminina em Duas Iguais, de Cíntia Moscovich." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/866.
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The subject of this dissertation consists of analyzing the female identity and subjectivity construction of the character Clara, protagonist-narrator of the novel Duas iguais, by Cíntia Moscovich. Therefore, it is observed how the process of identity affirmation of the female subject represented in the novel occurs, considering the social, historical and cultural context in which this subject is inserted: a Jewish regional community, during Brazilian military dictatorship years (1964-1985). Aspects regarding memory, cultural region, Judaism, patriarchy, homosexuality, prejudice, love, subjectivity and identity are discussed. Gender studies and feminist critics, studies about culture, identity and regionality are used as theoretical support for this work.
Книги з теми "Madonna, 1958- – Criticism and interpretation"
Santiago, Fouz-Hernández, and Jarman-Ivens Freya, eds. Madonna's drowned worlds: New approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2004.
Знайти повний текст джерелаEddi, Fiegel, ed. Madonna: Blond ambition. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаGuilty pleasures: Feminist camp from Mae West to Madonna. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
Знайти повний текст джерелаBabion-Collet, Arnaud. Madonna: L'icône de la pop. Enghien-les-Bains: Lagune, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерелаCorreggio: La Madonna di San Francesco. Correggio]: Fondazione Il Correggio, 2015.
Знайти повний текст джерелаWeiss, Matthias. Madonna revidiert: Rekursivität im Videoclip. Berlin: Reimer, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерела1965-, Hasler Stefan, and Filippi Elena, eds. Raffaels Sixtinische Madonna: Eine Vision im Dialog. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерела1460-1524, Holbein Hans, ed. Zur Deutung der 'Darmstädter Madonna'. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.
Знайти повний текст джерелаAlmut, Mikeleitis-Winter, ed. Ferdinand Bruckner (1891-1958). Berlin: Weidler, 2008.
Знайти повний текст джерелаCarol, Benson, and Metz Allan, eds. The Madonna companion: Two decades of commentary. New York: Schirmer Books, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Madonna, 1958- – Criticism and interpretation"
Daw, Sarah. "Conclusion: ‘Know that the earth will madonna the Bomb’." In Writing Nature in Cold War American Literature, 205–11. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430029.003.0007.
Повний текст джерела"clash between the beauty-loving Renaissance and the he [Spenser] was quickly swept overboard because of moral Reformation. In the light of the medieval reli-his inability to write like Donne, Eliot, and Allen gious tradition examined by Tuve, Guyon destroys Tate’ (1968:2). His extended interpretation of Book the Bower because he ‘looks at the kind of complete II, The Allegorical Temper (1957), followed by essays seduction which means the final death of the soul’ on the other books, traces the changing psycholo-(31). gical or psychic development of the poem’s major If the New Critics of the 1930s to the early 1950s characters by ‘reading the poem as a poem’ (9) rather had been interested in Spenser (few were), they than as a historical document. My own book, The would not have considered his intention in writing Structure of Allegory in ‘The Faerie Queene’ (1961a), The Faerie Queene because that topic had been dis-which I regard now as the work of a historical critic missed as a fallacy. For Wimsatt and Beardsley partly rehabilitated by myth and archetypal criticism, 1954:5 (first proclaimed in 1946), ‘The poem is not examines the poem’s structure through its patterns the critic’s own and not the author’s (it is detached of imagery, an interest shared with Alastair Fowler, from the author at birth and goes about the world Spenser and the Numbers of Time (1964), and by beyond his power to intend about it or control it)’. Kathleen Williams, Spenser’s ‘Faerie Queene’: The So much for any poet’s intention, conscious or World of Glass (1966). unconscious, realized or not. Not that it would have In any history of modern Spenser criticism – for a mattered much, for the arbiter of taste at that time, general account, see Hadfield 1996b – Berger may T.S. Eliot, had asked rhetorically: ‘who, except schol-serve as a key transitional figure. In a retrospective ars, and except the eccentric few who are born with glance at his essays on Spenser written from 1958 to a sympathy for such work, or others who have delib-1987, he acknowledges that ‘I still consider myself erately studied themselves into the right apprecia-a New Critic, even an old-fashioned one’ who tion, can now read through the whole of The Faerie has been ‘reconstructed’ by New Historicism Queene with delight?’ (1932:443). In Two Letters, (1989:208). In Berger 1988:453–56, he offers a per-Spenser acknowledges that the gods had given him sonal account of his change, admitting that as a New the gift to delight but never to be useful (Dii mihi, Critic he had been interested ‘in exploring complex dulce diu dederant: verùm vtile numquam), though representations of ethico-psychological patterns’ he wishes they had; and, in the Letter to Raleigh, he apart from ‘the institutional structures and discourses recognizes that the general end of his poem could be that give them historical specificity’. Even so, he had achieved only through fiction, which ‘the most part allowed that earlier historical study, which had been of men delight to read, rather for variety of matter, concerned with ‘historical specificity’, was ‘solid and then for profite of the ensample’ (10). As a conse-important’. For the New Historicist Louis Adrian quence, he addresses his readers not by teaching them Montrose, however, earlier historical scholarship didactically but rather through delight. It follows that ‘merely impoverished the text’ (Berger 1988:8), and if his poem does not delight, it remains a closed book. he is almost as harsh towards Berger himself, com-Several critics who first flourished in the 1950s and plaining that his writings ‘have tended to avoid direct 1960s responded initially to Spenser’s words and confrontations of sociopolitical issues’, though he imagery rather than to his ideas, thought, or histor-blames ‘the absence of a historically specific socio-ical context. One is Donald Cheney, who, in Spenser’s political dimension’ on the time they were written – Image of Nature (1966), read The Faerie Queene a time when ‘the sociopolitical study of Spenser was ‘under the intensive scrutiny which has been applied epitomized by the pursuit of topical identifications or in recent decades to metaphysical lyrics’, seeking the cataloguing of commonplaces’ (7). In contrast, out ‘ironic, discordant impulses’, ‘rapidly shifting the New Historicism, of which he is the most elo-allusions’, and the poet’s ‘constant insistence upon quent theorist, sees a work embedded – i.e. intrins-the ambiguity of his images’ (7, 17, 20). Another is ically, inextricably fixed – not in history generally, Paul Alpers, whose The Poetry of ‘The Faerie Queene’ and certainly not in ‘cosmic politics’ that Thomas (1967) demonstrated that individual stanzas of the Greene 1963:406 claims to be the concern of all epics, poem may be subjected to very intense scrutiny. A but in a historically specific sociopolitical context. third, the most influential of all, is Harry Berger, Jr, (For further comments on their clash, see Hamilton." In Spenser: The Faerie Queene, 25. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315834696-23.
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