Готові списки джерел за темами / Macronutrient composition

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Macronutrient composition"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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Grunwald, Gary K., Helen M. Seagle, John C. Peters, and James O. Hill. "Quantifying and separating the effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients on energy density." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 2 (August 2001): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001404.

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The purpose of the present study was to estimate and compare the effects of macronutrient composition (relative portions of macronutrients) and of non-macronutrient components (e.g. water and fibre) on energy density (energy per unit weight) of the diets of human subjects. We used standard macronutrient energy content values to develop a simple conceptual model and equation for energy density in terms of % energy from dietary fat and % non-macronutrients by weight. To study these effects in self-selected diets of free-living subjects, we used four consecutive days of self-weighed and recorded food records for thirty-two male and thirteen female free-living adult subjects. In the range of typical human diets, the effect of % non-macronutrients by weight was several times greater than that of % energy from dietary fat, both in absolute terms and relative to daily variation in subjects' diets. Both effects were large enough to be physiologically important. Non-macronutrients (% by weight) alone explained much more of the variation in self-selected dietary energy density either between subjects (R2 95 %) or day-to-day (R2 95 %) than did % energy from dietary fat (R2 5 % and 6 % respectively). Omitting beverages gave similar results. The smaller effect of macronutrient composition on energy density of diets is mainly because alterations in macronutrient composition affect only the portion of typical dietary intake that is macronutrients (one-quarter to one-third of weight). Mathematical methods are also useful in analysing observational data and for separating effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients in intervention studies. These results illustrate the importance of considering non-macronutrients in the design and analysis of experimental or observational dietary data.
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Almeida, Brígida Resende, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, Alexandre Alves de Carvalho, Heitor Luiz Heiderich Roza, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, and José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto. "Macronutrient Omission Changes Lippia gracilis Schauer, a Threatened Medicinal Plant, Growth and Volatile Chemical Composition." HortScience 53, no. 12 (December 2018): 1877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13492-18.

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The effect of macronutrient omission on the growth and volatile chemical composition of Lippia gracilis was evaluated. The “minus one element” technique was employed by using a complete (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) nutrient solution and solutions with macronutrient omission for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Macronutrient deficiency significantly influenced L. gracilis growth and volatile chemical composition. Leaf dry weight decreased in order of importance of the macronutrients as follows: Ca = K = N > P > Mg > S. The amount and composition of volatile compounds varied according to macronutrient omission. The major constituents were characterized by p-cymene (ranging from not detected to 43.41%), thymol (3.86% to 7.95%), carvacrol (44.09% to 76.69%), and caryophyllene (0.52% to 6.00%), the contents of which were dependent on the omitted macronutrient. Lack of Ca, Mg, and S increased the contents of cymene and decreased the thymol and carvacrol compared with control. Complete solution and N, P, and K omission retained the same thymol and carvacrol content. In summary, macronutrient availability effectively controlled plant growth and volatile chemical composition of L. gracilis.
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Boyce, Catherine, Mistral Watson, Grace Lazidis, Sarah Reeve, Kenneth Dods, Karen Simmer, and Gemma McLeod. "Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003007.

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AbstractThere are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1–8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2–8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170–190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.
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Abdelhamid, Enas R., Alyaa H. Kamhawy, Alshaimaa A. Elkhatib, Amr S. Megawer, Amal I. El Shafie, Yasmin G. El Gendy, and Dina E. A. Rabie. "Breast Milk Macronutrients in Relation to Infants’ Anthropometric Measures." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (June 25, 2020): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4980.

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BACKGROUND: Breast milk (BM) is the main nutritional source for newborns before they are capable to eat and consume other foods. BM has carbohydrates, lipids, complex proteins, and other biologically active components which have a direct effect on infant growth. AIM: The aim of the study was to correlate anthropometric data of the infant to macronutrients in BM (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and to find some modifiable issues affecting macronutrient contents of BM for the benefits of upcoming infants. METHODS: One hundred breastfeeding mothers participated in the study, they were recruited from the outpatient clinic, El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University, from September 2019, to December 2019. BM was expressed by an electric pump, macronutrient content was assessed. Anthropometric data of the babies and mothers were obtained, gestational age, parity, age of the women, and the route of birth were recorded. RESULTS: For the macronutrients content of milk, a positive significant correlation was observed between BM fat, protein, and lactose. Infants’ body mass index (BMI) was negatively related to the fat content of BM, while no relation was found between BMI and protein or lactose content of the milk. BM fat content was negatively correlated with gestational age and maternal age. Positive correlations were found between BMI and protein, lactose and infant age. Protein content was negatively correlated with parity. No impact of infant’s sex on BM composition and as regards maternal diet, high protein consumption leading to increase BM protein content. CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirms that BM macronutrient composition has a wide variability; this variability is associated with each macronutrient, respectively. To improve BM composition, one could aim for improving the nutritional balance in lactating women, especially for protein intake. More well-designed longitudinal studies about factors that influence human milk compositions are warranted.
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Sung, Ki-Chul, Eunju Sung, Christopher D. Byrne, Yong Bum Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, and Hye-Kyung Chung. "Composition of Dietary Macronutrient Intake Is Not Associated with Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification in Healthy Korean Adults." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369563.

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Background and Aims: There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. Methods: 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. Results: The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). Conclusions: The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Devenport, L., A. Knehans, T. Thomas, and A. Sundstrom. "Macronutrient intake and utilization by rats: interactions with type I adrenocorticoid receptor stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): R73—R81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.1.r73.

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Corticosterone-free (adrenalectomized, ADX) and intact rats were offered experimentally compounded diets in which 65% of available calories were supplied by a single macronutrient (single-diet study). ADX impaired the intake, weight gain (especially as body fat), and efficient utilization of high-protein and high-fat diets. In contrast, no behavioral, metabolic, or compositional changes could be found among ADX rats maintained on a diet high in carbohydrates. When ADX rats were given separate sources of macronutrients (self-selection study) they did not self-select a high-carbohydrate diet. Instead, they displayed a strong fat avoidance and a relative increase in protein intake, the macronutrient they utilize least efficiently. Separate groups of ADX animals were continuously infused with 25 or 125 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 aldosterone, a specific type I adrenocorticoid receptor agonist. Type I receptor stimulation eliminated all ADX-related deficiencies found in the single-diet and self-selection studies: caloric intake, feeding efficiency, carcass composition, and macronutrient preferences were restored to or beyond the corresponding values of adrenal-intact rats. The normal rat's ability to ingest and utilize macronutrients optimally is dependent on corticosterone's stimulation of type I receptors.
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Flatt, Jean-Pierre. "Macronutrient Composition and Food Selection." Obesity Research 9, S11 (November 2001): 256S—262S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.128.

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Allegaert, Karel, and Anne Smits. "Acute Maternal Fasting or Fluid Abstention Does Not Significantly Affect the Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk: Clinical and Clinical Research Relevance." Children 7, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7060060.

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There are guidelines on lactation following maternal analgo-sedative exposure, but these do not consider the effect of maternal fasting or fluid abstention on human milk macronutrient composition. We therefore performed a structured search (PubMed) on ‘human milk composition’ and screened title, abstract and full paper on ‘fasting’ or ‘abstention’ and ‘macronutrient composition’ (lactose, protein, fat, solids, triglycerides, cholesterol). This resulted in six papers and one abstract related to religious fasting (n = 129 women) and observational studies in lactating women (n = 23, healthy volunteers, fasting). These data reflect two different ‘fasting’ patterns: an acute (18–25 h) model in 71 (healthy volunteers, Yom Kippur/Ninth of Av) women and a chronic repetitive fasting (Ramadan) model in 81 women. Changes were most related to electrolytes and were moderate and mainly in the chronic repetitive fasting model, with no clinical significant changes in macronutrients during acute fasting. We therefore conclude that neither short-term fasting nor fluid abstention (18–25 h) affect human milk macronutrient composition, so that women can be reassured when this topic was raised during consulting. Besides the nutritional relevance, this also matters, as clinical research samples—especially estimating analgo-sedative exposure by lactation—are commonly collected after maternal procedural sedation and maternal fasting. Based on these results, it is reasonable to assume stable human milk composition when such data are used in physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models.
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Yasakov, Dmitry S., Svetlana G. Makarova, Andrey P. Fisenko, and Tamara R. Chumbadze. "Macronutrient composition of diets in vegetarian children." Russian Pediatric Journal 23, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2020-23-4-229-234.

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Background. The growing popularity of vegetarianism in the world also affects the growth of the number of families choosing this type of diet. Adherence to a vegetarian diet in children is a concern due to the high risks of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Increasing interest in vegetarian diets is also relevant for our country, but there is currently no data on the prevalence of vegetarianism among children in Russia. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional controlled study of indices of physical development, body component composition, and macronutrient composition of diets in vegetarian and non-vegetarian children. The physical development of vegetarian children was assessed using the «Anthro Plus», the macronutrient composition of diets was assessed using the special computer software, body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. 24% of vegetarian children had physical deviations: reduced body weight (6.3%), reduced body length (1.9%), mild malnutrition (13.3%), moderate malnutrition (1.3%), severe malnutrition (0.6%), overweight (5.1%). The assessment of the body composition showed statistically lower values of % ACM (p = 0.004) and phase angle (p = 0.005) in vegetarian children. 95% of the vegetarian children had an inadequate composition of the diet: both insufficient and excessive consumption of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Low consumption of all macronutrients was found in 15% of vegetarian children. Children who received a vegan diet consumed protein with food statistically significantly lower, compared with lacto-and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (p < 0.005), but statistically more often consumed a high level of carbohydrates. High fat intake was found in most vegetarian children, especially children under 12 years. Conclusion. The results of the study showed the need to raise awareness of vegetarian parents about the nutritional risks associated with a vegetarian diet, and to make an adequate diet for their children.
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Czosnykowska-Łukacka, Matylda, Barbara Królak-Olejnik, and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz. "Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121893.

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Human milk (HM) is the first dietary exposure in infancy and the best nutritional option for growth and healthy development of the newborn and infant. The concentrations of macronutrients, namely proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, change during lactation stages. HM has been studied extensively in the first 6 months of lactation, but there are limited data regarding milk composition beyond 1 or 2 years postpartum. The aim of our study was to describe longitudinal changes in HM macronutrient concentrations during the prolonged lactation of healthy mothers from the 1st to the 48th month. For the macronutrient content of milk of mothers breastfeeding for longer than 18 months, fat and protein increased and carbohydrates decreased significantly, compared with milk expressed by women breastfeeding up to 12 months. Moreover, the concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates in HM over 2 years of lactation from the 24th to the 48th month remained at a stable level. However, analyzed macronutrients were positively (carbohydrate, r = 0.51) or negatively (fat, r = −0.36 and protein, r = −0.58) correlated with the amount of feeding. Our results create a greater potential for understanding the nutritional contribution of HM over 2 years of lactation and showed that the source of calories in breast milk for older children is mainly fat, while carbohydrates play a greater role in infant nutrition in the early stage. The observed changes of macronutrient concentrations from the 1st to the 48th month of lactation are probably related to the adaptation of milk composition to the increased energy demand of the intensively growing child.
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Дисертації з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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Podlesak, David William. "Metabolic routing of macronutrients in migratory songbirds : effects of diet quality and macronutrient composition revealed using stable isotopes /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3160036.

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Kagya-Agyemang, James Kwame. "Limits to sustained energy intake during lactation : effects of macronutrient composition." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted, no access until Jan, 3, 2010. Online version available for University member only until Dec. 9, 2010, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25326.

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3

McCormick, Sara Elizabeth. "Influence of dietary saturated fat and diet composition on macronutrient selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0006/MQ45545.pdf.

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Bennoson, Janet. "The effect of manipulating the macronutrient composition of meals postprandial lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310698.

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Guignard, Maite Stephanie. "Ecological consequences of angiosperm genome size and macronutrient availability." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24632.

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Genome size (GS) is a fundamental trait influencing cellular, developmental and ecological parameters, and varies c. 2400- fold in angiosperms. This astonishing range has the potential to influence a plant's nutrient demands, since nucleic acids are amongst the most phosphate and nitrogen demanding cellular biomolecules, and hence its ability to grow and compete in environments where macronutrients are limited. Angiosperm GS are strongly skewed towards small genomes, despite the prevalence of polyploidy in the ancestry of most if not all angiosperm lineages. This thesis examines the hypothesis that large genome sizes are costly to build and maintain and that angiosperm species with large GS are constrained by nitrogen and phosphate limitation. It untangles the interactions between GS, polyploidy and competition in plant communities, and examines how herbivory and GS play a role in plant productivity, measured as above-ground biomass. The hypothesis that large GS are costly was approached by analysing: 1) plant communities growing under different macronutrient conditions at the Park Grass Experiment (Rothamsted, UK); 2) plant communities under different conditions of macronutrient limitation and insect, mollusc, and rabbit herbivory at Nash's Field in Silwood Park (UK); and, 3) Ellenberg's indicator values which represent the realised niche of a species in terms light, water, and soil fertility. Support for the hypothesis was found in all experiments. The range of analyses show that angiosperm plants with large genomes (e.g. 1C-value > 5 pg) are indeed under greater macronutrient limitation in comparison to plants with small genomes, and that it is polyploid plants with large GS which are the most competitive when macronutrient resources are plentiful. In terms of herbivory, the key finding is a highly significant negative association between GS and rabbit herbivory. A species' realised niche for soil fertility was found to show a positive association with its GS. Overall the thesis shows that angiosperm GS plays a central role in plant community composition and responses to macronutrient conditions, and potentially on higher ecosystem processes through associations at different trophic levels.
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Regan, Paula J. "Influence of macronutrient preloads on appetite and metabolic parameters in liver and renal transplant recipients." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271521.

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Nelson, Laura Ashley. "Dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y affect feed intake in brioler chicks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48899.

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Understanding the central nervous systems role in appetite regulation is crucial to cure the obesity epidemic, which is more prevalent than any disease in the United States. Central appetite regulators, known as neuropeptides, are pivotal in understanding appetite regulation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, plays a major role in regulating the hunger signals from the brain. In all vertebrates studied, it is a strong orexigenic neurotransmitter located throughout multiple nuclei of the hypothalamus. Peripheral hormones associated with hunger are able to activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which leads to a cascade of events that activate orexigenic neurons throughout the hypothalamus. Although extensive research has gone into understanding the role of NPY in appetite regulation, the effects of macronutrient composition of diets on NPY function have not been elucidated in non-mammalian species. This research investigates how food intake is affected by dietary macronutrient composition in broiler type chickens that are fed three varying macronutrient diets: high carbohydrate (22% CP, 3000kcal/kg) a broiler starter diet, high fat (60% ME from lard), high protein 30%CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric. When chicks are fed the high fat diet central NPY administration has a greater effect on feed intake compared to both the basal and high protein diet. Regardless of what diet the chick is fed from hatch, if they are switched to one of the other two diets post central administration of NPY the high fat diet stimulated feed intake for the longest duration. Although, NPY had the strongest orexigenic effect on chicks fed the high fat diet, in a choice diet situation broiler chicks chose the high protein diet, independent of central NPY administration.
Master of Science
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Trottier, Geneviève. "Macronutrient composition of maternal diet affects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in developing rat pups." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ44302.pdf.

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Trottier, Geneviève. "Macronutrient composition of maternal diet affects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in developing rat pups." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20881.

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We studied the consequences of providing rat dams with elevated levels of dietary fat during lactation on stress responses in the offspring at different stages of development. High-fat feeding increased total milk lipid levels, and led to increased lipid deposition and plasma leptin levels in pups. Ten-day-old neonates from high-fat fed mothers had reduced stress responsiveness compared to controls. In contrast, 35-day-old pups from mothers fed high-fat diets showed greater stress-induced ACTH secretion. These findings indicate that maternal diet has effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responsiveness, which can persist after weaning to a normal rat chow diet. We also investigated macronutrient selection in the offspring, since differences in nutrient preferences may produce long-lasting consequences of lactational diet. However, our results did not support an involvement of maternal diet in postweaning nutrient selection. Furthermore, HPA stress responses were no longer related to maternal diet once offspring reached maturity.
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Wang, Guoqing. "Effects of dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y on adipose tissue development in broiler chicks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83514.

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The objective of this dissertation research was to investigate the effect of dietary macronutrient composition on neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated regulation of adipose tissue physiology in broiler chickens during the early post-hatch period. A high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) diet was fed to broiler chicks in all experiments and various facets of physiology were evaluated at day 4 post-hatch, including diet-, fasting-, and neuropeptide Y-induced effects on gene expression, cellular morphology, and lipid metabolism. Experiment 1 was designed to study the effects of diet on molecular changes in different adipose tissue depots (subcutaneous, clavicular and abdominal) after 3 hours of fasting and 1 hour of refeeding. Adipose tissue weights were decreased in chicks that consumed the HP diet, whereas adipocyte diameter was increased in response to the HF diet. There was greater expression of mRNAs encoding fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and monoglyceride lipase in chicks fed the HC and HF diets than the HP diet in all three adipose tissue depots. Fasting increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in chicks fed the HC and HP diets. Results suggest that the heavier fat depots and larger adipocytes in chicks fed the HF diet are explained by greater rates of hypertrophy, whereas the HP diet led to a decrease in adipose tissue deposition, likely as a result of decreased rates of adipogenesis. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to investigate how dietary macronutrient composition affects the effect of centrally or peripherally administered NPY, respectively, on lipid metabolism-associated factor mRNAs in adipose tissue. In experiment 2, vehicle or 0.2 nmol of NPY was injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and abdominal and subcutaneous fat samples were collected at 1 hour post-injection. In the subcutaneous fat, ICV NPY injection decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) mRNAs in chicks fed the HF diet, whereas there was an increase in SREBP1 expression in chicks fed the HF diet after NPY injection. Expression of PPAR gamma and FABP4 mRNAs increased in the abdominal fat of HF diet-fed chicks after NPY injection. Thus, HF diet consumption may have enhanced the sensitivity of chick adipose tissue to the effect of centrally-injected NPY on gene expression of adipogenesis-associated factors. In experiment 3, vehicle, 60, or 120 micrograms/kg BW of NPY was injected intraperitoneally (IP), and subcutaneous, clavicular, and abdominal fat was collected at 1 and 3 hours post-injection. Food intake and plasma NEFA concentrations were not different among chicks fed the HC, HF or HP diet after IP NPY injection, indicating that the effects of NPY on adipogenesis were independent of secondary effects due to altered energy intake. In response to the lower dose of NPY, the expression of NPY receptor sub-type 2 mRNA was increased at 1 hour post-injection in the subcutaneous fat of chicks fed the HP diet, whereas there was less 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 mRNA in the subcutaneous fat of chicks fed the HC diet. The higher dose of NPY was associated with greater AGPAT2 mRNA in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HP diet and less CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha in the abdominal fat of chicks that were provided the HF diet. However, there was also a decrease in the expression of some of these factors, although mechanisms are unclear. In conclusion, dietary macronutrient composition influenced the response of adipose tissue to the adipogenic effects of NPY and metabolic effects of short-term fasting and refeeding during the first week post-hatch. Collectively, this research may provide insights on understanding NPY's effects on the development of adipose tissue during the early life period and mechanisms underlying diet-dependent and depot-dependent differences in adipose tissue physiology across species.
Ph. D.
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Книги з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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McCormick, Sara Elizabeth. Influence of dietary saturated fat and diet composition on macronutrient selection. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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McGee, Carl Douglas. Effect of dietary fat composition on macronutrient selection. 1990.

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McCullough, Marjorie L., and Walter C. Willett. Diet and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0019.

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The formal study of diet, nutrition and cancer is still relatively young, with most epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) having occurred in the last twenty to thirty years. Despite methodological challenges of studying diet and cancer in free-living populations, there is scientific consensus that overweight and obesity increase the risk of certain cancers and growing evidence that dietary patterns rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat are associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer and total cancer mortality. Although it is more difficult to isolate the specific components of diet that affect risk, several key factors appear to play a role. Dietary composition appears to operate by both affecting energy intake and also independent of energy intake. Despite extensive research, evidence does not support an important impact of the macronutrient composition of diet on cancer risk.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Guidelines for pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0037.

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If a pregnant woman has not had pre-conception counselling, it is important to ensure as soon as possible in early pregnancy that she understands her nutrient requirements, and what comprises a balanced diet and healthy body composition. The advice should include weight gain goals in pregnancy, a list of unsafe foods, healthy exercise behaviours, and the effects of alcohol and drugs. Energy intake needs in early pregnancy do not increase from pre-pregnancy levels; women should focus on eating well for pregnancy, and not eating more. Specific attention should be paid to intakes of folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, and iodine. Glucose status should be monitored in mid-pregnancy. Energy requirements increase in mid- to late pregnancy, but attention should also be paid to the macronutrient balance. If the diet is low in oily fish as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplementation should be considered.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0001.

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Good fetal and infant nutrition, whether derived from the mother via the placenta during gestation or via breast milk after birth, consists of the macronutrients protein, carbohydrates, and fats, all of which are needed for building the fundamental components of the body, and micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements, which are essential structural components and cofactors in metabolic processes. Understanding the concept of a ‘balanced diet’ and the implications of maternal body composition is critical for pregnant and breastfeeding women to ensure that their metabolic adaptation to pregnancy and lactation is appropriate and that their offspring gets the required nutrients in the appropriate amount and proportion to ensure optimal development. An unbalanced diet, or over- or under-nutrition, can increase the risks of low birthweight and gestational diabetes and result in unfavourable metabolic adjustments by the fetus.
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Cohen, Jonathan, and Shaul Lev. Parenteral nutrition in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0207.

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Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a technique of artificial nutrition support, which consists of the intravenous administration of macronutrients, micronutrients, and water. PN has become integrated into intensive care unit (ICU) patient management with the aim of preventing energy deficits and preserving lean body mass. The addition of PN to enteral nutrition is known as supplemental PN. Parenteral feeding should be considered whenever enteral nutritional support is contraindicated, or when enteral nutrition alone is unable to meet energy and nutrient requirements. International guidelines differ considerably regarding the indications for PN. Thus, the ESPEN guidelines recommend initiating PN in critically-ill patients who do not meet caloric goals within 2–3 days of commencing EN, while the Canadian guidelines recommend PN only after extensive attempts to feed with EN have failed. The ASPEN guidelines advocate administering PN after 8 days of attempting EN unsuccessfully. Several studies have demonstrated that parenteral glutamine supplementation may improve outcome, and the ESPEN guidelines give a grade A recommendation to the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients who receive PN. Studies on IV omega-3 fatty acids have yielded promising results in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome and proved superior to solutions with omega -6 compositions. The discrepancy between animal models and clinical practice could be related to different time frames.
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Частини книг з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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Flatt, J. P. "Influence of the Diet’s Macronutrient Composition on Weight Maintenance." In Obesity Treatment, 143–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1901-0_19.

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Hall, Kevin D. "Quantitative Physiology of Human Starvation: Adaptations of Energy Expenditure, Macronutrient Metabolism and Body Composition." In Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation, 379–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29056-5_22.

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Kassem, Moulay Abdelmajid. "Seed Amino Acids, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Sugars, and Other Compounds." In Soybean Seed Composition, 237–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82906-3_3.

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"Macronutrient Composition, Energetics, and Energy Balance." In Nutritional Biochemistry, 187. Apple Academic Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18536-13.

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Fivecoat, H. C., and G. M. Pasinetti. "Caloric intake, dietary lifestyles, macronutrient composition and dementia." In Lifetime Nutritional Influences on Cognition, Behaviour and Psychiatric Illness, 439–63. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857092922.3.439.

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Southgate, David A. T. "Food Composition, Caloric Value, and Macronutrient Content: Analytical Aspects." In international Food Safety handbook, 493–504. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203750346-29.

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Goree, Laura Lee, Amy Ellis, Paula Chandler-Laney, Krista Casazza, and Barbara Gower. "Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Composition on Total and Intra-Abdominal Adipose Tissue during Weight Maintenance and Weight Loss." In BASIC/TRANSLATIONAL - Sex & Adipose Tissue Distribution, P2–459—P2–459. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part3.p3.p2-459.

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Gower, Barbara A., Laura Lee T. Goree, Paula C. Chandler-Laney, Amy C. Ellis, Krista Casazza, and Wesley M. Granger. "Impact of Dietary Macronutrient Composition on Insulin Sensitivity, Fasting Glucose, and Beta-Cell Response in Healthy, Overweight, Men and Women." In CLINICAL - Miscellaneous Topics in Diabetes, P1–544—P1–544. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part2.p10.p1-544.

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Wilding, John P., and Jonathan Z. M. Lim. "Dietary and Medical Management of Obesity." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by John A. H. Wass, Wiebke Arlt, and Robert K. Semple, 1825–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0225.

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Lifestyle interventions that restrict energy intake, increase physical activity, and modify behaviour are the mainstay of most weight management programmes. Diets producing an intake of 500–600 kcal day below estimated total daily energy expenditure, combined with altered dietary macronutrient composition result in an average decrease of 3–5% initial body weight over 12 months. Use of meal replacements coupled with lifestyle support and gradual re-introduction of normal food can result in better weight loss than other dietary strategies, but weight regain is still common. Increasing physical activity through structured, gradual increments of intensity and frequency are predictors of success in weight maintenance at 1 year, 3 years, and beyond 5 years in combination with diet. Evidence from meta-analysis of behaviour modification therapy has further led clinicians to reconsider the types of messages, advice, and behaviour support offered to tackle the psychosocial aspects and stigma associated with obesity. Current pharmacological antiobesity agents include the intestinal lipase inhibitor orlistat, centrally acting drugs such as lorcaserin, naltrexone/bupropion, or phentermine alone or in combination with topiramate, and liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor analogue also approved for use as glucose lowering agent. Future developments will likely target multiple pathways to optimize efficacy.
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Premi, Monica, and Khursheed A. Khan. "Nutritional Values of Fruits and Vegetables: Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Composition." In Technological Interventions in the Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, 15–30. Apple Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315205762-2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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Zellerbach, Karitta, and Carolina Ruiz. "Machine Learning to Predict Overeating from Macronutrient Composition." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm47256.2019.8983166.

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Huo, Zepeng, Bobak J. Mortazavi, Theodora Chaspari, Nicolaas Deutz, Laura Ruebush, and Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. "Predicting the meal macronutrient composition from continuous glucose monitors." In 2019 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834488.

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Kulasinghe, Amali, Gamini Samarasinghe, Swarna Wimalasiri, Renuka Silva, and Terrence Madhujith. "Macronutrient and Mineral Composition of Selected Traditional Rice Varieties in Sri Lanka." In International Conference on Food Quality, Safety and Security. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/foodqualss.2017.1201.

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Li, L., AM Decker, U. Grittner, J. Spranger, and K. Mai. "Differential effects of macronutrient composition on satiety after weight loss in overweight and obese adults – results of a randomized trial." In Diabetes Kongress 2019 – 54. Jahrestagung der DDG. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688148.

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Kurni, Arif Rahmat, Galuh Nita Prameswari, Mursid Tri Susilo, Ayu Melinda, Nasiha Nasiha, and Nurul Hidayatun. "Comparing Macronutrient Compositions and Sensory Characteristics of Jackfruit Nugget Formulations and Commercially Available Chicken Nugget." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Physical Education, Sport, and Health (ACPES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/acpes-19.2019.53.

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A.V., Shokurova, Anishchenko O. V., Kashinskaya E.N., and Solovyev M.M. "THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF BILE OF SOME MARINE AND FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES AND ITS POSSIBLE PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN AQUACULTURE." In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AQUACULTURE" ("AQUACULTURE 2022" CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/aquaculture.2022.29-31.

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The elemental composition of the bile of 429 fish individuals of 21 species of freshwater and marine fish has studied. Macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S), regardless of the diets and habitat of fish, were in the highest concentrations if compare to other elements. However, it is possible to note some differences in the concentrations of such macronutrients as K and Na between marine and freshwater species. Cu, Li and Sr were found in the bile of all studied freshwater species, while bile form marine species has always contained elements such as As, Cu, Li, Se and Sr. At the same time, Bi, Cd, Mo and Tl were absent in most species of both freshwater and marine fishes. Statistical analysis has revealed that such factors as “feeding habits”, “habit”, “season” and “year" had a significant effect on the elemental composition of fish bile. The obtained data of the elemental composition of bile are applicable to the creation of selective artificial nutrient media and species-specific feeds.
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Winkler-Moser, Jill. "Variations in Phytochemicals in DDGS Oil from 30 Ethanol Plants." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ncxd5442.

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Many corn-based ethanol plants are separating oil from distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), where it becomes a value-added co-product stream that is utilized as a separate energy source for feed, or as a feedstock for biofuels, namely biodiesel. While the variation in the composition of macronutrients in corn DDGS as well as the fatty acid composition and presence of free fatty acids in corn DDGS oil have been well documented, less information is available on variation of phytochemical components in corn DDGS oil. This study reports the composition and variation of carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols and ferulate phytosterol esters, as well as total phenolics and the in vitro antioxidant activity, based on DDGS oils derived from back-end oil separation at 30 ethanol plants located in the U.S. The total carotenoid contents ranged from 135 – 315 µg/g oil, total tocopherols and tocotrienols ranged from 594 – 1812 µg/g, total phytosterols ranged from 15.8 - 22.4 mg/g, while ferulate phytosterol esters ranged from 3.7 - 5.8 mg/g. The oxidative stability index (at 110 °C) ranged from 4.2 - 16.4 h, while total phenolics ranged from 124 - 420 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg oil. Correlations among the variables and antioxidant activity as well as oxidative stability will also be presented.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Macronutrient composition"

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Bohan, Michelle, Lloyd L. Anderson, Allen H. Trenkle, and Donald C. Beitz. Effects of Dietary Macronutrients on Appetite-Related Hormones in Blood on Body Composition of Lean and Obese Rats. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-908.

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, Іван Панасович Григорюк, Ніна Олександрівна Хромих, and Тетяна Юріївна Лихолат. The Total Content of Macronutrients and Heavy Metals in the Soil on Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Geology-dnu-dp.ua, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4286.

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The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop technologies for phytoremediation of the devastated lands in the mining and metallurgical regions of Ukraine and the world. In this regard, the creation of tree plantations adapted to the ecological conditions of such territories is considered by many experts as the most promising option for innovative technologies. However, the development of artificial woodlands requires knowledge of the pedogeochemical character- istics of devastated lands. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the macronutrients and heavy metals gross forms content in the soils of the devastated lands of the Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical region. The field studies focused on five contrasting monitoring sites of the Petrovsky dump (Central Kryvorizhzhya), which has a typical age and composition of rocks for the region. Soil sampling, drying, sieving, and sample preparation (sintering in a muffle furnace) were done in accordance with classical techniques. The concentrations of macronutrients (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus) and heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) X-Series 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analytical part of our research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Institute of Biosciences, Freiberg University of Technology and Mining Academy (Freiberg, Germany). At monitoring sites, significant differences were found in the content of macronutrients gross forms, and their variation relative to the control values as well. Potassium and sodium concentrations generally differed slightly or were close to control levels. The results of determining the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus indicate a significant deficiency or excess of these macronutrients in the soils of the devastated lands. An increased sulfur content was found in the soils of all monitoring sites, in some cases 4 times higher than the control level. The measured content of gross forms of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium and, partially, zinc in the soils of different monitoring sites exceeded the control values by 5.5 – 5.9 times. Thus, the analysis of the research results made it possible to establish that the soils of the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump are characterized by unfavorable properties for the growth of most species of woody plants.
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