Статті в журналах: "Macro cell"

1

Guenzl, Philipp M., and Denise P. Barlow. "Macro lncRNAs." RNA Biology 9, no. 6 (June 2012): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.19985.

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2

Zhao, Jun Juan, Zhan Zhao, Li Dong Du, and Shao Hua Wu. "Macro Machined Photoacoustic Non-Resonant Cell." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.411.

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Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), which is widely used in gas sensing applications, is capable of a wide dynamic range, simplicity of use, high selectivity and sensitivity and also possesses novel detection characteristics when the cell are scaled into a micro system design. In a PAS system which is based on the photoacoustic effect, if the parameters of light power, chopper frequency, and absorption coefficient of the target analyte were decided, the level of the acoustic signal is inverse proportional to the radius square of the cell in which the sample is laid. So, miniaturizing the size of the cell can improve the system’s sensitivity. In our experiment, we initially designed a macro photoacoustic non-resonant cell (PNC) using stainless steel. As the macro cell is scaled to a dimension approaching the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) level, the basic information gained from these initial tests is a special reference to fabricating a MEMS scale device. The non-resonance test conducted at 100 Hz demonstrated large signals (15.89mV) for CO2concentrations at 600 ppm and high signal-to-noise (S/N) values (~ 85:1). Then a structure of monolithic MEMS photoacoustic cavity was proposed which incorporate a three-wafer.

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3

Aarts, E. H. L., F. M. J. de Bont, J. H. M. Korst, and J. M. J. Rongen. "An efficient macro-cell placement algorithm." Integration 10, no. 3 (February 1991): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9260(05)80023-9.

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4

YAN, JIN-TAI. "ROUTING SPACE ESTIMATION AND ASSIGNMENT FOR MACRO-CELL PLACEMENT." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 08, no. 04 (August 1998): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126698000237.

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In general, the routing space between two adjacent macro-cells is estimated and assigned after completing the placement of all the macro-cells. In this paper, the routing space in a macro-cell placement is divided into straight channels. First, based on a probabilistic analysis, a new routing space estimation approach for a channel is proposed. For the assignment of routing space between two adjacent macro-cells, it is desired that this assignment does not change the topological relation between any pair of adjacent macro-cells in a macro-cell placement. Hence, the assignment of a previous channel will not be modified by the assignment of a recent channel during the assignment process of routing space. A safe routing space assignment approach is further proposed for obtaining a complete macro-cell placement. It is proved that the time complexity of a safe routing space assignment is O(Nlog N), where N is the number of macro-cells in a macro-cell netlist. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed estimation and assignment of routing space is effective in a macro-cell placement.

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5

Katsnelson, Alla. "MicroRNAs with macro effects." Journal of Cell Biology 177, no. 4 (May 7, 2007): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1774rr5.

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6

Cao, Zhong Lu, Makoto Hibino, and Hiroki Goda. "Effect of Steel Surface Conditions on the Macro-Cell Polarization Behavior of Reinforcing Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1771.

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The effect of steel surface conditions on the macro-cell polarization behavior of reinforcing steels embedded in cement mortar was investigated by comparing and analyzing the macro-cell current density and macro-cell polarization ratio of steels. The results indicated that steel surface conditions played an important role in controlling the macro-cell corrosion and polarization. The polished or pre-rusted surface had a better corrosion resistance to inhibit the flow of macro-cell current than the scaled surface that formed in the production process. Compared to the polished surface, the presence of mill scale or rust oxides on the surface of anodic steel could reduce the macro-cell polarization ratio of anode.

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7

Cao, Zhong Lu. "Effect of Water Conditions on Macro-Cell Corrosion Potential Difference and Current Density of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 831 (February 2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.831.87.

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In marine concrete structure, corrosion behaviors of reinforcing steel in atmosphere, splash, water-level-fluctuating and underwater zone are significantly different. This paper investigated and analyzed the effect of water conditions on the macro-cell corrosion potential difference and macro-cell current density of steel in concrete free of chloride and concrete contaminated by chloride. Results indicated that in concrete that is free of chloride and with low water content, its resistance becomes the limiting factor for the formation of macro-cell current. The increase of water content of concrete could promote the flow of macro-cell current. In concrete contaminated with chloride, only the water-saturated state of anode was little helpful to inhibit the macro-cell current, but the increase of water content of concrete around the cathodic steel could weaken the macro-cell corrosion. The water condition of cathode and anode could play an important role in controlling the ratio of magnitude of macro-cell current to micro-cell current.

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8

Liu, L. C. E., and C. Sechen. "Multilayer pin assignment for macro cell circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 18, no. 10 (1999): 1452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.790622.

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9

Kilcher, Giona, Daniela Delneri, Craig Duckham, and Nicola Tirelli. "Probing (macro)molecular transport through cell walls." Faraday Discussions 139 (2008): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b717840a.

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10

Bojinca, Mihai, Violeta Claudia Bojinca, Andra Rodica Balanescu, and Serban Mihai Balanescu. "Macro Creatine Kinase (macro CK) in Clinical Practice." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 2107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6483.

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Creatine kinase (CK) is an important enzyme involved in energy metabolism. CK is found in the cytosol and mitochondria of various tissues, mainly those with increased energy necessities as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and brain, but also in visceral tissues. CK is a dimeric molecule composed of two identical or different subunits, type M - muscular and type B - brain. The combination of M and B subunits leads to formation of three isozymes: CK - MM found mainly in the skeletal muscle, CK - BB found mainly in the brain and CK - MB found mainly in the cardiac muscle, but also in small quantities in the skeletal muscle. The serum increase of different isozymes of CK is a consequence of cell disruption in various clinical situations like physical training, rhabdomyolysis, myositis, muscular dystrophy, myocardial infarction and others, CK being an important biomarker for this diseases. Macro CK is a complex of CK and immunoglobulin (macro CK type 1) or a polymer of mitochondrial CK (macro CK type 2) that induces false and persistent elevation of CK levels that could mislead the clinician. We present a review of the literature concerning the appearance and clinical significance of macro CK.

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11

Sun, BaoZhuang, Wenju Liao, Zhong Li, Zhiyong Liu, and Cuiwei Du. "Corrosion behavior of X65 pipeline steel in coastal areas." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2018-1953.

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Purpose To study the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel in coastal areas, a tidal seawater macro-cell corrosion device was built using a cycle soaking tank and a macro-cell corrosion facility to simulate the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel in a simulated coastal environment (dry and wet alternations during seawater-soil corrosion macro-cell processes). Design/methodology/approach The corrosion behaviors were studied via the weight loss method, electrochemical methods and morphological observations on corrosion. Findings The results show that during the initial stage of tidal seawater/soil macro-cell corrosion process of the X65 steel, the working electrode on the seawater side is the anode of the macro-battery. As corrosion progresses, the anode and the cathode of the macro-battery become inverted. As the area ratio and the dry – wet ratio increase, the time of anode and cathode inversion shortens. Galvanic current density decreases as the dry – wet ratio increases and increases as the area ratio increases. The corrosion process of macro-cell is affected by the reversal of anode and cathode. After the reversal of anode and cathode, the corrosion rate is mainly controlled by dry – wet alternating corrosion. Originality/value The corrosion behavior of a pipeline steel in a coastal environment was studied using a tidal seawater macro-cell corrosion device. The synergism effect between the tidal seawater and seawater-soil macro-cell on corrosion behavior was clarified.

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12

Abdullah, Shapina, Norashidah Md Din, Shamsul J. Elias, Adam Wong Yoon Khang, Roshidi Din, and Rosmadi Bakar. "Design of a cell selection mechanism to mitigate interference for cell-edge macro users in femto-macro heterogeneous network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i1.1433.

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The Femto-Macro heterogeneous network is a promising solution to improve the network capacity and coverage in mobile network. However interference may rise due to femtocell deployment nearby to macro user equipment (MUE) within macrocell network coverage. Femtocell offers main priority in resource allocation to its subscribed femto user equipment (FUE) rather than unsubscribed MUE. MUEs will suffer severe interference when they are placed near or within the femtocell area range especially at the cell edge. This phenomenon occurs due to the distance is far from its serving macro base station (MBS) to receive good signal strength. This paper presents a design of cell selection scheme for cell-edge MUE to select an optimal femto base station (FBS) as its primary serving cell in physical resource block allocation. In this study, the proposed cell selection consists of four main elements: measuring the closest FBS distance, Signal to Interference-plus- Noise-Ratio (SINR), physical resource block (PRB) availability and node density level for the selected base station. The main goal is to ensure celledge MUE has priority fairly with FUE in physical resource block allocation per user bandwidth demand to mitigate interference. Hence, the cell-edge MUE has good experienced on receiving an adequate user data rate to improve higher network throughput.

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13

Imashiro, Chikahiro, Yuta Tokuoka, Kaito Kikuhara, Takahiro G. Yamada, Kenjiro Takemura, and Akira Funahashi. "Direct Cell Counting Using Macro-Scale Smartphone Images of Cell Aggregates." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 170033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3024100.

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14

Saji, Genn. "Radiation-induced ‘long-cell’ (macro-cell) corrosion in light water reactors." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 6 (June 2010): 1340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.03.006.

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15

Friedberg, Jonathan W. "CLL microenvironment: macro important." Blood 117, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-11-314468.

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16

Kuchar, A., J. P. Rossi, and E. Bonek. "Directional macro-cell channel characterization from urban measurements." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48, no. 2 (2000): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.833062.

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17

Onder, Tamer T., and George Q. Daley. "microRNAs become macro players in somatic cell reprogramming." Genome Medicine 3, no. 6 (2011): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gm256.

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18

Gilbert, Nad E., Chakravarthy Gopalan, and Michael N. Kozicki. "A macro model of programmable metallization cell devices." Solid-State Electronics 49, no. 11 (November 2005): 1813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2005.10.019.

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19

Attarchi, Mehdi, Andrea Brenna, and Marco Ormellese. "FEM simulation of corrosion under macro-cell mechanism." Corrosion Science 179 (February 2021): 109116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109116.

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20

Lu, Shuang, Heng Jing Ba, An Jian Wang, and Ying Zi Yang. "Tower Type Sensors for Monitoring Corrosion Risk in Cover-Zone Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4305.

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In order to monitor corrosion risk in cover-zone concrete, an integrated tower type sensor (TTS) was developed to obtain the electrochemical parameters such as concrete resistance, macro-cell current and the corrosion potential of built-in electrodes. To obtain valid macro-cell current value, specialized short-circuit acquisition time equal to 30 s has been defined in present cement mortar. The results indicate that the macro-cell current increases and cement mortar resistance decreases meanwhile with the content of chloride ions increase in imported chloride cement mortar. The effective measurement of the macro-cell current and cement mortar resistance allows TTS to be used as a corrosion risk monitoring system in cover-zone concrete.

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21

Cao, Zhong Lu. "Corrosion Behaviors of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete with Various Moisture Contents." Key Engineering Materials 805 (June 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.805.100.

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Moisture contents of concrete can affect the corrosion of reinforcing steel. In this paper, moisture contents of concrete were increased by filling the small holes with water or fully submerging in water. The effect of moisture contents on the corrosion behaviors of cathodic and anodic steel was investigated by comparing the half-cell potential, micro-cell and macro-cell current density. The results indicated that when only the concrete around cathodic steel was in water-saturated state, it could greatly weakened the kinetics of cathodic reaction and resulted in a considerable decrease in macro-cell current. When only the concrete around anodic steel was in water-saturated state, it could not effectively inhibit the macro-cell corrosion. When both the concrete around the cathodic steel and the anodic steel were in water-saturated state, the macro-cell current flowing between cathode and anode could be inhibited effectively, and the corrosion was little affected by chloride contents.

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22

Khaled, Adel, Sally Hassaneen, Salah ElAgooz, and Heba Soliman. "Interference mitigation using antenna selection for the heterogeneous networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2240.

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A rapid increase in the wireless internet-based applications led to an enormous increase in wireless data rates. Intensification of future wireless networks faces a great challenge to meet such growing demand for payload data. A suggested solution that can be used to resolve this issue is to overlay small cell networks with macro cell networks to provide higher network capacity and better coverage. Small cell networks experience large interference from macro cell base stations (BSs) making data rates received by the small cell users not reliably. In this paper, an antenna selection scheme based on small cell user’s (SCU) channel gain is proposed. Whereas, the two tiers use the same network bandwidth resources; the macro BS selects a subset of antennas which has a minimum interfering effect to the SCU based on a pilot sent from SCU to macro cell. The proposed selection scheme has been compared with convex optimization antenna selection scheme. Simulation results show that the SCU data rates are significantly improved using proposed scheme. Execution time required for antenna selection is reduced significantly using the proposed scheme.

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23

NAKAJIMA, Hiroshi. "CONTROL OF MACRO-CELL CORROSION CURRENT THROUGH INSULATING COUPLING." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 68, no. 568 (2003): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.68.63_1.

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24

Nöggerath, J., and H. Böhni. "Macro Cell Corrosion of Steel in Chloride Containing Concrete." Materials Science Forum 111-112 (January 1992): 659–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.111-112.659.

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25

Roy, Abhishek, Jitae Shin, and Navrati Saxena. "Multi-objective handover in LTE macro/femto-cell networks." Journal of Communications and Networks 14, no. 5 (October 2012): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2012.00016.

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26

Yang, Bin, Ting Yan, Heyang Cui, Enwei Xu, Yanchun Ma, Caixia Cheng, Ling Zhang, et al. "The macro-evolutionary events in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma." Oncotarget 8, no. 68 (November 15, 2017): 112770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22625.

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27

Tittmann, Bernhard R., and Xiaoning Xi. "Correlation between nano- and macro-properties of cell walls." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 4217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4831481.

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28

Liu, Zhihui, Moyi Li, Dafu Cui, and Jian Fei. "Macro-branched cell-penetrating peptide design for gene delivery." Journal of Controlled Release 102, no. 3 (February 2005): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.013.

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29

Shehata, Mohamed, Martin Kurras, Khaled Hassan, and Lars Thiele. "Hierarchical Precoding in a Realistic Ultradense Heterogeneous Environment Exceeding the Degrees of Freedom." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4796474.

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Cell densification is a widely used approach to increase the spectral efficiency per area of cellular networks. Such Ultradense Networks (UDNs) consisting of small cells are often coordinated by macro base stations (BSs). With universal frequency reuse interference from the macro BS limits the system spectral efficiency. In this work we exploit the degrees of freedom at the macro BS to apply interference coordination. We propose a hierarchical precoding strategy in the spatial domain in order to project interference from the macro BS into the subspace of small cell users enabling linear cancellation. The macro BS interference towards small cell users is aligned within the joint null space of users served by the macro BS. Compared to classical interference alignment, our scheme does not require coordination between macrocells and small cells. We present three algorithms: in the first the interference is minimized by iterative alignment, in the second the uncoordinated interference from the small cells is considered, and in the third iterative Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) technique is used. We provide numerical evaluation, complexity analysis, and robustness analysis of these algorithms based on a realistic channel model showing the benefit of hierarchical precoding compared to the uncoordinated case.

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30

Whitfield, Colette J., Alice M. Banks, Gema Dura, John Love, Jonathan E. Fieldsend, Sarah A. Goodchild, David A. Fulton, and Thomas P. Howard. "Cell-free protein synthesis in hydrogel materials." Chemical Communications 56, no. 52 (2020): 7108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02582h.

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31

Kim, Min-Tae, Jun Heo, Yun-Gi Kim, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hea-June Lee, and Ho-Jun Lee. "High Efficacy Plasma Display Utilizing Macro Discharge Cell Structure with Long Electrodes Gap." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 61, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2012.61.9.1314.

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32

Lyu, Feng, Xinyue Zhou, Zheng Ding, Sijie Zhang, Gongnian Zou, Guowei Wang, Xing Wang, Xinglong Qiao, Jiahao Xu, and Dan Song. "Research on the Macro-Cell Corrosion Behavior of Alloyed Corrosion-Resistant Steel for a Transmission Line Steel Structure under a Chloride Corrosion Environment." Metals 14, no. 8 (July 30, 2024): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14080879.

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“The article investigates the macro-cell corrosion behavior and corrosion resistance when the alloyed steel and the carbon steel are used together because the traditional carbon steel is difficult to meet the corrosion resistance and durability of the steel structure of the transmission line in the marine environment.” In this paper, a new type of Cr-alloyed corrosion-resistant steel (00Cr10MoV) is used to partially replace carbon structural steel in order to meet the actual needs of corrosion resistance and service life improvement of steel structures for offshore transmission lines. It is important to systematically study the macro-cell corrosion behavior of combinations of the same type of steel and dissimilar steel, induced by the chloride concentration difference in simulated concrete solutions, and employ electrochemical testing methods to scientifically evaluate the corrosion resistance of steel after macro-cell corrosion. The aim is to study and evaluate the macro-cell corrosion behavior of alloyed corrosion-resistant steel and to lay a foundation for its combined use with carbon steel in a chloride corrosion environment to improve the overall corrosion resistance and service life. Under the same concentration difference, the macro-cell corrosion of the alloyed steel combination is milder compared with the carbon steel combination. The corrosion current of the alloyed steel combination at 29 times the concentration difference is only 1/10 of the carbon steel combination. Moreover, at 29 times the concentration difference, the macro-cell corrosion potential of dissimilar steel is only 1/6 of the combined potential of carbon steel combination under the same concentration difference, and the corrosion current is only 1/10 of that of the carbon steel combination.

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33

Kim, Wooseong. "Dual Connectivity in Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks with mmWave Backhauls." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3983467.

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Ultradense Network (UDN) with small cells is a key feature to begin a new era of 5G communication, which provides higher data rate, and accommodate explosive mobile traffic. Recently, mmWave-based wireless backhauls accelerate deployment of the UDN by reducing cost of fiber-optic cabling to small cells. The small cells can deliver user data to macro enhanced NodeBs (eNBs) using multihop relay in wireless backhaul mesh that consists of small and macro cell eNBs connected by the mmWave links. For such a heterogeneous small cell network (HetNet), 3GPP introduced dual connectivity (i.e., dual connections to macro and small cell eNBs), which is an attractive standard feature to manage user mobility and network access in the small cells. In this paper, we exploit dual connectivity scheme in a HetNet with the mmWave-based backhaul mesh which introduces two main challenges for throughput maximization, multihop routing from small to macro cell, and selection of a small cell eNB for user equipment (UE). We establish an optimization model and find an optimal solution in terms of throughput and fairness using an IBM CPLEX solver. Additionally, we propose a heuristic algorithm for complexity reduction and compare it with the optimal results in evaluation.

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34

Pruescu, Carol C., Michel Descamps, Marie-Chantal Fabre, and Antoni Serra. "The double spermatogenesis in scutigera coleptratrata (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): macro-and Microspermaltocyte growth." Zygote 3, no. 2 (May 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400002549.

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SummaryIn Scutigera coleoptrata, double spermatogenesis (macro and micro germinal cells) was reinvesti gted by means of both image analysis and electron microscopy. Image analysis of the cell-lines showed no differences in DNA content between the two types of spermatogesis.The only difference found, with the exception of the size and the related number of organelles, was that in the macro-cell line the chromatin was well dispersed and no condensed, which is the opposite of what was observed in the macro-cell line. It is asumed that the level of activity related to this condensation process is at the origin of the two pathways of development.

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35

KAWAHIGASHI, Tatsuo, Koichi KOBAYASHI, and Toyoaki MIYAGAWA. "A STUDY OF MACRO-CELL AND MICRO-CELL CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 732 (2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2003.732_1.

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36

Liu, Xiaonian, Yiran Xu, Xiangquan Fan, Mengxing Liao, Pingliang Li, and Shichang Zou. "A macro SPICE model for 2-bits/cell split-gate flash memory cell." Microelectronics Journal 63 (May 2017): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2017.03.005.

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37

Arghir, Mihai, Nicolas Roucou, Mathieu Helene, and Jean Frene. "Theoretical Analysis of the Incompressible Laminar Flow in a Macro-Roughness Cell." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 2 (March 19, 2003): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1506328.

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The present work deals with the analysis of the incompressible laminar shear driven flow in a channel of which one of the walls carries a macro roughness pattern while the opposite one has a parallel velocity. The problem is discussed from the standpoint of lubrication theory and it is shown that the usual simplified models as the Reynolds or the Stokes equations are not applicable. Numerical results are presented for three types of two dimensional macro-roughness and two versions of a three dimensional one. It is shown that a pressure generation effect occurs with increasing the relative importance of convective inertia. Previous analyses found in the literature discussed only the increase of the shear stress due to the presence of the macro roughness but the lift effect due to the pressure generation has never been enlightened up to now. It is further discussed that, extrapolated to a very large number of macro roughness characterizing a textured surface, this new effect could be added to the other lift generating mechanisms of the lubrication theory. It could thus bring a different light on inertia effects stemming from the use of textured surfaces.

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38

Honda, Michiyo, Shigeki Izumi, Nobuyuki Kanzawa, Takahide Tsuchiya, and Mamoru Aizawa. "Microenvironment of Apatite-Fiber Scaffold Affects Cell Proliferation and Resulting Cell Differentiation." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1075.

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Appropriate culture conditions cause bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into multilineage cells such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. One key factor that regulates intercellular signaling and cell differentiation is the extracellular matrix microenvironment. The composition of the extracellular matrix influences cellular functions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a microenvironment comprising a three-dimensional apatite-fiber scaffold (AFS) that has two kinds of pores (micro- and macro pores) on proliferation and subsequent differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Morphologic observation revealed that osteoblastic cells in the AFS were distributed primarily in the same location on the fibrous scaffold and formed bridges within micro- and macro pores. We used molecular approaches to evaluate cell proliferation and differentiation in detail. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that culturing bone marrow cells on AFS increases expression of osteocalcin (OC) mRNA compared with culture in a dish. Furthermore, cells cultured in AFS expressed type X collagen (Col X), which is a marker of hypertrophic cartilage. These data suggest that the three-dimensional microenvironment of AFS facilitates cell proliferation and differentiation, and promotes endochondral ossification of bone marrow cells.

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Choi, Hojong, Se-woon Choe, and Jae-Myung Ryu. "A Macro Lens-Based Optical System Design for Phototherapeutic Instrumentation." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 5427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245427.

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Light emitting diode (LED) and ultrasound have been powerful treatment stimuli for tumor cell growth due to non-radiation effects. This research is the first preliminary study of tumor cell suppression using a macro-lens-supported 460-nm LED combined with high-frequency ultrasound. The cell density, when exposed to the LED combined with ultrasound, was gradually reduced after 30 min of induction for up to three consecutive days when 48-W DC, 20-cycle, and 50 Vp-p sinusoidal pulses were applied to the LEDs through a designed macro lens and to the ultrasound transducer, respectively. Using a developed macro lens, the non-directional light beam emitted from the LED could be localized to a certain spot, likewise with ultrasound, to avoid additional undesirable thermal effects on the small sized tumor cells. In the experimental results, compared to LED-only induction (14.49 ± 2.73%) and ultrasound-only induction (13.27 ± 2.33%), LED combined with ultrasound induction exhibited the lowest cell density (6.25 ± 1.25%). Therefore, our measurement data demonstrated that a macro-lens-supported 460-nm LED combined with an ultrasound transducer could possibly suppress early stage tumor cells effectively.

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40

Bechta, Kamil, Cezary Ziółkowski, Jan M. Kelner, and Leszek Nowosielski. "Modeling of Downlink Interference in Massive MIMO 5G Macro-Cell." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020597.

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Multi-beam antenna systems are the basic technology used in developing fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. In practical implementations of 5G networks, different approaches are used to enable a massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) technique, including a grid of beams, zero-forcing, or eigen-based beamforming. All of these methods aim to ensure sufficient angular separation between multiple beams that serve different users. Therefore, ensuring the accurate performance evaluation of a realistic 5G network is essential. It is particularly crucial from the perspective of mMIMO implementation feasibility in given radio channel conditions at the stage of network planning and optimization before commercial deployment begins. This paper presents a novel approach to assessing the impact of a multi-beam antenna system on an intra-cell interference level in a downlink, which is important for the accurate modeling and efficient usage of mMIMO in 5G cells. The presented analysis is based on geometric channel models that allow the trajectories of propagation paths to be mapped and, as a result, the angular power distribution of received signals. A multi-elliptical propagation model (MPM) is used and compared with simulation results obtained for a statistical channel model developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Transmission characteristics of propagation environments such as power delay profile and antenna beam patterns define the geometric structure of the MPM. These characteristics were adopted based on the 3GPP standard. The obtained results show the possibility of using the presented novel MPM-based approach to model the required minimum separation angle between co-channel beams under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS conditions, which allows mMIMO performance in 5G cells to be assessed. This statement is justified because for 80% of simulated samples of intra-cell signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), the difference between results obtained by the MPM and commonly used 3GPP channel model was within 2 dB or less for LOS conditions. Additionally, the MPM only needs a single instance of simulation, whereas the 3GPP channel model requires a time-consuming and computational power-consuming Monte Carlo simulation method. Simulation results of intra-cell SIR obtained this way by the MPM approach can be the basis for spectral efficiency maximization in mMIMO cells in 5G systems.

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41

Jin, Zhi-Hao, Chao Jiang, Xiang-Lin Gu, and Zheng Dong. "Macro-cell corrosion between crossed steel bars in cracked concrete." Construction and Building Materials 350 (October 2022): 128867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128867.

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42

TSUKAMOTO, Takahito, Go OTSURU, and Yukitoshi SANADA. "Macro Cell Switching of Transmit Antennas in Distributed Antenna Transmission." IEICE Transactions on Communications E105.B, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2021ebp3045.

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43

TSUKAMOTO, Takahito, Go OTSURU, and Yukitoshi SANADA. "Macro Cell Switching of Transmit Antennas in Distributed Antenna Transmission." IEICE Transactions on Communications E105.B, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2021ebp3045.

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44

Young, Edmond W. K., and Craig A. Simmons. "Macro- and microscale fluid flow systems for endothelial cell biology." Lab Chip 10, no. 2 (2010): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b913390a.

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45

May, J., J. Tonge, I. Ellis, W. B. Mori, F. Fiuza, R. A. Fonseca, L. O. Silva, and C. Ren. "Enhanced stopping of macro-particles in particle-in-cell simulations." Physics of Plasmas 21, no. 5 (May 2014): 052703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4875708.

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46

Suther, Torgeir, Alan Fung, Murat Koksal, and Farshid Zabihian. "Macro Level Modeling of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Sustainability 2, no. 11 (November 18, 2010): 3549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2113549.

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47

Takeyama, Y., H. Otake, O. Hirabayashi, K. Kushida, and N. Otsuka. "A Low Leakage SRAM Macro With Replica Cell Biasing Scheme." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 41, no. 4 (April 2006): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2006.870763.

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48

Pajusco, P. "Double characterisations of power angular spectrum in macro-cell environment." Electronics Letters 39, no. 22 (2003): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20031032.

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49

Tulliani, Jean-Marc, Laura Montanaro, Trevor J. Bell, and Michael V. Swain. "Semiclosed-Cell Mullite Foams: Preparation and Macro- and Micromechanical Characterization." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82, no. 4 (April 1999): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01860.x.

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50

Kim, Jaehwan, and Byungwoo Kang. "Micro–macro linear piezoelectric motor based on self-moving cell." Mechatronics 19, no. 7 (October 2009): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2009.01.005.

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