Дисертації з теми "Mâchefers"
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Coutaz, Lionel. "Valorisation des mâchefers d'usines d'incinération d'ordures ménagères." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0005.
Nowadays, the availability of natural aggregates becomes an important problem for industrialized countries. To answer to this problem, new synthetic aggregates have to develop. In this way, MSWI residues can be used: they present good geotechnical qualities, and former data showed that MSWI bottom ash represented a possible substitute. However, MSWI bottom ash is a waste and depends upon regulations which protect the environment. MSWI bottom ash coarser than 20 mm contains exclusively large unburnt and ferrous elements. Therefore, it was chosen to valorize the particles smaller than 20 mm. A systematic study of leachability and toxicity of various particle sizes present in this phase, was carried out. The results obtained showed that two main categories could be considered: sand (0-4 mm), and gravel (4-20 mm). They presented different physico-chemical behavior and only gravel met the French environmental regulations, without any pretreatment. It is the reason why we tried to use MSWI bottom ash as replacement of natural gravel. In order to improve mechanical strength of bottom ash allow its use in asphalt concrete, it was necessary to develop a treatment based on hydraulic binders. Another way of valorization was the elaboration of concrete for the building industry. In this case, it was necessary to eliminate the metal form of aluminum by a specific treatment. Once this problem solved, the 28-day concrete strength reached 25 MPa
Pillay, Govinda. "Etude des propriétés d'absorption des mâchefers d’incinération d'ordures ménagères." Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0043.
The aim of this thesis is to improve the practice of an invention concerning landfill leachate treatment by municipal solid waste incinerator residue (MSWIR). Laboratory experiments for the determinalion of MSWIR properties were carried out on solutions containing more or Jess identified pollulanls (phenol. Congo red. Leachate. . . ). First of all, batch studies in sealed flasks on the adsorbent characteristics of MSWIR have shown that: - the FREUNDLICH isotherm equation provides a reliable description of the isotherm data: - adsorption involves two stages and surely different types of sites: the first stage is more likely due to a quite rapid preliminary adsorption of a quantity of pollutant: for the description of the second stage, it is convenient to assimilate this rapidly adsorbed quantity to an initial solid phase concentration not equal to zero. Next, the removal performances of dry MSWIR for the considered pollutants were studied in continuous flow columns. This was dona in order to be as close as possible to conditions encountered in full scale operations where MSWIR heaps are sprinkled with landfill leachate. According lo the relatively weak adsorption capacity of the material, it was necessary to examine carefully the "wetting" of the column. Stage during which an important fraction of the adsorption capacity is spent. Lastly, we tried a mathematical model taking into account the percolation of pollutants through MSWIR a quite heterogeneous material. Parameters derived from batch-reactor isotherm and kinetic studies were incorporated. In this predictive model. Referring to the very classical confidence interval statistical notion. We finally obtained calculated concentration-time profiles for the continuous flow system quite close to the experimental ones by the adjustment of certain parameters. These results forecast well the undertaking of similar research work related to soil pollution by landfill leachate
Perrin, Mathilde. "Récupération sélective de métaux à partir des mâchefers d'incinérateurs d'ordures ménagères." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALI118.
The thesis is part of a European project called Refina focused on the development of innovative processes for the valorization of the fine fraction of municipal waste incinerator bottom ashes. Indeed, the fine fraction of this residue issued from the incineration of our household waste is not valorized in Europe, mainly due its high content in leachable metals. At the same time, the surface of sites available for its landfilling decreases and the landfill costs increase. Moreover, the increase in metals and sand consumption has prompted the interest in this residue, which presents concentrations of certain metals such as copper close to the currently mined low-grade ores (around 0.3 wt%).The project partners worked on three different alternatives of this fine fraction valorization in order to evaluate their feasibility: the physical concentration of metals, the valorization of the solid in lightweight concretes (LWC), and the development of a hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metals of interest. It is this latter part that constitutes the project of this thesis. After characterization of the raw solid, the choice of metals of interest was focused first on copper, followed by zinc. In the case of the concentrated fraction provided by the project partners, nickel and silver recovery could be envisaged too.Firstly, the raw fraction issued directly from the incineration facility was processed by hydrometallurgy with severe constraints regarding the volumes to be treated and the abundance of various accompanying elements and carbonate minerals. In the second part of the thesis, the hydrometallurgical process was adapted to the use of physically pre-concentrated materials at the entry of the process. Finally, the environmental and economic analysis of the complete process developed by all the partners within the Refina project was carried out. The aim is to assess the environmental and economic benefits of the process and identify the areas for improvement. Copper and zinc leaching yields as high as 90% and 70% have been reached respectively both for the raw or the concentrated bottom ashes. Both elements are then recovered under the form of copper metal with a purity of over 99.6%, silver being its major impurity, and as ZnAl2O4 for zinc. Environmental and economic analysis shows that the direct valorization of the fine fraction in concrete is the most economically viable method but has no significant positive impacts on the environment. On the contrary, the recovery of metals in addition to the use of the light mineral fraction in concrete represents a higher economic cost, but generates a greater positive impact on the environment, notably in the resource scarcity impact categories
Crignon, Caroline. "Etude expérimentale du gonflement des mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères traités aux liants hydrauliques." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10093.
Brons-Laot, Gwenaelle. "Evaluation environnementale de la valorisation de mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères en remplissage de carrière." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0050/these.pdf.
He leaching behaviour of three different MSWI bottom ashes-based materials containing hydraulic binders is assessed in the conditions specified by the quarry backfilling application. An adapted approach methodology is applied: physical, mineralogical and chemical characterisations of materials, use of parametric tests to determine the effect of main scenarios factors on the release, chemical modelling based on mineralogical and experimental leaching data with geochemical calculation codes, chemical reaction / transport coupled modelling. The main results demonstrate that : the batch and dynamic tests allow to obtain enough data to model and to predict the long term behaviour, the chemical modelling of the solid / liquid equilibrium permits the determination of the chemical reactions involved and the prediction of pollutants solubilisation in different chemical contexts, the new materials (source term) present a low environmental impact in the conditions specified by the considered scenarios
Remontet-Dugenest, Stéphanie. "Mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : caractérisation physico-chimique de la matière organique : études cinétiques et mécanistiques." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10366.
Radu, Tirnoveanu Daniela. "Etude des propriétés épuratoires des Mâchefers d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères et de leur mise en oeuvre." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0082/these.pdf.
The evolution of our societies, and specifically the associated trends in consumer consumption, have led to a continual increase in waste production, and particularly household waste. Despite a strong political will to develop source separation and recycling of household waste, the majority of this waste stream is disposed of by two main techniques : storage in engineered landfills and incineration. Storage in anaerobic conditions, leads to the formation of landfill biogas which contains sufficient methane for combustion and energy recovery, but also contains compounds (sulphides, volatile organic compounds) in trace amounts which produce olfactory nuisances and are corrosive, aggressive and hazardous to the environment. As for incineration, it produces solid wastes and in particular bottom ash which needs to be stored or reused after treatment. Our study focuses on a new way of reusing incinerator bottom ash, notably for the purification of landfill biogas. As part of this study, a pilot test unit was developed and operated at the Roche la Molière engineered landfill (department 42). The purification potential of bottom ash from the North-Lyon (department 69) incineration plant was tested on real landfill biogas using this pilot test unit. The gas phase chromatography analysis was mainly used to measure sulphur based compounds (hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans), but was also used to measure the main volatile organic compounds. Thermal desorption studies were also completed in the laboratory. The results show that the incinerator bottom ash presents significant purification potential and in particular with regards to the sulphur compounds which are mineralised by way of chemical reactions. The quantification of the purification potential of the incinerator bottom ash allowed for full scale dimensioning and the validation of their use directly within the landfill for in situ biogas treatment
Quilici, Laeticia. "Le carbone organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : extraction, structures et rôle sur l'environnement." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0010.
Ln France, about 50 % of municipal solid wastes are incinerated (with or without energy recuperation). The main solid residue from incineration process is bottom ash. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash storage or valorisation poses an ecological and economic problem for industrials and local communities. This study is about characterisation of organic fraction present in MSWI bottom ash as well as its influence in short and long term behaviour of bottom ash. Differentia] Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in MSWI residues. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOG) and Refractory Carbon (RC). Characterisation and dosage of organic compounds (paraffins, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are realised with various extraction (traditional extraction (Soxhlet) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) and identification (Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD)) methods. This fine characterisation of organic matter has permitted to evaluate the short and long term available and mobilisable organic reservoir, and also the complexation possibility of some metals with carboxylic acids generously present in bottom ash. Moreover, any ecotoxicity tests performed on studied residues gets a new approach of bottom ash characterisation. A direct correlation with bottom ash physico-chemical parameters (usually studied) and its biotests responses is not possible. In opposite, a relation with carboxylic acids content and ecotoxic indice bottom ash is highlight
Wang, Jia. "Le mécanisme d'hydratation de ciment basé aux mâchefers Bas-CO2 contenant belite, ye'elimite et l'alumino-ferrite de calcium." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595554.
Hammoud, Ola. "Caractérisation, prétraitement et valorisation dans un béton prêt à l'emploi de Mâchefers d'Incinération de Déchets Non Dangereux (MIDND)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI039.
Valorisation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI-BA) in building materials in order to reduce their expansive storage in technical burying center and preserve the natural ressources constitutes a challenge. A hindrance of this valorisation is the pollutant potential of metals (especially mineral traces elements MTE) and anions likely to be released in use scenarios. This thesis evaluates the impact of incorporation of MSWI-BA into ready-mix concrete formulation. It helps to improve the understanding of MTE and anions behaviour in different leaching conditions and to find adequate solutions to limit their mobility. The first part presents the technical and environmental performances of ready-mix concrete formulated by partially replacing of the natural aggregates with different size fractions of BA incorporated at different substitution rates. The results demonstrate that the environmental performances of the scenario comply with the regulatory requirements of the Netherlands. On the other hand, the compressive strength is reduced by half compared to the standard formulation. Pretreatment of MSWI-BA could improve the mechanical performances. The second part describes the influence of thermal and chemical pretreatments on the mobility of MTE. The results show that the efficiency of the thermal treatment depends on the temperature and the target element. Optimised chemical treatment used in this study appears to be more effective. The third part, dedicated to the geochemical modeling of BA behaviour in leaching scenarios, allowed us to identify the mineralogical phases that control the mobility of MTE. It shows that the majority phases impose the parameters of the solution such as the pH and consequently, influences on the release of the MTE. This knowledge facilitates the definition of the possible pretreatments to be applied on the MSWI-BA before its valorisation
Minane, Jacques Rémy. "Contribution à l’élaboration de sables de mâchefers améliorés en vue d’une valorisation dans la formulation de matériaux cimentaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10133/document.
This doctoral study focuses on granular mineral wastes from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. This research is aiming to elaborate upgraded mineral sands fractions in comparison to standard MSWI bottom ash thanks to its beneficial use in cementitious materials. In the first step, a new methodology is proposed for dry separation of MSWI bottom ash in order to better recover ferrous and non-ferrous metals from the sands fractions and obtain an improved mineral sand fraction at the same time. This proposed methodology is composed of grinding of 0-20 mm input bottom ash fraction through BHS crushers. Subsequently, the main sand fraction (0-4 mm) is processed through magnetic drums and the innovative non-ferrous metal separator NES 4T of STEINERT process. In the second step, physical, chemical, mineralogical and environmental characterizations have been performed on untreated and treated sands fractions. The third step of this research focuses on beneficial use of the 0-2 mm granular fraction in cementitious materials, that is considered most problematic of MSWI bottom ash fractions. The standardized reference sand is replaced in volume for the partial substitution (50% and 75%) and total substitution (100%) by 0-2 mm upgraded mineral fractions in the mortar preparation. Physical, mechanical and environmental characterization have been performed on cement mortar up to 180 days of moist curing. Compressive strengths of mortar containing upgraded bottom ash are promising. Finally, a mechanical characterization on hardened cement paste has been performed as well on mortar containing upgraded bottom ash fractions through indentation technique in order to determine the modulus of elasticity and hardness
Kaibouchi, Sonia. "Mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de stabilisation par carbonation et influence de la collecte sélective." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0057/these.pdf.
In France, incineration is the second way of municipal solid waste treatment. It leads to a principal solid by product named municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA). BA is a reactive material. During the weathering period, carbonation reactions allow the stabilization of its pollutant potential. The increase in selective collection of MSW could evolve characteristics of the resulting MSWI BA. The research work was constructed according to a double approach: - complete knowledge on mechanisms and parameters influencing carbonation phase, - preserve throughout the work a comparison of the phenomena according to the origin of the MSWI BA after a classical collection (MSWI A) and after an improved selective collection (MSWI B). The first part of the study is devoted to a comparative characterization of the MSWI A and B to observe an eventual influence of the improved selective collection on MSWI BA properties. The second part of this work, devoted to the study of MSWI BA weathering and particularly to the understanding of the carbonation phenomenon (always under a comparative way), is split up in three under left: - natural carbonation of MSWI BA (under air) on pilot scale (3 tons), - accelerated carbonation (under pure co2) on laboratory scale (2 to 3 kg), - residual organic matter role on the MSWI BA carbonation. These experimentations allowed to quantify, for the first time, the carbon dioxide volume implied in the MSWI BA carbonation. The results make obvious influence and consequences of sorting, in particular, glass sorting, on the carbonation of the incineration residues and the stabilization of them potential pollutant regarding development
Dabo, David. "Impact environnemental des mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères (MIOM) valorisés en technique routière : caractérisation, expérimentations multi-échelles et modélisation hydro-géochimique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005052.
Dorigo, Alexandra. "Etude de la corrosion de l'aluminium dans les mâchefers utilisés en technique routière : rôle inhibiteur des ions nitrate et silicate." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066559.
Dabo, David. "Impact environnemental des mâchefers d’incinération d’ordures ménagères (MIOM) valorisés en technique routière : caractérisation, expérimentations multi-échelles et modélisation hydro-géochimique." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005052.
The present study copes with the environmental impact assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWI BA) re-used as aggregates in road construction. The methodology involves the following steps : characterization of bottom ashes (physical properties, chemistry and mineralogy), experiments at laboratory scale, field study and geochemical modelling. Quantitative data for trace elements in primary glasses obtained by Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) microanalysis show that these glasses are likely a main sink for Zn. In the cemented calcite admixture, lead seems to be mainly sorbed on iron oxy-hydroxides according to SIMS imaging and Extanded X-ray Absorption Fines Structure analysis (EXAFS). Except for SO4 , low concentrations and alkalinity have been measured in leachates from a 10 year-old road built with MSWI BA (fast attenuation during the first years). No significant transformation of bottom ashes (such as an advanced carbonation state) has been observed after 10 years of utilization. Lateral preferential flowpaths (edge effects) are likely responsible for the difference between alcaline pore water and dilued leachates. Based on characterization and experimental data, an common model have been built to simulate leaching and mineralogical evolutions using the transport reactive code HYTEC. Simulations of batch and dynamic leaching tests, as well as of two roads (french and swedish) built with bottom ashes show relativ agreement with respect to the experimental data
Delville, Nathalie. "Etude minéralogique et physico-chimique des mâchefers d'incinération des ordures ménagères (M. I. O. M. ) en vue d'une utilisation en technique routière." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22410.
Rendek, Eva. "Influence des procédés de la filière traitement thermique sur les caractéristiques et les évolutions bio-physico-chimiques des Mâchefers d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères (MIOM)." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0041/these.pdf.
The waste input and the process technology of the plant appear to have a great influence on bottom ash quality. To better understand how these parameters can affect the residues characteristics, bottom ash from 6 different plants were tested and compared in this study. Bottom ash physico-chemical characteristics were investigated by chemical analyses, and leaching tests. In order to understand their long-term behavior, accelerated ageing experiments and biodegradation tests were also performed. The whole analyses gave complementary information. It was shown that the 6 samples do have different properties. Waste input have a great influence on Cl and S content in bottom ash, as well as on the Ca/Si ratio. The importance of this ratio on carbonation process has been demonstrated. Combustion parameters have an influence on quantity and mobility of the residual organic matter. Biological and physicochemical experiments were coupled with a view to developing a new rapid assessment method of bottom ash quality. Comparative results of leaching tests and biodegradation experiments showed a positive correlation between dissolved carbon and microbial activity. However, quantities of biodegraded or leached carbon are not representative of the samples total organic carbon content. Thermal analysis have revealed the presence of two fractions of organic components, showing different thermal behaviors. One of them can be directly linked to the leachable and biodegradable organic matter fraction. Calorimetric test is then a novel analysis method that allows to provide rapid and global information concerning the characteristics of organic matter in bottom ash and its possible short and long-term evolution
Fontseré, Obis Marta. "Vers une nouvelle solution d'épuration de biogaz par des mâchefers d'incinération de déchets non dangereux : Développement et mise en œuvre d'un procédé d'adsorption d'H2S." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI038/document.
Biogas is a renewable energy source, which potential is still under-evaluated. Before any energy production from biogas, costly purification treatments (e.g. adsorption by impregnated activated carbons, IAC) are necessary, limiting the economic profitability. An increasing interest in the development of "low-cost" treatments based on the use of waste/by-products is shown by several studies, most of all by tests at laboratory scale. Thus, a feasibility study of the use of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom ash (BA) for the removal of H2S, a very corrosive and toxic compound in biogas, has been carried out in this thesis. An experimental pilot was installed on an energy recovery plant from biogas produced in a landfill (non-hazardous waste). Small-scale trials (500 g) allowed the screening of 6 different BAs and the identification of key parameters of the desulfurization. The transfer to a bigger scale reactor (10 kg), as well as the optimized operating conditions, enabled to obtain an adsorption capacity higher than 200 gH2S/kgdy BA, similar to that of some commercial adsorbents. The on-site experimental study has been completed by a scientific investigation on the mechanisms involved on the H2S retention by BA. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the material before and after the biogas treatment, to carry out the sulfur mass balances and to identify its chemical speciation. The proposed mechanism relies predominantly on the catalytic oxidation of H2S to elemental sulfur, in an adequate physicochemical context (moisture, pH, porosity, O2 and metal oxides). The economic benefit of an industrial implementation of the desulfurization treatment with MIDND has been demonstrated. The operational costs are reduced compared to a treatment with IAC. The environmental value of such a treatment is also shown and fits perfectly into a circular economy framework
Sow, Libasse. "Approche couplée expérimentation - modélisation multi-échelle pour la détermination du comportement mécanique des graves routières traitées aux liants : Application à la valorisation des Mâchefers d'Incinération de Déchêts Non Dangereux." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0001/document.
In this work, the feasibility of a valorisation in road engineering of non-hazardous waste incineration bottom ash aggregates (NHWI) is investigated. This study is first based on an experimental determination of the elastic properties of the bottom ash particles. These properties serve as input data for hierarchical multi-scale modelling developed to study the mechanical behaviour of aggregates treated with binders (cement and bitumen). The original experimental campaign on the bottom ash particles allowed them to be mapped to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For the particles, a mean reduced modulus of elasticity in between 15 and 68 GPa was found by means of indentation tests and applying the "Olivier and Phan method. The chemical analysis of the aggregates was obtained using qualitative point chemical analyzes (OHS). Based on a 0/25 particle size distribution of NHWI, which was the subject of an experimental study [BEC 07] , we have implemented two 30 models < road materials treated with binders in Representative Elementary Volumes (REV). These models are based on a hierarchical multi-scale modelling strategy. Two types of binder are studied: cement CEM I 42.5 R and bitumen of [NGU 08]. For both types of binder, the treated aggregates we divided into two REV, at respectively the sub-mesoscale (0/6 mm) and the mesoscale (6/25 mm). An application to the valorisation of NHWI bottom ashes in road engineering is studied in both cases. With a 3% cement treatment, a numerical simulation campaign "Virtual Laboratory" was conducted. At the sub-mesoscale, the input parameters for the Concrete Damaged Plasticity Model used at the mesoscale are determined. At the mesoscale, the mechanical characteristics of the road materials usually determined through experiments have been found. The developed simulation strategy has been validated by comparing our numerical results and son experimental results of [BEC 07]. With a 5% bitumen treatment, stress relaxation tests carried out at the two scales enable one to obtain the thermo-rheological properties of the Bitumen Bound Gravel. These properties are the Prony series at a reference temperature of 0°C and the Williams-Landei- Ferry (WLF) law constants. Prony series are obtained by means of standardized elastic moduli. The obtained WLF law constants are Cl = 20 °C-1 and C2 = 130 °C. The numeric simulations have been validated by comparing the responses of heterogeneous and corresponding homogeneous materials
Gonzales, Ramirez Maria Lorena. "Gestion et valorisation des Mâchefers d’Incinération de Déchets non Dangereux (MIDND) : Etude du comportement des polluants inorganiques traces au cours de la maturation et en fonction de la granulométrie." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0131.
Current challenge of Municipal Solid waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash management lays in its valorization, mainly to be used in road construction projects. The process must take into account environmental regulations and conduct rigorous monitoring from production to utilization. One constraint in the assessment of MSWI bottom ash is related to quality criteria which is becoming more restrictive. Among potential pollutants that can cause environmental use restrictions are metal trace elements (MTE), whose behavior based on weathering and grain size is not yet well known and represent one of greatest concern. In this thesis, the developed research approach defined the favorable conditions for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb, Ni and Zn release. The aforementioned approach is based on three pillars: The first pillar focuses on the development of a pertinent characterization method for bottom ash (including the polluting organic and mineral fraction) aiming at a better assessment of its properties. The initial study matrix, taken from an industrial site, was carefully analyzed from both, physico-chemical and environmental performances. Geochemical modeling based on physico-chemical and leaching data, allowed to identify the main mineral phases and to simulate material behavior with the purpose of predicting the evolution of MSWI bottom ash in specific storage or valorization conditions. The second pillar describes the impact of weathering conditions and size partitioning on MSWI bottom ash quality evolution. Three different weathering conditions (natural on industrial scale heap; accelerated on small heap; and forced) were studied. The results showed that changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition of MSWI bottom ash as well as in its size fractions are more significant when the weathering proceed. The natural accelerated weathering and the forced carbonation limited the leaching of Cu, Pb and Zn, whereas, the leaching of Cr, Sb, Cl and the SO42- increased as pH decreased. The third pillar focuses on the study of MSWI bottom ash alternative utilization as secondary raw material for the typically practiced road sub-layers construction. It consisted of incorporating MSWI bottom ash in a self-compacting material used for pavement sub-layer or coated road shoulders structures. A formulated material was obtained by mixing MSWI bottom ash, water and cement as a hydraulic binder. The results of the mechanical, geotechnical and environmental assessment are promising for MISWI bottom ash potential use in road construction
Antoun, Marc. "Vers une meilleure compatibilité ciment/mâchefer (MIDND) dans la formulation de matériaux cimentaires intégrant un ciment sulfo-alumineux." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0002.
In a world where circular economy and the valorization of raw materials is taking a greater importance, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is identified as potentially renewable resource in the construction field and more specifically in cementitious materials like mortar and concrete. Given the origin of the bottom ash and in order to have a better cement/MSWI bottom ash compatibility, the fraction used was as refined as possible by removing ferrous, non-ferrous and unwanted materials. The choice of the cement used is a critical factor as well because it affects the quality of the end product since MSWI bottom ash has particular physicochemical properties. The work in this PhD studies the advantages of using a sulfo-aluminate cement to valorize an improved 0/2 mm fraction of bottom ash that has been developed to be used in cementitious matrices. The first part presents the results of the mortar sample mixes containing bottom ash in a substitution by volume of the standard sand. To better highlight the effect of using a sulfo-aluminate (CSA), CSA mortars containing bottom ash were compared to a Portland cement (OPC) mortars, with substitution rates of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were used. A study of the porosity was then conducted at 90 days ; it shows that the pores larger to 50 nm are remarkably less present for CSA mortars. This thesis brings forward a major and innovative result : the level of alkalinity of the mortar plays an important role in the release of hydrogen gas after mixing and before setting. The presence of these gases creates large porosity in the hardened mortar samples. The second part studies the physical and microstructural aspects of the mortars after being immersed in aggressive environments : pure water and sulfate solution. The substitution rates used in this experiment were 50 % and 100 % by volume as well as the reference mortars with no bottom ash. These samples were then studied in the SEM which showed that CSA/bottom ash mortars were clearly less affected than the OPC/bottom ash mortars. This was highlighted by the porosity, the cracking and the depth of degraded zone
Triffault-Bouchet, Gaëlle. "Effets sur les écosystèmes aquatiques lentiques des émissions de polluants provenant de différents modes de valorisation/élimination de déchets - Application à des mâchefers d'IUOM et à des boues de dragage de canaux." Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAMS004.
Waste reused has been promoted by the definition of final wastes (law of the 13/07/92). The impact of two scenarios against lentic ecosystems was studied : one deals with municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWIBA) reused in road embankment, the other with under water deposition of dredged materials in a gravel pit. One of the purpose of yhis study was to complete the methodology for the assessment of waste ecocompatibility, focused by ADEME. The toxic potential of these materials have been distinguished and ordered according to their toxic potential. Four of the dredged materials were characterized by a high toxic potential and presented risks of lentic ecosystem eutrophisation. Risks of this storage scenario are not acceptable for these sediments. Recommendations have been made for the sediment amount to be submerged and for the constraints around thsese deposits. MSWIBA leachates impact was demonstrated whatever the methodology used. Copper seems to be responsible of the effects measured on species. It can be considered as a major pollutant of MSWIBA leachates. Risks of this reused scenario are not acceptable for lentic ecosystems. Recommendations have been made for MSWIBA reused as road embankment. With this study, the interest of microcosm assays have been emphasized. Yhis kind of approach was convenient for the evaluation of contaminated matrix impact against lentic ecosystems. Some aspects of this protocol have to be optimised in order to obtain acceptable variability levels for each parameter
Savadogo, Nafissatou. "Élaboration et caractérisation d’un écociment à base de poudre de mâchefer de charbon." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAR0013/document.
This research is part of a process of valorization of local industrial by-products in the cement industry. lt focuses on the possibility f using coal bottom ash powder produced by SONICHAR in Niger as cement partial addition. After a physicochemical and environmental characterization of the coal bottom ash powder, we determined its pozzolanic reactivity and it mechanical activity index. The results show that the coal bottom ash powder presents a pozzolanicity whose relatively slow kinetics do ne start before 14 days. On the other hand, this coal bottom ash can be considered as a mineral addition of type 11 according to the standard EN 206-1 with an activity index of 0.76. This is why we used it to develop three CEM 11/A composite cements with a strength class of 42.5 when the substitution rate is 10% and a strength class of 32.5 when the rate of substitution is 15% and 20%. Normal mortars have been formulated with these cements and are characterized physically and mechanically. The durability of the mortars has also been studied, in particular from the point of view of the kinetics of carbonation and leaching in the presence of ammonium nitrate. Finally, it appears that the coal bottom ash powder may indeed be incorporated as an addition in the preparation of composite cements. The long-term mechanical characteristics (90 days) and the durability of the mortars made from these cements are preserved when the substitution rate does not exceed 10%
Becquart, Frédéric. "Première approche du comportement mécanique d'un milieu granulaire issu d'un mâchefer d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : valorisation en technique routière." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-13.pdf.
Pestre, Cyril. "Evaluation du rôle des activités microbiennes dans le devenir de déchets essentiellement minéraux en fonction du scénarion de valorisation ou de stockage." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0047/these.pdf.
The aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology for evaluating potential microbial activities on solid waste, mainly mineral but containing a significant fraction of organic matter, according to possible scenarios of use. In a first time, a literature synthesis is proposed. It speaks about the fundamental aspects about the biodeterioration of mineral waste and realizes a synthesis of existing procedures about bio-physico-chemical evaluation of waste. Then, the study aims to see the relevance and adaptability of existing biodeterioration evaluation tests and overall the monitoring of the behavior of waste in various scenarios of management (reuse or storage). Using these observations, adaptations or new procedures were developed in order to propose a general methodology allowing to evaluate the biodeterioration of waste mainly mineral. [. . . ]The waste of this work show that in most cases, tests with long durations of incubation are to be privileged because the microbial activity sometimes requires very long adaptation phases (for example, a production of methane was observed after 500 days of incubation). Although test duration is important in the development of microbial activity, data statistical analysis showed that it did not play the main part in the variability of the results obtained but that the difference between wastes and mainly the conditions of incubation tested (incubation conditions on solid, in suspension, aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with or without addition of nutritive elements…) were predominant. In mineral wastes, the microbial activity is generally not favored by the very alkaline conditions and the lack of nutritive resources (in particular organic matter). Nevertheless, according to incubation conditions, the DNA molecular analysis of the populations by DGGE shows that populations are very well established and develop according to the matrices physicochemical modifications. This alteration can be directly or indirectly related to the micro-organisms activities and involve an increase in solubility of the metallic pollutants (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn). Indeed, the study showed that the physicochemical evolution of the wastes influences their microbiological evolution and conversely. There are strong interactions between physiochemical and microbiological evolutions
Le, Ngoc Hung. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement mécanique d'un matériau hétérophasé rematérialisé issu d'un mâchefer d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : valorisation en Génie Civil." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0213.
Bottom ash is the solid residua coming from domestic waste combustion in the furnace of incineration factory. The utilization of bottom ash in the field of Civil Engineering is necessary because the municipal wastes are increasing causes many environmental problems while the materials of Civil Engineering dwindle. The bottom ash was used for a decade in the field of civil engineering; however the mechanical characteristics of material “bottom ash” are not very well known. This work of thesis contributes to improving knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of bottom ash. After the determination of the geotechnical characteristics (parameters of nature, mechanical parameters, parameters of state), chemical and environmental characteristics, the potential of use of these bottom ash is evaluated according to the « Circulaire de 9 Mai, 1994 » and according to the technical guide SETRA-LCPC 2000 « Réalisation des remblais et des couches de forme ».In the experimental part, the oedometric and triaxial tests are carried out. For oedometric tests, the effect of compaction energy and immersion of specimens as well as the effect of the loading rate of the test were evaluated. The effect of loading rate is also evaluated by some sets of triaxial tests. From the triaxial tests, the mechanical parameters such as the Young’s modulus, the Poisson‘s ratio, the characteristic angle, the dilatancy angle, the cohesion and the friction angle were determined. These mechanical properties are specific to the material and can be integrated in a diagram of dimensioning specific to the structures of roadways based on bottom ash. The studied principal parameters allow us to evaluate the influence of the effective confining pressure. The evolution of the deformation modulus versus to the axial deformation and finally, the variation of the deviator stress versus to the mean effective pressure were also analyzed. A set of points of the yielding state was determined from triaxial tests and it specifies significantly the shape of yielding surface of our bottom ash.Finally, the triaxial tests were simulated numerically. This part is a contribution to the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of bottom ash. The model of Mohr-Coulomb and Nova were chosen to characterize the evolution of the material “bottom ash” under the influence of external mechanical actions. These are typical examples of model soil completely identifiable only through traditional triaxial tests. The simulation of triaxial tests is carried out using the CESAR-LCPC software. The results are found to be promising
Barthet, Lucile. "Contribution à l'évaluation de l'impact sur les écosystèmes de la valorisation de résidus de procédés thermiques en BTP." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0090/these.pdf.
For several years, Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash and coal fly ash have been reused in civil engineering. Although their physicochemical characteristics are very studied, the toxicity of these materials is the issue of few works. This study aims at contributing to the evaluation of the impact on the ecosystems of the valorisation of these residues of thermal processes (RTP) in road engineering. We have compared the potential toxicity of MSWI bottom ash resulting from traditional collection and MSWI bottom ash resulting from selective collection. Since physicochemical parameters of MSWI bottom ash weathering is quite important, we will see the effect of artificial carbonation on the potential toxicity. We have chosen to work with whole-cell microorganisms from the compartment of the producers (algae: Chlorella vulgaris) and from the compartment of the decomposers (yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The use of tests using global metabolism (algae growth) and more specific tests (enzymatic activities) have allowed to compare the potential toxicity of MSWI bottom ash resulting from traditional collection and MSWI bottom ash resulting from selective collection. These bioassays have shown that artificial carbonation may decrease the potential toxicity of these MSWI bottom ash. The behavior of coal fly ash used in various scenarios of pilots of road has also been revealed. The developemnt of an optical biosensor with immobilized whole cells will enable on line and in-situ monitoring of pollutants salting out MSWI bottom ash and coal fly-ash from pilots of roads
Canivet, Valérie. "Détermination de l'influence d'une contamination sur les biocénoses d'invertébrés benthiques et interstitiels présents dans la zone saturée d'un milieu aquatique poreux : étude en laboratoire et en rivières artificielles." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10171.
Poly, Franck. "Réponses des communautés bactériennes telluriques à des perturbations chimiques complexes : activités potentielles et empreintes génétiques." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19001.
Lopez, Ferber Nicolas. "Validation expérimentale d'un système de stockage thermocline air/céramique à échelle pilote - développement d'un matériau céramique issu de sous-produits industriels." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0041/document.
The recovery and valorization of high-temperature gaseous waste heat streams can benefit from the development of thermocline thermal energy storage, based on the use of a ceramic material as a solid filler and gases (including air) as heat transfer fluid. The wide diversity of waste heat streams implies developping a versatile and robust system, able to operate in such various conditions.This thesis aims at supporting the development of the company Eco-Tech Ceram, which focuses on developing a compact thermocline air/ceramic thermal storage unit (named EcoStock), and developing ceramics produced from industrial inorganic byproducts, designed to be used as thermal energy storage material. Regarding the « thermal storage » topic, this thesis is focused on the experimental validation of the EcoStock concept, through experimental campaigns on a representative pilot-scale system, especially regarding the influence of operating conditions over performances, and the sensitiviy of the system’s efficiency when discharged at different power level, or charged with low-quality heat streams (varying mass flow rate and inlet temperature during charging phase). Regarding the « ceramic » topic, this thesis is focused on developing a sintered ceramic based on municipal waste incinerator bottom ashes compatible with high temperature thermocline system, with an experimental approach, taking in consideration industrial potential of such ceramics by making industrial mass production of such material realistic, using already widely available industrial processes from the bricks and tiles industries.Keywords: thermal storage, thermocline, experimental validation, waste heat, high temperature, sintered ceramics, incinerator bottom ash valorization
Gonzales, Ramirez Maria-Lorena. "Gestion et valorisation des Mâchefers d’Incinération de Déchets non Dangereux (MIDND) : Etude du comportement des polluants inorganiques traces au cours de la maturation et en fonction de la granulométrie." Thesis, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0131.
Current challenge of Municipal Solid waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash management lays in its valorization, mainly to be used in road construction projects. The process must take into account environmental regulations and conduct rigorous monitoring from production to utilization. One constraint in the assessment of MSWI bottom ash is related to quality criteria which is becoming more restrictive. Among potential pollutants that can cause environmental use restrictions are metal trace elements (MTE), whose behavior based on weathering and grain size is not yet well known and represent one of greatest concern. In this thesis, the developed research approach defined the favorable conditions for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb, Ni and Zn release. The aforementioned approach is based on three pillars: The first pillar focuses on the development of a pertinent characterization method for bottom ash (including the polluting organic and mineral fraction) aiming at a better assessment of its properties. The initial study matrix, taken from an industrial site, was carefully analyzed from both, physico-chemical and environmental performances. Geochemical modeling based on physico-chemical and leaching data, allowed to identify the main mineral phases and to simulate material behavior with the purpose of predicting the evolution of MSWI bottom ash in specific storage or valorization conditions. The second pillar describes the impact of weathering conditions and size partitioning on MSWI bottom ash quality evolution. Three different weathering conditions (natural on industrial scale heap; accelerated on small heap; and forced) were studied. The results showed that changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition of MSWI bottom ash as well as in its size fractions are more significant when the weathering proceed. The natural accelerated weathering and the forced carbonation limited the leaching of Cu, Pb and Zn, whereas, the leaching of Cr, Sb, Cl and the SO42- increased as pH decreased. The third pillar focuses on the study of MSWI bottom ash alternative utilization as secondary raw material for the typically practiced road sub-layers construction. It consisted of incorporating MSWI bottom ash in a self-compacting material used for pavement sub-layer or coated road shoulders structures. A formulated material was obtained by mixing MSWI bottom ash, water and cement as a hydraulic binder. The results of the mechanical, geotechnical and environmental assessment are promising for MISWI bottom ash potential use in road construction
LE, Ngoc Hung. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement mécanique d'un matériau hétérophasé rematérialisé issu d'un mâchefer d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : valorisation en Génie Civil." Thesis, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0213/document.
Bottom ash is the solid residua coming from domestic waste combustion in the furnace of incineration factory. The utilization of bottom ash in the field of Civil Engineering is necessary because the municipal wastes are increasing causes many environmental problems while the materials of Civil Engineering dwindle. The bottom ash was used for a decade in the field of civil engineering; however the mechanical characteristics of material “bottom ash” are not very well known. This work of thesis contributes to improving knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of bottom ash. After the determination of the geotechnical characteristics (parameters of nature, mechanical parameters, parameters of state), chemical and environmental characteristics, the potential of use of these bottom ash is evaluated according to the « Circulaire de 9 Mai, 1994 » and according to the technical guide SETRA-LCPC 2000 « Réalisation des remblais et des couches de forme ».In the experimental part, the oedometric and triaxial tests are carried out. For oedometric tests, the effect of compaction energy and immersion of specimens as well as the effect of the loading rate of the test were evaluated. The effect of loading rate is also evaluated by some sets of triaxial tests. From the triaxial tests, the mechanical parameters such as the Young’s modulus, the Poisson‘s ratio, the characteristic angle, the dilatancy angle, the cohesion and the friction angle were determined. These mechanical properties are specific to the material and can be integrated in a diagram of dimensioning specific to the structures of roadways based on bottom ash. The studied principal parameters allow us to evaluate the influence of the effective confining pressure. The evolution of the deformation modulus versus to the axial deformation and finally, the variation of the deviator stress versus to the mean effective pressure were also analyzed. A set of points of the yielding state was determined from triaxial tests and it specifies significantly the shape of yielding surface of our bottom ash.Finally, the triaxial tests were simulated numerically. This part is a contribution to the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of bottom ash. The model of Mohr-Coulomb and Nova were chosen to characterize the evolution of the material “bottom ash” under the influence of external mechanical actions. These are typical examples of model soil completely identifiable only through traditional triaxial tests. The simulation of triaxial tests is carried out using the CESAR-LCPC software. The results are found to be promising