Дисертації з теми "M. spasma"
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Mostini, Aureliano <1978>. ""Spagna contemporanea": indici 1992-2011." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2974.
Повний текст джерелаŽiemys, Robertas. "Edukologinių problemų aptartis 1918-1940 m. Lietuvos pedagoginėje spaudoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192955-88969.
Повний текст джерелаIn 1918-1940 in the field of education the communicative function was being carried by the pedagogical press of Lithuania, readers were informed about the problems and news in pedagogy, in addition, there was a try to react to all the current affairs related to schools, teachers and students. Analysing the maturity of educational science in Lithuania during the consideration period, the pedagogical press of Lithuania may be considered as one of the main sources. The aim of this work is to analize the spread of pedagogical thought in the pedagogical press of Lithuania in the period of 1918-1940. Goals: 1. To discuss the circumstances of the origin of the pedagogical press in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the main educational problems examined in the pedagogical press of Lithuania of 1918-1940. Historical-chronological method was applied to analyse the development and the distinction of the educational press of 1918-1940. Bibliographical researches revealed the authors and their works on pedagogy of the analysed period, to survey their articles, and to assess the worth of their works to educational science. The analysis of articles is concluded by the search of commonalities. For this purpose, the method of generalization was applied. There was no aim to cover all the persona of educational science and their articles, but the most distinct representatives, who wrote on pedagogical topics and were quoted in the pedagogical press of the interwar period, and ones who brought... [to full text]
CIPOLLONE, VALENTINA. "La politica navale della Spagna della Spagna nel fronte mediterraneo (1635-1678)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266360.
Повний текст джерелаLazzari, Matteo <1989>. "Afromessicani e Inquisizione: la questione della razza nella Nuova Spagna del XVI-XVII secolo." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8947/1/Tesi%20Matteo%20Lazzari.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral dissertation aims to analyze the progressive process of racialization of colonial Mexico society. New Spain society between the sixteenth and seventeenth century was characterized by a deep cultural and biological diversity, thanks to the Mesoamerican indigenous populations, Africans, Europeans and on a smaller scale Asians which gave life to a process historiographically known as mestizaje, which revealed the features of this new culturally and biologically mixed society. This doctoral research stems from the observation of this phenomenon and insists on the need to study the process described above. The Mexican Inquisition, a religious and political institution at the same time, acts as a rich field of observation of New Spain social context. The Holy Office, thanks to its network of commissioners and familiares, was able to collect a great deal of denunciations, charges, and confessions: an extremely rich archive stored nowadays in Mexico City. On the one hand, the reading of these trials reveals precious information about the social composition, the perception of the other as well as the cultural and human diversity. On the other hand, it allows to reflect on the spread of discrimination practices based on ethnical and religious reasons which sometimes acquired the shape of displays of racism long before its scientific theorization. As a result, this doctoral thesis aims to analyze the dissemination of stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminations through the reconstruction of trans-local Afromexican microhistories, thanks to a methodological approach which relates to the traditional Italian microhistory in a new field of broader connections in the age of the mondialisation of the world.
MURACA, SIMONE RENATO. "Istituzioni, pratiche e agenti della diplomazia culturale fascista in Spagna e Portogallo (1936-1945)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3455366.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of the thesis is to study the institutions, the contents, the agents, and the effects of fascist cultural diplomacy in Spain and Portugal from the Ethiopian war to Second World War. After the Ethiopian colonial war and the proclamation of the Italian Empire, fascist imperialistic wave involved a renewed effort toward culture abroad. Italian institutes of culture were established. Designed by the philosopher Giovanni Gentile in 1926 but left aside until a decade later, the institutes promoted Italian culture through language courses, exhibitions, conferences, and seminars held by Italian guests or local professors. The target audience was foreign cultural and political élites. The thesis tackle in details the first steps of the institutes in Lisbon and Madrid: their activities, the main characters, and the successes. Afterwards, it analyzes the war years, a period in which the Italian cultural diplomacy was forbidden to perform explicit political propaganda. Therefore, the institute proposed a strict a-political agenda. After the Italian armistice with the Allied powers, followed by the Nazi occupation and the outbreak of civil war, the life of the Institutes was left to the resourcefulness of the directors with little guidance from the new Italian government. The directors struggled to keep the institutes alive without sufficient economic funds and they had the difficult task to legitimize an institute born under fascism but now expression of new postfascist government. Thus, cultural diplomacy became strongly connected with the political relationships among the Italian community in the Iberian Peninsula. A group of fascists organized a shadow diplomatic mission of Mussolini’s Italian Social Republic. With the help of the Allies, the agenda of the institutes of culture shifted toward the opposition to the new fascist propaganda. Despite the difficult times, the lack of funds and employees, the institutes managed to survive the period and became the principal tools of cultural diplomacy implemented by the new democratic postwar Italy.
Aramini, Ilaria <1995>. "La contrattazione in origine in Spagna: il caso delle braccianti marocchine in Andalusia." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18951.
Повний текст джерелаNotari, Riccardo. "Il fascismo e la guerra civile spagnola. Propaganda e comunicazione." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1528.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis stands as a detailed reconstruction of the military intervention in Spain by the Fascist regime, creating an original approach to the subject: <
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DE, LUCA EMANUELE. "Identità nazionale, monarchia, impero. Costruire la Spagna nell'età del liberalismo (1782-1868)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2924792.
Повний текст джерелаMost of historiography on contemporary Spain interprets terms such as nation and empire, national construction and imperialism, as if they were contradictory or self-disclaiming. After the American revolutionary processes of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the imperial Spanish dimension would have been replaced by the purely national one, where the different liberal families, through a revolutionary process, firstly introduced a constitutional monarchical system and then clashed for the political articulation and internal cultural heritage of the nation. According to this reading, only during the Restauración borbónica, and then with the crisis of 1898, an "imperial conscience" would re-emerge as a component of a "mature" nationalism and capable of characterizing the colonial adventures in Africa of the twentieth century. However, as proposed by Josep Fradera, from the end of the eighteenth century - with the crisis atlántica and the process of Iberian-American independences - until the end of the "Isabeline era", Spain, from a metropolitan center of a great global empire, passed to be an "imperial nation". This research is focused on the political and cultural aspects of this passage: probing the permanence of the empire in the form of "imperial conscience" - a terminology taken from Anglo-Saxon and post-colonial historiography, especially from Alda Blanco's studies - in the era of liberalism and understand how this process engages in the construction of a national-patriotic imagery and rhetoric. Which role did the imperial dimension play in the different contexts that composed the complex and varied Spanish geography, for the definition of the nationalist constellation in the nineteenth century? The loss of most of the Ibero-American colonies until 1824 led to a double process in the Atlantic context: a different inclusion / exclusion of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines within the political, economic and administrative boundaries of the (imperial) nation; and the reconstruction of cultural and symbolic relationships with the former colonies through symbolic constructions such as panhispanism and hispanoamericanism. At the same time the imperial conscience was nourished by the search for new territories to be discovered, governed and colonized, especially in Africa. How to interpret this progressive "reorientation" towards Guinea and, in particular, Morocco, which will be so important in 20th century foreign policy? Spain was not any imperial nation or monarchy. In fact, it occupied a specific role within the European political and cultural order: leyenda negra and mito romántico conveyed and coagulated long-term representations and stereotypes - on the history, the ethnic character, the personalities that succeeded on the throne of Spain, colonialism, customs perceived as folkloric - which together established an "European image" of Spain, to paraphrase Edward Said. Furthermore, this image was based on a "semi-orientalization" of the Iberian country: a hybrid country, both picturesque and decadent, as much European as exotic and close to the Muslim Arabic tradition. These different matrices of representations were non-marginal components in the construction of a national-patriotic narrative and genealogy. This, since the end of the eighteenth century, remained linked to the rhetorical dimension of the empire and then to an (often vain) research of a renewed international role of the nation during the nineteenth century. Analyzing narrative sources - such as periodicals or novels rather than historiography, orientalistic studies and travel diaries - and through the identification of emblematic events such as the Guerra de Africa (1859-1860), it's shown that the loss most of the colonies did not mean abandoning the imperial propensity of Spain. It was, if anything, a transformation because of the different political and cultural conditions opened by the Era of liberalism.
Romero, Fucinos Silvia <1976>. ""No creo en las madres": donne, guerra e anarchia, Spagna 1936-1939." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/963.
Повний текст джерелаThis study entails a feminist reading of the experiences of the libertarian women during the Spanish Civil War. The first chapter starts by tracing the role and the charismatic figures of the militancy of libertarian women and the spaces of sociability where this militancy acted in the beginning of the internationalist movement, end of the nineteenth-century. Several biographical profiles are reconstructed highlighting the continuities and tensions in the feminine genealogies. The development of the libertarian militancy starting from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War goes parallel to the development of the women’s militancy in other ideological areas, showing their convergences and divergences, differences of expectations and discourse. Inside the subchapters, the social, economical and political developments of Spain during the first decades of the twentieth-century are described in a parallel fashion, showing how these processes upset the daily lives of women and bring change in the militancy of libertarian women. At the end of the first chapter the libertarian Association Mujeres Libres is presented. The second chapter reconstructs the experiences of the libertarian women between 1936-1939, using oral sources, propagandistic material, documentary material of the libertarian movement, biographies, press and journal articles, etc. The 258 image of the militant women, the revolutionary violence, the collectivity, and the activity of several detached libertarian militant women like Federica Montseny, Emma Goldman, and also the association Mujeres Libres are the main arguments of analysis, an analysis which takes distance from a rigid institutional reading in favor of a more flexible reading of personal and subjective experiences. The third chapter highlights the dialogue between facts and symbology by graphically showing the importance of the imaginary and symbology with respect to the figure of women during Spanish Civil War.
Minkevičienė, Gintarė. "Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos raidos ypatumai (2000 - 2007 m.)." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20101125_190720-41465.
Повний текст джерелаThe object of this work is Lithuanian catholic media. The purpose is to analyze the features of development of Lithuanian Catholic media from 2000 till 2007. The tasks of this work are: 1. Discuss the concept of Catholic media, understanding its place in the context of all media. 2. Investigate foreign Catholic media trends and the documents governing the specifics of Catholic media. 3. Provide an overview of Lithuanian Catholic media evolution from the interwar period to 2007. 4. Investigate the most representative characteristics of Lithuanian Catholic media 2000 - 2007 year. This work has the following hypotheses: 1. Lithuanian Catholic media have failed to represent religious subjects in a modern way. 2. The development of Lithuanian Catholic media slowed because of internal and external problems, which they failed to resolve. 3. The growth of Lithuanian Catholic radio and Internet media has strengthened Catholic media situation in Lithuania. This work of master’s degree about Lithuanian catholic media is one of the first in Lithuania. Working methods in a theoretical part of this work are secondary data analysis, induction, comparative, historical, systematic, interview, logical methods. In a practical part of this work there is an interview method. The research interviewed six experts, who monitor the Lithuanian Catholic media and participate in its activities. This work sowed that Lithuanian Catholic media prospered interwar, but the occupation of the Soviet Union... [to full text]
Naldi, Federico <1984>. "Religione e politica nella modernità: il mito nazionale del trionfo di Covadonga e il culto della Vergine delle Battaglie in Spagna fra Ottocento e Novecento." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9682/1/NALDI%2C%20Religione%20e%20politica%20nella%20modernit%C3%A0.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis research faces the analysis of the myth of the foundation of the Spanish nation, the battle of Covadonga, and the cult of the Virgin of the Battle linked to it in the Modern and Contemporary Ages. First, dealing with the nationalist re-workings of the myth of the origins, the study is part of the constructivist analyses on cultural nationalism; second, through the study of the cult of Our Lady of Covadonga, the investigation contributes to the general knowledge of European Catholicism between the liberal age and the era of totalitarianisms. Finally, as a contribution of religious history, the research questions the paradigm of secularization, demonstrating the vitality of Catholicism in European modernity. The first part of the research is dedicated to the examination of the myth of the origins of the Spanish community in the historiography and literature produced between sixteenth century and twentieth century. In this section, the study highlights the re-significations and the public uses of the mythology of the ancestry in order to legitimize political systems even antithetical. In the second part, the study retraces the imposition of the sacred hegemony of the devotion of the Virgin of Covadonga in Asturias in the second half of the nineteenth century and investigates the symbolic construction of the cult, associated with anti-liberal and counter-revolutionary characteristics. The political uses of Mount Auseva Marian cult in the context of the mobilization of the Spanish Catholicism against the secularizing policies of the republican government is the topic of the last section of the examination. The research has tried to make of comparison and multidisciplinary approach its core points, comparing the case study with other experiences from Latin Europe and placing itself at the intersection of cultural history, religious anthropology, sociology of religion, history of art and literature, and local history.
CALCAGNO, Paolo. ""La puerta a la mar" del Ducato di Milano: il Marchesato del Finale nel "sistema imperiale" spagnolo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/341597.
Повний текст джерелаThe study aims to outline the strategic role of the Marquisate of Final within the Spanish imperial system, and to assess the type of government of the territory enacted by Iberian conquerors during the seventeenth century, as well as understand the degree of conditioning undertaken by Finale in the evolution of covenant relationship between Genoa and Madrid.
Sgambelluri, Rosa. "Lo sport educativo in alcuni sistemi scolastici europei. Analisi comparativa tra Italia, Belgio, Spagna e Regno Unito." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/231.
Повний текст джерелаLe nuove generazioni, soprattutto quelle nate a cavallo tra la fine degli anni 80’ e gli inizi degli anni 90’ del secolo scorso, sono state formate in Italia all’interno di una tensione ideale, quella di dover contribuire alla costituzione di una nuova dimensione sociale e culturale nonché nazionale: l’Unione Europea. Tra gli adolescenti e i giovani italiani questo imperativo educativo è stato letto e tradotto in una percezione alquanto peculiare della storia recente: i “nonni”, ovvero i costituenti dell’Unione Europea, all’indomani della II guerra mondiale, erano quelli che guardavano all’Europa solo in termini di abbattimento di frontiere, creazione strutture economiche interdipendenti e di un corpus legislativo comune, in quanto elementi atti a garantire la pace in Europa e scongiurare per sempre gli orrori dei campi di battaglia, delle città bombardate, delle popolazioni deportate; i “padri”, alias l’establishment governativo che conduceva verso l’euro, la comune moneta europea, erano quelli che guardavano all’Europa solo in termini di possibilità di crescita economica all’interno di un comune spazio di libera circolazione delle merci. Di contro la cultura adolescenziale e giovanile, intesa come un insieme di valori, definizioni della realtà e codici di comportamento condivisi da persone che hanno in comune uno specifico modo di vita , era già europea. I nonni e i padri non dovevano, per creare una nuova identità comunitaria, che rincorrere! Nello specifico i membri delle nuove generazione, proiettati nell’orizzonte geografico europeo, si percepivano già come comunità sentendo di avere in comune, pur nelle diversità, stesse origini, una cultura condivisa, un canale di comunicazione linguistica comune, valori, costumi, forme di alimentazioni, forme letterarie e artistiche gruppali, adolescenti e giovani europei erano consapevoli di ascoltare la stessa musica, leggere gli stessi autori e le stesse riviste, guardare gli stessi programmi televisivi, avere stessi valori e modelli culturali di riferimento, bere, mangiare e vestire le stesse cose e, nelle rispettive forme linguistiche nazionali, parlare con strutture gergali similari. Nell’incontrarsi sul comune suolo europeo queste generazioni, le prime a muoversi con grande disinvoltura tra una capitale e l’altra, grazie anche al codice comunicativo inglese, scoprivano velocemente che ciò che accomunava era di gran lunga superiore a ciò che differenziava. I giovani europei sentivano d’agire già come un unico popolo, insistente su di uno spazio geografico omogeneo, e, in virtù di tale comunanza, gli adulti dovevano e potevano, nel rispetto del loro ruolo di garanti della trasmissione intergenerazionale, organizzarsi in stato sovrano. In realtà i costituenti dell’Unione Europea, nel creare i presupposti comunitari, avevano come obiettivo quello di costruire un quadro comune di valori universali ai quali ispirarsi per edificare una “casa comune” fatta non più di mattoni condivisi ma condivisibili. Nel loro ambito riflessivo i costituenti attribuivano al termine valori, come in una parabola discendente, un significato che andava da quello di orientamenti, a fatti sociali e a fatti propri. Nel primo caso, per essere chiari, i valori sono intesi come orientamenti dai quali discendono i fini delle azioni umane, fini trascendenti rispetto all’esistente ed indicanti, pertanto, un dover essere, una tensione verso uno stato di cose ritenuto ideale e desiderabile, ma che non è, o non ancora, realizzato; nel secondo i valori sono intesi come fatti sociali in quanto fatti di gruppi sociali i quali orientano in base ad essi il proprio agire, e quindi valori come motivazioni dei comportamenti; nel terzo i valori sono intesi come fatti propri, adottati da individui o gruppi mediante processi, più o meno consapevoli, di scelta . Quanto più, in una società, i valori slittano da fatti propri a fatti sociali e, infine, ad orientamenti, divenendo la tensione di cui sopra, tanto più essi cessano di essere particolari per assurgere ad universali, espressione non più di una forma mentis soggiacente ad un dato spazio e ad un dato tempo ma presupposto di una società giusta nella sua derivazione etimologica da ius (ossia il diritto e quindi patto). Secondo i costituenti la nascita dell’UE doveva avvenire non solo in riconoscimento dei profondi legami storici che accomunavano le sorti delle popolazioni europee a partire dal IV secolo d.c., non solo per i profondi legami culturali letterali, artistici, ecc., che si erano creati nel trascorrere dei tempi, per la comune religiosità, per lo spazio geografico e climatico alquanto omogeneo, ma quanto per la scelta effettuata dai popoli comunitari: valori universali, valori “ di tutti” cui aspirare, in cui riconoscersi e specchiarsi, presidi dei confini del vivere civile, base, irrinunciabile e imprescindibile, definente la natura del patto sociale. In tal senso i costituenti definirono la pace come valore per la nascente UE poiché ripudiarono l’idea dell’esaltazione, presente nella cultura europea dalla caduta dell’Impero Romano sino alla prima metà del Novecento, della guerra come valore sul quale misurare la virtù e la dignità e l’onore dei popoli. Accanto al valore della pace nei rapporti tra i popoli europei, posero il valore della reciprocità e del rispetto, della libertà, dell’eguaglianza e della dignità della persona umana. Riconobbero, altresì, proprio perché si era alla presenza di una collettività di cittadini che stavano scegliendo un insieme di diritti e doveri alla base della loro società ideale, che nella costituzione dell’Unione la formazione dello stato avrebbe preceduto quello di costituzione della nazione. Avvertirono subito anche il pericolo di un soffocamento della formazione di una coscienza europea, di un’area culturale europea che potesse chiamarsi nazione, da parte di un apparato eurostatale qualora non controbilanciato da processi di interazione e integrazione dei meccanismi degli stati membri. Una siffatta situazione agli italiani, così come alle genti germaniche, è nota, giacché rammenta la formazione di uno stato nazionale come unificazione di una pluralità di stati regionali sotto la spinta egemonica di uno di essi . Per ovviare a ciò, per superare gli egoismi dei vari stati membri, previdero un lungo periodo di incontro-confronto tra gli apparati nazionali grazie al quale ciascuno potesse analiticamente conoscere e ri-conoscere l’altro, avviare un processo di accettazione e giustificazione delle diversità e un processo orizzontale di acculturazione nel suo significato di cambiamento culturale e psicologico dovuto al contatto duraturo con persone appartenenti a culture differenti (Sam, D.L. 2006). In tal senso attribuirono grande importanza alle istituzioni scolastiche come mezzo attraverso cui creare, nella centralità della persona, una nuova cittadinanza, un nuovo umanesimo, un nuovo patrimonio culturale di ispirazione valoriale universale. Negli ultimi anni la materia legislativa comunitaria, per l’istruzione e la formazione, si è limitata però a delle direttive per aumentare il grado di competizione dei cittadini europei, la mobilità sociale e, quindi, la coesione sociale. Nulla o poco è stato fatto in termini di un confronto, politicamente programmato, sistematico e non occasionale, tra i diversi sistemi scolastici che ne evidenziassero le specificità, i punti di contatto, i punti di forza e debolezza, rispetto ad esempio alle competenze, come riflessione sul concetto di competenza, rapporto tra sapere e saperi, conoscenza conoscenze e competenze, ruolo delle competenze trasversali nel processo di apprendimento, rapporto tra saperi disciplinari e competenze, o piuttosto alle metodologie, come motivazione degli alunni, metodi per un apprendimento consapevole, organizzazione di tempi, luoghi, strumenti e modalità della didattica, come necessità di mettere in rete le scuole, o infine alle scelte valoriali. Eppure come è possibile pensare un processo di integrazione tra i sistemi formativi nazionali al fine di creare strutture comunitarie che diano, equamente, ad ogni cittadino dell’UE le stesse possibilità se non si parte dalla reciproca conoscenza? Stesse possibilità intese non solo come spendibilità competitiva ma come piena espressione del sé di ogni cittadino, delle individuali potenzialità all’interno di una cornice di reciprocità, di dignità umana e libertà e universalità valoriale come pensato dai costituenti. Il presente lavoro vuole, anche solo in parte, provare ad ovviare a ciò offrendo una comparazione tra sistemi scolastici nazionali dell’UE e quindi consentire una maggiore comprensione delle modalità di cura del fanciullo, vero specchio di una società, nei diversi luoghi comunitari. Le nazioni che sono state prese in esame, oltre all’Italia, sono state la Spagna, il Regno Unito e il Belgio. La scelta è innanzitutto ricaduta sulle nazioni non di recente adesione all’UE sia per motivazioni strettamente correlate alla reperibilità di fonti sia perché si tratta di paesi che, in una certa misura, hanno già avviato politiche di integrazione se non altro per ciò che concerne gli obiettivi competitivi formativi comunitari. La scelta è stata fatta poi tenendo conto che molteplici credenze e abitudini intellettuali concorrono a formare lo spazio culturale comunitario, che tale variabilità rappresentino, ad un tempo, un fattore critico ed un elemento di ricchezza e che esse si riflettono tutte nell’agenzia formativa per eccellenza: la scuola. Ad esempio, l’Italia, la Spagna e il Belgio sono paesi a prevalenza cattolica, il Regno Unito invece è prevalentemente rientrante in quell’ambito religioso che per semplicità definiamo protestante. Pur assistendo nelle società moderne ad un processo di secolarizzazione è indubbio che esista un’interazione tra aspetti religiosi ed ordine morale. Sebbene lo spazio geografico europeo sia improntato alla tradizione giudaico-cristiana, i paesi cattolici hanno, in termini di mentalità, una maggiore correlazione con la tradizione cristiana e, di contro, quelli protestanti con la tradizione giudaica. Ne consegue un atteggiamento diverso, come substrato culturale, nei confronti della ricchezza (e della povertà) che si riflette nei fini valoriali formativi. Ancora, tutti e quattro i paesi presi in esame devono confrontarsi al loro interno con istanze autonomistiche che trovano la loro massima espressione nelle aspirazioni via via sempre più separatiste della componente francofona e fiamminga belga. Al di là degli elementi di attualità è interessante vedere come il Belgio ha provato ha riflettere il riconoscimento dell’alterità e della dignità umana delle “minoranze” nelle strutture formative, banco di sfida delle future strutture comunitarie. L’esistenza di una componente non minoritaria belga fiamminga, ovvero olandese, ovvero del germanico ovest, rimanda, inoltre, in termini linguistici (e non solo) alla maggiore vicinanza tra l’inglese e l’olandese (nonché tedesco) rispetto alla componente francofona di derivazione latina come lo spagnolo e l’italiano. Le strutture linguistiche, che rimandano a ceppi diversi del tipo europide, riflettono, poiché è la parola che struttura il cervello, habitus mentali differenti, approcci alla conoscenza diversificati. La comparazione tra sistemi scolastici apre così interessanti spunti di riflessione non solo sul concetto di competenze ma su come la correlazione tra cultura e corporeità modifichino il concetto stesso di competenze nel quadro comune di riferimento europeo. Gli esempi fatti rimarcano come la comparazione tra i sistemi scolastici non abbia solo un valore di ontologica conoscenza ma possa offrire spunti interessanti di riflessione sulle diverse modalità di intendere l’apprendimento, gli obiettivi formativi, i fini valoriali, ma anche di risolvere la sfida del ventunesimo secolo ossia la multiculturalità. Tutti elementi da cui una scuola comunitaria non può prescindere. [a cura dell'autore]
2009 - 2010
LAMPUGNANI, PAOLA ALESSIA. "Minori Stranieri Non Accompagnati: rappresentazioni dell’infanzia nei centri di accoglienza in Italia, Svezia, Cipro e Spagna. Per un approccio pedagogico inclusivo allo sviluppo della competenza professionale degli operatori." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/982839.
Повний текст джерелаCastellani, Daniele <1962>. "La progettazione nella scuola tra conservazione e innovazione: elementi di continuita e discontinuita. Una ricerca empirica sugli atteggiamenti e le dichiarazioni degli insegnanti negli Istituti Comprensivi della Provincia di Udine e nelle scuole statali italiane in Spagna." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9681/1/Castellani_Daniele_Tesi.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis research is addressed to the study of school planning and aimed to the observation of the impact produced on it by the progressive introduction of new planning documents nowadays used in the Italian public school system. In order to trace the main constructs to be investigated a preliminary study on the related scientific literature has been held starting from the north American debate about the curriculum initiated at the beginning of the XX Century. The last part of this exploration has been dedicated to the recent resumption of interest toward curriculum studies due to the new perspectives brought by their internationalization and the works of the so called reconceptualists. The second part of the research regards the evolution of the Italian school planning norms starting from the second post-war period. Particular attention has been given to the Italian reform laws of the last two decades. According to this theoretical and conceptual basis, the empirical research put in place has been realized among the comprehensive schoolteachers operating in the province of Udine and followed by the analysis of the data collected. The aim of the research has been to highlight and quantify entity and nature of the potential continuity and discontinuity elements present in the school planning system through the voice of the teachers working on the ground. A similar research has been held at the Italian state schools in Spain, in the towns of Madrid and Barcelona, where the new planning practices have not been introduced yet. This allowed a comparison with data collected in a context partly similar to the one pre-existing in Italy, so to make further assessments on the impact produced on the teachers’ work by the introduction of the new planning documents.
ALBANI, BENEDETTA. "Sposarsi nel Nuovo Mondo: politica, dottrina e pratiche della concessione di dispense matrimoniali tra la Nuova Spagna e la Santa Sede (1585-1670)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1144.
Повний текст джерелаThe research investigates the way the Council of Trento’s decrees on marriage were applied in the diocese of Mexico City. The study mainly relies on sources obtained from the Vatican Secret Archives together with additional documents from Spain and Mexico. The research has two main analytical strands. On the one hand, it examines the extent of the Holy See’s involvement in enacting the Council’s marriage decrees in the New World. On the other hand, it analyses the concession of pontifical marriage dispensation to couples in the New Spain. The first issue is addressed through a study of the jurisdiction and intervention in the Indies of two institutions of the Roman Curia: namely, the Sacra Congregazione del Concilio and the Nunziatura Apostolica in Madrid. The second point is addressed by analyzing the specific powers that the popes bestowed on the Indian bishops for marriage dispensations in light of the fact that at the same time many Mexican couples applied directly to Rome for marital authorization. This analysis illustrates how requesting marriage dispensations directly from the Holy See was only one of several options available to Americans of the New World to regulate marriages between people related by consanguinity or affinity. Therefore, after illustrating the bureaucratic process involved in obtaining a marriage dispensation, the research focuses on the underlying reasons that spurred American believers to apply directly to the Holy See. It is suggested that they did so in aspiration of attaining an influential measure by the Church, which would either guarantee and prove their personal and familial honor or act as an acknowledgement of their virtues demonstrated during the conversion and settlement in the New World.
Oeltjebruns, Michael. "Direktmarketing im Internet und die Spam-Problematik : Voraussetzungen, Entwicklungen, Lösungsansätze /." Saarbrücken : VDM, Müller, 2003. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2860721&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
Повний текст джерелаScalabrin, Daniela. "Per un'analisi comparativa della fashion industry in Italia e Spagna. I distretti calzaturieri della Riviera del Brenta e di Elda dagli anni Cinquanta ad oggi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424116.
Повний текст джерелаIl tema della ricerca è il rapporto tra produzione calzaturiera e moda analizzato attraverso l'analisi comparativa dell'evoluzione di due distretti di classe mondiale, quello italiano della Riviera del Brenta tra Padova e Venezia e quello di Elda, nella provincia di Alicante, in Spagna. Le due aree si sono sviluppate industrialmente in contemporanea, ma con ritmi e modi diversi, specializzandosi entrambe nella produzione di calzature femminili di alta gamma. L'analisi si snoda per tutto il XX secolo, in particolare per il periodo che va dagli anni Cinquanta ad oggi. Le vicende dei due distretti sono indagate in chiave storico-economico-produttiva e socio-culturale, con particolare riferimento ai mercati della moda e del lusso. L'indagine nasce sulla scorta di alcuni progetti di riordino degli archivi storici compiuti in alcune aziende della Riviera del Brenta tra il 2009 e il 2011. Gli studi hanno messo in luce come gli archivi aziendali e di prodotto siano delle importantissime testimonianze per comprendere a fondo le vicende economiche delle aziende e la loro relazione con la moda. Dall'esperienza è nato questo lavoro, che ha poi allargato la sfera di ricerca all'analisi del comparto calzaturiero nei suoi rapporti con la storia della moda, con le vicende economiche nazionali ed internazionali e con la gestione dei beni culturali materiali ed immateriali prodotti all'interno del distretto. La metodologia ha previsto il confronto costante delle vicende dei distretti industriali della Riviera del Brenta in Italia e di Elda in Spagna, utilizzando un approccio multidisciplinare al tema. Per quanto riguarda le fonti, dopo un'analisi della letteratura di riferimento inerente alla storia economica e alla storia della moda e della letteratura specifica sui casi oggetto della ricerca, sono state condotte ricerche d'archivio presso imprese, musei ed enti territoriali, approfondendo le tematiche della catalogazione dell'oggetto calzatura anche mediante la partecipazione diretta a progetti di conservazione e valorizzazione degli archivi di prodotto di alcune imprese storiche. Si sono inoltre realizzate interviste con curatori museali, imprenditori, tecnici e stilisti, rappresentanti di associazioni di categoria e delle istituzioni territoriali. La ricerca ha messo in luce come la produzione industriale non dipenda solo dalle vicende economiche globali ma anche da quelle locali, riferite ai distretti, alle aree di saperi, alle tradizioni artigianali e alla moda nella sua totalità, comprensiva di storia, oggetti ed archivi. Nel confronto tra i due distretti si sono evidenziate le scelte strategiche attuate, le peculiarità imprenditoriali e gli enti di appoggio dei comparti produttivi. L'indagine oltre all'obiettivo di fornire nuovi apporti di conoscenza mediante una metodologia di analisi di tipo multidisciplinare, ha rilevato quali siano i presupposti per la valorizzazione e la conoscenza del patrimonio storico legato agli archivi di prodotto calzaturiero. La conoscenza storica, la comparazione degli elementi caratterizzanti le varie fasi di espansione, l'analisi delle positività e delle criticità delle aree hanno messo in luce elementi utili a tracciare delle linee guida per un processo di gestione dei saperi e conservazione della memoria storica. Su questi punti si possono promuovere ed attuare azioni mirate per il consolidamento e la valorizzazione dei distretti. L'analisi delle rispettive scelte produttive in rapporto alle caratteristiche e alle dinamiche dei mercati potranno essere d'aiuto nella realizzazione di progetti strategici (magari combinati) a sostegno della produzione calzaturiera. Comparando linee e strumenti di interventi in campo culturale, si potranno definire azioni atte a conservare e valorizzare il patrimonio storico materiale ed immateriale dei distretti, utilizzando saperi e prodotti come una fonte permanente di di affermazione simbolico-identitaria, ispirazione creativa e ideazione di nuovi percorsi di sviluppo.
FALCIOLA, LUCA. "SBAGLIANDO SI SPARA: LA CONTESTAZIONE DEL 1977 IN ITALIA E LA REAZIONE DELLO STATO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/936.
Повний текст джерелаhis research aims to contribute to a first preliminary historiographical analysis of the cycle of protest which spread out in Italy in 1977. Nine years after 1968, revolts started again on in the streets and inside universities. This new wave of protest was characterized by the use of creativity and humour but also by the acceptance of the violence: illegal action and urban guerrilla warfare became quite common and contributed to the expansion of the red terrorism. As a matter of fact, this ‘movement’ shows an inherent ambiguity: it put together political emulators of Dadaism with old-styled armed revolutionaries. Therefore, it is still hard and an open challenge to find an inclusive description of it and the escalation of political violence is still waiting for a convincing aetiology. The objective of this is research is twofold. On the one hand, it tries to rebuild a coherent and realistic picture of this phenomenon under analysis, adopting insider sources of the ‘movement’ and chronicles. On the other hand, it aims at integrating the institutional variable in the study of the protest, in order to verify to which extent the State was can be held responsible for the mobilization processes and, especially, for the radicalization of the social conflict. The analysis is centred on the action of the ministry of Interior and based on records from State archives. The Italian policing of protest is finally compared with to the case study of France during the first years after May 68. At that time, extreme-left activists threatened a similar escalation of violence, but they came to a halt before shooting.
FALCIOLA, LUCA. "SBAGLIANDO SI SPARA: LA CONTESTAZIONE DEL 1977 IN ITALIA E LA REAZIONE DELLO STATO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/936.
Повний текст джерелаhis research aims to contribute to a first preliminary historiographical analysis of the cycle of protest which spread out in Italy in 1977. Nine years after 1968, revolts started again on in the streets and inside universities. This new wave of protest was characterized by the use of creativity and humour but also by the acceptance of the violence: illegal action and urban guerrilla warfare became quite common and contributed to the expansion of the red terrorism. As a matter of fact, this ‘movement’ shows an inherent ambiguity: it put together political emulators of Dadaism with old-styled armed revolutionaries. Therefore, it is still hard and an open challenge to find an inclusive description of it and the escalation of political violence is still waiting for a convincing aetiology. The objective of this is research is twofold. On the one hand, it tries to rebuild a coherent and realistic picture of this phenomenon under analysis, adopting insider sources of the ‘movement’ and chronicles. On the other hand, it aims at integrating the institutional variable in the study of the protest, in order to verify to which extent the State was can be held responsible for the mobilization processes and, especially, for the radicalization of the social conflict. The analysis is centred on the action of the ministry of Interior and based on records from State archives. The Italian policing of protest is finally compared with to the case study of France during the first years after May 68. At that time, extreme-left activists threatened a similar escalation of violence, but they came to a halt before shooting.
DECIA, TAMARA. "Carlo d'Asburgo o Filippo d'Angiò? Il fenomeno corsaro durante la guerra per la successione all'ultimo Austrias di Spagna." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/999325.
Повний текст джерелаMikelėnas, Aurelijus. "Pagrindinių kiaulių veislių ir jų mišrūnų skerdenos kokybės savybių tyrimai." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20050425_093757-58916.
Повний текст джерелаCANFAROTTA, Daniela. "Sviluppo di competenze chiave di cittadinanza e di metacognizione attraverso l'insegnamento di Latino e Greco: percezioni di docenti e studenti della Scuola Secondaria in Spagna e Italia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395228.
Повний текст джерелаBoth academics and legislators discuss the importance of innovative learning and teaching methods to prevent early school leaving and prepare future adults to face unfavorable social contexts. This is why since 2006 the European Parliament has encouraged all member countries to promote key citizenship competences and metacognition at school. However, specific studies on classical languages in secondary school are lacking. The aim of this study is to find out what the perceptions of Italian and Spanish students and teachers are regarding the learning and teaching of classical languages according to competences. We use an observational case study, with a mixed, parallel, convergent design, with 213 students and 47 teachers. By comparing the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis that relate to metacognition, students 'observable behaviors and opinions reinforce the idea that students' learning conceptions influence their metacognitive strategies. It is also confirmed that some pupils have a certain perception of the usefulness of Latin and Greek, even if they ask for a tool that helps them become more aware of the development of key citizenship competences through these studies. In particular, it is highlighted that the Spanish students emphasize more the usefulness of the classics in terms of communication skills, while the Italian students emphasize more the competence of "learning to learn". As for the metacognition of teachers of classics, it is shown that these teachers are used to reflecting on the teaching process and offer interesting suggestions for improving the teaching of classics.
Omes, Marco Emanuele. "La festa di Napoleone : sovranità, legittimità e sacralità nell'Europa francese (repubblica/impero francese, Repubblica/Regno d'Italia, Regno di Spagna, 1799-1814)." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86067.
Повний текст джерелаMiranda, Martins Juliana. "Comunita' patrimoniali e patrimonio culturale immateriale: esperienze a confronto." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427252.
Повний текст джерелаL’obiettivo dello studio è di analizzare e descrivere i processi e le dinamiche che spingono le comunità a chiedere l’inserimento dei loro patrimoni culturali immateriali nelle liste rappresentative dell’UNESCO. Comprendere il ruolo svolto dalle comunità, a partire dal riconoscimento dei loro patrimoni culturali fino alla gestione degli stessi, significa interpretare le motivazioni e le aspettative, i conflitti e i sentimenti legati ai patrimoni e al contesto sociale e storico nel quale sono immersi. Si vuole inoltre analizzare le legislazione internazionale e nazionale inerente al processo di patrimonializzazione delle espressioni culturali per stabilire una specie di modello generale applicabile a casi simili, analizzando i percorsi realizzati dal Misteri d’Elx (Alicante, Spagna) e dalla nascente candidatura per la salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale immateriale dell’Umanità promossa dall’associazione degli artigiani e costruttori di gondole di Venezia El Felze (Venezia, Italia). L’elaborazione del dossier per la salvaguardia di una determinata espressione culturale in ambito internazionale è un processo complesso che coinvolge necessariamente le singole comunità. Esso implica la creazione di una rete di rapporti con le istituzioni pubbliche sia locali e nazionali che internazionali, quali il Comune, la Regione e il Comitato dell’UNESCO, ma anche le università e gli enti di ricerca che dispongono di settori specializzati e promuovono le attività di ricerca.
ABBIATI, MICHELE. "L'ESERCITO ITALIANO E LA CONQUISTA DELLA CATALOGNA (1808-1811).UNO STUDIO DI MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS NELL'EUROPA NAPOLEONICA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/491761.
Повний текст джерелаThe Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.
Sorrentino, Francesco. "Influenze europee della Tendenza italiana. Il progetto urbano in Spagna, O. M. Ungers e la cultura tedesca." Tesi di dottorato, 2011. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/8530/1/sorrentino_francesco_23.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRAFFA, MARCELLO. "Mussolini e la Spagna. Da Primo de Rivera alla Seconda Repubblica 1923-1936." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3133733.
Повний текст джерелаPECHAR, SAVERIO WERTHER. "L'antifascismo italiano nella guerra di Spagna: nuove prospettive di ricerca." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3104882.
Повний текст джерелаCOLLAMATI, GIOVANNI. "Imperi e identità nazionali; re e ceti intellettuali. Elaborazioni parallele in Spagna e Inghilterra, secoli IX-X." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1357790.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this thesis is the peculiar presence of the term imperator in a small, but still significant, number of 10th century documents from the reign of Asturia and León and from Britain. The fact that these two “imperial phenomena” coexisted and developed in two very distant contexts, without an apparent connection, makes a comparative study necessary. Also, in both areas the previous century was characterized by a particularly favorable moment for culture - el renacimiento asturiano and the alfredian renaissance - made possible by the action of two monarchs, Alfonso III of Asturia and León (866-910) and Alfred of Wessex (871-899). In these sovereigns’ courts, chronicles were drawn up (the Crónicas Asturianas and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle), proposing an interpretation of history which tend to seek a new identity for the respective peoples, highlighting the central role of the respective ruling dynasties. The aim of the thesis is therefore twofold: on the one hand, to understand in what way and in what sense the term imperator was used in the documentation examined; on the other hand, to estimate what weight the new ethnic, religious and territorial identities had within these imperial phenomena. For a better performance of the argument, it was decided to divide the thesis into two parts, the first dedicated to the chronicles of the 9th century and the second to the documents of the following century in which the imperial title appears. In turn, each part is divided into two chapters focused on Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon cases. The thesis opens with the presentation of the criteria used in the selection of the corpus (Ch. 1), which amounts to a total of 38 imperial documents, of which 20 Asturian-Leonese (private and public) and 18 Anglo-Saxon (exclusively public). The historical context (Ch. 2) and the status quaestionis (Ch. 3) are provided below. The first chapter of the first part (Ch. 4) deals with the three chronicles produced in the Asturian-Leonese court at the end of the 9th century. Also known as Crónicas Asturianas. they are respectively entitled Crónica Albeldense, Crónica Profetica and Crónica de Alfonso III. This chapter starts treating the Asturian library, available to the authors of the chronicles, and follows with the description of each chronicle, focusing on their paternity and dating. It then provides information about the manuscript tradition of each chronicle and it finally ends with an overall reading of the sources. Here, concepts such as identity (ethnic, religious and geographic) are clarified, and we observe the origin of historiographic themes such as those of the Reconquista and neo-Gothicism. These elements constitute the starting point for a reflection aimed at bringing out the ideological background common to all three chronicles. In the corresponding English chapter (Ch. 5) is outlined a profile of the literary production, in particular historiographic, which characterized the last two decades of the 9th century in England. We start by framing the men who formed part in the so-called alfredian reinassance and then analyze the role played in this moment of cultural rebirth by the translations in Old English of the great historiographic works. Finally, we propose a rereading of the only historiographic work written ex novo, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where the concept of overlordship emerges as a common thread. Overlordship is the name that modern scholars have given to the authority that some Anglo-Saxon kings were able to exercise over other kings in the island. It is a predominantly military supremacy which leads a king, for often short periods, to impose his sovereignty - and sometimes tributes - on populations other than his own. This idea of overlapped sovereignty was already present in Beda and is recovered by the Anglo-Saxon chroniclers who relate it, explicity, to the dynasty of the kings of Wessex, coining for those kings who held it the term bretwalda. At the end of the first part there is a comparison chapter (Ch. 6) that draws the conclusions of the first half of the thesis. Some points in common (here called "macrocongruenze") between the two case studies are reiterated: both Britain and Spania formed part of the Roman Empire, but not of the Carolingian Empire and both suffered an invasion during the Early Middle Ages (Danes / Norwegians and Muslims); in both cases the production of written culture, during the 9th century, orbited around the figure of the monarch; the chronicles celebrate the reigning dynasty as the centre of "national" history to legitimize its authority; among the pages of these chronicles new identities are proposed for both populations. However, beyond these obvious similarities, it has been noted that the chronicles adopted two different ways of self-representing themselves, their kingdom, their people and their geographical context. The comparison chapter therefore reflects on three key points: the recovery of the past, the territorial conception of the geographical environment and the identity issue. In fact, we cannot neglect the different importance that the memory of the Visigoth kingdom and of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (and therefore, respectively, the works of Isidore of Seville and the Venerable Bede) had. It would also be wrong not to underline the differences between the two new identity proposals: the English one had a distinctly ethnic base (Angelcynn), while the Hispanic base was mainly religious base (regnum Xristianorum). The last paragraph if finally dedicated to the different relationships between the two areas studied and the contemporary Carolingian world could not be missing. In the second block imperial phenomena are examined. The chapter dedicated to the Hispanic context (Ch. 7) opens with a reflection on the various figures of scriptores of the kingdom of León and on the weight of Visigoth formulae in the early medieval documentation. At the beginning of the corresponding English chapter (Ch. 8) are presented two cases of a use of the imperial term preceding the 10th century: that of Saint Oswald of Northumbria (634-642) in the Adomnan of Hy’s Vita Sancti Columbae of and that of Coenwulf of Mercia in the charter S153. These cases are followed by two paragraphs dedicated to Edward the Elder’s and Æthelstan’s documentation, which highlight a substantial development of the royal title, pointing out an expansion of the authority of these monarchs. The center of both the chapters of the second block consists in the detailed analysis of the imperial documents and in the reflections that arise from it. In the Spanish case, it is possible to affirm with some certainty that the use of the imperator title began with his son, Ordoño II, who attributed it to his father to strengthen his position as king of León. Between the death of Ordoño II (924) and the ascent to the throne of Ramiro II (931), the title also began to be employed into private documentation, without disappearing in the public one. Unfortunately, it is not possible, as it is in the English case, to trace the Hispanic imperial phenomenon back to a particular scriptor. However, it should be noted that some texts dating from the second half of the century differ from the charters of Ordoño II in the use of the term, adopting it in reference to the living king, rather than the deceased father. The title, at least at the beginning of the tenth century, does not seem to reflect a superior (or imperial) authority, but recalls its most ancient meaning, of "victorious general" and constitutes a prerogative of the Leonese sovereigns. As for the English imperial phenomenon, however, it is possible to identify a starting point in the famous alliterative charters, probably drawn up by Koenwald of Worcester (928/9- 957), whose authorship is largely discussed in the thesis. It seems clear that imperator is nothing but the Latin translation of what historians have called overlord. Through the use of this title, the Anglo-Saxon rulers wanted to represent their growing hegemony over the other kingdoms of the island, thus claiming a more territorial than ethnic authority. However, it should be noted that the use of imperial terminology forms part of the broader process of evolution of the royal title that started with Edward the Elder. These reflections are then related to those of the first part and developed in the conclusions (Ch. 9). They focus on four fundamental points: the use of the documentation and the Latin language in the two areas; Britain and Spania as self-contained universes; the meaning of imperator in the two documentary contexts; the territorial conception as a theoretical and geographical assumption of this use. Reading the sources allows us to affirm that both contexts represented universes ideally self-contained for their respective sovereigns. The Leonese and Anglo-Saxon rulers inherited from their predecessors not only a political "mission" - reconquering for the former and control for the latter -, but also a specific conception - different for each case - of the geographical environment in which they found themselves operate. The Britannia of the Anglo-Saxon king-emperor is Bede’s Britannia, fragmented and divided, but spiritually united. The Spania of the Leonese kings is Isidoro’s Spania, united, homogeneous, but dramatically lost. However, for the Spanish case in the period examined here, the imperial title was never related to a geographical reference; in the English one, the geographical reference to Britannia existed, but was not exclusive to the imperial title. We can therefore say that, in the English case, the title was born out of the need to translate into Latin an indirect and hegemonic authority (like that of a rex regum), and then lost this meaning - and therefore the use - when the political situation of the kingdom changed. In the Spanish case, conversely, an almost symmetrically opposite processing took place. The title, initially used in its oldest meaning as "victorious general" or "powerful lord", was reinterpreted in the 11th and 12th centuries, when the political balance of the peninsula changed. In this period, we find in fact rulers like Alfonso VI and Alfonso VII employing titles such as imperator totius Hispaniae. In both cases, the emperor was intended as a synonym for rex regum, but in two different moments - always when it was more needed. The thesis is equipped with maps and bibliography, divided between sources and studies. Furthermore, it was considered useful to add a final appendix with the texts of the imperial documents.
El tema de esta tesis es la aparición peculiar del término imperator en un número pequeño, pero significativo, de documentos del siglo X procedentes de los reinos de Asturias y León y de Inglaterra. Si en sí mismo este tipo de "coincidencia histórica" capta la atención, el hecho de que los dos fenómenos imperiales sean prácticamente contemporáneos y se desarrollen en dos contextos muy distantes en el espacio, sin una conexión aparente, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un estudio comparativo. Tras una ulterior búsqueda, no pasa desapercibido cómo, en ambas áreas, el siglo inmediatamente anterior se caracterizó por ser un momento particularmente favorable para la cultura – el renacimiento asturiano y the alfredian reinassence –, hecho posible por la acción de dos monarcas, Alfonso III de Asturias y León (866-910) y Alfred de Wessex (871-899). En los entornos de estos soberanos, se elaboraron crónicas (las Crónicas Asturianas y la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) que proponían una lectura de la historia destinada a buscar una nueva identidad para los respectivos pueblos, subrayando el papel central de las respectivas dinastías gobernantes. El objetivo de la tesis es, por lo tanto, doble: por un lado, se quiere entender de qué manera y en qué sentido se utilizó el término imperator en la documentación examinada y, por otro lado, tratamos de comprender qué peso tenían las nuevas identidades étnicas, religiosas y territoriales, dentro de estos fenómenos imperiales. Para una mejor presentación de los argumentos, se decidió dividir la tesis en dos bloques: el primero dedicado a las crónicas del siglo IX y el segundo a los documentos del siglo siguiente en los que aparece el título imperial. A su vez, cada bloque se divide en dos capítulos donde se desarrollan las temáticas en los casos hispanos y anglosajones. La tesis comienza con la presentación de los criterios utilizados para la selección del corpus de "documentos imperiales" (Capítulo 1) – los diplomas donde aparece el título de imperator –, que asciende a un total de treinta y ocho, veinte de los cuales son asturianos-leoneses (privados y públicos) y dieciocho anglosajones (exclusivamente públicos). El contexto histórico (Capítulo 2) y el status quaestionis (Capítulo 3) se proporcionan a continuación. En el primer capítulo del primer bloque (Capítulo 4) se presentan las tres crónicas producidas en la corte asturiano-leonesa a finales del siglo IX. También conocidas como Crónicas Asturianas, estas son la Crónica Albeldense, la Crónica Profética y la Crónica de Alfonso III. Para conseguir una visión lo más completa posible, comenzamos viendo los libros que los autores de las crónicas tenían a su disposición. A continuación, se analizan las tres obras, con una particular atención a su autoría y datación. Finalmente, proporcionamos indicaciones sobre la tradición manuscrita de estas crónicas y trazamos un camino entre las fuentes. En esta parte se van perfilando cuestiones cruciales, como la identidad (étnica, religiosa y geográfica), y temas historiográficos, como la Reconquista y el neogoticismo. Estos elementos constituyen el punto de partida para un razonamiento destinado a resaltar el trasfondo ideológico común a las tres crónicas. En el capítulo sucesivo (Capítulo 5) se traza un perfil de la producción literaria, en particular historiográfica, que caracterizó las últimas dos décadas del siglo IX anglosajón. Se comienza enmarcando a los hombres que formaron parte del llamado alfredian reinassance y analizando sucesivamente el papel desempeñado por las traducciones en Old English de las grandes obras historiográficas en este momento de renacimiento cultural. Finalmente, proponemos una nueva lectura de la única obra historiográfica escrita desde cero, la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a partir de la cual el concepto de overlordship emerge como un hilo conductor. Este es el nombre que los eruditos modernos le han dado a la autoridad que algunos reyes anglosajones pudieron ejercer sobre los otros reyes de la isla. Es una supremacía predominantemente militar que lleva a un rey – a menudo por períodos cortos – a imponer su soberanía, y a veces tributos, a poblaciones distintas de la suya. Esta idea de soberanía superpuesta ya estaba presente en Beda y es recuperada por los cronistas anglosajones que la relacionan, evidentemente, con la dinastía de los reyes de Wessex, acuñando para aquellos reyes la palabra bretwalda. Al final del primer bloque hay un capítulo de comparación (Capítulo 6) que permite resumir las conclusiones de la primera mitad de la tesis. Se reiteran algunos puntos en común entre los dos estudios del caso: tanto Britannia como Spania formaron parte del Imperio Romano, pero no del Imperio Carolingio y sufrieron una invasión durante la Alta Edad Media (Daneses / Noruegos e islámicos); en ambos casos, la producción de cultura escrita durante el siglo IX orbitaba alrededor de la figura del monarca. Las crónicas resultantes de este período celebran la dinastía reinante como la piedra angular de la historia "nacional" y al hacerlo legitiman su autoridad; entre las páginas de estas crónicas se proponen nuevas identidades para ambas poblaciones. Sin embargo, más allá de estas similitudes obvias, se ha observado que dentro de las crónicas ha habido dos formas particulares de representación de sí mismos, de su reino, de su gente y de su contexto geográfico. Son estas diferencias las que despiertan un interés particular, ya que, como ha quedado claro desde el principio, no hay absolutamente ningún intento de homologar la historia inglesa de los siglos IX y X con la historia española del mismo período, aunque sin duda tienen puntos en común. Por lo tanto, el capítulo de comparación reflexiona sobre las particulares formas de auto-representación proporcionadas por los cronistas asturianos y anglosajones y se centra en tres puntos clave: la recuperación del pasado, la concepción territorial del entorno geográfico y la cuestión relativa a la identidad. De hecho, no podemos descuidar el peso diferente que tuvo el recuerdo del reino visigodo y el de la Heptarquía anglosajona y, por lo tanto, respectivamente, las obras de Isidoro de Sevilla y de Beda la Venerable. También sería un error no subrayar las diferencias entre las dos nuevas propuestas de identidad: la inglesa, con una base claramente étnica (Angelcynn) y la hispana, con una base principalmente religiosa (regnum Xristianorum). Finalmente, no podía faltar un párrafo dedicado a las diferentes relaciones entre las dos áreas estudiadas y el mundo carolingio contemporáneo. En el segundo bloque se examinan los fenómenos imperiales. El capítulo dedicado al contexto hispano (Capítulo 7) comienza con una reflexión sobre las diversas figuras de los scriptores del reino de León y sobre el peso de las fórmulas visigodas en la documentación altomedieval. Al comienzo del capítulo correspondiente en inglés (Capítulo 8) se presentan dos casos de uso del término imperial anterior al siglo X: el de San Oswald de Northumbria (634-642) en la Vita Sancti Columbae de Adomnano de Iona y el de Coenwulf de Mercia (796-821) en el documento S153. Siguen dos párrafos dedicados a la documentación de Edward the Elder (899-924) y Æthelstan (924-939), donde se destaca un desarrollo sustancial del título real que indica una expansión de la autoridad insular de estos monarcas. El centro de ambos capítulos del segundo bloque consiste en el análisis detallado de los documentos imperiales y en las reflexiones que surgen de esto. En el caso español se puede concluir que, aunque hay rastros de un empleo del título imperial en la documentación de Alfonso III, es posible afirmar con cierta certeza que el uso del título imperator comenzó con su hijo, Ordoño II (914-924), quien lo atribuyó a su padre para fortalecer su posición como rey de León. Entre la muerte de Ordoño II (924) y el ascenso al trono de Ramiro II (931), el título también pasó a la documentación privada, sin desaparecer de la pública. Desafortunadamente, no es posible, como en el caso inglés, tratar de rastrear el fenómeno imperial hispano hasta la figura de un escritor en particular. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que algunos textos que datan de la segunda mitad del siglo difieren de los documentos de Ordoño II en el uso del término, ya que se emplea en referencia al rey vivo y no al padre fallecido. El título, al menos a principios del siglo X, no parece reflejar una autoridad superior (precisamente imperial), pero recuerda su significado más antiguo, el de "general victorioso" y constituye una prerrogativa de los soberanos leoneses. En cuanto al fenómeno imperial inglés, por otro lado, es posible identificar un punto de partida en los famosos alliterative charters, probablemente producidos por Koenwald de Worcester (928/9- 957), cuya autoría se discute extensamente en la tesis. Parece que imperator no es más que la traducción latina de lo que los historiadores han llamado overlord. Mediante el uso de este título, los gobernantes anglosajones querían representar su creciente hegemonía sobre los otros reinos de la isla, reclamando así una autoridad más territorial que étnica. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que el uso de la terminología imperial forma parte de ese proceso más amplio de evolución del título real que ya comenzó con Edward the Elder. En las conclusiones (Capítulo 9) se relacionan estas reflexiones con las del primer bloque desarrollándolas. Se centran en cuatro puntos fundamentales: el papel del documento y del idioma latino en las dos áreas; Britannia y Spania como universos en sí mismos; el significado de imperator en los dos contextos documentales y, por último, la concepción territorial como una premisa teórica y geográfica de este empleo de la terminología imperial. Tras leer las fuentes podemos afirmar que ambos contextos representaban, a los ojos de sus respectivos soberanos, universos dentro del universo. Los gobernantes leoneses y anglosajones heredaron de sus predecesores no solo una "misión" política – de reconquista para los primeros y de control para los segundos – sino también una concepción específica, diferente para cada caso, del entorno geográfico en el que se encontraban. La Britannia del rey-emperador anglosajón es la Britannia de Beda, fragmentada, dividida y, sin embargo, unida. La Spania de los reyes leoneses es la Spania de Isidoro, unida, homogénea, pero dramáticamente perdida. Sin embargo, para el caso español, en el período examinado aquí, nunca se encuentra el título imperial en relación a una referencia territorial que evoque un dominio sobre toda la península. En el inglés, sin embargo, existía este uso, pero la referencia geográfica a Britannia no era exclusiva del título imperial. Por lo tanto, podemos decir que, en el caso inglés, el título nació de la necesidad de traducir al latín una autoridad indirecta y hegemónica (como la de un rex regum), y luego perdió este significado – y su uso – cuando la situación política del reino cambió. En el caso español, sin embargo, tuvo lugar un procesamiento casi simétricamente opuesto. El título, utilizado inicialmente en su significado más antiguo como "general victorioso" o "señor poderoso", fue reinterpretado más tarde cuando el equilibrio político de la península cambió en los siglos XI y XII. En este período encontramos, de hecho, gobernantes como Alfonso VI y Alfonso VII que emplean títulos como imperator totius Hispaniae. En ambos casos, imperator fue concebido como sinónimo de rex regum, pero en dos momentos diferentes; cuando realmente se necesitaba. La tesis está provista de mapas y bibliografía, dividida entre fuentes y estudios. Además, se consideró útil agregar los textos de los documentos imperiales al apéndice.
Lopes, Melissa Centurio. "Building an integrated communication strategy for Spausa Portugal: beauty care line in the portuguese market." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6557.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work is to develop an integrated communication plan for the Portuguese brand, Spausa Portugal for the Portuguese beauty care market. Spausa Portugal is a brand that was recently launched in the Portuguese market with limited communication resources and with low awareness to its brand. The purpose of this communication plan is mainly to increase the degree of knowledge of this brand through the use of low cost media instruments inorder to minimize the investment, such as social media channels, and other means. These means include, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion in order to reach potential customers. To present a realistic and achievable plan for Spausa to implement in the Portuguese market it is necessary to understand and analyze the beauty care sector, including the key players in the market and develop market research to understand the perception of the brand’s products and Spausa’s brand among potential consumers. It is a challenge for Spausa Portugal to enter a mature market, such as the beauty care sector. It is a challenge because, there are several established brands competing for market share. In addition to the analysis of the market, this disseration project will also review literature that focuses on main areas that will contextualize the result of a communication plan, namely brand management and an integrated communication, through the use of social networking.