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Статті в журналах з теми "Lynx evolution"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Deksne, Gunita, Juha Laakkonen, Anu Näreaho, Pikka Jokelainen, Katja Holmala, Ilpo Kojola, and Antti Sukura. "Endoparasites of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Finland." Journal of Parasitology 99, no. 2 (April 2013): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3161.1.

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2

Kvam, Tor. "Supernumerary teeth in the European lynx, Lynx lynx lynx, and their evolutionary significance." Journal of Zoology 206, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05632.x.

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3

Zimmermann, Fridolin, Christine Breitenmoser-Würsten, and Urs Breitenmoser. "Natal dispersal of Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) in Switzerland." Journal of Zoology 267, no. 04 (November 29, 2005): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836905007545.

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4

POLANC, PRIMOŽ, MAGDA SINDIČIĆ, MAJA JELENČIČ, TOMISLAV GOMERČIĆ, IVAN KOS, and ĐURO HUBER. "Genotyping success of historical Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx L.) samples." Molecular Ecology Resources 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03084.x.

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5

Jung, Thomas. "Raven (<i>Corvus corax</i>) as a novel food item for lynx (<i>Lynx canadensis</i>)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 136, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v136i1.2769.

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Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a specialist predator of Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus), which dominates its diet. However, hare populations cycle over 9–11 years, and many lynx disperse or starve during cyclic lows of their prey. Here, I report observations of Canada Lynx scavenging and attempting to prey on Common Raven (Corvus corax). In addition, I provide a brief review of birds as a food item of lynx. These are the first observations of ravens as a food source for lynx and may be a response to lynx being malnourished. The value of these observations is that they highlight the adaptability of some lynx to opportunistically use novel prey species during the decline phase of cyclic Snowshoe Hare.

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6

Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine, Jean-Michel Vandel, Fridolin Zimmermann, and Urs Breitenmoser. "Demography of lynx Lynx lynx in the Jura Mountains." Wildlife Biology 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[381:dollli]2.0.co;2.

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7

Genest, Fernande B., Pierre Morisset, and Robert P. Patenaude. "Chromosomes du Lynx roux, Lynx rufus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 3192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-479.

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The chromosomes of the bobcat (Lynx rufus Schreber) were studied in five males and one female. Karyotypes were obtained both from fibroblast and lymphocyte cultures. The karyotype (2n = 38) includes three morphological types: metacentrics (5 pairs), submetacentrics (11 pairs), and acrocentrics (2 pairs). The gonosomic formula is of the XY-type and both sex chromosomes are submetacentric. The X can be safely identified with G-bands, but not with standard staining techniques. The Y is the smallest chromosome within the complement. In general, the karyotype of the bobcat is similar to karyotypes of other Felidae described in the literature.

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8

Jokelainen, Pikka, Gunita Deksne, Katja Holmala, Anu Naäreaho, Juha Laakkonen, Ilpo Kojola, and Antti Sukura. "FREE-RANGING EURASIAN LYNX (LYNX LYNX) AS HOST OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FINLAND." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, no. 3 (July 2013): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-12-352.

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9

Bailey, Theodore N., and Brian N. Bailey. "Behavioural interactions among Canada Lynx (<i>Lynx canadensis</i>) during pre-estrous." Canadian Field-Naturalist 135, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v135i2.2563.

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Анотація:

Information is lacking on the behaviour of free-roaming Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) during the breeding season, likely because they are rarely observed in the wild. Other wild solitary felid males compete with each other to mate with promiscuous females. However, the behavioural context or sequence of this competition among wild male Canada Lynx remains unreported. We describe the behaviour of three adult wild lynx during the breeding season. We observed the first two lynx together; an adult male and an inferred adult female remained together non agonistically for nearly 2 h before they were interrupted by another adult male. Our observation of interaction between the two males includes agonistic behaviours, vocalizations, scent marking, fighting, and a long-distance (1.7-km) expulsion of the intruding male lynx by the first male. These observations add to the limited information available on the social ecology of lynx during the breeding season.

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10

Henriksen, Hege Berg, Reidar Andersen, A. J. Mark Hewison, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Morten Bronndal, Stefan Jonsson, John D. C. Linnell, and John Odden. "Reproductive biology of captive female Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx." European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, no. 3 (June 29, 2005): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0104-1.

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11

Erofeeva, M. N., N. A. Vasilieva, and S. V. Naidenko. "Effect of inbreeding on kittens’ body mass in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)." Mammal Research 65, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00495-x.

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12

Laze, K., and A. Gordon. "Incorporating natural and human factors in habitat modelling and spatial prioritisation for the <i>Lynx lynx martinoi</i>." Web Ecology 16, no. 1 (February 2, 2016): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-16-17-2016.

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Abstract. Countries in south-eastern Europe are cooperating to conserve a sub-endemic lynx species, Lynx lynx martinoi. Yet, the planning of species conservation should go hand-in-hand with the planning and management of (new) protected areas. Lynx lynx martinoi has a small, fragmented distribution with a small total population size and an endangered population. This study combines species distribution modelling with spatial prioritisation techniques to identify conservation areas for Lynx lynx martinoi. The aim was to determine locations of high probability of occurrence for the lynx, to potentially increase current protected areas by 20 % in Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. The species distribution modelling used generalised linear models with lynx occurrence and pseudo-absence data. Two models were developed and fitted using the lynx data: one based on natural factors, and the second based on factors associated with human disturbance. The Zonation conservation planning software was then used to undertake spatial prioritisations of the landscape using the first model composed of natural factors as a biological feature, and (inverted) a second model composed of anthropological factors such as a cost layer. The first model included environmental factors as elevation, terrain ruggedness index, woodland and shrub land, and food factor as chamois prey (occurrences) and had a prediction accuracy of 82 %. Second model included anthropological factors as agricultural land and had a prediction accuracy of 65 %. Prioritised areas for extending protected areas for lynx conservation were found primarily in the Albania–Macedonia–Kosovo and Montenegro–Albania–Kosovo cross-border areas. We show how natural and human factors can be incorporated into spatially prioritising conservation areas on a landscape level. Our results show the importance of expanding the existing protected areas in cross-border areas of core lynx habitat. The priority of these cross-border areas highlight the importance international cooperation can play in designing and implementing a coherent and long-term conservation plan including a species conservation plan to securing the future of the lynx.

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13

Wang, Xiaofang, Kun Wei, Zhihe Zhang, Xiao Xu, Wenping Zhang, Fujun Shen, Liang Zhang, and Bisong Yue. "Major histocompatibility complex Class IIDRBexon‐2 diversity of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in China." Journal of Natural History 43, no. 3-4 (January 2009): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802478669.

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14

Mattisson, Jenny, Jens Persson, Henrik Andrén, and Peter Segerström. "Temporal and spatial interactions between an obligate predator, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), and a facultative scavenger, the wolverine (Gulo gulo)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 2 (February 2011): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-097.

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Анотація:

Interspecific interactions between sympatric carnivores can be important for the behaviour and demography of involved species. We studied spatial and temporal interactions between an obligate predator, the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx (L., 1758)), and a facultative scavenger, the wolverine ( Gulo gulo (L., 1758)). Wolverines are known to utilize lynx-killed reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758)) and may benefit from being sympatric with lynx if interference competition is low. We used individual location data from 9 lynx and 17 wolverines to analyse interaction between inter- and intra-specific dyads (n = 195). We found no spatial segregation between lynx and wolverines and we observed no attraction or avoidance between individuals of the two species, independent of proportion of home-range overlap. This opposed our prediction that wolverines will show direct or delayed attraction to lynx. Wolverines may still benefit by scavenging lynx-killed reindeer while avoiding direct encounters with the lynx. Within species, we found attraction between males and females, increasing with proportion of overlap for lynx. Attraction was also found between consexual lynx, while consexual wolverines showed little home-range overlap (7%–9%) and neutral temporal interaction, indicating territoriality. Individual space use may be more influenced by conspecific interactions than by other species.

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15

Wikenros, Camilla, Olof Liberg, Håkan Sand, and Henrik Andrén. "Competition between recolonizing wolves and resident lynx in Sweden." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-143.

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We studied the effect of a recolonizing wolf ( Canis lupus L., 1758) population on a resident lynx ( Lynx lynx (L., 1758)) population in south-central Sweden. Wolf and lynx share the same prey species, western roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)), and the size difference between the two species suggests a strong potential for interference competition. The spatial distributions of lynx family groups (n = 378) over four winters were not significantly affected by the increase in size and range of the wolf population. Survival of lynx kittens until 9 months of age did not differ significantly inside (54%; n = 37) and outside (62%; n = 42) wolf territories, and female lynx (n = 3) selected natal den sites (n = 19) in the same local area before and after wolf establishment. Furthermore, lynx home-range size (n = 42) did not increase as a result of presence of wolves and space use by female lynx (n = 3) was not affected by wolf establishment. We found no evidence of cleptoparasitism by wolves on roe deer killed by lynx. We conclude that the intensity of interference and exploitation competition between wolves and lynx was low.

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16

Boutros, Dominique, Christine Breitenmoser-Würsten, Fridolin Zimmermann, Andreas Ryser, Anja Molinari-Jobin, Simon Capt, Marcel Güntert, and Urs Breitenmoser. "Characterisation of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx den sites and kitten survival." Wildlife Biology 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[417:coelll]2.0.co;2.

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17

Hone, Jim, Charles Krebs, Mark O'Donoghue, and Stan Boutin. "Evaluation of predator numerical responses." Wildlife Research 34, no. 5 (2007): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06171.

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We evaluated hypotheses of the dynamics of predators (lynx) relative to prey (snowshoe hares) and predator abundance in the Yukon, Canada. The hypotheses were that predator (lynx) dynamics are influenced by prey density, or by both prey and predator densities. Annual lynx population growth rate (r), estimated from lynx counts, was positively related to previous hare density and negatively related to previous lynx density, as described by the best-fitting additive model (R2 = 0.85). Annual lynx growth rate (r) estimated from lynx tracks was positively related to the ratio of hares per lynx in the best-fitting model (R2 = 0.55). There was most support for the prey- and predator-dependent hypothesis of predator dynamics. Projected lynx tracks showed similar trends to observed abundance but lagged one year, emphasising the need for evaluation of projected predator trends.

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18

Goettling, J., F. Goeritz, K. Jewgenow, and J. Painer. "Serum chemistry and haematology for female Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)." European Journal of Wildlife Research 62, no. 3 (February 6, 2016): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-0990-4.

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19

Labelle, P., J. P. Dubey, I. Mikaelian, N. Blanchette, R. Lafond, S. St-Onge, and D. Martineau. "Seroprevalence of Antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiin Lynx (Lynx canadensis) and Bobcats (Lynx rufus) From Québec, Canada." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (October 2001): 1194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1194:soattg]2.0.co;2.

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20

Poszig, Dörte, Clayton D. Apps, and Alan Dibb. "Predation on Two Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.912.

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A male Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) killed two Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains in January 1999 and made use of the kills for 28 days. Canada Lynx predation on ungulates has been reported but is rare, and accounts have been brief. We detail the lynx behaviour associated with the kills and their consumption. An infrared monitor and attached camera were used to register daily activity at the kill site. We speculate on the factors that may have influenced this opportunistic predation event.

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21

Hawkins, Sally A., Deborah Brady, Michael Mayhew, Darrell Smith, Steven Lipscombe, Chris White, Adam Eagle, and Ian Convery. "Community perspectives on the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) to the UK." Restoration Ecology 28, no. 6 (October 18, 2020): 1408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.13243.

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22

Tumlison, Renn. "Felis lynx." Mammalian Species, no. 269 (February 27, 1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3503985.

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23

Okarma, Henryk, Stanisław Śnieżko, and Wojciech Śmietana. "Home ranges of eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the Polish Carpathian Mountains." Wildlife Biology 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[481:hroell]2.0.co;2.

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24

Herfindal, Ivar, John D. C. Linnell, John Odden, Erlend Birkeland Nilsen, and Reidar Andersen. "Prey density, environmental productivity and home-range size in the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)." Journal of Zoology 265, no. 1 (January 2005): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836904006053.

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25

Krofel, Miha, Djuro Huber, and Ivan Kos. "Diet of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in the northern Dinaric Mountains (Slovenia and Croatia)." Acta Theriologica 56, no. 4 (October 2011): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-011-0032-2.

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26

Molinari, Paolo, and Anja Molinari-Jobin. "Behavioural observations of interactions in a free-ranging lynx Lynx lynx family at kills." Acta Theriologica 46 (December 5, 2001): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.01-49.

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27

Jewgenow, Katarina, Frank Goeritz, Katrin Neubauer, Joerns Fickel, and Sergej V. Naidenko. "Characterization of reproductive activity in captive male Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)." European Journal of Wildlife Research 52, no. 1 (November 10, 2005): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0002-6.

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28

Campbell, Véronique, and Curtis Strobeck. "Fine-scale genetic structure and dispersal in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) within Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 8 (August 2006): 1112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-099.

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Although mammals are typically characterized by male-biased dispersal, field studies of lynx conflict as to whether dispersal is male-biased or lacks sex-bias. To resolve this issue we dissect fine-scale genetic structure and analyze dispersal in regard to gender using 19 microsatellite loci, teemed with extensive sampling (n = 272 adults) of Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) throughout Alberta. The level of genetic variation was high (mean He = 71.6%), as reported in previous genetic studies of lynx. No significant barriers to gene flow were detected within Alberta’s lynx population. Despite several reports of long-distance movements in lynx, we observed a slight significant negative correlation between pairwise relatedness values and geographic distance (rM = –0.025, P = 0.048), indicating a decrease in relatedness between individuals as their sampling distance increases. When the same analysis was performed separately on sexes, the slopes of the individual regressions did not differ significantly between males and females (P = 0.708). Our molecular results suggest a lack of sex-biased dispersal in Canada lynx, similar to reports on other lynx species.

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29

Breitenmoser, U., and M. Baettig. "Wiederansiedlung und Ausbreitung des Luchses (Lynx lynx) im Schweizer Jura." Revue suisse de zoologie. 99 (1992): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79827.

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30

Melovski, Dime, Manuela von Arx, Vasko Avukatov, Christine Breitenmoser-Würsten, Marina Đurović, Rafet Elezi, Olivier Gimenez, et al. "Using questionnaire surveys and occupancy modelling to identify conservation priorities for the Critically Endangered Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus." Oryx 54, no. 5 (December 3, 2018): 706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000492.

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AbstractWith an estimated < 50 adult individuals remaining, the Critically Endangered Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus is one of the rarest, most threatened and least-studied large carnivores. To identify priority conservation areas and actions for the subspecies, during 2006–2014 we conducted 1,374 questionnaire surveys throughout the potential range of the Balkan lynx to (1) evaluate human–lynx interactions and identify potential threats, and (2) determine the probability of site use in 207 grid cells through occupancy modelling. Human–lynx interactions were related mainly to poaching of lynx, and damage to livestock by lynx. Poaching was intense throughout the potential range of the subspecies, apparently having affected 50–100% of the total estimated extant population. Damage to livestock was recorded only in relation to sheep, mainly in the southern part of the lynx's potential range. Occupancy modelling indicated 108 grid cells with high probability of site use, which was affected mainly by increased terrain ruggedness and reduced forest cover. Based on the combined results of our study we identified five priority areas for conservation, as well as in situ habitat protection, community participation in the conservation of the subspecies, and the improvement and implementation of the existing legal framework as the priority conservation actions for the Balkan lynx.

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31

Koehler, Gary M. "Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hares in north central Washington." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-122.

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Анотація:

Lynx (Lynx canadensis) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population characteristics and use of habitats were studied during 1985–1987 in north central Washington. Lynx used areas above 1463 m elevation that were dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii – Abies lasiocarpa) cover types. Snowshoe hares were the most common prey of lynx, with remains of snowshoe hare occurring in 23 of 29 scats. Counts of tracks and pellets showed snowshoe hares to be most abundant in 20-year-old lodgepole pine stands. Fire suppression and natural fire frequencies in the past 5 decades has limited the amount of these early successional forests, which are important as habitat for snowshoe hares. Marginal habitat conditions for snowshoe hares probably resulted in a scarcity of prey in the study area and may explain the relatively large home ranges of lynx (69 ± 28 km2 for five males and 39 ± 2 km2 for two females), low density of adults (2.3 lynx/100 km2), and high kitten mortality rates (88% for eight kittens in three litters). Demographic characteristics of lynx in the study area may be representative of lynx populations along the southern periphery of their range where habitat conditions are marginal for lynx and snowshoe hares.

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32

Pesenti, Elias, and Fridolin Zimmermann. "Density estimations of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Swiss Alps." Journal of Mammalogy 94, no. 1 (February 2013): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-322.1.

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33

Ward, Richard M. P., and Charles J. Krebs. "Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-421.

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Анотація:

The behavioural responses of lynx (Lynx canadensis) to declines in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) abundance were examined in the southwestern Yukon. Between April 1982 and June 1984, 11 lynx were radio tagged and monitored in and near the Kluane Game Sanctuary. Lynx home range size increased from 13.2 to 39.2 km2 concurrent with a decline in snowshoe hare abundance from 14.7 to 0.2 hares/ha. Below about 0.5 hares/ha, several lynx abandoned their home ranges and became nomadic, although they remained within the general study area. Lynx concentrated their foraging efforts in areas of relatively high snowshoe hare abundance and abandoned these areas after hares declined. Straight-line daily travel distance remained constant at 2.2−2.7 km/day above 1.0 hare/ha. Below 1.0 hares/ha, straight-line daily travel distances increased rapidly, reaching 5.5 km/day at 0.2 hares/ha. Three of seven radio-tagged lynx dispersed 250 km or more from the study area during the 1982 period of rapid hare decline. No similar long-distance emigrations were recorded after hare densities stabilized at less than 1.0 hares/ha. Trapping mortality was responsible for the loss of seven of nine radio-tagged lynx that travelled outside the game sanctuary. One lynx probably starved during the winter or spring of 1984. The high rate of trapping mortality outside the game sanctuary suggests that refugia in wilderness areas are important in maintaining lynx populations during periods of low recruitment.

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34

Koen, E. L., J. Bowman, and P. J. Wilson. "Isolation of peripheral populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 7 (July 2015): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0227.

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Landscape barriers to gene flow, such as rivers, can affect animal populations by limiting the potential for rescue of these isolated populations. We tested the riverine barrier hypothesis, predicting that the St. Lawrence River in eastern Canada would cause genetic divergence of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) populations by restricting dispersal and gene flow. We sampled 558 lynx from eastern Canada and genotyped these at 14 microsatellite loci. We found three genetic clusters, defined by the St. Lawrence River and the Strait of Belle Isle, a waterway separating Newfoundland from mainland Canada. However, these waterways were not absolute barriers, as we found 24 individuals that appeared to have crossed them. Peripheral populations of lynx are threatened in parts of Canada and the USA, and it is thought that these populations are maintained by immigration from the core. Our findings suggest that in eastern North America, rescue might be less likely because the St. Lawrence River restricts dispersal. We found that ice cover was often sufficient to allow lynx to walk across the ice in winter. If lynx used ice bridges in winter, then climate warming could cause a reduction in the extent and longevity of river and sea ice, further isolating these peripheral lynx populations.

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Rodriguez, Alejandro, Luis Barrios, and Miguel Delibes. "Experimental release of an Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)." Biodiversity and Conservation 4, no. 4 (June 1995): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058423.

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Feierabend, Dashiell, and Knut Kielland. "Multiple crossings of a large glacial river by Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 128, no. 1 (March 26, 2014): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v128i1.1555.

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Rivers may act as barriers to the movement of terrestrial mammals, which could limit dispersal and gene flow. Glacial rivers are particularly hazardous because of the cold water temperature and swift current. Yet, we determined that 2 Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) equipped with GPS collars repeatedly swam across the main channel of the Tanana River in interior Alaska in 2011 as late in the season as November, when the average minimum daily air temperature was −27°C. These observations are consistent with the low level of genetic structure observed in Canada Lynx in northwestern North America and suggest that even large rivers may pose less of a barrier to movement by Canada Lynx than expected.

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Darul, Romane, Alexander Gavashelishvili, Alexander P. Saveljev, Ivan V. Seryodkin, John D. C. Linnell, Henryk Okarma, Guna Bagrade, et al. "Coat Polymorphism in Eurasian Lynx: Adaptation to Environment or Phylogeographic Legacy?" Journal of Mammalian Evolution 29, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-021-09580-7.

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AbstractWe studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of five phenotypes. Then we fitted the coat patterns to different environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the effective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly affected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the effect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not find well-defined signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change.

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Schwartz, M. K., L. S. Mills, Y. Ortega, L. F. Ruggiero, and F. W. Allendorf. "Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis )." Molecular Ecology 12, no. 7 (June 2, 2003): 1807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01878.x.

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Labelle, P., J. P. Dubey, I. Mikaelian, N. Blanchette, R. Lafond, S. St-Onge, and D. Martineau. "Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Lynx (Lynx canadensis) and Bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Québec, Canada." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (October 2001): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285264.

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Helldin, J. O., O. Liberg, and G. Glöersen. "Lynx (Lynx lynx) killing red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in boreal Sweden ? frequency and population effects." Journal of Zoology 270, no. 4 (December 2006): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00172.x.

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Kaphegyi, T. A. M., Ursula Kaphegyi, and U. Müller. "Status of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Black Forest region, South Western Germany." Mammalian Biology 71, no. 3 (May 2006): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2006.01.001.

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Capt, Simon. "Monitoring and Distribution of the Lynx Lynx Lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains." Wildlife Biology 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[356:madotl]2.0.co;2.

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Menzies, Allyson K., Emily K. Studd, Jacob L. Seguin, Rachael E. Derbyshire, Dennis L. Murray, Stan Boutin, and Murray M. Humphries. "Activity, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a cold-climate mesocarnivore, the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 100, no. 4 (April 2022): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0142.

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The energetic consequences of body size, behaviour, and fine-scale environmental variation remain understudied, particularly among free-ranging carnivores, due to logistical and methodological challenges of studying them in the field. Here, we present novel activity, heart rate, and metabolic data on free-ranging Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) to (i) investigate intraspecific patterns of energy expenditure, particularly how they relate to body size, environmental conditions, and activity variation, and (ii) position lynx — a cold-climate, mesocarnivore — within interspecific allometries of carnivore energetics. Lynx demonstrated limited behavioural and metabolic responses to environmental conditions, despite extreme cold and moderate snow depths during our study, but marked body size patterns with larger lynx having higher activity and lower resting heart rate than smaller lynx. Compared with similar-sized carnivores, lynx were less active and had lower heart rate, likely due to their ambush hunting style, but higher energy expenditure, likely due to their cold-climate existence and access to abundant prey. Overall, lynx were more similar to other ambush hunters than to sympatric cold-climate species and mesocarnivores. Our data provide insight into the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of carnivore energetics and the ways in which predators maintain energy balance in variable environments.

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Bayne, Erin M., Stan Boutin, and Richard A. Moses. "Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-099.

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We examined the spatial pattern of Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) relative to its southern range edge at the boreal plains – prairie ecotone in Alberta, Canada. Relative to the original distribution of boreal forest in our study area, lynx range seems to have contracted up to 22%. In 100 km2 sampling areas, lynx occupancy rate increased 1.93 times every 100 km farther (north) from the range edge that we sampled. An information–theoretic approach was used to evaluate 31 models to see which environmental factors were the best predictors of this spatial pattern. Lynx were strongly correlated with track counts of their primary prey, the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777), but this did not explain the observed increase in occupancy farther north. Rather, lynx occupancy was lower in areas with higher road densities and this effect was magnified in areas where coyote ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) activity was highest. The inclusion of these effects rendered the south–north pattern no longer significant. The rapid pace of road building and associated development in Alberta’s boreal forest seems to be reducing habitat quality for Canada lynx, particularly at the southern edge of its range. This may be leading to range contractions for lynx in Alberta, much like has happened elsewhere in North America.

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McCann, N. P., and R. A. Moen. "Mapping potential core areas for lynx (Lynx canadensis) using pellet counts from snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and satellite imagery." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-016.

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We used location data from radio-collared Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792), pellet-count data from snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777), and cover-type data from satellite imagery to evaluate the relationship between the scale of habitat measurement and the potential for persistence of lynx in northeastern Minnesota, USA, at the southern extent of their range. We counted hare pellets at transects throughout northeastern Minnesota to index hare abundance in cover types. Pellet counts were highest in coniferous forest, regenerating–young forest, and shrubby grassland, and these cover types were greater inside lynx use areas than outside of them. Proportions of regenerating–young forest were greater at scales ≥5 km2. We used these results and satellite imagery to map potential lynx core areas. We predicted that 7%–20% of the study area was suitable for lynx. Areas that we predicted to be suitable for lynx corresponded with known core areas, including those withheld from analyses. To maintain habitat for lynx persistence, forest management should retain current levels of 10- to 30-year-old coniferous forest and include ≥5 km2 areas containing 40% of 10- to 30-year-old coniferous forest. Mapping of potential core areas would be improved if cover-type data from satellite imagery identified conifer regeneration.

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46

Lescureux, Nicolas, John D. C. Linnell, Sabit Mustafa, Dime Melovski, Aleksandar Stojanov, Gjorge Ivanov, Vasko Avukatov, Manuela von Arx, and Urs Breitenmoser. "Fear of the unknown: local knowledge and perceptions of the Eurasian lynxLynx lynxin western Macedonia." Oryx 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001547.

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AbstractThe remnant population of Balkan lynxLynx lynx martinoiis small, isolated and highly threatened. Since 2006 a conservation project has surveyed its status and promoted its recovery in Albania and Macedonia. Eurasian lynx are often associated with conflicts of an economic or social nature, and their conservation requires a focus on the people sharing the landscape with the species. In this study we adopt methods and conceptual frameworks from anthropology to explore the local knowledge and perceptions of lynx among rural hunters and livestock breeders in the western mountains of the Republic of Macedonia in south-east Europe. The main finding was that local people rarely saw or interacted with lynx. As the level of interactions with this species is very low, the lynx doesn’t appear to be a species associated with conflicts in Macedonia. There was also a general lack of both scientific and local knowledge, which has led to somewhat negative attitudes, mainly based on myths and rumours. Poaching of lynx and their prey seem to be the main barriers to lynx conservation.

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Poole, Kim G., Leslie A. Wakelyn, and Paul N. Nicklen. "Habitat selection by lynx in the Northwest Territories." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-098.

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An understanding of habitat selection by lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the northern boreal forest is needed to evaluate the potential impacts of habitat modification (wildfire and timber harvesting) on lynx populations. We quantified habitat selection by lynx in a 290-km2 study area in the western Northwest Territories from 1989 to 1993 by radio-collaring 27 adult lynx (12 females and 15 males). An 8-class habitat map, produced using Landsat thematic mapper data, was used to assess habitat selection. Lynx used habitats disproportionately to their availability (P < 0.001), both at the landscape level and within home ranges. Dense coniferous and dense deciduous forests had higher selection indices than other habitat classes, and wetland – lake bed complexes and open black spruce (Picea mariana) forests had lower selection indices. Habitat selection did not differ between the sexes or among years (P ≥ 0.4) Habitat alteration by wildfire in the northern boreal forest could significantly affect populations of the lynx and its primary prey, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), particularly by maintaining or increasing the availability of dense forest and other preferred habitats.

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Mattisson, Jenny, John Odden, John D. C. Linnell, Johanna Painer, Jens Persson, and Henrik Andrén. "Parturition dates in wild Eurasian lynx: evidence of a second oestrus?" Mammalian Biology 100, no. 5 (June 8, 2020): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00037-7.

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Abstract Understanding reproductive physiology of a species is important to assess their potential to respond to environmental variation and perturbation of their social system during the mating or pre-mating seasons. We report 175 parturition dates from wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scandinavia. Most lynx birth dates were highly synchronised around a mean of 30th May (SD = 9 days) with 173 of the 175 births ranging from May 2nd to June 30th. We detected two very late births on July 29th and August 15th in the absence of any indication that the females had given birth and lost a litter earlier in the year. We propose that these represent evidence of a second oestrus which is highly unusual in lynx because of their unique reproductive physiology. The rarity of these late season births has implications for lynx demography and social organisation.

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Premier, Joe, Martin Gahbauer, Franz Leibl, and Marco Heurich. "In situ feeding as a new management tool to conserve orphaned Eurasian lynx (lynx lynx)." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 7 (March 2, 2021): 2963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7261.

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Gimenez, Olivier, Sylvain Gatti, Christophe Duchamp, Estelle Germain, Alain Laurent, Fridolin Zimmermann, and Eric Marboutin. "Spatial density estimates of Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) in the French Jura and Vosges Mountains." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 20 (September 27, 2019): 11707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5668.

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