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Статті в журналах з теми "LVE range"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Fick, Walter H., Wayne A. Geyer, and John Barbur. "Control of Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Artillery Range Trials at Ft. Riley, Kansas." Weed Technology 23, no. 4 (December 2009): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-105.1.

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Анотація:

Military bases in the United States were mandated to reduce the amount of pesticide used to 50% of 1993 levels by 2000. Historically, 2,4-D was applied to control common sunflower, which establishes itself in disturbed soils and obstructs gunners' views of targets. A 25-ha lowland field in Camp Forsyth was selected to compare efficacy of alternative herbicides with that of 2,4-D low-volatile ester (LVE), with the goal of reducing the amount of herbicide applied by at least half. Site vegetation was mostly native tallgrass prairie dominated by warm-season C4 grasses (e.g., big bluestem, Indiangrass, little bluestem, and switchgrass) and including less abundant C3 species in the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and other families. Initially, the site had a high population of common sunflower. All herbicide treatments from 3 yr of field trials were highly and equally effective at reducing common sunflower, decreasing stem density by 83 to100%. Treatments that offer substantial reductions in the amount of herbicide applied are chlorimuron (0.01 kg ae/ha), dicamba + 2,4-D amine (0.07 kg ae/ha + 0.20 kg ae/ha), clopyralid + 2,4-D amine (0.06 kg ae/ha + 0.28 kg ae/ha), 2,4-D LVE (0.56 kg ae/ha), and metsulfuron + 2,4-D amine (0.002 kg ai/ha + 0.28 kg ae/ha). Use of these herbicides at Ft. Riley would reduce total active ingredient applied by 73 to 99% and lower chemical costs for this particular use by as much as 88%.

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2

Zhang, Fei, Lan Wang, Chao Li, and Yongming Xing. "The Discrete and Continuous Retardation and Relaxation Spectrum Method for Viscoelastic Characterization of Warm Mix Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 23, 2020): 3723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173723.

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To study the linear viscoelastic (LVE) of crumb rubber-modified asphalt mixtures before and after the warm mix additive was added methods of obtaining the discrete and continuous spectrum are presented. Besides, the relaxation modulus and creep compliance are constructed from the discrete and continuous spectrum, respectively. The discrete spectrum of asphalt mixtures can be obtained from dynamic modulus test results according to the generalized Maxwell model (GMM) and the generalized Kelvin model (GKM). Similarly, the continuous spectrum of asphalt mixtures can be obtained from the dynamic modulus test data via the inverse integral transformation. In this paper, the test procedure for all specimens was ensured to be completed in the LVE range. The results show that the discrete spectrum and the continuous spectrum have similar shapes, but the magnitude and position of the spectrum peaks is different. The continuous spectrum can be considered as the limiting case of the discrete spectrum. The relaxation modulus and creep compliance constructed by the discrete and continuous spectrum are almost indistinguishable in the reduced time range of 10−5 s–103 s. However, there are more significant errors outside the time range, and the maximum error is up to 55%.

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3

Armetha, Vallerina, Purwiyatno Hariyadi, Azis Boing Sitanggang, and Sri Yuliani. "The stability of whey protein-stabilized red palm oil emulsion from a rheological perspective." Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati. Fascicle VI - Food Technology 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/foodtechnology.2022.2.03.

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The objective of this study was to investigate into the physical stability of whey protein (WP)-stabilized red palm oil (RPO) emulsions based on rheological properties such flow behaviour, viscoelastic properties, apparent viscosity (ηapp), and linear viscoelastic range limits (LVE). RPO emulsification was stabilized by three types WP with different protein content, notably WPI90, WPC80, and WPC76, and the influence of WP type and concentration (2.5-15%) was evaluated. Utilizing the type and concentration of WP used, RPO emulsions with good apparent thermodynamic stability could be formed. All of the emulsions showed shear-thinning flow behaviour with viscous properties (G" >> G′). However, as a result of the different WP types and concentrations utilized, the emulsions produced had varied kinetic stability and rheological properties. Droplet characteristics, such as D10, D50, and D90, ζ potential, and electrical conductivity were determined, and rheological data gained corresponded with these properties to explain emulsion stability. The LVE value reflected the stability of the produced emulsions as well as the ηapp difference. The emulsion stabilized with 15% of WPC76 had optimum physical stability in this study, with an LVE of 7.9%. This study demonstrate that rheological characterization can be employed to assess the stability of WP-stabilized RPO emulsions.

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4

Zhu, Jiqing, and Xiaohu Lu. "Influence of morphology on high-temperature rheological properties of bitumen modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 2021): 806–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0731-y.

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AbstractDifferent microstructures of the same polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) were obtained by subjecting the bitumen modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer to isothermal annealing at various temperatures. The effects of the morphology on the rheological properties of SBS-modified bitumen were investigated within the high-temperature range. The PMB microstructures were quantitatively evaluated using image analysis. A dynamic shear rheometer was used to measure the rheological parameters of the PMB samples and perform the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test. A quantitative basis could be established on which to discuss the relationship between the PMB morphology and rheology. The image analysis indicated that conditioning by isothermal annealing evidently led to a difference in the microstructure of the samples. Variation of the thermal history is demonstrated to be a practical way to vary the morphology of the PMB with the same raw materials and formulation. Compared with the two-phase morphology, the single-phase microstructure tended to have a narrower linear viscoelastic (LVE) region of the PMB. Within the LVE region, especially at low frequencies, the homogenous PMB can store more energy when experiencing loadings and is more elastic. Outside the LVE region, based on the MSCR test results, the homogenous morphology could assist in reaching a higher percentage of strain recovery after the creep period.

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5

Bazzaz, Mohammad, Masoud K. Darabi, Dallas N. Little, and Navneet Garg. "A Straightforward Procedure to Characterize Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Asphalt Concrete at High Temperatures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (July 3, 2018): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782033.

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This paper proposes a straightforward procedure to characterize the nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt concrete materials. Furthermore, a model is proposed to estimate the nonlinear viscoelastic parameters as a function of the triaxiality ratio, which accounts for both confinement and deviatoric stress levels. The simplified procedure allows for easy characterization of linear viscoelastic (LVE) and nonlinear viscoelastic (NVE) responses. First, Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelastic model is used to represent the viscoelastic behavior. Dynamic modulus tests are performed to calibrate LVE properties. Repeated creep-recovery tests at variable deviatoric stress levels (RCRT-VS) were designed and conducted to calibrate the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of four types of mixtures used in the Federal Aviation Administration’s National Airport Pavement and Materials Research Center test sections. The RCRT-VS were conducted at 55°C, 140 kPa initial confinement pressure, and wide range of deviatoric stress levels; mimicking the stress levels induced in a pavement structure under traffic. Once calibrated, the model was validated by comparing the model predictions and experimental measurements at different deviatoric stress levels. The predictions indicate that the proposed method is capable of characterizing NVE response of asphalt concrete materials.

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6

Stieger, Sebastian, Evan Mitsoulis, Matthias Walluch, Catharina Ebner, Roman Christopher Kerschbaumer, Matthias Haselmann, Mehdi Mostafaiyan, et al. "On the Influence of Viscoelastic Modeling in Fluid Flow Simulations of Gum Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142323.

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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is an important tool as it enables engineers to study different design options without a time-consuming experimental workload. However, the prediction accuracy of any CFD simulation depends upon the set boundary conditions and upon the applied rheological constitutive equation. In the present study the viscoelastic nature of an unfilled gum acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) is considered by applying the integral and time-dependent Kaye–Bernstein–Kearsley–Zapas (K-BKZ) rheological model. First, exhaustive testing is carried out in the linear viscoelastic (LVE) and non-LVE deformation range including small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) as well as high pressure capillary rheometer (HPCR) tests. Next, three abrupt capillary dies and one tapered orifice die are modeled in Ansys POLYFLOW. The pressure prediction accuracy of the K-BKZ/Wagner model was found to be excellent and insensitive to the applied normal force in SAOS testing as well as to the relation of first and second normal stress differences, provided that damping parameters are fitted to steady-state rheological data. Moreover, the crucial importance of viscoelastic modeling is proven for rubber materials, as two generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF) flow models severely underestimate measured pressure data, especially in contraction flow-dominated geometries.

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7

Mangiafico, S., C. Sauzéat, and H. Di Benedetto. "2S2P1D Model Calibration Error from User Panel for One Bitumen and One Bituminous Mixture." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 26, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6547025.

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Анотація:

The objective of this study is to analyse the differences between experimental LVE properties of both a straight-run bitumen and a bituminous mixture and simulations with analogical 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, and 1 Dashpot) model fitted by 14 different users. Data for the bitumen consisted of isotherms of G∗ and φ obtained from DSR complex modulus tests at 12 different temperatures ranging from −29.9°C to 60.0°C and frequencies ranging from 6.3 to 40 Hz, for a total of 60 data points. Data for the bituminous mixture consisted of isotherms of E∗ and φ obtained from strain-controlled traction/compression complex modulus tests at 8 different temperatures ranging from −29.7°C to 38.8°C and frequencies ranging from 0.01 to 10 Hz, for a total of 55 data points. All users worked independently and for the same time duration of one hour to fit the 2S2P1D model on both sets of data. Successful simulations of experimental data of both bitumen and mixture were generally obtained by all the users over the whole range of frequencies and temperatures, regardless of their familiarity and experience with the model. The accuracy of the model to fit experimental data is all the more evident if the great spans of complex modulus (G∗ of the bitumen between 10−2 and 103 MPa, E∗ of the mixture between 10 and 40000 MPa) are considered. The obtained results highlight the convenience of 2S2P1D model to perform multiscale modelling of LVE behaviour of bituminous materials, from bitumens to mixtures.

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8

Gulzar, Saqib, and B. Shane Underwood. "Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Binder Under Large Strains." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120907097.

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Agencies have been increasing their use of polymer modified asphalt binders in recent years to address performance issues and lengthen the useful life of their pavements. When deployed these materials likely experience strain levels exceeding their linear viscoelastic (LVE) limits. The same situation exists in non-polymer modified asphalt binders as well, but the effect may be more pronounced in polymer modified systems because of their bi-phasic nature. In this study, terminally blended crumb rubber (CR-TB) modified asphalt is studied to understand and quantify the nonlinear viscoelastic response under large strains. The CR-TB binders are extensively used in pavements subjected to high vehicular loads and extreme climatic conditions; thereby, their response under large strains becomes more critical. The current standard characterization techniques are based on LVE response using small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology only and do not consider the behavior of binders under large strains. In this study, large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) rheology is used as a framework to more thoroughly investigate the complete response of the CR-TB modified asphalt binder under large strains at 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C and at the frequencies of 0.5, 1, and 5 Hz. The LAOS response is analyzed using Fourier-transform rheology and the orthogonal stress decomposition method involving Chebyshev polynomial representation. It is found that nonlinearity manifests greatly in this study material as strain levels increase and frequencies decrease. The relative nonlinearity increases with increasing strain amplitude and is more significant towards lower end of the tested temperature range. The CR-TB binder shows strain-stiffening/softening and shear-thinning/thickening behavior depending upon a specific temperature, strain level, and frequency.

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9

Falusi, Fanni, Szilvia Berkó, Anita Kovács, and Mária Budai-Szűcs. "Application of Xanthan Gum and Hyaluronic Acid as Dermal Foam Stabilizers." Gels 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8070413.

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Foams are increasingly popular in the field of dermatology due to their many advantages such as easy spreading, good skin sensation, and applicability in special skin conditions. One of the critical points of foam formulation is the choice of the appropriate stabilizing ingredients. One of the stability-increasing strategies is retarding the liquid drainage of liquid films from the foam structure. Therefore, our aim was the application of different hydrogel-forming polymers in order to retain the stabilizing liquid film. Dexpanthenol and niacinamide-containing foams were formulated, where xanthan gum and hyaluronic acid were used as foam-stabilizing polymers. Amplitude (LVE range) and frequency sweep (G’, G”, tanδ, and frequency dependency) were applied as structure- and stability-indicating rheological parameters. The rheological data were compared with the results of the cylinder method, microscopical images, and the spreadability measurements.

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10

Zhang, Yan, and Yiren Sun. "Fast-Acquiring High-Quality Prony Series Parameters of Asphalt Concrete through Viscoelastic Continuous Spectral Models." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030716.

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Prony series representations have been extensively applied to characterizing the time-domain linear viscoelastic (LVE) material functions for asphalt concrete. However, existing methods that can generate high-quality Prony series parameters (i.e., discrete spectra) mostly involve complicated programming algorithms, which poses a challenge for quick access of Prony series parameters. Also, very limited research has been devoted to establishing methods for simultaneously determining both retardation and relaxation spectra. To resolve these issues, this study presented a practical approach to fast acquiring high-quality Prony series parameters for both relaxation modulus and creep compliance of asphalt concrete by using the complex modulus test data. The approach adopts the analytical representations of the continuous relaxation and retardation spectra from the Havriliak-Negami (HN) and 2S2P1D complex modulus models to directly determine the discrete spectra, and the elastic constants, Ee and Dg, for both LVE modulus and compliance functions are further calculated by fitting the corresponding generalized Maxwell model representations to smoothed data from the storage modulus representations of the HN and 2S2P1D complex modulus models. In this way, all the procedures in the proposed method can be easily implemented in Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the HN and 2S2P1D models yielded slightly different continuous spectral patterns at shorter relaxation times and longer retardation times. However, at the region covered by the test data, the continuous spectra of the two complex modulus models were very close to each other. Thus, the two models can generate comparable Prony series parameters within the time or frequency range covered by the test data. Considering that the quality of the resulting Prony series parameters are closely related to the master curve models used for presmoothing, the HN and 2S2P1D models were compared with the conventional Sigmoidal model. Additionally, the Black diagram was recommended for examining the quality of the complex modulus test data before constructing the master curves.

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11

Wang, Hujun, Yuan Meng, Zhenkun Li, Jiahao Dong, and Hongchao Cui. "Steady-State and Dynamic Rheological Properties of a Mineral Oil-Based Ferrofluid." Magnetochemistry 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8090100.

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In this study, nanoparticles were suspended in L-AN32 total loss system oil. The thixotropic yield behavior and viscoelastic behavior of ferrofluid were analyzed by steady-state and dynamic methods and explained according to the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology. The Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model was used to fit the ferrofluid flow curves, and the observed static yield stress was greater than the dynamic yield stress. Both the static and dynamic yield stress values increased as the magnetic field increased, and the corresponding shear thinning viscosity curve increased more significantly as the magnetic field strength increased. The amplitude scanning results show that the linear viscoelastic region (LVE) is reached when the shear stress is 10%. The frequency scanning results showed that the storage modulus increased with the increase of the frequency at first. The storage modulus increased steadily at a higher frequency range, while the loss modulus increased slowly at the initial stage and rapidly at the later stage. In the amplitude sweep and frequency sweep experiments, the energy storage modulus and loss modulus are enhanced with the decrease of temperature. These findings are helpful to better understand the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology of ferrofluids, and also provide guidance for many practical applications.

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12

Nakaike, Takuya, Tatsushi Inagaki, Hideaki Komatsu, and Toshio Nakatani. "Profile-based global live-range splitting." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 41, no. 6 (June 11, 2006): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1133255.1134007.

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13

Li, Chi-Kwong, and Tin-Yau Tam. "Numerical Ranges Arising from Simple Lie Algebras." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 52, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2000-007-2.

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AbstractA unified formulation is given to various generalizations of the classical numerical range including the c-numerical range, congruence numerical range, q-numerical range and von Neumann range. Attention is given to those cases having connections with classical simple real Lie algebras. Convexity and inclusion relation involving those generalized numerical ranges are investigated. The underlying geometry is emphasized.

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14

Wu, Shengqin, Degang Yang, Fuqiang Xia, Xinhuan Zhang, Jinwei Huo, Tianyi Cai, and Jing Sun. "The Effect of Labor Reallocation and Economic Growth in China." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074312.

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In recent years, China’s economic growth rate has slowed down significantly, exceeding the normal range of cyclical fluctuations in terms of declining rate and period. However, the research on the structural problems of the economic slowdown from the sector level is still limited. This paper uses a novel index decomposition method to decompose the covariant effect according to the influence of factors. It separates the labor input effect (LIE), labor reallocation effect (LRE), and labor productivity effect (LPE) from China’s economic growth rate from 1989 to 2019. The evolving characteristics and influence of these effects are revealed. It also focuses on the structural problems of the economic slowdown caused by the LRE. The study found that: (i) the economic contribution rate of LIE declined during the study period and had recently shown a negative value; (ii) the economic contribution rate of LRE peaked in 2014 and then rapidly declined; (iii) LPE has always been an essential contributor to China’s economic growth, with an annual contribution rate of 80%. The key factors behind China’s downward economic growth are the decline of the new labor force input, the weakening of LRE, and the technological progress rate in some sectors that have declined. The analysis of the LRE found that 37% of the economic slowdown could be explained by it. The reason behind economic slowdown lies in how the labor force transfers: (i) from agriculture to non-modern services without manufacturing; and (ii) from high-productivity sectors (usually manufacturing) to low-productivity sectors (usually non-modern services). In order to reduce the downward pressure of economic growth, future development intervention measures should focus on improving the employment absorption capacity of manufacturing, enabling enterprise innovation, correcting distorted industrial development policies, and prudently treating environmental protection policies and industrial upgrading policies.

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15

Blazy, Sandrine, and Benoit Robillard. "Live-range unsplitting for faster optimal coalescing." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, no. 7 (June 28, 2009): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1543136.1542462.

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16

Budimlic, Zoran, Keith D. Cooper, Timothy J. Harvey, Ken Kennedy, Timothy S. Oberg, and Steven W. Reeves. "Fast copy coalescing and live-range identification." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, no. 5 (May 17, 2002): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/543552.512534.

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17

Hou, Jinchuan, Chi-Kwong Li, and Xiaofei Qi. "Numerical Range of Lie Product of Operators." Integral Equations and Operator Theory 83, no. 4 (October 15, 2015): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00020-015-2261-2.

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18

Hill, Adam J., Johannes Mulder, Jon Burton, Marcel Kok, and Michael Lawrence. "Sound Level Monitoring at Live Events, Part 1–Live Dynamic Range." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 69, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2021.0050.

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19

García, A. J., V. Buenestado, M. Toril, S. Luna-Ramírez, and J. M. Ruiz. "A Geometric Method for Estimating the Nominal Cell Range in Cellular Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2018 (May 2, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3479246.

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In cellular networks, cell range is a key parameter for network planning and optimization. With the advent of new radio access technologies, it is not easy to obtain a good estimate of the nominal cell range on a cell-by-cell basis due to the complexity of physical layout in a real network. In this work, a novel geometrical method for estimating the cell range based on Voronoi tessellation is presented. The inputs of the method are site locations, antenna azimuths, and antenna horizontal beamwidths. The method is tested with a real dataset taken from a live LTE network. During assessment, the proposed method is compared with traditional approaches of estimating cell range. Results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy of previous approaches, while still maintaining a low computational complexity.

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20

YANG, FUZI, G. W. BRADBERRY, and J. R. SAMBLES. "LONG RANGE SURFACE EXCITON POLARITONS: NEW LONG RANGE SURFACE MODES." Modern Physics Letters B 04, no. 18 (October 10, 1990): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984990001410.

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The work on the recently discovered long range coupled surface mode, the long range surface exciton-polariton is reviewed. The basic simple analytic equations which describe its dispersion in the symmetric case are presented and discussed. Adding a coupling prism perturbs these equations but does not necessarily lead automatically to a broader resonance. It is shown how 100% coupling is achieved for the symmetrically surrounded layer by a coupling gap thickness which makes the resonance lie very close to the critical angle. The consequences of small changes of symmetry and a small amount of absorption in the surrounding dielectrics are discussed.

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21

Randić, Srđan, Richard C. Connor, William B. Sherwin, and Michael Krützen. "A novel mammalian social structure in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp.): complex male alliances in an open social network." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1740 (March 28, 2012): 3083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0264.

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Terrestrial mammals with differentiated social relationships live in ‘semi-closed groups’ that occasionally accept new members emigrating from other groups. Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia, exhibit a fission–fusion grouping pattern with strongly differentiated relationships, including nested male alliances. Previous studies failed to detect a group membership ‘boundary’, suggesting that the dolphins live in an open social network. However, two alternative hypotheses have not been excluded. The community defence model posits that the dolphins live in a large semi-closed ‘chimpanzee-like’ community defended by males and predicts that a dominant alliance(s) will range over the entire community range. The mating season defence model predicts that alliances will defend mating-season territories or sets of females. Here, both models are tested and rejected: no alliances ranged over the entire community range and alliances showed extensive overlap in mating season ranges and consorted females. The Shark Bay dolphins, therefore, present a combination of traits that is unique among mammals: complex male alliances in an open social network. The open social network of dolphins is linked to their relatively low costs of locomotion. This reveals a surprising and previously unrecognized convergence between adaptations reducing travel costs and complex intergroup–alliance relationships in dolphins, elephants and humans.

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22

Oliva-Maza, J. "On Lie group representations and operator ranges." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 149, no. 10 (July 21, 2021): 4317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/15554.

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In this paper, Lie group representations on Hilbert spaces are studied in relation with operator ranges. Let R \mathcal {R} be an operator range of a Hilbert space H \mathcal {H} . Given the set Λ \Lambda of R \mathcal {R} -invariant operators, and given a Lie group representation ρ : G → GL ( H ) \rho :G\rightarrow \text {GL}(\mathcal {H}) , we discuss the induced semigroup homomorphism ρ ~ : ρ − 1 ( Λ ) → B ( R ) \widetilde {\rho }: \rho ^{-1}(\Lambda ) \rightarrow \mathcal {B(R)} for the operator range topology on R \mathcal {R} . In one direction, we work under the assumption ρ − 1 ( Λ ) = G \rho ^{-1} (\Lambda ) = G , so ρ ~ : G → B ( R ) \widetilde {\rho }:G\rightarrow \mathcal {B}(\mathcal {R}) is in fact a group representation. In this setting, we prove that ρ ~ \widetilde {\rho } is continuous (and smooth) if and only if the tangent map d ρ d\rho is R \mathcal {R} -invariant. In another direction, we prove that for the tautological representations of unitary or invertible operators of an arbitrary infinite-dimensional Hilbert space H \mathcal {H} , the set ρ − 1 ( Λ ) \rho ^{-1}(\Lambda ) is neither a group for a large set of nonclosed operator ranges R \mathcal {R} nor closed for all nonclosed operator ranges R \mathcal {R} . Both results are proved by means of explicit counterexamples.

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23

Barras, Colin. "Ice age animals live on in Eurasian mountain range." New Scientist 221, no. 2953 (January 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)60164-0.

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24

Takahashi, T., Y. Yokoyama, T. Okuda та N. Koshizuka. "0.8 μm Range Optical Isolator Using LPE Garnet Film". IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 2, № 2 (лютий 1987): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1987.4549348.

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25

Dodds, Kevin J., and Darrell W. Ross. "Sampling range and range of attraction of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae pheromone-baited traps." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 3 (June 2002): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134343-3.

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AbstractTwo mark–recapture experiments and a trap interference experiment were conducted to determine the sampling range and range of attraction, respectively, of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) pheromone-baited traps in northern Idaho. To determine the sampling range, either live beetles or logs containing brood were marked with one of four colors of fluorescent powder. Colored beetles or logs were placed along transects oriented away from a central pheromone-baited trap at distances of 50, 100, 200, and 300 m. A release distance of 400 m was added to one mark–recapture experiment during the 2nd year. To determine the range of attraction, a trap interference study was conducted. For this experiment, groups of three traps were oriented in equilateral triangles with distances of 50, 100, 200, and 300 m between the three traps. Distances between traps were changed daily to allow for adequate replication. Mark–recapture studies indicated that most D. pseudotsugae were recaptured from distances less than or equal to 200 m from the pheromone-baited trap. On average, 95% of beetles recaptured were males. Results of the trap interference experiment provided no insight into the range of attraction of D. pseudotsugae pheromones. Natural resource managers should attempt to place pheromone-baited suppression traps within 200 m of target D. pseudotsugae populations. Also, to minimize undesirable beetle-caused tree mortality, traps should be placed as far as possible from live trees that managers wish to protect.

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26

Guise, H. J., E. J. Hunter, P. J. Baynes, P. J. Wigglesworth, H. L. Riches, and R. H. C. Penny. "Do 95-kg live weight pigs choose to stand, sit or lie during short journeys?" BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00043524.

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Although the need for pigs to lie down on long journeys is not in question, there is evidence that they may not choose to do so on journeys of less than 3h (Hunter et al., 1994). These observations were undertaken to determine how pigs in the 95 to 100 kg weight range behaved on short journeys. A three-tier floating-deck vehicle with weld-mesh flooring was used because the popularity of three-deck vehicles is increasing (Riches et al., 1996).

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27

Sun, Wei, Yang He, Zuojun Li, and Chunjiang Wang. "Analysis of the clinical characteristics of the liver injury induced by levetiracetam." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 74, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgab181.

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Abstract Objectives Levetiracetam (LEV) has a low risk of hepatotoxicity due to low liver metabolism. Knowledge regarding the association between LEV exposure and liver injury is based mainly on case reports. The purpose of this study is to summarize the clinical features of LEV-induced liver injury. Methods We collected literature on liver injury induced by LEV for retrospective analysis from 1999 to April 2021 in Chinese and English. Key findings The median age of 21 patients (13 males and 8 females) was 31 years (range 0.13–76). The median time for liver injury was 19 days (range 3–120). The clinical manifestations of patients ranged from asymptomatic elevated liver enzymes in 5 patients (23.8%) to fever, digestive system symptoms and skin rash in 16 patients (76.2%). The median values of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were 773 IU/L (range 60–4800) and 667.5 IU/L (range 53–10 387), respectively. Liver biopsy demonstrated hepatocellular necrosis. The liver function returned to normal at a median time of 9 days (range 2–270) after discontinuation of LEV. Conclusions LEV-induced liver injury is a rare adverse reaction, ranging from asymptomatic elevated transaminases to fulminant liver failure. Patients receiving long-term treatment with LEV should consider monitoring liver function.

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28

Williams, Claire G., and Philippe Barnéoud. "Live pine pollen in rainwater: reconstructing its long-range transport." Aerobiologia 37, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-021-09697-5.

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29

Dai, Meng Fan, Qing Yang Song, and Zhao Long Ning. "A Dynamic Cell Range Expansion for LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1954.

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Deploying Pico cell Base Station (PBS) throughout a Macro cell layout is a promising solution to enhance system capacity and users throughput. However, the strong received power from Macro cell Base Station (MBS) makes the Pico cell areas narrow and limits cell splitting gain. Range Expansion (RE) is desirable to balance the network load between MBS and PBS by expanding the coverage, which subsequently increases cell splitting gains. However, more interference may be introduced if the bias value of RE is not set properly. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Cell Range Expansion (DCRE) strategy that the bias value of RE is set dynamically according to the change of network environment. The proposed scheme aims to fulfill the resources utilization by RE scheme, and meanwhile improve the users performance of cell edge through cell load balancing method. Simulation results show that DCRE scheme can improve the network performance of cell edge, and increase the cell capacity and users throughput compared with the existing methods.

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30

Dirr, G., U. Helmke, and M. Kleinsteuber. "Lie algebra representations, nilpotent matrices, and the C–numerical range." Linear Algebra and its Applications 413, no. 2-3 (March 2006): 534–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2005.05.019.

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31

Makarenko, N. I., and J. L. Maltseva. "Interference of lee waves over mountain ranges." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2011): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-27-2011.

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Abstract. Internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean are generated frequently from the interaction of mean flow with bottom obstacles such as mountains and submarine ridges. Analysis of these environmental phenomena involves theoretical models of non-homogeneous fluid affected by the gravity. In this paper, a semi-analytical model of stratified flow over the mountain range is considered under the assumption of small amplitude of the topography. Attention is focused on stationary wave patterns forced above the rough terrain. Adapted to account for such terrain, model equations involves exact topographic condition settled on the uneven ground surface. Wave solutions corresponding to sinusoidal topography with a finite number of peaks are calculated and examined.

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32

HE, HONGYU (JACOB LIVINGSTONE). "THETA CORRESPONDENCE I — SEMISTABLE RANGE: CONSTRUCTION AND IRREDUCIBILITY." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 02, no. 02 (May 2000): 255–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199700000128.

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The main purpose of this paper is to study theta correspondence from representation theoretic point of view. There are two problems we have in mind. One is the construction of unipotent representations of semisimple Lie group. The other is the parametrization of unitary dual of semisimple Lie group. In the first paper of this series, we define semistable range in the domain of theta correspondence. Roughly speaking, semistable range is a range where one can define certain averaging operator analytically. In this paper, we prove that if the averaging operator is not vanishing, then it produces the theta correspondence. This paper pave the way to study theta correspondence using analytic machinery.

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33

Nedobegkin, M. I., V. A. Sinitsyn, E. A. Sinitsyn, and S. Yu Strakhov. "FEATURES OF SOLVING PROBLEM OF SHARING RADIO FREQUENCY RANGE ON-BOARD EQUIPMENT OF RADIO SYSTEMS OF SHORT-RANGE NAVIGATION AND LTE NETWORKS." Issues of radio electronics, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-6-46-52.

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It is shown that the joint use of radio frequency range onboard equipment radio systems near navigation (RSBN) and LTE networks requires both organizational and technical measures, and the implementation of measures of conversion of the radio frequency spectrum on a local‑territorial principle. Attention is drawn to the need for the improvement of on‑Board equipment of the RSBN with modes of short‑range and inter‑flight navigation, taking into account the needs of users of the national frequency resource. It is noted that the cardinal solution to the problem of conversion of the considered frequency band is the transfer of on‑Board equipment of the RSBN from the domestic frequency range occupied by the LTE communication network to the international frequency range of the air radio navigation service 960–1215 MHz. The solution of the problem of joint use of the frequency band 791–821 MHz by the onboard equipment of radio engineering systems of short‑range navigation and radio electronic means of LTE networks for the transition period until the conversion is completed is possible by reducing the frequency resource (channels) for the on‑Board equipment of RSBN with the modes of short‑range and inter‑flight navigation or redistribution of the frequency resource initially nominated for the competition for radio electronic means of the LTE‑800 standard.

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34

CHAND, A. K. B., M. A. NAVASCUÉS, P. VISWANATHAN, and S. K. KATIYAR. "FRACTAL TRIGONOMETRIC POLYNOMIALS FOR RESTRICTED RANGE APPROXIMATION." Fractals 24, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x16500225.

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One-sided approximation tackles the problem of approximation of a prescribed function by simple traditional functions such as polynomials or trigonometric functions that lie completely above or below it. In this paper, we use the concept of fractal interpolation function (FIF), precisely of fractal trigonometric polynomials, to construct one-sided uniform approximants for some classes of continuous functions.

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35

Sanson, Ananda Lima, Suéllen Cristina Rennó Silva, Matheus Coutinho Gonçalves Martins, Alexandre Giusti-Paiva, Patrícia Penido Maia, and Isarita Martins. "Liquid-liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array-ultra-violet for simultaneous determination of antineoplastic drugs in plasma." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47, no. 2 (June 2011): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000200017.

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A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method for simultaneous analysis of four chemically and structurally different antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and ifosfamide) was developed. The assay was performed by isocratic elution, with a C18 column (5 µm, 250 x 4.6 mm) and mobile phase constituted by water pH 4.0- acetonitrile-methanol (68:19:13, v/v/v), which allowed satisfactory separation of the compounds of interest. LLE, with ethyl acetate, was used for sample clean-up with recoveries ranging from 60 to 98%. The linear ranges were from 0.5 to 100 µg mL-1, for doxorubicin and 1 to 100 µg mL-1, for the other compounds. The relative standard deviations ranged from 5.5 to 17.7%. This method is a fast and simple alternative that can be used, simultaneously, for the determination of the four drugs in plasma, with a range enabling quantification of the drugs in pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug-monitoring studies.

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36

Tang, Hao, Peilin Hong, and Kaiping Xue. "HeNB-aided virtual-handover for range expansion in LTE femtocell networks." Journal of Communications and Networks 15, no. 3 (June 2013): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2013.000054.

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37

Tam, Tin-Yau. "Convexity of generalized numerical range associated with a compact Lie group." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 72, no. 1 (February 2002): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s144678870000358x.

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38

Siomina, Iana, and Di Yuan. "Optimizing Small-Cell Range in Heterogeneous and Load-Coupled LTE Networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 5 (May 2015): 2169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2338613.

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39

Adams, Richard. "Continuing Soapstone Reasearch in Memory of J.D. Love, Teton Range, Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 28 (January 1, 2004): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2004.3563.

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Operating under grants from the University of Wyoming-National Park Service Research Station and the Wyoming Historical Society, personnel from the Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist and volunteers spent eight days performing a cultural resource survey of parts of the Jedediah Smith wilderness in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest. Our survey took place on the west side of the Teton Range in the Badger Creek and Bitch Creek drainages. We surveyed more than 350 acres and recorded four sites in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest: an historic mine and cabin, two new prehistoric sites, and a soapstone source. While all the historic sites would benefit from evaluation by an historian, none of the sites is in need of further work.

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40

Berenguer, M. I., and A. R. Villena. "On the range of a lie derivation on a banach algebra." Communications in Algebra 28, no. 2 (January 2000): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927870008826876.

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41

Agrawal, Dr Alka Rani, and Purnima Pandey. "Nadine Gordimer’s “The Pickup”: A Wide Canvas of Socio-Economic Realism." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (2022): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.73.36.

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The Pickup is a tale of romance, adventure and above all love of Julie for Abdu as she proves that her love does not change with changing situations. In spite of being the daughter of rich parents she decides to join Abdu and picks up her suitcase to live in a deserted Muslim village for the sake of love. In this novel the artist confirms that her range is pretty wide. In the beginning young guys take life non-seriously and lead life of Hippies. But Abdu has to pick up his suitcase as he can't live in Johannesburg due to lack of permission from Home Affairs department. Julie adjusts in the ordinary house of Abdu in a village of Arabian country. She does not join him to go to Chicago as he has no settled work and home there. She has of course identified herself with the village and the family of Abdu. Many matters of world economic business world are referred here and hence the novel is remarkable for socio-economic and ethical realism.

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42

Bravo-Rivera, Christian, Maria M. Diehl, Ciorana Roman-Ortiz, Jose Rodriguez-Romaguera, Luis E. Rosas-Vidal, Hector Bravo-Rivera, Kelvin Quiñones-Laracuente, and Fabricio H. Do-Monte. "Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate behavior." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 1357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00861.2014.

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Cortical glutamatergic projections are extensively studied in behavioral neuroscience, whereas cortical GABAergic projections to downstream structures have been overlooked. A recent study by Lee and colleagues (Lee AT, Vogt D, Rubenstein JL, Sohal VS. J Neurosci 34: 11519–11525, 2014) used optogenetic and electrophysiological techniques to characterize a behavioral role for long-projecting GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. In this Neuro Forum, we discuss the potential implications of this study in several learning and memory models.

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43

DeYoung, Charles A. "Aging Live White-Tailed Deer on Southern Ranges." Journal of Wildlife Management 53, no. 3 (July 1989): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809171.

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44

Artru, Marie-Christine, and Thierry Lanz. "Characteristic Absorption Features in the Spectra of Ap-Si Stars between 1250 and 1850 Å." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 90 (1986): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100091302.

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AbstractOn the basis of lUE data, the specific absorption features in the spectra of Ap-Si Stars are displayed in the 1250–1850 Å range and identified when possible. The contribution of the Si II multiplets is calculated in LTE for a typical overabundance × 102 of silicon. It accounts for only a small part of the observed absorption. Common unidentified structures, smaller than the 1400 Å depression are pointed out.

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45

de Koning, Carolyn, Soressa M. Kitessa, Reza Barekatain, and Kelly Drake. "Determination of range enrichment for improved hen welfare on commercial fixed-range free-range layer farms." Animal Production Science 59, no. 7 (2019): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17757.

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An observational study on range enrichment was conducted on three commercial fixed-range, free-range layer farms comprising four flocks in South Australia (flock sizes ranged from 3000 to 11700 hens). Two strategies were compared; a ‘standard’ Control treatment, typical of the type of range used in the commercial industry and a highly ‘enriched’ treatment. Both treatments were implemented on the same range with no subdivisional fences. The highly enriched side of the range incorporated shade shelters, alongside a continuum of additional enrichment structures (e.g. dust baths, peck objects and hay bales). Range treatments were investigated to determine the effects on motivating hens to use the range more effectively, and their potential to lead to a decrease in abnormal behaviours, such as injurious feather pecking and cannibalism. Additionally, two farms with high levels of tree coverage were also observed. Farms were visited monthly for 6 months. At each visit several measures were recorded live: the numbers of hens out on the range, location of hens on the range and plumage score of birds outdoors and indoors. Enrichment structure utilisation on the range was measured via video recordings and continuous counts of the number of hen visits to enrichment structures within 1 h. It was found that more hens used the ‘enriched’ side of the range, in comparison with the ‘standard’ Control range treatment (P ≤ 0.01). Overhead cover provided by constructed shelters and dust bathing pits were instrumental in enticing birds out onto the range (306 ± 27 s.e.m. and 366 ± 24 s.e.m., average number hen visits). Hay bales were also highly utilised (116 ± 14 s.e.m., average number hen visits), even though the hen numbers attracted to the hay bales were not as high as shelters and dust baths. It was also observed on one property that natural cover provided by trees attracted the greatest number of hens (1652 ± 358 s.e.m., average number of hen visits). Prevailing weather conditions and the age of the flock strongly influenced the number of hens utilising the range outdoors. Furthermore, hens outside on the range had better plumage scores with lower feather loss and decreased areas of bare skin compared with birds scored in the shed.

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46

Silfverberg, Hans. "Immigration and range expansion in Finnish insects." Entomologica Fennica 6, no. 2-3 (September 1, 1995): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83853.

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During the 20th century many insect species have expanded into Finland and established themselves as part of the fauna. Some species of Coleoptera seem to have been carried here originally by man, but nowadays live outdoors. Many other species seem to have reached Finland on their own, and colonized a minor or major part of the country. Most colonists have come from the south, only a few from the east or north-east. This article lists various kinds of newcomers to Finland.

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47

Alcázar-García, Désirée, and Luis Romeral Martínez. "Micromobility and smart cities: efficiency, energy consumption and range analysis for electric vehicles." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 7 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021052.

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Climate change and smart cities are topics where a large number of resources are being invested to avoid it and advance its development respectively. This paper presents a calculation procedure of the car efficiency, energy consumption and range whose efficiency has already been tested for hybrid vehicles (including plug-in) and fuel cell vehicles, as well as pure electric vehicles of category M1. This method has been adapted for quadricycles of category L6e and L7e in order to be able to use it to accelerate the design of this type of vehicles and contribute to its introduction in Smart Cities. The reliability of the system has been verified with commercially available vehicles and prototypes taking into account their technical specifications: electric motor (e.g., permanent magnet motor), technology of energy storage system (e.g., lithium-ion battery), weight and geometry of the car for all types of drive cycles. According to the literature review, there is currently no standardized operating system or hardware abstraction layer for such methodology/application in the automotive sector. This flexible method can be easily extended for different technologies of batteries and electric motors, different standard or customized drive cycles, etc. Besides, it has high reliability for vehicles of category L since in no case does the error reach 5 % and the average value is 2.5 % when real data from vehicle manufacturers and outcomes are compared. Thus, results show the consistency of the system.

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48

Hossain, Md Yeamin, Md Alomgir Hossen, Zannatul Mawa, Md Ataur Rahman, Md Rabiul Hasan, Md Akhtarul Islam, Dalia Khatun, et al. "Life‐history traits of three Ambassid fishes ( Chanda nama , Parambassis lala and Parambassis ranga ) from the Mathabhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh." Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use 26, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lre.12354.

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49

Ishii, Hiroaki, and Megan E. Wilson. "Crown structure of old-growth Douglas-fir in the western Cascade Range, Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-058.

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Crown structure of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) is characterized by low live-branch density, numerous dead branches and epicormic branches, high branch-size variability, and large gaps in the crown. These features define structural complexity of the crown and create variable crown microenvironments. For the 60 m tall, 400-year-old Douglas-fir trees measured in this study, number of live branches decreased and dead branches increased from the upper to lower crown. Dead branches were found below the lowest live branch indicating that crown recession had occurred. Live-branch biomass culminated at 45 m and decreased markedly below 35 m. Numerous vertical gaps between branches occurred below 40 m. Epicormic branches accounted for 14.647.5% of the total number of live branches per tree and contributed to increased crown depth. Epicormic branches filled inner regions of the crown, and contributed to increased branch-size variability. A model of crown structure developed for young trees could be fit to the upper crown of the study trees but could not be applied to the middle to lower crown because of increased branch-size variability. Relative levels of photosynthetically active radiation in the crown decreased with decreasing height, but a local peak occurred around 3540 m, coinciding with the height of marked decrease in live-branch biomass.

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50

Jackson, Ametrano. "The High Male Range." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 39, no. 1 (1987): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000265835.

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