Дисертації з теми "Lower income countries"
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Mumuni, Zakari. "Essays on macroeconomic policy and inflation in lower-income countries." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52432/.
Повний текст джерелаBurr, Peter William. "The financial costs of delivering rural water and sanitation services in lower-income countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9312.
Повний текст джерелаYu, Weiyu. "Spatial analysis and modelling of drinking water service in low and lower-middle income countries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422173/.
Повний текст джерелаPimenta, de Castro Fonseca Catarina. "The death of the communal handpump? : rural water and sanitation household costs in lower-income countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8512.
Повний текст джерелаLundmark, Albin, and Emma Roxström. "Urbanization and economic freedom - are they threats to air quality? : Evidence from a panel study of low and lower-middle-income countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435088.
Повний текст джерелаAlzien, Salahadein Ahmed [Verfasser], Rafig [Akademischer Betreuer] Azzam, and Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Weiß. "Rehabilitation of sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon by using sustainable remediation approach in lower and middle-income countries : Libya as a case study / Salahadein Ahmed Alzien ; Rafig Azzam, Holger Weiß." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1189672022/34.
Повний текст джерелаViglietti, Paola. "Maternal alcohol consumption and socio-demographic determinants of neurocognitive function of school children in the rural Western Cape." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33095.
Повний текст джерелаWest, Florence. "Strengthening midwifery educator capacity in low and lower-middle income countries." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/90294.
Повний текст джерела[Background] Midwifery educators play a critical role in strengthening the midwifery workforce in low and lower-middle income countries (LMIC) to ensure that women receive quality midwifery care. The most effective approach to building midwifery educator capacity is not always clear. Partnering international and national midwifery educators in education institutions is one strategy to improve the quality of midwifery teaching and learning. [Aim] The aim of this study was to explore how midwifery educator capacity in learning and teaching in LMIC can be strengthened and improved. This research was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 aimed to determine whether one approach – the Papua New Guinea Maternal and Child Health Initiative – contributed to capacity building that was designed to improve midwifery teaching and learning. Phase 2 explored how capacity building using international partnerships is conducted in other LMICs. [Methods] This study used a sequential exploratory mixed method design. During Phase 1, an exploratory qualitative case study design was used. Data were collected from 26 semi-structured interviews conducted with both national and international midwifery educators. A thematic analysis was undertaken. In Phase 2, a descriptive quantitative design was used with data collected from a survey of 18 international and nine national midwifery educators working in 13 different LMICs. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were undertaken. [Findings] In Phase 1, seven themes were identified. The first three provided insights into enabling factors: knowing your own capabilities, being able to build relationships and being motivated to improve the health status of women. The next four themes explored constraining factors: having a mutual understanding of the capacity building project, preparing stakeholders for working together, knowing how to adapt to a different culture, and needing an environment which supports improved midwifery education. Phase 2 confirmed that midwifery educators working in other LMICs experience similar enabling and constraining factors. An individual’s knowledge, skills and attitude influenced the quality of the international partnership. Social norms, institutional support and context also shaped the capacity of midwifery educators to improve teaching and learning. [Discussion and Implications] Individual, partnership and environmental factors influenced midwifery educators to improve teaching and learning in LMIC. Monitoring and evaluation of individual performance, using national and international guidelines may help to provide feedback and build educator confidence. Specific individual preparation for the capacity building partnership would help to ensure that all stakeholders have a mutual understanding, are culturally competent and maintain relevance to the context. Strengthening institutional leadership and infrastructure to provide a supportive working environment would also enable educators to access contemporary teaching resources and research evidence. Supporting the government and community to identify and value the role of the midwife and the development of a well-functioning midwifery regulatory body in LMIC are other enabling factors that need to be addressed. Further research is needed to assess if addressing the individual, partnership and environmental factors identified in this study results in improved midwifery teaching in LMIC.
Shang-HaoWang and 王上豪. "Debt Ceiling Research: A Study of Lower-middle and Higher-middle Income Countries." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t27a7w.
Повний текст джерела國立成功大學
經濟學系
106
Based on lower-middle-income and the higher-middle-income countries’ experiences over the period from 2000 to 2015, this paper analyzes the relationship between government external debt and economic growth by using the methods of system-GMM and the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model (PTSR). The system-GMM estimation results indicate that the threshold values of the ratio of the government external debt to GDP in the lower-middle-income countries are 34.27% and 77.02%, while those in the higher-middle-income countries are 31.17% and 75.43%. When the ratio is less than the first threshold value or greater than the second threshold value, increases in government external debt result in negative impact on economic growth. When the ratio lies between the first and second threshold values, increases in government external debt result in positive impact on economic growth. The PSTR estimation results indicate that raising government external debt has negative impact on economic growth for both lower-middle-income and higher-middle-income countries. The ratio of government consumption to GDP negatively affects economic growth; the ratio of openness as well as military expenditure to GDP positively affect economic growth in the lower-middle-income countries. The ratio of government consumption to GDP and enrollment rate of secondary schools negatively affect economic growth; the ratios of tax income to GDP as well as national health expenditure to GDP positively affect economic growth in the higher-middle-income countries.
Magpili, Luna Mylene. "An impact-based method for the capacity planning of sanitation services in lower income countries /." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097266.
Повний текст джерелаAkter, Tasnima. "Neonatal mortality in low and lower-middle income countries : which areas require further attention? Evidence from Bangladesh." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/127918.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: The global neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is still high, estimated at 19 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2015, which accounts for 45 percent of under-five deaths. Neonatal deaths are projected to increase to 52 percent of under-five deaths in 2030, with most deaths occurring in low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). This research aimed to examine the key factors that affect the neonatal mortality in LMICs, with a focus on Bangladesh. Methods: This study comprised a systematic review and statistical analyses. The systematic review, using a narrative synthesis methodology, first examined the impact of workforce interventions on neonatal outcomes in LMICs. Statistical analyses of the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data (n=17,842) investigated the key components of health care services, including facility-based delivery, skilled birth attendants (SBAs), essential newborn care (ENC), antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC). In addition, statistical analyses of DHS data from Nepal (n=12,674) and Pakistan (n=13,558) were undertaken to compare the impact of facility-based delivery and/or SBAs in reducing NMR in those countries. A separate statistical analysis of the 2014 Bangladesh DHS data (n=17,863) investigated the changes over time in newborn health care practices, from 2011 to 2014. Statistical analyses used in this research included chi-square tests, multiple logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: The systematic review found that competency assessment, the acquisition of appropriate skills and supervisory guidelines can improve health professional performance. An empirical investigation of Bangladesh DHS data revealed an improvement in health care practices over time for all socio-demographic groups in the country. A detailed investigation suggested that neonatal mortality significantly decreased for newborns whose mothers received ANC services (HR=0.52; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.96). The ENC practice of delayed bathing significantly contributed to reducing neonatal mortality in Bangladesh (OR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.68). However, other ENC practices including PNC and skilled assistance during delivery were not found to be significantly associated with neonate deaths. Furthermore, neonatal mortality was significantly higher for facility deliveries compared to home deliveries in Bangladesh (OR=2.43; 95% CI: 1.09, 5.41). Nepal and Pakistan DHS data also failed to confirm any significant effect of facility delivery and/or SBAs on neonatal mortality. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the impact of different components of health care practices on neonatal mortality in Bangladesh at a national level and provides important recommendations for saving newborn lives. First, guidelines related to the fabric used for the immediate drying and wrapping of newborns are required to improve hygiene at a baby’s birth. Second, increased emphasis on parental education is required to improve the uptake of ENC services. Third, investment in promoting ANC is important to accelerate the reduction of neonatal deaths. Fourth, revisiting current health intervention programs related to PNC in Bangladesh are essential to better understand the impact of PNC on neonatal mortality. Finally, standardized workforce training and staff supervision are required to improve the performance of health providers. Nevertheless, more research is required to better understand neonatal mortality in LMICs, particularly the reasons why the risk of neonatal deaths increases for deliveries at health facilities and why some ENC practices do not have any impact on neonatal mortality.
Oliveira, Andreia Magalhães. "The utility of surgery lists in promoting the access to surgical care in low and lower middle income countries." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128675.
Повний текст джерелаBackground Surgically treatable conditions contribute with 28-32% of DALY's, exceeding the burden of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. However, the misconception over the cost-effectiveness of necessary surgeries leads to low investment in improving access to surgical care in Low and Lower Middle-Income Countries (LIC & LMIC). So far, there is no World Health Organization (WHO) official list of essential surgeries. Methodology We conducted systematic literature research of the lists of essential surgery applicable to LICs & LMICs. We compared the lists gathered and categorized the procedures listed. Results A total of 100 procedures were gathered, spread over eleven medical domains. The most mentioned procedures were general surgery and trauma-related, followed by obstetrics and gynaecology. Conclusions There are, however, existing lists created by different panels of experts. There is a need for an essential surgery list that will guide the provision of surgical care. Such lists should have direr input from member countries to ensure that they are appropriately adapted to the local needs of the country. Various challenges have been reported regarding data collection and barriers in access to surgery that greatly influence the concept of essential surgical care. The concept of essential surgery should lay the foundation for roadmaps leading to the adequate delivery of surgery at a national and local level, integrating data collection and the understanding of the barriers to access.
Oliveira, Andreia Magalhães. "The utility of surgery lists in promoting the access to surgical care in low and lower middle income countries." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128675.
Повний текст джерелаBackground Surgically treatable conditions contribute with 28-32% of DALY's, exceeding the burden of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. However, the misconception over the cost-effectiveness of necessary surgeries leads to low investment in improving access to surgical care in Low and Lower Middle-Income Countries (LIC & LMIC). So far, there is no World Health Organization (WHO) official list of essential surgeries. Methodology We conducted systematic literature research of the lists of essential surgery applicable to LICs & LMICs. We compared the lists gathered and categorized the procedures listed. Results A total of 100 procedures were gathered, spread over eleven medical domains. The most mentioned procedures were general surgery and trauma-related, followed by obstetrics and gynaecology. Conclusions There are, however, existing lists created by different panels of experts. There is a need for an essential surgery list that will guide the provision of surgical care. Such lists should have direr input from member countries to ensure that they are appropriately adapted to the local needs of the country. Various challenges have been reported regarding data collection and barriers in access to surgery that greatly influence the concept of essential surgical care. The concept of essential surgery should lay the foundation for roadmaps leading to the adequate delivery of surgery at a national and local level, integrating data collection and the understanding of the barriers to access.
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman. "Effects of unintended pregnancy on maternal healthcare services use in Bangladesh." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1423635.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: Around 112 million unintended pregnancies occur each year in low- and middle income countries, representing around 39% of the total pregnancies and 92% of total unintended pregnancies (250 million) that occur worldwide. In Bangladesh, around 48% of total pregnancies are unintended at conception, and a significant percentage of these occur among women with previous experience of unintended pregnancy. Around 51% of these end with induced abortion (which is mostly unsafe), and the remaining 49% end with live births, which contributes around 26% of the total live births in Bangladesh. Pregnancy complications,birth injury, and maternal and neonatal mortality are higher among women experiencing unintended pregnancies and are even higher among women with previous experience of unintended pregnancy. Increased attention to the impact of unintended pregnancy is therefore needed to improve maternal and child health, which are vital targets in the Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. Maternal healthcare services use, including antenatal healthcare, delivery healthcare, and postnatal healthcare, could reduce the occurrence of unintended pregnancy and its associated complications and deaths. Post-partum contraception use could prevent the occurrence of repeated unintended pregnancy. However, disagreement about the association of unintended pregnancy with maternal healthcare services and post-partum contraception use is common in low- and middle-income countries, and there is sparse research on this topic for Bangladesh. Objectives: The broad aim of this thesis was to investigate the association between unintended pregnancy and maternal healthcare services use. The specific aims were: i) appraise current evidence of the association between unintended pregnancy and antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services use in low- and lower-middle-income countries; ii) determine the association between unintended pregnancy and antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services use, as well as the continuity of using these services in Bangladesh; and iii) determine the association between unintended pregnancy and post-partum contraception use in Bangladesh. Design: This thesis comprises a systematic review and cross-sectional analyses of the nationally-representative 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Participants: Participants in all cross-sectional studies were 4,493 women who reported a live birth within three years prior to the date of the survey and responded to the questions related to maternal healthcare services use. Methods: The multiple objectives of this thesis were addressed through a range of methodological approaches, reported across six papers. In the first paper, a systematic review and meta-analysis were used to collect and appraise existing evidence of the association between unintended pregnancy and antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services use in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Multilevel modelling was used in the remaining five papers to determine the association of unintended pregnancy with antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services use, continuity of using antenatal, delivery, postnatal healthcare services, and post-partum contraception uptake. Results: The systematic review identified 38 studies in low- and lower-middle-income countries related to unintended pregnancy and antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services use. Their pooled odds showed 25-39% lower use of antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services following an unwanted pregnancy compared to a wanted pregnancy. Follow-up quantitative papers provided insight into this association for Bangladesh, with this study reporting that around 26% of total pregnancies (of which 15% were mistimed and 11% were unwanted) that ended with a live birth were unintended at conception. At least one antenatal healthcare consultation was reported among 64% of Bangladeshi women, 34% of whom reported at least four antenatal healthcare consultations. Only 41% of women reported having a skilled birth attendant present at their last birth, and 38% reported delivery in a healthcare facility. Around one quarter (27%) of women reported postnatal healthcare service use. Only 12% of all women reported using antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services. Unintended pregnancy was found to be associated with a decreased likelihood of using each of these services. A 27% (95% Credible Interval, 0.66-0.81) and 31% (95% Credible Interval, 0.64-0.75) lower likelihood of at least four antenatal healthcare consultations were found among women who had a mistimed or unwanted pregnancy, respectively, compared to a wanted pregnancy. This association was stronger for unwanted pregnancy than wanted pregnancy for the presence of a skilled birth attendant during delivery (OR, 0.70, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 0.52-0.93), delivering in a healthcare facility with skilled providers (OR, 0.65, 95% CI, 0.48-0.89), and postnatal healthcare services use (OR, 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34-0.98). Further, the odds of using at least two of the recommended antenatal, delivery,and postnatal healthcare services, as well as using all of these services, were 39% (95% CI, 0.47-0.78) and 62% (95% CI, 0.23-0.64) lower for an unwanted pregnancy than a wanted pregnancy, respectively. Mistimed pregnancy (rather than a wanted pregnancy) was not associated with either delivery healthcare services use or postnatal healthcare services use, although mistimed pregnancy was found to be negatively associated with continuity of using recommended antenatal, delivery, and postnatal healthcare services (OR, 0.69, 95% CI, 0.47-0.78). In addition, relative to a wanted pregnancy, 62% (95% CI, 1.28-2.05) higher odds of modern contraception use was found among women with a mistimed pregnancy, whereas no association was found between unwanted pregnancy and post-partum uptake of modern contraception. Conclusion: This study confirms that more than one-quarter of women who reported unintended pregnancy at conception in Bangladesh (and who did not terminate their pregnancies) are at high risk of not using maternal healthcare services. This indicates that the current provision of health coverage does not necessarily translate into actual uptake, challenging Bangladesh's ability to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals targets for reducing preventable maternal and under-five mortality. Earlier detection of women's pregnancy intention and initiatives to include women in the mainstream of maternal healthcare services are important to ensure maternal healthcare services are available to and accessible by women having an unintended pregnancy in Bangladesh.
Onanuga, Olaronke Toyin. "The impact of economic and financial development on carbon emissions : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23220.
Повний текст джерелаEconomics
D. Phil. (Economics)