Статті в журналах: "Lower control arm"

1

Kim, Gi-Hoon, and Woo-Jong Kang. "Residual Stress of the Lower Control Arm Subjected to Cyclic Loading." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 30, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2006.30.5.602.

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2

Long, P., W. Khalil, and S. Caro. "Control of a Lower Mobility Dual Arm System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 22 (2012): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120905-3-hr-2030.00120.

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3

Messana, Alessandro, Alessandro Ferraris, Andrea G. Airale, Alessandro Fasana, and Massimiliana Carello. "Enhancing Vibration Reduction on Lightweight Lower Control Arm." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891831.

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This paper describes the design procedure to enhance the damping properties of a multimaterial lightweight suspension arm for a C-segment vehicle. An innovative viscoelastic material has been used to join carbon fiber with steel that has a function of passive constrained layer damper and adhesive simultaneously. Therefore, the hybrid technology applied has been focused on reducing the LCA mass, diminishing the steel thickness, and adding a CFRP tailored cover without compromising the global mechanical performance. Particular attention has been paid to the investigation of the dynamic response in terms of vibration reduction, especially in the range of structure-borne frequencies of 0–600 Hz. Two different viscoelastic materials have been evaluated in such a way to compare their stiffness, damping, and dynamic properties. The experimental test results have been virtually correlated with a commercial FEM code to create the respective material card and predict the real behavior of the LCAs (original and hybrid). The experimental modal analysis has been performed and compared on both the arms highlighting a very good correlation between virtual and experimental results. In particular, the hybrid LCA allows an interesting improvement of damping ratio, about 3,5 times higher for each eigenmode than in the original solution.

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4

Kawahara, Kihiro, Duk Shin, and Yuta Ogai. "Design of a Movable Tensegrity Arm with Springs Modeling an Upper and Lower Arm." Actuators 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12010018.

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Tensegrity is a structure consisting of rigid bodies and internal tensile members, with no contact between the rigid bodies. The model of an arm with a tensegrity structure is not movable as it is, but we believe that it can be made movable and flexible by incorporating springs. We developed an arm that incorporates springs in the arm’s tensile members by extending the model of an arm with a tensegrity structure. Then, as an evaluation of the developed arm, we measured the ranges of motions and the forces required for that motion. We also developed a mechanism that allows the arm to bend and extend. We believe that this method of making the tensegrity arm controllable by incorporating springs will be useful in the development of flexible robotic arms for caregiving using robots and other applications.

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5

Yoo, SangHyuk, Jaehyeok Doh, Juhee Lim, Ohsung Kang, Jongsoo Lee, and Keonwook Kang. "Topologically optimized shape of CFRP front lower control ARM." International Journal of Automotive Technology 18, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0062-0.

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6

Demli, Uğur Özhan, and Erdem Acar. "Design optimization of armored wheeled vehicle suspension lower control arm." Materials Testing 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 932–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2154.

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Abstract In this study, design optimization of the lower control arm, one of the main parts of double wishbone system widely used in the armored wheeled vehicles, is performed. The crucial factor in design is to keep the vehicle weight at a minimum especially for the amphibious vehicles that can operate in both the land and water. In this study, after the validation of the finite element (FE) analysis of suspension lower control arm with on-vehicle tests, weight optimization study is performed by using surrogate models. In FE model validation, strain values are collected with strain-gauge from the lower control arm of the 8 × 8 wheeled vehicle and the similar boundary conditions are applied to the FE model. A surrogate based approach is used in optimization. The training points for surrogate models are generated by using central composite design. Genetic aggregation surrogate modelling technique available in ANSYS Workbench. It is found that the weight of the control arm can be reduced from 25.2 to 21.8 kg, indicating a weight reduction of 13.3%. This leads to approximately 27 kg weight reduction in total for 8 × 8 vehicle. Finally, the performance of the optimized design is evaluated under two off-design quasi-static load scenarios (pothole strike and pavement crushing) that may be exposed on the suspension while the vehicle is in motion and preferred by vehicle manufacturers. It is observed that obtained stress values are below the yield strength of the material, and the off design performance of the control arm is verified with the safety factor of 1.46 for pothole strike scenario, and 1.08 for pavement crushing.

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7

Zhao, Li Hui, Han Gu, and Qing Quan Hong. "Shape Optimization of Lower Control Arm under Typical Road Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1996.

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Structure optimization of lower control arm was performed under three proving ground road conditions to find the best drawbead distribution. First, multi-body dynamics analysis was carried on to determine the deficiency of the lower control arm. Then shape optimization was applied based on the widely used optimization method under static loads by converting dynamic load of the three roads to equivalent static loads. Results of the new design show that the strength and stiffness were increased by 24.3% and 42.9% respectively.

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8

Nam, Seung Hyun, Hyun Woo Kim, Soon Chan Kwon, Seong Kook Park, In Hee Park, and Yeong Chun Lee. "Design of Hybrid Lower Control Arm using Finite Element Analysis." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2020.44.1.049.

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9

Wang, Kai, De Sheng Yang, and Da Wei Ma. "Multi-Objective Structure Optimization Design of a Car Lower Control Arm." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.420.

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A multi-objective structure optimization design of a car lower control arm was operated in order to improve both compliance and eigenfrequencies effectively. Based on SIMP (solid isotropic material penalization) method, compromise programming method was adopted to define multi-objective topology optimization. The topological structure of lower control arm was obtained through the optimization, and further, the new structure design. Results verified by FEA show that the new design can simultaneously satisfy the compliance and eigenfrequencies objective, and can meet yield stress requirements.

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10

Jang, Jaeik, Juhee Lim, and Jongsoo Lee. "Durability Assessment of CFRP Lower Control Arm Using Stress-Life Method." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 41, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 1131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2017.41.11.1131.

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11

Patil, Mr Mayur D. "Static Structural Analysis and Vibration Optimization of Automotive Lower Control Arm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.11041.

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12

Sreekanth, K. "Design and Parametric Weight Optimization of Four Wheeler Lower Control Arm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 3828–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4644.

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13

Kim, Youngsuk, Seunghan Yang, Hyunsung Sohn, Junyoung Park, and Seogou Choi. "Finite element analysis to optimize forming conditions for lower control arm." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37, no. 8 (August 2006): 2539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02586226.

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14

Hafizi Abdul Rahman, Mohd, Mohd Shukor Salleh, Mohd Suffian Ab. Razak, Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamad Kamal, Zolkarnain Marjom, Liza Anuar, and Nur Adzly Mohamad Saad. "Design and Optimization of Front Lower Control Arm (FLCA) for C-Segment Passenger Car." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16625.

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In this paper, the design optimization and fabrication process of aluminium cast for front lower control arm (FLCA) were investigated. In this work, the new design concept of front lower control arm is employed. CATIA software was employed in this work to design the concept of the lower control arm. After that, Hyperworks software is used to analyze the structural strength and optimized the weight of the part. The target of the new design is 20% reduction of the overall weight of the front lower control arm which fabricated using steel material. The obtained results show a significant reduction of the overall weight as high as 25% with a fatigue life cycle 396,000 cycles. This finding proved that the new design of front lower arm has fulfilled the criteria of fatigue life cycle and suitable to be used in a C-segment passenger car.

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15

Jang, Junyong, Jongho Na, Woochul Lim, Sanghyun Park, Sungsik Choi, Jungho Kim, Yongsuk Kim, and Tae Hee Lee. "Reliability-based Design Optimization for Lower Control Arm using Limited Discrete Information." Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2014.22.2.100.

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16

Lim, Juhee, Jaehyeok Doh, SangHyuk Yoo, Ohsung Kang, Keonwook Kang, and Jongsoo Lee. "Sizing Optimization of CFRP Lower Control Arm Considering Strength and Stiffness Conditions." Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7315/cde.2016.389.

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17

Bondi, Moshe, Gabi Zeilig, Ayala Bloch, Alfonso Fasano, and Meir Plotnik. "Split-arm swinging: the effect of arm swinging manipulation on interlimb coordination during walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 1021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00130.2017.

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Control mechanisms for four-limb coordination in human locomotion are not fully known. To study the influence of arm swinging (AS) on bilateral coordination of the lower limbs during walking, we introduced a split-AS paradigm in young, healthy adults. AS manipulations caused deterioration in the anti-phased stepping pattern and impacted the AS amplitudes for the contralateral arm, suggesting that lower limb coordination is markedly influenced by the rhythmic AS during walking.

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18

Leow, Yoong Yang, and Chia Ai Ooi. "T-shaped hybrid alternate arm converter with arm energy balancing control for battery energy storage systems." Journal of Electrical Engineering 72, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2021-0056.

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Abstract Multilevel voltage source converters (VSCs), such as modular multilevel converter (MMC), cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) and alternate arm converter (AAC), are competent topologies for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) due to modularity, scalability and low harmonic distortion. However, there is a lack of studies about interfacing AAC with a BESS due to the arm energy balancing issue. Redundant sub-modules (SMs) are inserted passively into MMC, CHB and AAC to achieve high reliability; consequently, some of them are constantly idling, resulting in low SM utilization. We propose a novel topology -T-shaped hybrid alternate arm converter (TSHAAC) for BESS applications. In addition to the aforementioned features, the proposed TSHAAC requires lower number of SMs than MMC and AAC, along with lower number of switches than CHB. Moreover, an adapted arm energy balancing control is proposed to take advantage of the redundant SMs that are idling to achieve faster balancing than in conventional AAC configuration. The simulation results validate the integration of TSHAAC configuration in a BESS; the adapted arm energy balancing control is able to improve the balancing duration by 27 %.

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19

Carroll, Timothy J., Evan R. L. Baldwin, David F. Collins, and E. Paul Zehr. "Corticospinal Excitability Is Lower During Rhythmic Arm Movement Than During Tonic Contraction." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 2 (February 2006): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00684.2005.

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Humans perform rhythmic, locomotor movements with the arms and legs every day. Studies using reflexes to probe the functional role of the CNS suggest that spinal circuits are an important part of the neural control system for rhythmic arm cycling and walking. Here, by studying motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, and H-reflexes induced by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, we show a reduction in corticospinal excitability during rhythmic arm movement compared with tonic, voluntary contraction. Responses were compared between arm cycling and tonic contraction at four positions, while participants generated similar levels of muscle activity. Both H-reflexes and MEPs were significantly smaller during arm cycling than during tonic contraction at the midpoint of arm flexion ( F = 13.51, P = 0.006; F = 11.83, P = 0.009). Subthreshold TMS significantly facilitated the FCR H-reflex during tonic contractions, but did not significantly modulate H-reflex amplitude during arm cycling. The data indicate a reduction in the responsiveness of cells constituting the fast, monosynaptic, corticospinal pathway during arm cycling and suggest that the motor cortex may contribute less to motor drive during rhythmic arm movement than during tonic, voluntary contraction. Our results are consistent with the idea that subcortical regions contribute to the control of rhythmic arm movements despite highly developed corticospinal projections to the human upper limb.

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20

Stagi, Silvia, Azzurra Doneddu, Gabriele Mulliri, Giovanna Ghiani, Valeria Succa, Antonio Crisafulli, and Elisabetta Marini. "Lower Percentage of Fat Mass among Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041232.

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The aim of the study was to analyze total and regional body composition in Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) middle-aged and elderly practitioners. A cross-sectional study on 139 Italian subjects was realized: 34 TCC practitioners (14 men, 20 women; 62.8 ± 7.4 years) and 105 sedentary volunteers (49 men, 56 women; 62.8 ± 6.4 years). Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, arm, waist, and calf circumferences), hand-grip strength, and physical capacity values were collected. Total and regional (arm, leg, and trunk) body composition was analyzed by means of specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (specific BIVA). TCC practitioners of both sexes were characterized by a normal nutritional status, normal levels of physical capacity, and normal values of hand-grip strength. Compared to controls, they showed lower percentages of fat mass (lower specific resistance) in the total body, the arm, and the trunk, and higher muscle mass (higher phase angle) in the trunk, but lower muscle mass in the arm. Sexual dimorphism was characterized by higher muscle mass (total body, arm, and trunk) and lower %FM (arm) in men; sex differences were less accentuated among TCC practitioners than in the control. TCC middle-aged and elderly practitioners appear to be less affected by the process of physiological aging and the associated fat mass changes, compared to sedentary people.

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21

Chen, Minjie, and Honghai Liu. "Robot arm control method using forearm EMG signals." MATEC Web of Conferences 309 (2020): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030904007.

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With the continuous improvement of control technology and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the needs of disabled people for high-quality prosthetics have become increasingly strong. A control method of robotic arm based on surface electromyography signal (sEMG) of forearm is proposed. Firstly, the 16-channel EMG data of the forearm is obtained via the multi-channel EMG acquisition instrument and the electrode cuff as input signals, the features are extracted, then the gestures are classified and identified by the support-vector machine (SVM) algorithm, and the signals are finally transmitted to the robotic arm, so that people can teleoperate the robotic arm via sEMG signals in real time. Reduce the number of channels to lower the cost while ensuring a high and usable recognition rate. Experiments were performed by collecting EMG signals from the forearm surface of eight healthy volunteers. The experimental results show that the system’s overall gesture recognition accuracy rate can reach up to 90%, and the system responds fast, laying a good foundation for manipulating artificial limbs in the future.

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22

Zou, Xihong, Yuting Zhou, Yuhang Zhou, Yukai Xiao, Dongmei Yuan, and Gang Xiang. "Research on fatigue life of all-terrain vehicle control arm based on measured load spectrum." Cobot 1 (August 22, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/cobot.17566.1.

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Background: All-terrain vehicles are mostly used in poor driving environments. A key part of the suspension mechanism of all-terrain vehicles, the lower control arm, bears various loads when the vehicle is driving. This component is prone to be fatigue and failure, which affects the performance of the entire vehicle. Therefore, in order to improve the performance of all-terrain vehicles, the fatigue life of the lower control arm was studied based on the measured force load spectrum. Methods: Firstly, the finite element model of the lower control arm is established, the free modal simulation analysis is carried out, and the experimental research is carried out by building a modal test system. Then combining the calculated modal and experimental modal results, the finite element model is verified. Next, through the road load spectrum acquisition test in the automobile proving ground, the force time history of the lower control arm is obtained, and the signal is processed and analyzed to verify the reliability of the force load signal. On this basis, the boundary constraints of the lower control arm are established based on the actual working conditions of the all-terrain vehicle, and the dynamics simulation analysis is carried out with the measured force as input. Finally, according to stress-strain signal in dynamic analysis results, combining the modified local stress-strain method and the Landgrave damage criterion, the fatigue life of the lower control arm is calculated. Results: The minimum fatigue cycle life of the lower control arm on the test roads is 3.56×105 km, and its fatigue life meets the design and use requirements. Conclusions: The result shows that based on the actual driving load spectrum, the actual driving fatigue life can be calculated and forecasted more accurately.

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23

Sookchanchai, K., S. Olarnrithinun, and V. Uthaisangsuk. "Lightweight design of an automotive lower control arm using topology optimization for forming process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1157, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1157/1/012083.

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24

ZHENG, Songlin. "Compilation of Automotive Lower Control Arm Spectrum Based on the Low-amplitude Training load." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 50, no. 16 (2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2014.16.147.

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25

Lin, Chih-Jer, Ting-Yi Sie, Wen-Lin Chu, Her-Terng Yau, and Chih-Hao Ding. "Tracking Control of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle-Activated Robot Arm Based on Sliding-Mode Control." Actuators 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10030066.

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This study discusses a circular trajectory tracking function through a proposed pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM)-actuated robot manipulator. First, a dynamic model between a robot arm and a PAM cylinder is introduced. Then the parameters thereof are identified through a genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, PID is used along with a high-order sliding-mode feedback controller to perform circular trajectory tracking. As the experimental results show, the parameters of sampling time and moment of inertia are set to accomplish the trajectory tracking task in this study. In addition, the maximum error between the objective locus and the following locus was 11.3035 mm when applying theta-axis control to the circular trajectory of the robot arm with zero load or lower load. In an experiment of controller comparison, the results demonstrate that a high-order sliding-mode feedback controller is more robust in resisting external interference and the uncertainty of modeling, making the robot arm have good performance when tracking.

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26

Marotta, J. J., W. P. Medendorp, and J. D. Crawford. "Kinematic Rules for Upper and Lower Arm Contributions to Grasp Orientation." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 6 (December 2003): 3816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00418.2003.

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the contribution of upper and lower arm torsion to grasp orientation during a reaching and grasping movement. In particular, we examined how the visuomotor system deals with the conflicting demands of coordinating upper and lower arm torsion and maintaining Donders' Law of the upper arm (a behavioral restriction of the axes of arm rotation to a two-dimensional “surface”). In experiment 1, subjects reached out and grasped a target block that was presented in one of 19 orientations (5° clockwise increments from horizontal to vertical) at one position in a vertical presentation board. In experiment 2, target blocks were presented in one of three orientations (horizontal, three-quarter, and vertical) at nine different positions in the presentation board. If reach and grasp commands control the proximal and distal arms separately, then one would only expect the lower arm to contribute to grasp orientations and that Donders' Law would hold for the upper arm—independent of grasp orientations. Instead, as the required grasp orientation increased from horizontal to vertical, there was a significant clockwise torsional rotation in the upper arm, which accounted for 9% of the final vertical grasp orientation, and the lower arm, which accounted for 42%. A linear relationship existed between the torsional rotations of the upper and lower arm, which indicates that the components of the arm rotate in coordination with one another. The location-dependent aspects of upper and lower arm torsion remained invariant, however, yielding consistently shaped Donders' “surfaces” (with different torsional offsets) for different grasp orientations. These observations suggest that the entire arm-hand system contributes to grasp orientation, and therefore, the reach/grasp distinction is not directly reflected in proximal-distal kinematics but is better reflected in the distinction between these coordinated orienting rules and the location-dependent kinematic rules for the upper arm that result in Donders' Law for one given grasp orientation.

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27

Uddin, Waqar, Tiago D. C. Busarello, Kamran Zeb, Muhammad Adil Khan, Anil Kumar Yedluri, and Hee-Je Kim. "Control Strategy Based on Arm-Level Control for Output and Circulating Current of MMC in Stationary Reference Frame." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144160.

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This paper proposed a control method for output and circulating currents of modular multilevel converter (MMC). The output and circulating current are controlled with the help of arm currents, which contain DC, fundamental frequency, and double frequency components. The arm current is transformed into a stationary reference frame (SRF) to isolate the DC and AC components. The AC component is controlled with a conventional proportional resonant (PR) controller, while the DC component is controlled by a proportional controller. The effective control of the upper arm and lower arm ultimately controls the output current so that it delivers the required power to the grid and circulating current in such a way that the second harmonic component is completely vanished leaving behind only the DC component. Comparative results of leg-level control based on PR controller are included in the paper to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. A three-phase, five-level MMC is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

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28

Yu, Jiawei, Songlin Zheng, Guoqing Liang, and Jinzhi Feng. "Development of a Program-Loading Spectrum for the Accelerated Durability Test of Lower Control Arm." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 44, no. 3 (February 10, 2015): 20140092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20140092.

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29

Ranjan, Vikesh Kumar, and Arun Patel. "REVIEW ON THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEM." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v5i4.199.

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In automobiles, a double wishbone suspension is an independent suspension design using two wishbone-shaped arms to support the wheel and the maximum load is transferred from upper wishbone arm to the lower arm which may cause failure and bending of lower wishbone arm. The developed lower control arm consists of three holes at one end, which are fixed to the wheel hub and other end is connected with chassis which is placed in between the steering link. In this study, topology optimization approach is presented to create a new design of a lower control arm.

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30

Karr, Jeffrey C. "External Thermoregulation of Wounds Associated with Lower-Extremity Osteomyelitis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-1-18.

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External thermoregulation using noncontact normothermic wound therapy accelerates wound closure by second intention in areas of existing osteomyelitis before surgical excision compared with standard wound care. This pilot study consisted of two arms. The control arm received standard wound care, which resulted in complete ulcer healing at an average of 127 days. The treatment arm received noncontact normothermic wound therapy, which resulted in complete ulcer healing at an average of 59 days, or 54% faster than in the control arm. This new treatment allows the physician to decrease the rate of limb loss and recurrent osteomyelitis by decreasing the morbidity of bone reinfection through the wound bed. There have been no published studies or case presentations addressing thermoregulation in the management of wounds associated with osteomyelitis. Although noncontact normothermic wound therapy is not a direct treatment for osteomyelitis, this new treatment option results in significantly accelerated healing of wounds associated with osteomyelitis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 18-22, 2003)

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31

Oyake, Kazuaki, Tomofumi Yamaguchi, Chihiro Oda, Daisuke Kudo, Kunitsugu Kondo, Yohei Otaka, and Kimito Momose. "Unilateral Arm Crank Exercise Test for Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals with Hemiparetic Stroke." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6862041.

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Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment with leg cycle exercise testing may be influenced by motor impairments in the paretic lower extremity. Hence, this study examined the usefulness of a unilateral arm crank exercise test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with stroke, including sixteen individuals with hemiparetic stroke (mean ± SD age, 56.4±7.5 years) and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants performed the unilateral arm crank and leg cycle exercise tests to measure oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and heart rate at peak exercise. The V˙O2 at peak exercise during the unilateral arm crank exercise test was significantly lower in the stroke group than in the control group (p<0.001). In the stroke group, the heart rate at peak exercise during the unilateral arm crank exercise test did not significantly correlate with the Brunnstrom recovery stages of the lower extremity (p=0.137), whereas there was a significant correlation during the leg cycle exercise test (rho = 0.775, p<0.001). The unilateral arm crank exercise test can detect the deterioration of cardiorespiratory fitness independently of lower extremity motor impairment severity in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. This study is registered with UMIN000014733.

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32

Akhtaruzzaman, M., Amir A. Shafie, Md Raisuddin Khan, and Md Mozasser Rahman. "Modeling and Control Simulation of a Robotic Chair-Arm: Protection against COVID-19 in Rehabilitation Exercise." MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8 (December 16, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.08(02)2020.214(31-40).

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In the field of rehabilitation, lower-limbs therapeutic exercise has become a challenging job for medical professionals in COVID-19 pandemic. Providing manual therapy to lower limbs is not an easy task and, in most cases, it involves multiple persons. Moreover, it is a monotonous job, and the service providers need to be in close contact with the patient thereby creating the risk of infection. In this circumstance, robot-assisted rehabilitation exercise for lower limbs offers a risk-free solution. This paper presents dynamic modeling and control simulation of One Degree of Freedom robotic chair-arm (robotic arm attached with a special chair). The control structure is designed with two compensators for position and velocity control. The simulation results show that the proposed system has a good potential in providing automatic rehabilitation therapy for lower limbs, especially for knee joint range of motion exercise. The results also indicate faster responses with settling time less than 0.04 second and steady-state error below 0.05. The findings show that a robotic chair arm can be used for providing automatic therapy to patients in situations like COVID-19 pandemic.

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Suarez, Alejandro, Manuel Perez, Guillermo Heredia, and Anibal Ollero. "Cartesian Aerial Manipulator with Compliant Arm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031001.

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This paper presents an aerial manipulation robot consisting of a hexa-rotor equipped with a 2-DOF (degree of freedom) Cartesian base (XY–axes) that supports a 1-DOF compliant joint arm that integrates a gripper and an elastic linear force sensor. The proposed kinematic configuration improves the positioning accuracy of the end effector with respect to robotic arms with revolute joints, where each coordinate of the Cartesian position depends on all the joint angles. The Cartesian base reduces the inertia of the manipulator and the energy consumption since it does not need to lift its own weight. Consequently, the required torque is lower and, thus, the weight of the actuators. The linear and angular deflection sensors of the arm allow the estimation, monitoring and control of the interaction wrenches exerted in two axes (XZ) at the end effector. The kinematic and dynamic models are derived and compared with respect to a revolute-joint arm, proposing a force-position control scheme for the aerial robot. A battery counterweight mechanism is also incorporated in the X–axis linear guide to partially compensate for the motion of the manipulator. Experimental results indoors and outdoors show the performance of the robot, including object grasping and retrieval, contact force control, and force monitoring in grabbing situations.

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Suberbiola, Aaron, Ekaitz Zulueta, Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede, Ismael Etxeberria-Agiriano, and Manuel Graña. "Arm Orthosis/Prosthesis Movement Control Based on Surface EMG Signal Extraction." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 03 (April 8, 2015): 1550009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065715500094.

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This paper shows experimental results on electromyography (EMG)-based system control applied to motorized orthoses. Biceps and triceps EMG signals are captured through two biometrical sensors, which are then filtered and processed by an acquisition system. Finally an output/control signal is produced and sent to the actuators, which will then perform the actual movement, using algorithms based on autoregressive (AR) models and neural networks, among others. The research goal is to predict the desired movement of the lower arm through the analysis of EMG signals, so that the movement can be reproduced by an arm orthosis, powered by two linear actuators. In this experiment, best accuracy has achieved values up to 91%, using a fourth-order AR-model and 100ms block length.

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Tufail, Adnan, Philippe Margaron, Tadhg Guerin, and Michael Larsen. "Visual benefit versus visual gain: what is the effect of baseline covariants in the treatment arm relative to the control arm? A pooled analysis of ANCHOR and MARINA." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 5 (September 27, 2019): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313682.

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BackgroundThis study aimed to elucidate visual benefits of ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) compared with control arms and identify factors affecting response.MethodsThis is a post-hoc pooled analysis of two phase III studies, ANCHOR and MARINA, of ranibizumab for the treatment of nAMD. ANCHOR included 83 international sites. MARINA included 96 sites in the USA. Analysis included patients (control, n=323; ranibizumab, n=332) with nAMD and a baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of ≥35–<85 letters.ResultsPatients receiving ranibizumab achieved an adjusted mean BCVA superiority of 18.9 and 21.2 letters over 12 and 24 months, respectively, compared with control. Ranibizumab treatment, higher baseline BCVA, lower age and smaller lesion size were positively associated with the ability to achieve BCVA >69 letters. Patients with the highest baseline BCVA had lowest BCVA gains. Ranibizumab treatment, lower baseline BCVA, lower age and smaller lesion size were identified as significant predictors of BCVA gain from baseline at month 24 (all p<0.0001). However, the difference in mean BCVA gains at month 24 between treatment and control groups was similar for all baseline BCVA subgroups (≥35–<55 letters, 21.9 letters; ≥55–<70 letters, 25.2 letters; ≥70–<85 letters, 19.3 letters).ConclusionsHigher baseline BCVA is associated with lower BCVA gains but a greater likelihood of achieving good final BCVA >69 letters due to smaller gains needed to achieve response. Visual benefits, including maintenance of visual acuity (VA), final VA achieved and relative gain compared with natural disease progression, should be considered when assessing treatment response in nAMD.

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Kalaiarassan, G., and K. Krishnamurthy. "Digital hydraulic single-link trajectory tracking control through flow-based control." Measurement and Control 52, no. 7-8 (May 13, 2019): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019842889.

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Recent advancement in controllability of digital hydraulic is similar to the performance of a proportional/servo hydraulic system, and several studies show that digital hydraulic will be an alternative for proportional/servo hydraulic. In this paper, tip point tracking of a single-link arm is taken as the subject of the study. Here, the single-link arm is controlled by a digital hydraulic system, which is established with parallel-connected on/off valves. In order to attain stepwise flow control, the pulse code modulation technique is used. By referring to the previous work, the control signal for the trajectory tracking is calculated by taking account of cylinder chamber pressure and velocity. But in this study, the required volume flow rate for trajectory tracing is taken into account for generating control signal. This approach improves the performance of the digital hydraulic system at lower velocity tracking and also reduces the computational complexity. The analysis is conducted with the proposed algorithm for 4-bit and 5-bit digital flow control units and tip point response of single link is presented. The results show that the 5-bit system has significantly better performance than the 4-bit system. In addition, the analysis is conducted with different stroke lengths such as 200, 100 and 50 mm for studying the behaviour of the system at lower velocity tracking. Better controllability is achieved at lower velocity tracking, and the results obtained with the proposed algorithm have nearly 2% tracking error.

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Ren, Hui, Hua Bing Zhang, Cheng Lin Zheng, and Jie Nan. "Research of Multi-Channel Audio Data Acquisition System Based on FPGA and ARM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.22.

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This paper designed a multiple channel audio acquisition system based on FPGA and ARM. On the one hand, the system uses FPGA as the core, realize high speed logic control and the AD interface control unit. On the other hand, the ARM is responsible for the logic control and the realization of the HumanMachine Interaction, and to save the audio data to the SD card. The system has the advanced of low power consumption, real-time and high scalability. Therefore, we can implement the reliable and lower cost acquisition system of multi-channel audio signal.

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Anderson, Craig S., Mark Woodward, Hisatomi Arima, Xiaoying Chen, Richard I. Lindley, Xia Wang, John Chalmers, and Thompson G. Robinson. "Statistical analysis plan for evaluating different intensities of blood pressure control in the ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy." International Journal of Stroke 14, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493018806170.

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Background The ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE study (ENCHANTED) trial was initiated as a 2 × 2 partial-factorial active-comparison, prospective, randomized, open, blinded endpoint clinical trial to evaluate in thrombolysis-eligible acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients whether: (1) Arm A – low-dose (0.6 mg/kg body weight) intravenous (iv) alteplase has noninferior efficacy and lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) compared with standard-dose (0.9 mg/kg body weight) iv alteplase; and (2) Arm B – early intensive blood pressure (BP) lowering (systolic target 130–140 mmHg) has superior efficacy and lower risk of ICH compared with guideline-recommended BP control (systolic target <180 mmHg). Arm A was completed in 2016; Arm B is now concluding. Objective To outline in detail and make public the predetermined statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the ‘BP control’ arm of this study. Methods All data collected by participating researchers will be reviewed and formally assessed. Information pertaining to the baseline characteristics of patients, their process of care, and the delivery of treatments will be outlined, and for each item, statistically relevant descriptive elements will be described. For the trial outcomes, the most appropriate statistical comparisons to be made between groups are planned and described. Results A SAP was developed for the results of the BP control arm of this study that is transparent, available to the public, verifiable, and predetermined before completion of data collection. Conclusions We have developed a predetermined SAP for the ENCHANTED BP control arm to be followed to avoid analysis bias arising from prior knowledge of the study findings. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01422616); ISRCTN Register (ISRCTN82387104); Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12611000236998); EU Clinical Trials Register (2011-005545-12); and Clinical Trials Registry – India (REF/2017/05/014334).

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Rępalska, Marta, Adam Woźniak, and Marek Kulus. "Application of Coordinate Measuring Arm for Accurate Measurement of Child Growth." Measurement Science Review 18, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2018-0028.

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Abstract The article describes an approach to measure child growth using a coordinate measuring arm. For this purpose, a test set up has been built to measure the lower leg length directly on the knee surface and with the help of a plate. The use of the plate resulted in the distribution of pressure on the surface to be measured. Based on the results, the LLV (a lower leg growth velocity) was determined and studies were carried out to estimate the uncertainty of this factor. The obtained LLV results at 0.4 mm/week, correspond to the results of studies conducted on specialist test set-ups for knemometric measures described in the literature. The obtained results also allow recognizing periods of good health and bad health of the child.

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Heo, S. J., D. O. Kang, J. H. Lee, I. H. Kim, and S. M. H. Darwish. "Shape optimization of lower control arm considering multi-disciplinary constraint condition by using progress meta-model method." International Journal of Automotive Technology 14, no. 3 (May 30, 2013): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-013-0054-7.

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Zehr, E. Paul, Timothy J. Carroll, Romeo Chua, David F. Collins, Alain Frigon, Carlos Haridas, Sandra R. Hundza, and Aiko Kido Thompson. "Possible contributions of CPG activity to the control of rhythmic human arm movement." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 8-9 (July 1, 2004): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-056.

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There is extensive modulation of cutaneous and H-reflexes during rhythmic leg movement in humans. Mechanisms controlling reflex modulation (e.g., phase- and task-dependent modulation, and reflex reversal) during leg movements have been ascribed to the activity of spinal central pattern generating (CPG) networks and peripheral feedback. Our working hypothesis has been that neural mechanisms (i.e., CPGs) controlling rhythmic movement are conserved between the human lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Thus reflex modulation during rhythmic arm movement should be similar to that for rhythmic leg movement. This hypothesis has been tested by studying the regulation of reflexes in arm muscles during rhythmic arm cycling and treadmill walking. This paper reviews recent studies that have revealed that reflexes in arm muscles show modulation within the movement cycle (e.g., phase-dependency and reflex reversal) and between static and rhythmic motor tasks (e.g., task-dependency). It is concluded that reflexes are modulated similarly during rhythmic movement of the upper and lower limbs, suggesting similar motor control mechanisms. One notable exception to this pattern is a failure of contralateral arm movement to modulate reflex amplitude, which contrasts directly with observations from the leg. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that CPG activity contributes to the neural control of rhythmic arm movement.Key words: central pattern generator, locomotion, motor control, neural control.

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SCOTT, Adam C., L. Ceri DAVIES, Andrew J. S. COATS, and Massimo PIEPOLI. "Relationship of skeletal muscle metaboreceptors in the upper and lower limbs with the respiratory control in patients with heart failure." Clinical Science 102, no. 1 (December 3, 2001): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1020023.

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Increased activity of muscle metaboreceptors (afferents sensitive to muscle contraction that are responsible for the ventilatory responses to exercise) has been proposed in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) to constitute a missing link between muscle metabolic abnormalities and exercise overventilation. We looked at this reflex overactivation to determine if it is systemic or limited to a single muscle region in the same human subject. This was done by comparing the metaboreflex response of ventilatory control in the lower and upper limbs in CHF patients and healthy controls. Groups of 15 stable CHF patients (63.7±2.7 years) and eight control subjects (69.8±1.8 years) performed both leg and arm metaboreflex tests. These metaboreflex tests involved two 5min episodes of bicycle or handgrip exercise: on one occasion after the exercise the subjects recovered normally, while on the other occasion tourniquet cuffs were inflated around the exercising limb to supra-systolic pressure at the onset of recovery to obtain a regional circulatory occlusion, which isolates and maintains the stimulation of the metaboreflex after exercise. The contribution of the metaboreflex to exercise ventilation was computed as the absolute increment of peak ventilation that was maintained by regional circulatory occlusion. The metaboreceptor contribution to the ventilatory response to both leg exercise (patients, 5.3±1.6litres/min; controls, 0.2±0.7litres/min) and arm exercise (patients, 3.7±1.0litres/min; controls, 0.02±0.4litres/min) was significantly higher in CHF patients (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was present between metaboreflex responses to arm and leg exercises (r = 0.4, P < 0.05). Metaboreflex responses during both types of exercise were inversely correlated with peak oxygen uptake (leg, r =-0.43, P < 0.05; arm, r =-0.633, P = 0.0009), but only the reflex during arm exercise was correlated with the E (ventilation)/co2 (CO2 production) slope (r = 0.576, P < 0.005). Thus the metaboreflex system is systemically overactive and may potentially contribute to exercise intolerance during both lower- and upper-limb efforts in CHF. This suggests a unique mechanism responsible for overactivation of this system in the skeletal muscle of heart failure patients.

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Zhang, Qi, Zong Wu Xie, Yi Wei Liu, Zhi Qi Li, and Hong Liu. "High Dynamic Humanoid Robot Arm for Ping-Pong Playing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 1081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.1081.

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In this paper, a high dynamic humanoid manipulator with DSP/FPGA-FPGAs hardware structure is designed to meet the demand of high-speed response required by playing ping-pong game. The manipulator integrates several sensors in each joint unit, and the controller is divided into two levels. The upper level mainly solves the kinematics and trajectory planning in DSP, while the lower level realizes the joint control such as vector control and sensors data processing in FPGA. The two levels communicate with each other by multipoint low-voltage differential signaling (M-LVDS) serial data bus every 200μs. Experiments of the manipulator hitting the ping-pang are done to demonstrate the design of this arm. The results show that the arm can reach the speed of 2.2m/s, and it creates a record of 22 continuous hits of the ball with a human rival.

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Lamers, Ilse, Lore Kerkhofs, Joke Raats, Daphne Kos, Bart Van Wijmeersch, and Peter Feys. "Perceived and actual arm performance in multiple sclerosis: relationship with clinical tests according to hand dominance." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, no. 10 (February 13, 2013): 1341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513475832.

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Background: The real-life relevance of frequently applied clinical arm tests is not well known in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: This study aimed to determine the relation between real-life arm performance and clinical tests in MS. Methods: Thirty wheelchair-bound MS patients and 30 healthy controls were included. Actual and perceived real-life arm performance was measured by using accelerometry and a self-reported measure (Motor Activity Log). Clinical tests on ‘body functions & structures’ (JAMAR handgrip strength, Motricity Index (MI), Fugl Meyer (FM)) and ‘activity’ level (Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), Action Research Arm test) of the International Classification of Functioning were conducted. Statistical analyses were performed separately for current dominant and non-dominant arm. Results: For all outcome measures, MS patients scored with both arms significantly lower than the control group. Higher correlations between actual arm performance and clinical tests were found for the non-dominant arm (0.63–0.80). The FM (55%) was a good predictor of actual arm performance, while the MI (46%) and NHPT (55%) were good predictors of perceived arm performance. Conclusions: Real-life arm performance is decreased in wheelchair-bound MS patients and can be best predicted by measures on ‘body functions & structures’ level and fine motor control. Hand dominance influenced the magnitude of relationships.

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Aramendia, Iñigo, Ekaitz Zulueta, Daniel Teso-Fz-Betoño, Aitor Saenz-Aguirre, and Unai Fernandez-Gamiz. "Modeling of Motorized Orthosis Control." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122453.

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Orthotic devices are defined as externally applied devices that are used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuro-muscular and skeletal systems. The aim of the current study is to improve the control and movement of a robotic arm orthosis by means of an intelligent optimization system. Firstly, the control problem settlement is defined with the muscle, brain, and arm model. Subsequently, the optimization control, which based on a differential evolution algorithm, is developed to calculate the optimum gain values. Additionally, a cost function is defined in order to control and minimize the effort that is made by the subject and to assure that the algorithm follows as close as possible the defined setpoint value. The results show that, with the optimization algorithm, the necessary development force of the muscles is close to zero and the neural excitation level of biceps and triceps signal values are getting lower with a gain increase. Furthermore, the necessary development force of the biceps muscle to overcome a load added to the orthosis control system is practically the half of the one that is necessary without the optimization algorithm.

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Liu, Zhen Dong, Yan Ting Zhang, Lu Meng Huang, Kang Wang, and Ming Bin Shi. "Rocker Arm Force Analysis of Crown-Block Heave Compensation System Based on ADAMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 872 (October 2017): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.266.

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This paper compares three common installation ways of swing arm and carries out simulation analysis by using Adams software. The research results show that when using intercrossed enwinding wirerope, the swing arm will bear alternating load and the load variation range is huge, load G’ will change obviously and bring great impact on system control precision. When using along enwinding wirerope, the swing arm’s load is slightly bigger than wirerope tension and the load variation range is very small, load G’ will be static and it’s easy to get high control precision. By reducing the length of lower swing arm, increasing the length of upper swing arm and the offset distance, its working condition can be improved when using intercrossed enwinding wirerope.

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Zhao, Liang, and Zhen-Dong Hu. "Active Vibration Control of an Axially Translating Robot Arm with Rotating-Prismatic Joint Using Self-Sensing Actuator." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/964139.

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Active vibration control of an axially translating robot arm with rotating-prismatic joint using self-sensing actuator is investigated. The equations of the system are derived by Lagrange’s equation with the assumed mode method. The displacement and velocity control law is used to configure the self-sensing actuator, which provides the active damping and stiffness effect to the structure. The numerical simulations reveal that the tip deflection of the arm can be effectively reduced by the self-sensing actuator. The amplitude of sensor voltage is inversely proportional to the length of axially translating arm. And higher feedback control gain results in lower sensor voltages and vibration amplitudes.

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Goodman, Jack M., Michael R. Freeman, and Leonard S. Goodman. "Left ventricular function during arm exercise: influence of leg cycling and lower body positive pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 3 (March 2007): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2006.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling and systolic performance during graded arm exercise and to examine the effects of lower body positive pressure (LBPP) or concomitant leg exercise as means to enhance LV preload in aerobically trained individuals. Subjects were eight men with a mean age (±SE) of 26.8 ± 1.2 yr. Peak exercise testing was first performed for both legs [maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2) = 4.21 ± 0.19 l/min] and arms (2.56 ± 0.16 l/min). On a separate occasion, LV filling and ejection parameters were acquired using non-imaging scintography using in vivo red blood cell labeling with technetium 99m first during leg exercise performed in succession for 2 min at increasing grades to peak effort. Graded arm exercise (at 30, 60, 80, and 100% peak V̇o2) was performed during three randomly assigned conditions: control (no intervention), with concurrent leg cycling (at a constant 15% leg maximal V̇o2) or with 60 mmHg of LBPP using an Anti G suit. Peak leg exercise LV ejection fraction was higher than arm exercise (60.9 ± 1.7% vs. 55.9 ± 2.7%; P < 0.05) as was peak LV end-diastolic volume was reported as % of resting value (110.3 ± 4.4% vs. 97 ± 3.7%; P < 0.05) and peak filling rate (end-diastolic volume/s; 6.4 ± 0.28% vs. 5.2 ± 0.25%). Concomitant use of either low-intensity leg exercise or LBPP during arm exercise failed to significantly increase LV filling or ejection parameters. These observations suggest that perturbations in preload fail to overcome the inherent hemodynamic conditions present during arm exercise that attenuate LV performance.

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Wathen, J. Kyle, and Peter F. Thall. "A simulation study of outcome adaptive randomization in multi-arm clinical trials." Clinical Trials 14, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774517692302.

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Randomizing patients among treatments with equal probabilities in clinical trials is the established method to obtain unbiased comparisons. In recent years, motivated by ethical considerations, many authors have proposed outcome adaptive randomization, wherein the randomization probabilities are unbalanced, based on interim data, to favor treatment arms having more favorable outcomes. While there has been substantial controversy regarding the merits and flaws of adaptive versus equal randomization, there has not yet been a systematic simulation study in the multi-arm setting. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate four different Bayesian adaptive randomization methods and compare them to equal randomization in five-arm clinical trials. All adaptive randomization methods included an initial burn-in with equal randomization and some combination of other modifications to avoid extreme randomization probabilities. Trials either with or without a control arm were evaluated, using designs that may terminate arms early for futility and select one or more experimental treatments at the end. The designs were evaluated under a range of scenarios and sample sizes. For trials with a control arm and maximum same size 250 or 500, several commonly used adaptive randomization methods have very low probabilities of correctly selecting a truly superior treatment. Of those studied, the only adaptive randomization method with desirable properties has a burn-in with equal randomization and thereafter randomization probabilities restricted to the interval 0.10–0.90. Compared to equal randomization, this method has a favorable sample size imbalance but lower probability of correctly selecting a superior treatment. In multi-arm trials, compared to equal randomization, several commonly used adaptive randomization methods give much lower probabilities of selecting superior treatments. Aside from randomization method, conducting a multi-arm trial without a control arm may lead to very low probabilities of selecting any superior treatments if differences between the treatment success probabilities are small.

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Mempin, Roberto L., Wendy M. Simon, Jason D. Napolitano, Rachel P. Brook, Owen L. Hall, Sitaram Vangala, and Edward S. Lee. "Comparing the effectiveness of a hybrid simulation/lecture session versus simulation alone in teaching crew resource management (CRM) skills: a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2018-000354.

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IntroductionVarious methods have been used to teach crew resource management (CRM) skills, including high-fidelity patient simulation. It is unclear whether a didactic lecture added on to a simulation-based curriculum can augment a learner’s education.MethodsUsing an already existing simulation-based curriculum for interdisciplinary teams composed of both residents and nurses, teams were randomised to an intervention or control arm. The intervention arm had a 10 min didactic lecture after the first of three simulation scenarios, while the control arm did all three simulation scenarios without any didactic component. The CRM skills of teams were then scored, and improvement was compared between the two arms using general estimating equations.ResultsThe differences in mean teamwork scores between the intervention and control arms in scenarios 2 and 3 were not statistically significant. Mean scores in the intervention arm were lower than in the control arm (−0.57, p=0.78 for scenario 2; −3.12, p=0.13 for scenario 3), and the increase in scores from scenario 2 to 3 was lower in the intervention arm than in the control arm (difference in differences: −2.55, p=0.73).ConclusionsAdding a didactic lecture to a simulation-based curriculum geared at teaching CRM skills to interdisciplinary teams did not lead to significantly improved teamwork.

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