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Книги з теми "Low Pressure Systeams"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Performance assessment of low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1993.

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2

Jim, Lozier, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Natural organic matter fouling of low-pressure membrane systems. Denver, CO: Awwa research Foundation, 2008.

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3

Jim, Lozier, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Natural organic matter fouling of low-pressure membrane systems. Denver, CO: Awwa research Foundation, 2008.

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4

Jim, Lozier, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Natural organic matter fouling of low-pressure membrane systems. Denver, CO: Awwa research Foundation, 2008.

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5

Winkler, Eric S. Design guidance for shallow trench low pressure pipe systems. Amherst, Mass: Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2001.

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6

Hargett, David L. Technical assessment of low-pressure pipe wastewater injection systems. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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7

Jim, Lozier, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Natural organic matter fouling of low-pressure membrane systems. Denver, CO: Awwa research Foundation, 2008.

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8

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Municipal Pollution Control. Office of Water. and Metcalf & Eddy., eds. Heat treatment/low pressure oxidation systems: Design and operational considerations. Washington, D.C: Office of Municipal Pollution Control, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985.

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9

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Municipal Pollution Control. Office of Water and Metcalf & Eddy, eds. Heat treatment/low pressure oxidation systems: Design and operational considerations. Washington, D.C: Office of Municipal Pollution Control, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985.

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10

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Municipal Pollution Control. Office of Water. and Metcalf & Eddy., eds. Heat treatment/low pressure oxidation systems: Design and operational considerations. Washington, D.C: Office of Municipal Pollution Control, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985.

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11

T, Van Dresar Neil, Hasan Mohammad M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A pressure control analysis of cryogenic storage systems. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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12

Leeuwen, S. Storm van. A simple and low cost system to measure delay times in pneumatic systems. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1990.

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13

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Tank pressure control in low gravity by jet mixing. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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14

Heating and Ventilating Contractors' Association. Specification for sheet metal ductwork: Low, medium and high pressure/velocity air systems. Penrith: HVCA Publications, 1988.

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15

Specification for sheet metal ductwork: Low, medium and high pressure/velocity air systems. Penrith: HVCA Publications, 1998.

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16

Starbuck, J. M. Tribological evaluation of dual lubricant condition bearing materials for use in low pressure aerospace fuel pump systems. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2002.

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17

California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research. Offgases project oil-field flare gas electricity systems: PIER final project report. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2008.

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18

Center, Langley Research, ed. Summary of a study to determine low-velocity impact damage and residual tension strength for a thick graphite/epoxy motor case. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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19

Tchindji, Pierre-Paul. Le régime camerounais de répression judiciaire des infractions de presse: Analyse critique du système contenu dans la Loi 90/052 du 19 décembre 1990. Yaoundé, Cameroun: Fondation Friedrich Ebert au Cameroun, 1996.

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20

The president as prisoner: A structural critique of the Carter and Reagan years. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

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21

Richard, Rose. Politics in England: Persistence and change. 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.

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22

Politics in England: Change and persistence. 5th ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989.

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23

Richard, Rose. Politics in England: Change and persistence. 5th ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1989.

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24

Richard, Rose. Politics in England: Change and persistence. 5th ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1989.

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25

Politics in England: Persistence and change. 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.

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26

NCCER. 32208-08 Low-Pressure Steam Systems TG. Pearson Education, Limited, 2008.

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27

Bentum, Robert Van. Low pressure pipe distribution systems for surface irrigation. 1992.

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28

RSES. Refrigerant Usage Certification Preparation: Type III- Low-Pressure Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2008.

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29

Dunlop, Storm. 5. Weather systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0005.

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At temperate latitudes, such as those of the British Isles, the most significant changes in the weather, with major changes in wind strength and direction, as well as rainfall, are associated with the passage of depressions (low-pressure systems), more formally known as extratropical cyclones. ‘Weather systems’ describes the development of depressions, the different features within them (the warm front, the warm sector, the cold front, and the occluded front), and the likely weather produced. It also looks at isolated fronts, the sudden deepening of depressions, thermal and polar lows, atmospheric rivers, and the much quieter weather of high-pressure systems.

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30

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Systems and states. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0001.

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An introduction to thermodynamics, its scope, applications and importance. Definition and exploration of key terms such as system, state, surroundings, boundary, intensive state function, extensive state function, and change in state. Definition of a key intensive state function, pressure. Introduction of the concept of an equation-of-state, with Boyle’s law as an example. Introduction to the ideal gas. Molecular interpretation of pressure.

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31

Zamor, Natacha. Hypoxia During Anesthesia. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0022.

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In the modern anesthesia machine, there are various safety checks in place to help prevent the delivery of a hypoxic gas mixture to the patient. They include the pin index safety system (PISS), diameter index safety system (DISS), failsafe valve, oxygen-nitrous oxide proportioning system, oxygen supply failure alarm, flowmeter sequence, and, most distally, the oxygen analyzer. The PISS is a feature in the high-pressure system. The DISS, failsafe valve, and oxygen failure alarm are in the intermediate-pressure system. The flowmeters, proportioning system, and oxygen analyzer are in the low-pressure system. This chapter undertakes a discussion of the distinct role of each feature and their limitations.

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32

Jowell, Sir Jeffrey, and Colm O'Cinneide, eds. The Changing Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806363.001.0001.

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Since its first edition in 1985, The Changing Constitution has provided analysis of the key issues surrounding the UK’s constitutional development, and debates around reform. The ninth edition of this volume is published at a time of constitutional turbulence, with Brexit putting pressure on key aspects of the UK’s unwritten constitutional system. Other aspects of the UK constitution are also in a state of flux, and continue to generate political and legal controversy: the legal protection of human rights, understanding of parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law, separation of powers, restructuring of the system of justice, the regulation of access to information and data privacy, and pressures for increased devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These issues and more are covered in this latest edition of one of the UK’s leading texts on the constitution, which includes contributions from a range of leading public law scholars.

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33

Wilson, Shaun. Living Wages and the Welfare State. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341185.001.0001.

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Living Wages and the Welfare State documents and analyses a key transition now underway in the Anglo-American social model. Although minimum wages are increasing across the world, recent mobilisations for living wages represents a major challenge to the policy consensus of the Anglo-American model in place now for several decades. That consensus promoted adjustments to globalisation and technology by promoting a lean workfare model, maximising dependence on deregulated private labour markets held in place by low minimum wage floors. Growing problems with poor employment quality and low pay, combined with mean and over-policed systems of social protection, have created new pressures on institutions governing the social aspects of employment. Worker activism and a broad net of progressive policymakers have been energised by the broad popular appeal popularity of living wage claims. These reforms have been bolstered by a new political economy of labour markets casting doubt on over-confident claims of inevitable job losses from wage justice for low wage workers. At the same time, major pressure on social protection systems transformed by workfare and mean benefits have forced justice claims into the sphere of low-wage employment. In defending the value of higher and universal minimum wage floors, this book is wary of the limits of minimum wage reforms and explores how the liberal model might be realistically converted into a living wage welfare state. The author argues that living wages represents a realistic and popular platform for beginning a long struggle against rising inequality and disrespect for workers.

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34

Nelson, William E. E Pluribus Unum. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880804.001.0001.

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This book examines the role of the common law in the life and politics of Great Britain’s North American colonies from the founding of Virginia in 1607 to the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775–76. The main theme of the book is that when the different colonies were initially founded, they followed very different law—typically not the common law of England. But over the course of the seventeenth century and first half of the eighteenth century, the colonies all received the common law, with the result that by the 1750s the common law constituted the foundation of every colony’s law and every colony’s political system. Some of the colonies adopted the common law because of pressure from the Crown to do so, but others turned to the common law because of socioeconomic pressures on the ground. During the more than century-long process of reception, the common law gradually changed, and thus, what was on the ground in 1776 was not identical to the common law of England. Rather, it was a body of rules that would constitute a foundation for an Americanized version of the common law.

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35

Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. Living conditions in high altitude waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 deals with the abiotic environment in high altitude lakes and streams worldwide. It searches for general patterns in relation to altitude, without overlooking the enormous variability, both temporally as well as at small and large spatial scales. Overall, environmental conditions in high altitude waters may be regarded as harsh. Indeed, certain features such as low temperature, low oxygen pressure, and high ultraviolet radiation (all a direct result of high altitude) as well as transparent and ion-poor waters with low nutrient concentrations are typical of high altitude aquatic systems. However, streams and lakes turbid from inflow of glacial meltwater loaded with glacial mineral flour and peatbogs with deep brown water from a high concentration of coloured dissolved organic matter are equally prominent. So, evidently, environmental conditions in aquatic systems are probably just as variable at high as at low altitudes.

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36

Ratcliff, Jonathan J., and David W. Wright. Neuroprotection for Traumatic Brain Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0008.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common, clinically complex, heterogeneous global public health problem. Neuroprotection strategies focus on preventing secondary injury by creating a physiologic environment devoid of extremes while targeting normal physiologic parameters. Careful attention must be paid to aggressively avoid and treat hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, intracranial hypertension, and cerebral hypoperfusion (low cerebral perfusion pressure). Aggressive management of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure through optimal patient positioning, appropriate use of sedation and analgesia, and administration of hyperosmolar therapy remain the hallmark for the care of the TBI patient. Surgical decompressive craniectomy and hypothermia hold promise but remain controversial and should be used in carefully selected clinical situations. Early identification of injury progression is aided through careful monitoring by clinical examination and cerebral physiological monitoring. Multimodal monitoring provides an early warning system to guide appropriate clinical responses to identified deranged physiology.

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37

Dunlop, Storm. 7. Severe and unusual weather events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0007.

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Convective clouds may range from relatively innocuous showers to major supercell systems accompanied by dramatic conditions. ‘Severe and unusual weather events’ explains how convective cells generate in cumulonimbus clouds and how thunderstorms and associated lightning develop. Convective clouds may cluster together resulting in vigorous circulation and heavy precipitation. Even more active and dramatic systems are supercells that create tornadoes. These arise when a deep pool of unstable air is accompanied by a strong increase in wind speed with height, together with directional wind shear. Tropical cyclones are closed, non-frontal, low-pressure systems of high winds arising some 5–10° away from the equator, where the Coriolis acceleration promotes their overall rotation.

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38

Newbigin, Eleanor. Public Finance and Personal Law in Late Colonial India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477791.003.0010.

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This chapter considers the ways in which the fiscal demands of representative government, and specifically the development of a direct, personal income tax, impacted legal subjecthood during India’s transition to Independence. It shows how early twentieth-century understandings of economic value and public finance were embedded into Indian society and legal system through discussions about personal law. This had particular consequences for Hindu personal law, which, under pressure from a centrally administered income tax regime, was re-imagined as a singular, homogeneous all-Indian legal system in ways that rendered the Hindu joint family synonymous with the representative and fiscal structures of the Indian state.

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39

Bernal, William, and Alberto Quaglia. Normal physiology of the hepatic system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0173.

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Hepatic blood inflow is from two sources—high-pressure, well-oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and low-pressure, partly deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. Hepatic inflow is maintained by variation in flows in these two systems. Although less than a third of total blood flow is delivered via the hepatic artery, it is responsible for the majority of hepatic oxygen supply. The liver can be subdivided into eight functionally independent segments, each with its own vascular inflow, outflow, and biliary drainage. The tri-dimensional hepatic microstructure is complex with geographic heterogeneity of hepatocellular function, and resistance to toxic, ischaemic, and metabolic damage. The liver is central to a wide variety of synthetic, metabolic, and detoxification functions. The overall balance of activity may be altered rapidly in response to systemic inflammatory stimuli.

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40

Clarke, Andrew. Energy and heat. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0002.

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Energy is the capacity to do work and heat is the spontaneous flow of energy from one body or system to another through the random movement of atoms or molecules. The entropy of a system determines how much of its internal energy is unavailable for work under isothermal conditions, and the Gibbs energy is the energy available for work under isothermal conditions and constant pressure. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that for any reaction to proceed spontaneously the total entropy (system plus surroundings) must increase, which is why metabolic processes release heat. All organisms are thermodynamically open systems, exchanging both energy and matter with their surroundings. They can decrease their entropy in growth and development by ensuring a greater increase in the entropy of the environment. For an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium the distribution of energy across the component atoms or molecules is described by the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation. This distribution is fixed by the temperature of the system.

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41

Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.

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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.

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42

Jacobsen, Dean, and Olivier Dangles. The high altitude environment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 gives a brief overview of the climatic and terrestrial environment in which high altitude waters are embedded. This context is necessary to understand the prevailing environmental conditions in the aquatic systems. The chapter begins by defining high altitude, alpine, and mountain, and provides an overview of the distribution of the world’s main high altitude regions. The overall picture of the climatic setting is drawn, from the inevitable consequences of high altitude (low temperature, low atmospheric pressure, and high solar radiation) to the highly region-specific patterns in precipitation and wind. The various ways that highland regions are formed, their temporal evolution, and climatic changes are treated in a section on the palaeo-environmental perspective. Finally, general patterns in high altitude (alpine) vegetation zones and treelines on different continents are synthesized, as well as major soil-forming processes in the catchments surrounding aquatic systems.

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43

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Non-Aerospace-Type Low-Pressure Hydraulic Fluid Filter Assemblies for Fluid Power Transfer Systems with Less Than 301 P.s.i. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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44

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Non-Aerospace-Type Low-Pressure Hydraulic Fluid Filter Assemblies for Fluid Power Transfer Systems with Less Than 301 P.s.i. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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45

Candido, Kenneth D., Teresa M. Kusper, Bora Dinc, and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Epidural Blood Patch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0036.

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Post-dural-puncture headache (PDPH) is a consequence of neuraxial anesthesia, diagnostic lumbar puncture, intrathecal drug delivery systems, or any other technique involving dural trespass. The spinal headache results from a dural puncture that leads to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage from the subarachnoid space to the epidural space, culminating in intracranial hypotension and development of a low-pressure headache. A key element of PDPH is an increase in pain severity upon a change in position from supine to upright, which corresponds to a gravity-induced influence on CSF pressure dynamics. Age, sex, and design of the needle used correlate with the risk of headache. Sometimes, the headache resolves spontaneously. At other times, conservative treatment or aggressive measures are required to terminate the pain. An autologous epidural blood patch is an established way preventing or treating PDPH. A careful history must be obtained to identify other causes of headache before the blood patch is attempted.

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46

Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Why Children Follow Rules. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.001.0001.

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Legal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents acquire their law-related values. Such values, in particular legitimacy, underlie the ability and willingness to consent to laws and defer to legal authorities and make legitimacy-based legal systems possible. In their absence people relate to the law as coercion and respond to rewards and punishments. By age eighteen a person’s orientation toward law is largely established, yet recent legal scholarship has largely ignored this early period in favor of studying adults and their relationship to the law. This volume focuses upon socialization and outlines what is known about legal socialization in the family, in schools, and through contacts with the juvenile justice system. Our review of the literature indicates that there are ways to socialize that build legitimacy. These are linked to three issues: how decisions are made, how people are treated, and whether authorities respect the boundaries of their authority. Despite evidence that legitimacy can be socialized, views about the best way to exercise authority are highly contested in America today in families, schools, and within the juvenile justice system. In each case pressures toward coercion are strong. This volume argues for the virtues of a consent-based approach and for utilizing socialization practices that promote such a model.

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47

Baquero Cruz, Julio. Partial Eclipse of Union Citizenship: From Grzelczyk to Dano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830610.003.0005.

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This chapter looks at Union citizenship, the obvious choice when looking for a substantive area in which to test the state of health of the law of integration. The chapter analyses how the citizenship case law of the Court of Justice has tried to find a reasonable balance between solidarity and the territorial character of the welfare systems of the Member States, how that balance seems to have been modified with the judgment in the Dano case, as a result of the contemporary pressures on integration, and the reasons behind that decision.

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48

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064.

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Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and neuromuscular fatigue, leading to dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia, use of accessory muscles of respiration, and altered consciousness. History and arterial blood gas analysis is the easiest way to assess the nature of acute RF and treatment should solve the baseline pathology. In severe cases mechanical ventilation is necessary as a ‘buying time’ therapy. The acute hypoxemic RF arising from widespread diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane is termed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is the clinical and radiographic manifestation of acute pulmonary inflammatory states.

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49

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064_update_001.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and neuromuscular fatigue, leading to dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia, use of accessory muscles of respiration, and altered consciousness. History and arterial blood gas analysis is the easiest way to assess the nature of acute RF and treatment should solve the baseline pathology. In severe cases mechanical ventilation is necessary as a ‘buying time’ therapy. The acute hypoxemic RF arising from widespread diffuse injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane is termed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is the clinical and radiographic manifestation of acute pulmonary inflammatory states.

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50

Ye, Liu, Jose Porro, and Ingmar Nopens, eds. Quantification and Modelling of Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Water Systems. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060461.

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Abstract With increased commitment from the international community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors in accordance with the Paris Agreement, the water sector has never felt the pressure it is now under to transition to a low-carbon water management model. This requires reducing GHG emissions from grid-energy consumption (Scope 2 emissions), which is straightforward; however, it also requires reducing Scope 1 emissions, which include nitrous oxide and methane emissions, predominantly from wastewater handling and treatment. The pathways and factors leading to biological nitrous oxide and methane formation and emissions from wastewater are highly complex and site-specific. Good emission factors for estimating the Scope 1 emissions are lacking, water utilities have little experience in directly measuring these emissions, and the mathematical modelling of these emissions is challenging. Therefore, this book aims to help the water sector address the Scope 1 emissions by breaking down their pathways and influencing factors, and providing guidance on both the use of emission factors, and performing direct measurements of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The book also dives into the mathematical modelling for predicting these emissions and provides guidance on the use of different mathematical models based upon your conditions, as well as an introduction to alternative modelling methods, including metabolic, data-driven, and AI methods. Finally, the book includes guidance on using the modelling tools for assessing different operating strategies and identifying promising mitigation actions. A must-have book for anyone needing to understand, account for, and reduce water utility Scope 1 emissions. ISBN: 9781789060454 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789060461 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789060478 (ePub)

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